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The Legacy of Carbon Dioxide: Past and Present Impacts covers the truly varied roles carbon dioxide has played and continues to play in the character of our planet. Chapters address the synthesis of CO2 in stars, the evolution of the atmosphere over billions of years, the chemical and physical properties of CO2 and how those influence common phenomena. How well this knowledge is understood and how it was determined, including existing uncertainties in our confidence and the stress from competing possibilities are discussed. Much of the technological jargon in various incorporated sciences has been modified to ease consumption by the non-expert.Features: Provides a historical panorama on how much the world has changed over the eons and the vast influence of carbon dioxide in these changes Follows CO2 through acidic explosive waters, volcanic episodes, sequestered reservoirs, and the chemistry of life Examines the broad scope of chemical and physical attributes carbon dioxide is capable of and their impacts Much of the technological verbiage in various incorporated sciences has been modified to ease consumption by the non-expert. This book is a valuable resource for readers interested in the science of carbon dioxide as well as natural science, the environment, scientific methods, chemistry, and geological sciences.

The estimated health impacts and associated economic costs resulting from airborne particulate matter are substantial. Exposure to airborne fine particles ranks highly amongst preventable causes of disease. This book reviews the sources and atmospheric processes affecting airborne particulate matter and consequent impacts upon human health. Examining the latest information on the sources of particles in the atmosphere, both through direct emissions and atmospheric formation, the book also explores the methods which are used to estimate the contributions of different sources to airborne concentrations. Featuring case studies from recent assessments in Europe, the USA, China and India, the book provides a global overview of source apportionment. The health effects are reviewed in the context of the influence of sources, chemical composition and particle size upon relative toxicity. This comprehensive book is an important reference for policymakers and consultants working with pollution and human health, as well as academics working in atmospheric chemistry.

Cet ouvrage présente les phénomènes chimiques qui interviennent dans la biosphère. Il permet de mieux comprendre comment leur perturbation par les pratiques anthropiques peut conduire à des bouleversements de notre environnement. Tous les types de réactions chimiques sont examinés : les réactions ioniques de la lithosphère et celles de l'hydrosphère, les réactions radicalaires de l'atmosphère, les transformations moléculaires qui dominent dans les organismes vivants. Pour faciliter la lecture par des non-chimistes, de nombreuses figures, formules et équations sont données, surtout à titre d'illustrations. En outre, des annexes et un glossaire permettent d'éliminer en grande partie l'obstacle des notations, termes et expressions en usage en chimie. Le lecteur pourra acquérir une vision globale de l'importance de la chimie dans la biosphère et des conséquences graves que peut entraîner l'activité humaine.

About three years ago Catherine de Berg and I published a short article in Nature in which we attempted to explain why the chemistry of the atmosphere of the Earth is today so completely different from that of our two neighbor­ ing planets, Mars and Venus. Our atmosphere is composed mainly of N2 and O with traces of A, H0, CO, 0, etc., while the atmospheres of both 2 2 2 3 Mars and Venus are almost entirely made up of CO, Also, the Earth appears 2 to be the only one ofthe three planets which has oceans ofliquid water on the surface. Since the presence of liquid water on Earth is probably an essential requirement for life to have originated and evolved to its present state, the question of the apparent absence ofliquid water on Mars and Venus suddenly acquires significant proportions. In our paper in Nature, and later in a more detailed discussion of the subject (Planetary Atmospheres, in Exobiology, edited by C. Ponnamperuma, North Holland Publishing Co.), we tried to describe why we believe that in the early history of the solar system all the terrestrial planets lost the atmospheres of H2 and He which they had acquired from the solar nebula at the time of their formation. These planets, completely devoid of atmos­ pheres, like the Moon today, started accumulating new gases which were exhumed from the interior by the commencement of volcanic activity.

Light is the essential source of information about the surrounding world for most of us. We see objects of di?erent brightness and colours, or, in scienti?c terms, we distinguish objects by the way they re?ect light of di?erent wa- lengths with varying e?ciency. It was exciting for both of us to learn that scienti?c instruments can expand our senses and provide information from this very same radiation that goes far beyond the simple recognition of - jects. Theabilityto“see”thecompositionoftheairsurroundingusandabove our heads, to us and others, one of the most fascinating aspects of the app- cation of modern technology to study the atmosphere. This fascination drove many of the applications of the Di?erential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) method presented in this book, and continues to be the motivation for many current developments. DOAS is an elegant and powerful analytical method to study the at- sphere and is based on the relatively simple principles of classical absorption spectroscopy. It has therefore always been quite surprising to us that this method has not found wider use in atmospheric research and air-quality m- itoring. We have introduced many university students and researchers to DOAS, often wishing that we could improve our e?orts with a comprehensive text that describes both the theoretical basis and the practical applications of the method.

The new challenge in atmospheric chemistry is to understand the intercontinental transport and transformation of gases and aerosols. This book describes the observational and modeling techniques used to understand the atmospheric composition from satellites, aircraft and ground based platforms. The two common ideas presented throughout are the role of each component in an observing system for atmospheric composition, and the advances necessary to improve the understanding of atmospheric composition. The objective of this book is to provide a larger audience the opportunity to learn about these techniques and advances in atmospheric composition.

Knowledge of thc chemical behavior of trace compounds in the atmosphere has grown steadily, and sometimes even spectacularly, in recent decades. These developments have led to the emergence of atmospheric chemistry as a new branch of science. This book covers all aspects of atmospheric chemistry on a global scale, integrating information from chemistry and geochemistry, physics, and biology to provide a unified account. For each atmospheric constituent of interest, the text summarizes the principal observations on global distribution, chemical reactions, natural and anthropogenic sources, and physical removal processes. Coverage includes processes in the gas phase, in aerosols and c1ouds, and in precipitation, as well as biogeochemical cycles and the evolution of the atmosphere. Chemistry of the Natural Atmosphere, Second Edition, will serve as a textbook for senior undergraduate and graduate courses, and as an essential reference for atmospheric chemists, meteorologists, and anyone studying the biogeochemical cycles of trace gases.• Updated extensively from the highly respected first edition • Treats the global-scale chemistry and distribution of atmospheric trace constituents • Emphasizes observations and their interpretation• Provides background on transport and reaction kinetics for interpretation of observational data• Includes chemistry in the gas phase and in aerosols and clouds• Details chemical reaction pathways for the most important trace constituents• Describes pertinent biogeochemical cycles• Written by an author with more than 40 years of research experience in atmospheric chemistry

The Science of Air: Concepts and Applications is a unique text devoted to every aspect of air. The study of air is closely related to other scientific disciplines, among them: chemistry, mathematics, meteorology, and physics. Through the view that air is the primary substance to most life on earth, The Science of Air presents the common themes of a

The vast family of volatile organic compounds plays a central role in the chemistry of the Earth's atmosphere. Reactive Hydrocarbons in the Atmosphere provides comprehensive and up-to-date reviews covering all aspects of the behavior, sources, occurrence, and chemistry of these compounds. The book considers both biogenic and anthropogenic sources, plus their effects in the atmosphere at local, regional, and global scales. - Covers a major component of atmospheric chemistry and air pollution - Considers both natural background chemistry and pollution processes - Provides authoritative reviews for a wide range of audiences

Atmospheric chemistry is central to understanding global changes — ozone depletion, appearance of the polar ozone holes, and compositional changes which worsen the greenhouse effect. Because of its importance, work is progressing on many fronts.This volume emphasizes the troposhere and stratosphere and has chapters on gas phase, condensed phase, and heterogeneous chemistry. Present progress is emphasized, and important future directions are also described.This book fills a need not satisfied by any others and will be popular for some years to come. It informs students and newcomers to the field of the many facets of atmospheric chemistry and can be used as a text for advanced students. It is also a valuable desk reference summarizing activities by quite a number of the most active research groups.Chapter 18 by Kolb et al. on heterogeneous chemistry is especially noteworthy because it represents a unique joint effort by several groups working on a very timely subject; they describe a conceptual framework and establish conventions which will be standard in future papers on this subject.