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This book covers cadmium contamination of soil and plants, its sources, acute and long-term impacts on the environment and human health, and overall challenges posed by the global poisoning issue. Cadmium is among the elements that have been most broadly used by man over time, which has led to extensive pollution of surface soils, mainly associated with the mining and smelting of the metal and the addition of organic cadmium compounds to petrol. The release of cadmium into the atmosphere from various high-temperature processes has also led to surface contamination on a regional and even global scale. Cadmium is particularly firmly bound to humic matter in organic-rich soil and to iron oxides in mineral soil and is rather immobile in the soil unless present at very high concentrations. Plants grown on cadmium-rich soils incorporate cadmium, thus increasing the concentration of cadmium in crop plants. Cadmium thus enters the food chain through the consumption of plant material, whichposes important health risks to humans and animals. In this book, readers will find out about the latest mitigation strategies, including a multi-disciplinary approach to address cadmium contamination. Recent methods in cadmium detoxification, speciation, and molecular mechanisms are included, and the book offers the knowledge required for efficient risk assessment, prevention, and countermeasure. Divided into 3 parts, this book brings together expert contributions on cadmium toxicity. In the first part, readers will find out about the different sources and distribution of cadmium in soil and plant ecosystems. The second part of the book outlines the health risks linked to cadmium toxicity, and in the final part, readers will discover sustainable cadmium toxicity mitigation strategies and potential applications of recent biological technology in providing solutions. This book is a valuable resource for students, academics, researchers, and environmental professionalsdoing fieldwork on cadmium contamination throughout the world.

This is the second of two volumes that together provide a global overview of the impact of agriculture on soil degradation, tracing the most critical drivers like the use and abuse of agrochemicals, mechanization, overgrazing, irrigation, slash and burn agriculture, and the use of plastics.Soil degradation caused by agriculture practices is a complex issue which depends on the interaction of social, economic, political, and environmental aspects. In this book, expert contributors elucidate the extension of the effects of agriculture on soil degradation in Europe, a continent with different cultures and political backgrounds that affect agricultural practices. Readers will also find in this book authoritative solutions to minimize the effects of agriculture intensification and land-use in this continent. Divided into 12 chapters, the book offers a European perspective on soil quality and sustainable management, including case studies about the impact of chemical agentslike fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides, and soil acidification and microplastics pollution in agriculture practices from countries such as Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, Germany, Portugal and Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, and Ukraine. Given the breadth and depth of its coverage, the book offers an invaluable source of information for researchers, students and environmental managers alike.Chapter “Agricultural Land Degradation in the Czech Republic” is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.

This book provides an authoritative overview of emerging pollutants in sewage sludge and soils. It traces the latest research and new trends on the characterization, removal and treatment of such pollutants in urban and industrial sewage sludge and soils. The book covers topics such as antibiotic resistance, fate and environmental impact of contaminants of emerging concern, environmental transmission of human pathogenic viruses and their effect on soil, and the repercussion of various emerging pollutants on biodiversity. It also offers a case study of the epidemiology-based surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater and sludge. The book appeals not only to researchers and professionals working with emerging contaminants, but also to policy makers and a broader audience interested in learning more about the effects of these contaminants in human and environmental health.

The introduction of contaminants, due to rapid urbanisation and anthropogenic activities, into the environment causes unsteadiness, distress to the physico-chemical systems including living organisms, which possibly is threatening the dynamics of nature as well as the soil biology by producing certain xenobiotics. Hence, there is an immediate global demand for the diminution of such contaminants and xenobiotics which can otherwise adversely affect the living organisms. Some toxic xenobiotics include synthetic organochlorides such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and some fractions of crude oil and coal. The advancements in microbiology and biotechnology has lead to the launch of microbial biotechnology as a separate area of research and contributed dramatically to the development of the areas like agriculture, environment, biopharmaceutics, fermented foods, etc. The evolution of new metabolic pathways from natural metabolic cycles has enabled the microorganisms to degrade almost all different complex and resistant xenobiotics found on Earth. Hence, microbes stand an imperative, efficient, green and economical alternative to conventional treatment technologies. This book comprises chapters dealing with various bioremediation strategies with the help of different groups of microorganisms along with detailed graphical/ diagrammatical representations. It also focuses on the use of microbial biotechnology and highlights the recent developments in microbial biotechnology in the area of agriculture and environment. Furthermore, it contains a detailed comprehensive account for the microbial treatment technologies from unsustainable to sustainable which includes chapters prepared by professionals, several researchers, scientists, graduate students and postdoctoral fellows across the world with expertise in environmental microbiology, biotechnology, bioremediation, and environmental engineering. The research presented also highlights some of the significantly important microbial species involved in remediation, the physiology, biochemistry and the mechanisms of remediation by various microbes, and suggestions for future improvement of bioremediation technology. This book would serve as a quick reference book for graduate and postgraduate students pursuing their study in any branch of life sciences, microbiology, health sciences and environmental biotechnology as well as researchers and scientists working in laboratories and industries involved in research related to microbiology, environmental biotechnology and allied researches.

This book reviews the occurrence and fate of pesticides in soils, their impact on soil quality and soil ecosystems, and it also provides a comprehensive overview of the latest prevention and remediation strategies of soil contamination. Chapters from expert contributors cover topics such as soil pollution monitoring, the role of dissolved organic matter on the environmental fate of pesticides in soils, the effects of pesticides on soil microbial communities, plant uptake of pesticides from soils, and nano-based pesticides. Particular attention is given to the latest physicochemical and biological technologies developed to immobilize or degrade pesticides, preventing soil and water pollution. Given its scope, the book will appeal to researchers, professionals, including environmental chemists, engineers, ecologists, and policy-makers responsible for soil management.

This book is devoted to sewage sludge, its sustainable management, and its use and implications on soil fertility and crop production. The book traces the main chemical and biological properties of sewage sludge, and covers topics such as sewage sludge biostabilization and detoxification, biological and thermochemical treatment technologies, emerging nutrient recovery technologies, the role of microorganisms in sewage sludge management, and the sustainable use of sewage sludge as fertilizer in agriculture. The book offers a valuable asset for researchers, scholars and policymakers alike.

This book provides a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge on the fate and interaction of pharmaceuticals in soil-crop systems. It addresses the principles of their transport, uptake and metabolism and reviews methodologies for their analytical determination. It also discusses ecotoxicological effects arising from their presence and highlights bioremediation approaches for their removal. The use of treated wastewater to irrigate crops is becoming more widespread in regions where freshwater is limited. This practice conserves freshwater resources and contributes to nutrient recycling. However, concerns remain regarding the safety of irrigation with treated wastewater since it contains residues of pharmaceuticals that have survived treatment, which means that soil and fauna are potentially exposed to these xenobiotics. Various pathways govern the fate of pharmaceuticals in crop-soil systems, including soil degradation; formation of non-extractable residues; uptake by soil-dwelling organisms (e.g. earthworms); and uptake, transport, and metabolism in agricultural crops. Investigations into these aspects have only recently been initiated, and there is still a long way to go before a meaningful assessment of the impact of wastewater has been completed.

This book introduces readers to the main theories of phytoremediation and its application to arsenic-contaminated soils in China. The hyperaccumulation theories are introduced, including the use of hyperaccumulators to remove large amounts of arsenic without producing toxic symptoms. The use of synchrotron-based X-ray absorption fine structure radiation to disclose the hyperaccumulation mechanism – a method that makes it possible to detect the elements in plant tissues without destroying the sample – is introduced in detail. This book also includes practical application cases of phytoremediation, which are rarely found in the literature. Allowing readers to gain a thorough understanding of phytoremediation technology, and demonstrating its efficiency in cleaning arsenic-contaminated soils, the book offers a valuable asset for graduate students, lecturers, researchers and engineers in the field of soil remediation.

This book discusses bioavailability concepts and methods, summarizing the current knowledge on bioavailability science, as well as possible pathways for integrating bioavailability into risk assessment and the regulation of organic chemicals. Divided into 5 parts, it begins with an overview of chemical distribution in soil and sediment, as well as the bioavailability and bioaccumulation of chemicals in plants, soil, invertebrates and vertebrates (including humans). It then focuses on the impact of sorption processes and reviews bioavailability measurement methods. The closing chapters discuss the impact of bioavailability studies on chemical risk assessment, and highlights further research needs. Written by a multi-disciplinary team of authors, it is an essential resource for scientists in academia and industry, students, as well as for authorities.

This book provides an authoritative review of the origin and extraction of strontium and its impact on the environment. It also presents the latest strontium decontamination and remediation strategies. Around the globe, nuclear power is being recognized as a major source of energy and is expected to play a crucial role in meeting the energy requirements of present day society. However, the pros and cons have to be considered, and the safe disposal of large amounts of radionuclide wastes is becoming a matter of great concern. These wastes encompass contaminants such as heavy metals and toxic substances, which may exist in solid, liquid or gaseous forms or a combination of these, and as such, their disposal requires particular attention. The book focuses on 90Sr, which is a predominant isotope of strontium and considered an intermediate level radioactive waste with a half-life of 28.8 years, average biological half-life of 18 years and 546 KeV decay energy. Written by expert contributors, it addresses occurrence, detection and extraction of strontium, the chemical and nuclear properties of strontium isotopes, the fate and migration of strontium in soil, its bioaccumulation, and its associated health impact, mechanistic toxicity response as well as related regulation and remediation. It appeals to scholars, scientists and environmental managers working with strontium contamination in the environment and its consequences.

This open access book is a must-read for students of and beginners in soil science. In a well-organized and easy-to-follow manner, it provides basic outlines of soil minerals, new methods and recent developments in the field, with a special focus on visual aids. The chapters on primary minerals, secondary minerals, non-crystalline inorganic constituents and inorganic constituents sensitive to varying redox conditions will help readers understand the basic components of soils. Further, readers are introduced to new analytical methods with the aid of microscopy and recent developments in the field. Uniquely, the book features case studies on the identification and isolation methods for vivianite crystals from paddy field soils, as well as a useful procedure for identifying noncrystalline constituents such as volcanic glasses and plant opals, which can also be applied to other soils depending on the local conditions.Given its focus and coverage, the book will be useful toall readers who are interested in agronomy, plant production science, agricultural chemistry and environmental science. In addition, it can help biogeochemists further expand their research work on the rhizosphere of wetland plant roots, iron and phosphate dynamics, etc.

This book demonstrates the benefits of using commercially available surfactants, or surface-active agents, for remediation of metal-contaminated soil and sediment. First the book offers theoretical reviews of commercially available surfactants, then it proceeds to a study of various available surfactants for the mobilization of metals. Surfactants representative of amphiphiles discovered in the digestive environment of sediment-ingesting organisms are used to examine the extent and rate of metal (Al, Fe, Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sn, Zn) mobilization from contaminated estuarine sediment. Metals can cause harmful effects to the environment and organisms. It is difficult to treat contaminants that are often tightly bound to the extremely small size of the estuarine sediments.The book also demonstrates the mechanisms of metal mobilization that appear to be related to complexation with monomers and adsorption to micelles of the anionic amphiphiles, and to the denudation of hydrophobichost phases or coatings on the sediment by micelles of both anionic and nonionic surfactants.Readers obtain a better understanding of current commercial surfactants, their impact on the environment, and possible remediation. This transdisciplinary book contributes toward Sustainable Development Goals numbers 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation) and 13 (Climate Action) set by the United Nations and is useful for students and teachers of sediment studies, coastal studies, environmental sciences, hydrology, civil engineering, and policy sciences.

This text details the plant-assisted remediation method, “phytoremediation,'which involves the interaction of plant roots and associated rhizospheric microorganisms for the remediation of soil contaminated with high levels of metals, pesticides, solvents, radionuclides, explosives, crude oil, organic compounds and various other contaminants. Each chapter highlights and compares the beneficial and economical alternatives of phytoremediation to currently practiced soil removal and burial practices.

Soil is the most important natural non-renewable resource developed over a longer period of time due to weathering of rocks and subsequently enrichment of organic matter. Soil provides habitat for numerous microorganisms and serves as a natural medium for plant growth, thereby providing the plants with anchorage, nutrients and water to sustain the growth. Soil also serves as a universal sink for all types of pollutants, purifies ground water and is a major reserve of carbon in the universe. The role of soils to provide ecosystem services, maintenance of environmental/human health and ensuring the food security makes it as the most important and basic natural resource. Soil Science helps us to elaborate and understand how the soils provide all these services. Soil Science also provides us the basic knowledge dealing with the origin of the soil parent material, weathering of parent material and the formation of soils, morphological, physico-chemical and biological features of soils, classification of soils and role of soils in the provision and maintenance of ecosystem services, food security and environmental quality. This book encompasses the various processes, functions and behaviour of soils very comprehensively to acquaint the students of soil, plant and environmental sciences about their role to perform different agricultural and environmental functions.

Das vollständige deutschsprachige Werk zum Thema Abfall, das alle Fragen der Umweltbeauftragten auf kommunaler Ebene beantwortet. Gleichzeitig eignet sich das Buch hervorragend als Lehrbuch für Fachhochschulen und Universitäten. In der zweiten Auflage wurden auch abgesicherte Erfahrungen aus den neuen Bundesländern ausgewertet. Vor allem die Diskussion um das Duale System wird mit diesem Werk auf eine solide Basis gestellt.

Heavy metal phytotoxicity has been known for more than a century. However, research in the past years has confirmed the immense damage by metal pollution to plants, the soil and ultimately to humans. By reviewing both field and laboratory work, this book deals with the various functional and ecological aspects of heavy metal stress on plants and outlines the scope for future research and the possibilities for remediation.

Erstmals wird in diesem Buch der Versuch unternommen, die Beiträge klassischer Disziplinen wie Genetik, Enzymologie, Mikrobiologie, Biotechnik, Toxikologie, Informatik und Ingenieurwissenschaften in einen neuen Wirkzusammenhang zu stellen und dadurch zu einem erweiterten Arbeitsansatz in der biologischen Schadstoffbehandlung zu kommen. Die künstlich beschleunigte Evolution von Mikroorganismen mit dem patentierten ArtEv-Verfahren setzt die überhaupt erreichbare biologische Potenz von Mikroorganismen frei. Sie weist damit der immanenten Fähigkeit lebendiger Organismen zur Selbstoptimierung den ihr gebührenden Stellenwert zu.

Der Band behandelt neben rechtlichen Aspekten in Deutschland und der EU vor allem arbeitstechnische Neuerungen im Bereich des Grundwasserschutzes und der Grundwassersanierung. So werden etwa das Biosparging als Methode zur In-situ-Sanierung von Mineralölschäden oder der Turbobrunnen zur Sanierung leichtflüchtiger Schadstoffe vorgestellt. Weitere Beiträge nehmen u.a. zu den Einsatzmöglichkeiten und Grenzen von numerischen Grundwassermodellen in der hydrogeologischen Praxis Stellung, beschreiben die Möglichkeiten der Grundwassersuche mit Hilfe von Satelliten und setzen sich mit Fragen der Qualitätssicherung auseinander.

In this volume, experts from universities, government labs and industry share their findings on the microbiological, biochemical and molecular aspects of biodegradation and bioremediation. The text covers numerous topics, including: bioavailability, biodegradation of various pollutants, microbial community dynamics, properties and engineering of important biocatalysts, and methods for monitoring bioremediation processes. Microbial processes are environmentally compatible and can be integrated with non-biological processes to detoxify, degrade and immobilize environmental contaminants.

The huge expansion of the chemical and petroleum industries in the twentieth century has resulted in the production of a vast array of chem­ ical compounds and materials that have transformed our lives. The associated large-scale manufacturing, processing and handling activi­ ties have caused a serious deterioration in environmental quality and created threats to human health. These negative impacts have led to responses and regulations requiring remedial action in support of envi­ ronmental sustainability. of biotechnological methods through bioremediation, Application has gained prominence as an option for soil remediation methods. Bioremediation is a multidisciplinary approach where biologists, chem­ ists, soil scientists and engineers work as team to develop and imple­ ment remediation processes. Bioremediation has now been used successfully to remediate many petroleum-contaminated sites. However, there are as yet no commercial technologies commonly used to reme­ diate the most recalcitrant contaminants. Nevertheless, bioremediation is a rapidly advancing field and new bio-based remedial technologies are continuing to emerge.

The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry provides the compilation of today's knowledge of processes in the natural environment and the behavior and impact of pollutants. It provides a valuable source for environmental managers, decision-makers, and scientists. Volume 5A is dedicated to water pollution.

An important purpose of The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry is to aid the understanding of distribution and chemical reaction processes which occur in the environment. Volume 4, Part B of this series is dedicated to Air Pollution Control Equipment, Materials Damage, Peroxyacyl Nitrates, Semivolatile Compounds in the Atmosphere, and Arctic Haze.

Das Buch gibt erstmals einen Überblick über die in der metallverarbeitenden Industrie eingesetzten Chemikalien. Anwendungsbereiche, Funktionen und alle stoffspezifischen, ökologisch relevanten Informationen werden übersichtlich in Datenblättern dargestellt. Dabei sind alle relevanten Chemikalien berücksichtigt. Dem umfangreichen Datenteil ist eine Darstellung der verwendeten Chemikalien und der damit verknüpften Prozesse, einschließlich Abwasser und Abluft, vorangestellt. Mit diesen Informationen wird das Buch in der metallverarbeitenden Industrie, bei Behörden und vor allem dort sehr hilfreich sein, wo Richt- und Grenzwerte vorgegeben werden sollen oder wo Hersteller oder Verarbeiter mehr über Inhaltsstoffe und deren Umweltwirkungen wissen wollen.

Ökosysteme werden in vielfältiger Weise durch den Menschen beeinträchtigt. Ein wesentlicher Aspekt ist die Schädigung durch Umweltchemikalien. Umweltanalytik und Ökotoxikologie werden eingesetzt, um Belastungen und Schäden durch eine Chemikalie abzuschätzen. Eine Risikobewertung wird möglich, wenn das Verhalten der Chemikalie bekannt und ein Überblick über die strukturelle und funktionelle Komplexität und Verletzbarkeit von Ökosystemen und ihren Komponenten gewonnen ist. Die Autoren gehen das Wechselspiel von Chemikalie und Ökosystem von verschiedenen Perspektiven an und führen in die Sichtweisen und Praktiken der beteiligten Wissenschaften ein. Dieses Buch wendet sich an Leute, die einen Einstieg in das Gebiet suchen und ihr Wissen um interdisziplinäre Aspekte erweitern wollen.

Das Buch führt zunächst die Hauptverursacher bzw. -emittenten von Schadstoffen auf, analysiert die großen Stoffgruppen und erläutert im Anschluß daran, welcher Stellenwert biotechnologischen Verfahren beim Abbau dieser Stoffe zukommt und wie diese im Einzelfall aussehen.

Chemikalien werden vielerorts und in größeren Mengen in Lagerbetrieben, beim Handel und in Produktionsbetrieben gelagert. Oft genug werden die vielen komplizierten Vorschriften nicht eingehalten. Andererseits gibt es in Deutschland aber schon eine Reihe von modernen sicheren Chemikalienlagern für Gefahrgut, Gefahrstoffe und wassergefährdende Stoffe.Diese Anlagen setzen die Maßstäbe für die erforderliche Sicherheit und sind die Grundlage für dieses Praxishandbuch:- Der Schwerpunkt ist die systematische Gegenüberstellung von Referenzanlagen in Tabellen. - Über Details wird umfassend und übersichtlich mit schnellem Zugriff informiert, ebenfalls in Tabellenform. - Das Wichtigste über Genehmigungsverfahren, zugeschnitten auf Chemikalienlager, wird verständlich dargestellt; behördliche Formulare sind abgedruckt. - Mit den Referenzanlagen kann der Stand der Sicherheitstechnik ohne Umwege ermittelt werden.

Die Sanierung bewohnter Altlasten erfordert aufgrund der engen Verzahnung mit der städtebaulichen Planung und der persönlichen Betroffenheit der Anwohner eine gute Abstimmung und ein zielorientiertes Projektmanagement. Alle beteiligten Akteure erhalten hier einen Einblick in die Problematik und die anstehenden Entscheidungsfindungsprozesse. Anhand von Fallbeispielen werden unterschiedliche Lösungsmöglichkeiten diskutiert. Angesprochen werden dabei u. a. auch rechtliche Fragen sowie die in jüngster Vergangenheit verstärkt eingeführten Bürgerbeteiligungen (z. B. über Projektbeiräte).

Environmental considerations are playing an increasingly important role in determining management strategies for soil and land. Many important environmental issues involve aspects of the biology of soil, and these issues cannot be considered satisfactorily in isolation from a general understanding of soil biology as a whole. This is the second edition of a book first published in 1989 and now thoroughly rewritten to focus on soil ecology and environmental issues. The first part of the book provides an introduction to soils, its inhabitants, and their activities. The second part covers the influence of man on the natural cycles of soil. Topics such as acid rain and nitrogen fertilizers are considered alongside pesticides and genetically modified organisms. A new final chapter has been added which considers how, as we move towards the next millennium, we can apply the concept of sustainability to issues such as global climate change and farming systems. The book is directed at advanced undergraduate and immediate postgraduate students in environmental science and soil ecology, with students of physical geography and earth sciences as an important secondary market.

A NATO Advanced Research Workshop (ARW) was conducted on June 21-23, 1994 in Visegnid, Hungary related to the clean-up of former Soviet military installation sites. This ARW included a technical site visit to the Komarom Base Site which is a former Soviet military installation in Hungary. During this three-day ARW, a strategy and set of recommendations were developed for selecting technologies and evaluating remediation as the economic and approaches for these sites. This strategy incorporated such critical issues financial conditions of the region, temporal considerations with regard to the urgency for which remedial actions are needed for these sites, the prioritization of resource allocations for site clean-up using risk-based considerations, and other crucial issues which will affect the implementation of remedial activities in the region. Approximately 40 invited experts, representing a number of different disciplines as well as both NATO and Cooperation Partner countries from the region, participated in this ARW. The types of former Soviet military installations in Central and Eastern Europe include: aircraft bases, fueling areas, maintenance and repair facilities, training grounds, non­ ammunition storage areas (for lubricants, chemicals, paints, equipment), ammunition storage areas, medical facilities, production facilities, and municipal facilities. Environmental contamination at these sites poses significant human health and environmental risks. Site contaminants include: solvents (e. g., BTEX), mineral oil hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), chlorinated hydrocarbons, heavy metals, pesticides residues, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The primary environmental media adversely affected by these contaminants are soils, ground water andsurface water.

Bei der Altlastensanierung liegt einiges im argen, nicht zuletzt die mangelnde Qualität der Planer- und Gutachterleistungen. Da die Honorarordnung für Architekten und Ingenieure (HOAI) den Bereich Altlastensanierung punktuell erfaßt, werden Honorare, Planer- und Gutachterleistungen in der Regel individuell festgelegt. Auftraggeber und Auftragnehmer beklagen zunehmend die Unsicherheiten bei diesem Verfahren. So werden Planungsmängel, wie das erhebliche Unterschätzen der Sanierungskosten, auf diesen ungeregelten Planungsablauf zurückgeführt. Fehlende Regelungen haben darüber hinaus einen Preiswettbewerb in Gang gesetzt, der die Planungsqualität negativ beeinflussen kann. Für die Beurteilung von Altlastensanierungstechniken sind neben den möglichen Einsatzbereichen und den Leistungsgrenzen auch ihre Umweltauswirkungen von Interesse, da eine sinnvolle Sanierungsmaßnahme eine positive Umweltbilanz aufweisen sollte. Textfassungen von zwei Fachtagungen des Umweltinstitutes Offenbach werden in diesem Buch wiedergegeben mit dem Ziel, Lösungswege für die oben genannten Probleme zu finden. Es werden wirtschafliche und umweltverträgliche Dekontaminationsverfahren präsentiert sowie erstmalig die Möglichkeit der Zertifizierung von Sanierungsfirmen nach DIN ISO 9002 dargestellt. Die Zertifizierung des Qualitätsmanagements eines Unternehmens auf dem Gebiet der Altlastenbearbeitung gewinnt, vor allem mit Blick auf den gemeinsamen Europäischen Markt, große Bedeutung. Weitere Schwerpunkte des Buches bilden Orientierungswerte, Extraktionsverfahren bei organisch kontaminierten und schwermetallhaltigen Altlasten, Verfahren zum Abbau von Phenolen in Böden sowie die Sanierung quecksilberhaltiger Chemiestandorte.

Waschmittel haben eine wichtige Aufgabe in der Hygiene. Gleichzeitig sollen sie die Umwelt nicht belasten. Das ist ein interessantes Gebiet für den Chemiker. Stache und Großmann führen verständlich in die Textilkunde und die Physik der Grenzflächen ein. Sie stellen dar, welche Vor- und Nachteile die verschiedenen waschaktiven Substanzen für die Reinigung und die Umwelt haben. Und sie zeigen auf, was für eine komplizierte Mischung von Grundstoffen für das Waschergebnis notwendig ist. Die zweite Auflage des erfolgreichen Buches geht besonders auf die moderneren Ansichten über die Umweltverträglichkeit der Waschhilfsstoffe ein. Grundlage sind die neuesten gesetzlichen Vorschriften.

Das Öko-Auditing wird in Kürze eines der wichtigsten betrieblichen Werkzeuge des professionellen Umweltschutz-Managements sein. Eine Unternehmen und Betriebe jeder Art und Größe bindende EG-Verordnung zum Öko-Auditing und zur Umweltbetriebsprüfung tritt April 1995 in Kraft. Die Unternehmer sind aber schon jetzt zum Handeln gezwungen. Das in diesem Buch publizierte Erfahrungsmaterial aus praktischen Audits bei den Firmen Dr. August Oetker Nahrungsmittel KG, Franz Schneider Brakel GmbH & Co. und Zenker-Fenster GmbH & Co. KG wird bei den Firmen, die sich einem Umweltauditing, bzw. einer Umweltbetriebsprüfung unterziehen wollen oder müssen, sowie bei Consultants und Auditoren von größtem Interesse sein. Es bietet insbesondere den Firmen eine'Hilfe zur Selbsthilfe'an.

Global attention in scientific, industrial, and governmental commumtIes to traces of toxic chemicals in foodstuffs and in both abiotic. and biotic environ­ ments has justified the present triumvirate of specialized publications in this field: comprehensive reviews, rapidly published progress reports, and archival documentations. These three publications are integrated and scheduled to pro­ vide in international communication the coherency essential for nonduplicative and current progress in a field as dynamic and complex as environmental con­ tamination and toxicology. Until now there has been no journal or other publica­ tion series reserved exclusively for the diversified literature on'toxic'chemicals in our foods, our feeds, our geographical surroundings, our domestic animals, our wildlife, and ourselves. Around the world immense efforts and many talents have been mobilized to technical and other evaluations of natures, locales, magnitudes, fates, and toxicology of the persisting residues of these chemicals loosed upon the world. Among the sequelae of this broad new emphasis has been an inescapable need for an articulated set of authoritative publications where one could expect to find the latest important world literature produced by this emerging area of science together with documentation of pertinent ancil­ lary legislation.

Das Buch gibt einen Überblick über alle heute gängigen Gerätebatterien. Diese werden mit Inhaltsstoffen, technischen Informationen, Einsatzbereichen, Marktdaten, Entwicklungstrends und Umweltproblemen beschrieben. Erprobte, realisierte und projektierte Recyclingverfahren werden ausführlich vorgestellt, ebenso die verschiedenen Entsorgungswege und die gesetzlichen Rahmenbedingungen. Daneben gibt das Buch einen Überblick über die in der Batterieherstellung eingesetzten Chemikalien. Anwendungsbereiche, Funktionen und alle stoffspezifischen, ökologisch relevanten Informationen werden übersichtlich in Datenblättern dargestellt. Mit diesen Informationen wird das Buch bei Industrie, Behörden, Verbraucherorganisationen und vor allem dort sehr hilfreich sein, wo Richt- und Grenzwerte vorgegeben werden sollen oder wo der Batteriebenutzer mehr über Inhaltsstoffe und deren Umweltwirkungen wissen will.

Der aktuelle Überblick informiert erstmals umfassend über die Herstellungs- und Verarbeitungsverfahren in der Kautschukindustrie einschließlich Abfallbehandlung, Entsorgung und Recycling. Ein umfangreicher Datenteil enthält Angaben zu Anwendungsbereichen, Funktionen und stoffspezifischen Eigenschaften sowie ökologisch relevante Informationen zu allen 1400 als Roh- und Hilfsstoffe bekannten Verbindungen.

When Springer-Verlag undertook publication of this volume, two opportunities arose. The first was to bring together the significant findings ofthe interacting parts of a large field experiment on a whole ecosystem. Scientific specialists and the public are rightly concerned with large-scale impacts of human activity on landscapes and with the challenge of predicting subtle, long-range repercussions of air pollution. A fundamental issue is whether ecological systems like grasslands, which have evolved for several million years under stressful conditions such as variable climate and overgrazing, are more robust than other systems in tolerating new atmospheric impacts of pollution and toxicity. At what level, and when, will an extra geochemical input, like sulfur (Chapter 4), an essential nutrient for proteins and life processes, become an overload on these systems? Some grasses and grassland ecosystems seem fairly adaptable to burdens in addition to those of weather change and tissue removal. How can experts learn to project the future of the heartland of America and other grasslands of the world on the basis of only a few years of observation and control? The second opportunity addresses a broader aspect of the project that is of interest to many readers who are not concerned with details of physiology or food chains, or the overall productivity and variations of a single plant-animal-soil community.

Boden-, Luft- und Grundwasserverunreinigungen durch gesundheitsgefährdende Abfallstoffe z.B. durch Ablagerung auf industriell genutzten Flächen und auf Deponien oder durch Lekkagen von Tanklagern, Rohrleitungen oder Abwasserkanälen sind in vielen industrialisierten Ländern zu einem ernsten Problem geworden. Ein in Wissenschaft und Praxis der Sanierung von Altlasten, z.B. Deponien, Altablagerungen, alte Industriestandorte, erfahrenes Herausgeber- und Autorenteam gibt einen am Stand der Technik und am ökonomisch Machbaren orientierten und kritisch bewerteten Überblick über die Sanierungstechnologien. Für Industriebetriebe jeder Branche, für Zulassungs- und Gewerbeaufsichtsämter, Behörden für Abfall, Abwasser, Umweltschutz oder Altlastensanierung in Bund, Ländern und Gemeinden, für Unternehmen der Sanierungs-, Tiefbau- und Geotechnik, für Politiker, Unternehmer und Verwaltungsspitzen ist das Werk ein wertvoller Ratgeber. Für die zweite Auflage wurden alle Beiträge dem aktuellen Stand angepaßt; einige Beiträge sind komplett überarbeitet worden.

Boden-, Luft- und Grundwasserverunreinigungen durch gesundheitsgefährdende Abfallstoffe, z. B. durch Ablagerung auf industriell genutzten Flächen und auf Deponien oder durch Leckagen von Tanklagern, Rohrleitungen oder Abwasserkanälen sind in vielen industrialisierten Ländern zu einem ernsten Problem geworden. Ein in Wissenschaft und Praxis der Sanierung von Altlasten erfahrenes Herausgeber- und Autorenteam gibt einen am Stand der Technik und am ökonomisch Machbaren orientierten und kritisch bewerteten Überblick über die Sanierungstechnologien. Für Industriebetriebe jeder Branche, für Zulassungs- und Gewerbeaufsichtsämter, Behörden für Abfall, Abwasser, Umweltschutz oder Altlastensanierung in Bund, Ländern und Gemeinden, für Unternehmen der Sanierungs-, Tiefbau- und Geotechnik, für Politiker, Unternehmer und Verwaltungsspitzen ist das Werk ein wertvoller Ratgeber. Aus dem Inhalt: Rechtliche Fragen und Öffentlichkeit.- Erfassen und Bewerten.- Sanierungsverfahren.- Überwachung.

Professor Hermann Remmert, führender Ökologie-Experte und Autor zahlreicher wissenschaftlicher Publikationen, gibt hier eine gut lesbare und auch für den Laien verständliche Einführung in die viel-diskutierte Thematik: Naturschutz. Ausgehend von uns überlieferten ökologischen Katastrophen aus früherer Zeit (der älteste Bericht über die Verkarstung des Gebirges durch menschlichen Einfluß stammt von Plato, circa 400 v.Chr.) und deren Bewältigung führt der Autor in alle Aspekte des modernen Naturschutzes ein. Die Gliederung des Buches folgt den Fragestellungen: - Was ist Naturschutz? - Warum brauchen wir ihn, für wen und für was? - Wer hat zu schützen, und was? - Wie hat das zu geschehen (Artenschutz, Biotopschutz, Schutz der ökologischen Prozesse)? - Wo muß der Naturschutz einsetzen? - Wie groß müssen Naturschutzgebiete sein? - Was'kosten'Naturschutzgebiete? - Wie werden die Konzepte des Naturschutzes in der Lehre behandelt, weitergegeben und letzlich realisiert? Diese Thematik wird ergänzt durch die Erörterung des rechtlichen Rahmens, innerhalb dessen Naturschutz verankert werden kann und sollte. In einer lebendigen Sprache und anhand von plastischen Beispielen stellt H. Remmert die heutige Situation des Naturschutzes speziell für diejenigen dar, die zunächst dem Naturschutz beruflich und gedanklich fernstehen, aber im Zuge unserer Umweltkrise nun direkt - und sei es nur im Urlaub - mit (mangelndem) Naturschutz konfrontiert werden.

The articles published in this volume are based on the papers del ivered at a conference on the Role of Metal Ions in Biological Systems held November 20 and 21, 1972, at Argonne National Laboratory. The purpose of the conference was to present to an interdiscipl inary audience of physical scientists some recent developments illustrating the chemical and environ­ mental participation of the heavy metal ions in the biological system. The invited speakers at the conference are special ists in the fields they describe, and the articles presented here are at a level of interest to readers with backgrounds in physical sciences who are not necessari Iy doing research in the areas described. The articles are referenced through 1972, and in some cases early 1973, and thus should also be of value to research workers. It is hoped that the book wi II be of particular interest to chemists, biologists, workers in the fields of en­ vironmental science and publ ic health, as wei I as graduate and senior undergraduate students in these discipl ines. The conference was sponsored by the Central States Universities, Inc., a consortium of sixteen midwestern univer­ sities, the Center for Educational Affairs, Argonne National Laboratory, and the United States Atomic Energy Commission. It is my pleasure to thank the members of the conference committee for their ideas and active help in organizing the conference.

Schwermetalle sind von Natur aus in allen Böden vorhanden. Die jeweiligen Gehalte sind dabei abhängig von den in den bodenbildenden Ausgangsgesteinen vorhandenen Konzentrationen, von den chemischen Eigenschaften der einzelnen Schwermetalle und von der Entwicklungsgeschichte der Böden. Von einer wirklichen Belastung für den Boden kann daher nur bei zusätzlich anthropogen verursachtem Schwermetalleintrag gesprochen werden. Der erste Teil des Buches führt in die natürlichen Bodenprozesse sowie in die Chemie der Metalle und deren Analytik ein. Der Hauptteil beinhaltet detaillierte Informationen zu den einzelnen Schwermetallen, deren spezifischen Wechselwirkungen mit Böden und Pflanzen und zeigt Möglichkeiten der Melioration bzw. Sanierung auf.

I intend to fill, with this book, a need that has long been felt by students and professionals in many areas of agricultural, biological, natural, and environmental sciences-the need for a comprehensive reference book on many important aspects of trace elements in the'land'environment. This book is different from other books on trace elements (also commonly referred to as heavy metals) in that each chapter focuses on a particular element, which in tum is discussed in terms of its importance in our economy, its natural occurrence, its fate and behavior in the soil-plant system, its requirement by and detriment to plants, its health limits in drinking water and food, and its origin in the environment. Because of long­ distance transport to pristine areas of cadmium, lead, copper, and zinc in relatively large quantities, these elements have an extra section on natural ecosystems. A blend of pictorial and tabular data are provided to enhance understanding of the relevant information being conveyed. Since individual chapters are independent of one another, they are arranged alphabetically. However, readers with weak backgrounds in soil science are advised to start with the chapter on zinc, since soil terminology is discussed in more detail here. Sections on sorption, forms and speciation, complexation, and transformations become more technical as soil physical-(bio)chemical phenomena are discussed. The less important'environmental'trace elements are discussed together in the'Other Trace Elements'chapter.

Die Messung biologischer Parameter von Böden erlaubt eine rasche Beurteilung der Auswirkung chemischer und physikalischer Einflüsse auf den Boden. Dieses Buch stellt eine Vielzahl von enzymatischen Methoden vor, die zur Erfassung von Aktivitäten aus dem Kohlenstoff-, Stickstoff-, Phosphor- und Schwefelkreislauf geeignet sind. Ebenso wird die Bestimmung der Biomasse von Mikroorganismen, Algen und Tieren des Bodens beschrieben. Das Methodenspektrum wurde gegenüber der ersten Auflage um einen zoologischen Teil und zahlreiche aktuelle mikrobiologische Methoden erweitert. Bei den Arbeitsvorschriften wurde besonders auf eine verständliche und vollständige Beschreibung der experimentellen Abläufe geachtet.

The past two decades have seen a remarkable broadening of interest in global warming from a research concern on the part of a limited number of scientists to a political problem on a worldwide scale. The nature of this transformation would itself be a fruitful study for a mixed team of social scientists and natural scientists. It would be valuable to assess the differing nature of the staging posts along this road: the First World Climate Conference in 1979, which was a meeting of scientists talking to scientists; the Villach Assessment of 1985, which was a meeting of scientists whose report was given attention by the policy advisers of a number of governments; the Second World Climate Conference of 1990, which consisted of a scientific meeting followed by a Ministerial Meeting; and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change of 1992 signed by 158 countries at the UN Conference on Environment and Development in June 1992. The present publication is a welcome contribution of the followup to UNCED. By focusing on a specific problem, it avoids the pitfall of undue generalization and provides the basis for fruitful discussion between natural scientists, social scientists, and policymakers. To choose as the area of concentration a particular scale also helped to produce meaningful discussion likely to lead to action.