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The purpose of this easy-to-use handbook is to provide a quick, accessible reference to nucleobase complexes. It describes these complexes with reference to methods of preparation, their characterization, and their toxicity and therapeutic indices. It lists the modes of coordination together with the relevant spectral data and major methods of investigation. This concise resource guide also includes data on the uncomplexed bases, such as solubility, pk, accepted structures in the solid state and solutions, and the natural occurrence of the base. Investigators in the fields of transition metal chemistry, biological inorganic chemistry and those working in medical laboratories will find this handbook indispensable.

Frontiers in Medicinal Chemistry is a book series devoted to reviews on research topics relevant to medicinal chemistry and allied disciplines. Frontiers in Medicinal Chemistry covers developments in rational drug design, bioorganic chemistry, high-throughput screening, combinatorial chemistry, compound diversity measurements, drug absorption, drug distribution, metabolism, new and emerging drug targets, natural products, pharmacogenomics, chemoinformatics, and structure-activity relationships. This book series is essential for any medicinal chemist who wishes to be updated on the latest and the most important advances in the field.This is the tenth volume of the series. The extensive volume brings 11 reviews on a variety of topics including anti-cancer drug therapeutics, food chemistry, toxicology and drug development strategies. The list of topics in this volume includes: Isoxazole derivatives as potential pharmacophore for new drug development Contemporary trends in drug repurposing: identifying new targets for existing drugs Pharmaceutical potential of pyrimidines as antiviral agents Drugs and phytochemicals targeting cancer Harnessing the neurological properties of indian brain health booster brahmi Carcinogenicity of hexavalent chromium and its effects Medicinal plants: a future of modern medical system Shikonin, a naphthaquinone of commercial importance: its biosynthesis and prospect for use as drugs Fast foods: chemical composition and implications for health Implications of DNA-acting agents as anticarcinogenic potential in breast cancer therapeutics Aloe vera - a medicinal plant as potential therapeutic agents for liver cancer

Dieser Band gibt einen Überblick über die jüngsten Entwicklungen und die Möglichkeiten des Einsatzes der Fließchemie im Bereich der heterozyklischen Synthese. Der heterozyklische Ring ist das wichtigste strukturelle Motiv in der überwiegenden Mehrheit der Naturstoffe und pharmazeutischen Verbindungen, da er abstimmbare Wechselwirkungen mit dem biologischen Ziel ermöglicht und zudem ein gewisses Maß an struktureller und metabolischer Stabilität verleiht. In jüngster Zeit hat die Fließchemie einen Paradigmenwechsel in der organischen Synthese eingeläutet, da sie mehrere einzigartige Vorteile gegenüber herkömmlichen Methoden bietet, wie z. B. eine drastische Beschleunigung träger Transformationen, höhere Ausbeuten, sauberere Reaktionen usw., und sie gewinnt allmählich große Aufmerksamkeit bei organischen Chemikern weltweit. Angesichts der Bedeutung von Heterozyklen in Naturstoffen, medizinischer Chemie und Arzneimitteln ist dieser Band gerechtfertigt und ergänzt den vorhergehenden Bandvon Topics in Organometallic Chemistry'Organometallic Flow Chemistry'.Dieser Band bietet einen vielseitigen Überblick über das Thema und erörtert nicht nur die jüngsten Fortschritte auf dem florierenden Gebiet der Fließchemie im Zusammenhang mit der heterocyclischen Chemie, sondern hilft den Forschern auch, die Chemie hinter diesen Reaktionen besser zu verstehen. Dies wiederum bietet eine Plattform für künftige Innovationen bei der Entwicklung neuartiger Umwandlungen unter kontinuierlichem Fluss. Daher wird dieser Band sowohl für Neulinge auf diesem Gebiet als auch für Experten in Wissenschaft und Industrie interessant sein.

In this book, key experts in the field of total synthesis of natural products in Japan describe the details of their synthesis routes including unexpected reactions and syntheses. By presenting detailed stories behind the total synthesis developments, including those routes that were unsuccessful the book provides the reader with a better understanding of how other researchers devise their strategy and overcome difficulties in their studies. The contributions in the book have focused on highlighting the research from Japan however it is appealing to researchers and students worldwide. This compilation of cutting-edge natural product synthesis provides high-quality expertise, especially to graduate students and young researchers, regarding research on synthetic organic chemistry. It can be utilized as teaching material in university seminars as well as provide guidance to researchers in the area of total synthesis.This is an open access book.

This book presents the recent research on sulfur-containing heterocyclic scaffolds that are crucial for biological processes. The numerous synthetic techniques utilized for the design and synthesis of different sized S-heterocycles, particularly biologically active frameworks with their pharmacological significance, are discussed in this book. This book is a useful reference for students, researchers and professionals working in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries.

This contributed volume offers a comprehensive discussion on how to design and discover pharmaceuticals using computational modeling techniques. The different chapters deal with the classical and most advanced techniques, theories, protocols, databases, and tools employed in computer-aided drug design (CADD) covering diverse therapeutic classes. Multiple components of Structure-Based Drug Discovery (SBDD) along with its workflow and associated challenges are presented while potential leads for Alzheimer's disease (AD), antiviral agents, anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) drugs, and leads for Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus (SFTSV) disease are discussed in detail. Computational toxicological aspects in drug design and discovery, screening adverse effects, and existing or future in silico tools are highlighted, while a novel in silico tool, RASAR, which can be a major technique for small to big datasets when not much experimental data are present, is presented. The book also introduces the reader to the major drug databases covering drug molecules, chemicals, therapeutic targets, metabolomics, and peptides, which are great resources for drug discovery employing drug repurposing, high throughput, and virtual screening. This volume is a great tool for graduates, researchers, academics, and industrial scientists working in the fields of cheminformatics, bioinformatics, computational biology, and chemistry.

This book highlights recent research and advances in natural product chemistry written by promising young researchers in this field who have played a central role for recent innovative advancements. The book consists of seventeen chapters covering novel bioactive natural products, uncovering life phenomena with natural products, biosynthesis of natural products, total synthesis of complex natural products by innovative strategies, and drug discovery using natural products. Each chapter begins with a brief and easy-to-understand introduction, then presents the cutting-edge research in each individual specialty. This book is not only a practical and essential reference resource for natural product chemists, medicinal chemists, synthetic organic chemists, biochemists, pharmacologists, as well as the pharmaceutical and biotechnological industries, but is also a useful guide to understanding new and emerging trends in this field.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is increasingly used among health practitioners in combatting a variety of diseases, most notably various types of cancer, and is often utilised in combination with other therapeutic options to enhance efficacy or reduce adverse reactions. Combination Therapies Involving Photodynamic Therapy reviews the current state of development of PDT and presents the foreseeable advancements of combination approaches to therapeutic strategies. This book represents a novel approach to the therapeutic applications of five different technologies including the combinations of photodynamic therapy, photothermal hyperthermia therapy, magnetic hyperthermia therapy, chemotherapy, and cold atmospheric pressure plasma therapy. An ideal companion for students, researchers and practitioners in biological sciences, biotechnology, and photobiological and photochemical sciences, as well as medicinal and pharmaceutical chemistry.

This book overviews purinergic receptors that are playing key roles in human and pathophysiological processes. The book elaborates on how selective P1 and P2 modulators have been developed as therapeutics for a variety of diseases. It also provides an overview of current perspectives in the design of purinergic receptor modulators and future challenges such as the availability of selective ligands for all receptor subtypes.Divided into 12 chapters, this comprehensive volume also offers a multidisciplinary perspective on the historical evolution, starting with a chapter devoted to the roots and early discoveries of adenosine and its receptors, followed by a twenty-year retrospective on the synthesis, properties, and functional potential of adenosine receptor ligands, probes, and functional conjugates. In the next chapters, experts in the field delve into topics such as the therapeutic potential of adenosine receptor ligands in wound healing and fibrosis, the therapeutic benefits of A2A receptor antagonists, the A2B adenosine receptor as a target for brain ischemia or demyelination, the development and latest advancements in clinical trials of A3 adenosine receptor ligands. Other chapters describe bifunctional tools to study adenosine receptors, allosteric modulators of adenosine receptors, and new computational approaches to inspect adenosine receptor-ligand recognition processes. Furthermore, the book discusses the role of P2X4 receptors in immunity and inflammation. The final chapters illustrate CD73 inhibitors as antitumor agents, and bacterial ectonucleotidases as underexplored antibacterial drug targets. This book is a valuable resource for scholars working in the field of medicinal chemistry, as well as researchers in the industry, providing readers with a comprehensive understanding of adenosine receptor biology and its therapeutic potential.

Historically, natural products have great relevance for the development of new drugs. Natural molecules, in addition to directly providing new compounds with different therapeutic functions have provided scaffolds and a great diversity of structures that serve as inspiration for the design and discovery of new drugs. The great structural complexity and the significant number of natural compounds that can be obtained and their advantages also present some historical problems that need to be overcome. Issues such as difficulty in isolation, difficulty in synthesizing compounds found in nature in the laboratory, screening to evaluate the biological properties of these compounds, and structural optimization to enhance the pharmacological properties of biomolecules; are some of the main difficulties encountered in research with natural products and in the design/discovery of new medicines. Therefore, this book addresses the great scientific advances that provide practical solutions to usingnatural products to develop new drugs. We address topics related to the genesis of research projects that use natural products to design new drugs. We address the discovery of new species, initial processes for identification and extraction of compounds, isolation and identification of these structures, techniques, and advances in vitro and in vivo methods that support the discovery of new natural drugs, synthesis of new compounds from natural molecules, in silico optimization processes of potentially promising compounds.

Biogenic toxins are fascinating natural products characterized by an enormous diversity of chemical structures and pharmacological activities. They not only pose hazards to humans and animals, but they are important components in the interplay of substances and living beings in nature and, moreover, important sources for new drugs. Numerous images of plants and chemical structural formulas complete the book, as well as extensive references for further reading. The multivolume reference is an essential resource for physicians, veterinarians, pharmacists, chemists, biochemists, food chemists and biologists, for students in the relevant fields, and maybe for interested laymen. All aspects of natural toxins based on the latest scientific knowledge are included: All aspects of the toxicology of all living organisms and natural foods, chemistry, action mechanisms, symptoms of intoxications. The only book arranged on a strictly scientific base according to the biogenetic origin and chemical structure. Natural Poisons and Venoms in 5 Volumes:Volume 1: Plant Toxins: Terpenes and Steroids 2023, ISBN 978-3-11-072472-1 Volume 2: Plant Toxins: Polyketides, Phenylpropanoids and Further Compounds 2024, ISBN 978-3-11-072851-4 Volume 3: Plant Toxins: Alkaloids and Lectins 2025, ISBN 978-3-11-112740-8 Volume 5: Fungal and Microbial Toxins 2025, ISBN 978-3-11-072856-9

Cancer is an incredibly diverse and difficult disease to treat, and even after decades of research there is no definitive cure. Therefore, it is highly crucial to search for novel and new organic molecules with high potency, low toxicity, and low mutagenicity with selective anticancer properties that are able to overcome frequently developed resistance to available drugs. Heterocyclic anticancer agents are an important class of drugs for cancer therapies. This book explores different heterocycles and their use as anticancer therapies. Topics covered include different heterocyclic derivatives, the impact of heterocycles on anticancer agent development, and naturally occurring heterocycles.

Induction of DNA damage by sunlight is a major deleterious event in living organisms. Recent developments have dramatically improved our understanding of the photochemical processes involved at the sub-picosecond time scale and along with next generation sequencing and data processing has generated a need for a complete up-to-date coverage of the field. Written in an accessible and comprehensive manner, DNA Photodamage will appeal to all scientists working in the area whether specialists in the discipline or not and provides a complete coverage of the field, from ultrafast spectroscopy to biomedical research. Bridging the gap between photophysical and photochemical research on model systems, and in vivo and in vitro biological studies, this book aims to identify the most important research trends in the field and review their major findings.

The focus of this textbook is on application, rather than pure knowledge transfer of the results of all chemical biological work (which would also be beyond the scope of a book). It gives the reader, through the specific selection of chemical biological techniques and concepts, the necessary tools to be able to develop new ways of thinking and thus new therapeutic options in the complex field of chemical biology and drug development. The stated aim of this book is to provide concrete solutions and inspiration to students, (post)graduate students, and experienced scientists at universities as well as in industry in their problems. After an introduction to the problems addressed by chemical biology in drug discovery, the three levels of molecular biology dogma: DNA, RNA and proteins and their role as drug targets serve as the common thread of this book.This book is a translation of the original German 1st edition Chemische Biologie by Marco F. Schmidt, published by Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature in 2020. The translation was done with the help of artificial intelligence (machine translation by the service DeepL.com). A subsequent human revision was done primarily in terms of content, so that the book will read stylistically differently from a conventional translation. Springer Nature works continuously to further the development of tools for the production of books and on the related technologies to support the authors.

Alzheimer's disease is an increasingly common form of dementia and despite rising interest in discovery of novel treatments and investigation into aetiology, there are no currently approved treatments that directly tackle the causes of the condition. Due to its multifactorial pathogenesis, current treatments are directed against symptoms and even precise diagnosis remains difficult as the majority of cases are diagnosed symptomatically and usually confirmed only by autopsy. Alzheimer's Disease: Recent Findings in Pathophysiology, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Modalities provides a comprehensive overview from aetiology and neurochemistry to diagnosis, evaluation and management of Alzheimer's disease, and latest therapeutic approaches. Intended to provide an introduction to all aspects of the disease and latest developments, this book is ideal for students, postgraduates and researchers in neurochemistry, neurological drug discovery and Alzheimer's disease.

This book deals with the recent advances in DNA-Encoded Library (DEL) technology that has emerged as an alternative to high throughput screening (HTS) over the last decade and has been heralded as a'disruptive'technology for drug discovery. The book aims to provide a comprehensive overview of all of the major components of the DEL process from conception to bench execution and clinical investigations. The contributions from experts in the field combine different perspectives from academia and industry. The book will be of interest to researchers in the drug discovery field as well as to graduate students and scholars who are interested in this rapidly improving technology.

Research in the field of histamine receptors over the past 100 years went hand-in-hand with the development of modern pharmacology. Advances in histamine research led by outstanding scientists was so incisive that the clinical approach to treat allergies and gastrointestinal ailments was revolutionized. The pharmacological treatment of peptic ulcer and gastroesophageal reflux was indeed a revolution, as it ended the surgical intervention. Interest in histamine pharmacology was resurrected by the discovery of another histamine receptor, number 4, using genomics-based reverse pharmacological approaches for screening orphan GPCRs. This receptor is preferentially expressed by immune cells and its discovery raised hopes for its translational exploitation as a new therapeutic target for unmet medical needs ranging from asthma to cancer. However, several drawbacks emerged and dramatically slowed down research in the field. A better understanding of receptor intra-andinterspecies heterogeneity will certainly improve and accelerate the translation of experimental data into clinical practice. Also, the plethora of data on brain histamine is hinting at a fundamental role of this system as a hub that receives internal and peripheral stimuli to allocate the necessary excitation to specific brain circuits that preside the appropriate behavioral responses. The development of new histaminergic ligands is an ongoing process that constantly provide new preclinical tools. The aim of this book is to cover the most important aspects of histamine receptor function and pharmacology in the central nervous system and to provide a comprehensive overview of the preclinical and clinical advances made in recent decades and the exciting prospects for the future. It highlights the clinical areas where there is a great need for new therapeutic approaches and where novel histaminergic agents may be useful for personalized medicine.

This third edition is a comprehensive and extended study about the best known approaches for preparing the main types of glycosides, covering the classic and more recent glycosylation reactions used for preparing simple and challenging glycosides currently used as potent antiviral and antineoplastic drugs, or fluorogenic substrates used for enzymatic detection in cell biology. Besides, this new edition provides more examples of the glycosidic methodologies followed for preparing complex glycoconjugates such as glycoproteins and glycosphingolipids and gangliosides used as adjuvants or as synthetic vaccines candidates. Also, additional mechanistic evidence is presented for better understanding of the glycosylation reaction, trying to identify the variables mainly depending on protecting and leaving groups, as well as catalyst and reaction condition which altogether directs the anomeric stereo control. A chapter on the glycoside hydrolysis is included in view ofthe increasing interest in the use of biomass as a natural and renewable source for obtaining important intermediates or products used in food or valuable materials. The author includes information in the characterization of glycosides section with the aim of giving additional tools for the structural assignment through NMR, X-Ray and mass spectra techniques.

This book provides an update on heterocyclic compounds that serve as key components of anti-cancer agents administered in pre-clinical settings. Many of the compounds highlighted in the book are being actively investigated for the bioactive properties against a range of cancer cell lines. There is potential for heterocyclic compounds to design agents that can target specific molecules to treat different types of cancers. Chapters are contributed by experts in pharmaceutical chemistry and are written to give a general overview of the topic to readers involved in all levels of research and decision-making in pharmaceutical chemistry and anti-cancer drug design.Part 1 of the book set covers these topics:- Heterocyclic anticancer compounds derived from natural sources with their mechanism of action- The role of terpenoids as anticancer compounds: an insight into prevention and treatment- Recent advances in synthesis and anticancer activity of benzothiazole hybrids as anticancer agents- Structure-activity relationship studies of novel hybrid quinoline and quinolone derivatives as anticancer agents- Tetrazoles: structure and activity relationship as anticancer agents- Progress in nitrogen and oxygen-based heterocyclic compounds for their anticancer activity: an update (2017-2020)

This book reviews new promising drug targets for Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs), with a special focus on antiprotozoal drugs against trpyanosomatids Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania spp. The book offers a comprehensive overview of the most recent studied targets, and it outlines classical and new treatments and delivery strategies. Expert contributors describe new methods of analysis and bio-prospecting for new compounds, and provide a critical perspective of the translational process used in the research and development of new drug candidates. The book will appeal not only to researchers, students and professionals interested in drug development to protozoan diseases, but also to medicinal chemists in general.

The careful choice of nanoparticles as targets and in drug delivery routes enhances therapeutic efficacy in cancer. Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery in Cancer Treatment discusses nanotechnological developments of interfering RNA-based nanoparticles, delivery vehicles, and validated therapeutic RNAi–molecular target interactions and explains the results of clinical and preclinical trials. The book also gives strategies for universal methods of constructing hybrid organic–inorganic nanomaterials that can be widely applied in the biomedical field. Key Features: Reviews recent advances of nanoparticle-mediated siRNA delivery systems and their application in clinical trials for cancer therapy Focuses on material platforms that establish NPs and both localized and controlled gene silencing Emphasizes the most promising systems for clinical application Surveys progress in nanoparticle-based nanomedicine in cancer treatment Describes the most advanced of the nonviral nanocarriers for delivery of oligonucleotides to malignant blood cancer cells This book is a valuable resource for researchers, professors, and students researching drug delivery, gene carriers, cancer therapy, nanotechnology, and nanomaterials.

This book presents an overview of the current status of translating the RNAi cancer therapeutics in the clinic, a brief description of the biological barriers in drug delivery, and the roles of imaging in aspects of administration route, systemic circulation, and cellular barriers for the clinical translation of RNAi cancer therapeutics, and with partial content for discussing the safety concerns. It then focuses on imaging-guided delivery of RNAi therapeutics in preclinical development, including the basic principles of different imaging modalities, and their advantages and limitations for biological imaging. With growing number of RNAi therapeutics entering the clinic, various imaging methods will play an important role in facilitating the translation of RNAi cancer therapeutics from bench to bedside. RNAi technique has become a powerful tool for basic research to selectively knock down gene expression in vitro and in vivo. Our scientific and industrial communities have started to develop RNAi therapeutics as the next class of drugs for treating a variety of genetic disorders, such as cancer and other diseases that are particularly hard to address with current treatment strategies.Key Features Provides insight into the current advances and hurdles of RNAi therapeutics. Accelerates RNAi, miRNAs, and siRNA drug development for cancer therapy from bench to bedside. Addresses various modifications and novel delivery strategies for miRNAs, piRNAs and siRNA delivery in anticancer therapeutics. Explores the need for the interaction of hematologists,cell biologists, immunologists, and material scientists in the development of novel cancer therapies. Describes the current status of clinical trials related to miRNA and siRNA-based cancer therapy Presents remaining issues that need to be overcome to establish successful therapies.

This book covers in detail the mechanisms for how energy is managed in the human body. The basic principles that elucidate the reactivity and physical interactions of matter are addressed and quantified with simple approaches. Three-dimensional representations of molecules are presented throughout the book so molecules can be viewed as unique entities in their shape and function. The book is focused on the molecular mechanisms of cellular processes in the context of human physiological situations such as fasting, feeding and physical exercise, in which metabolic regulation is highlighted. Furthermore the book uses key historical experiments that opened up new concepts in biochemistry to further illustrate how the human body functions at molecular level, helping students to appreciate how scientific knowledge emerges.New to this edition:- 30 challenging practical case studies (2-3 at the end of each chapter) based on movies, novels, biographies, documentaries, paintings, and other cultural and artistic creations far beyond canonic academic exercises.- A set of challenging questions and problems in the end of each case study to further engage students with the applications of medical biochemistry- Insights into the answers to the challenging questions to help steer teaching/learning interactions key to productive lectures, PBL (problem-based learning) or traditional tutorials, or e-learning approaches.Advance praise for the second edition:“The Challenging Cases are compelling both from a scientific viewpoint and for the perspective they provide on the history of medicine.” David M. Jameson, University of Hawaii “Using case studies to reinforce the biochemistry lessons is extremely effective – as well as entertaining!” Joseph P. Albanesi, UT Southwestern Medical CenterAdvance Praise for the first edition:“This textbook provides a modern and integrative perspective of human biochemistry and will be a faithful companion to health science students following curricula in which this discipline is addressed. This textbook will be a most useful tool for the teaching community.”Joan Guinovart Former director of the Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona, Spain, and former president of the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IUBMB

This book reviews the principles of design and examples of successful implementation of proteinkinase inhibitors (PKI), and offers a comprehensive and authoritative overview of the history and latest developments in the field. Chapters written by experts from industry and academia cover the function, structure and topology of Proteinkinases, molecular modelling, disclose how to achieve high level of selectivity for kinase inhibitors, and exploit kinase inhibitors for cancer treatment. Particular attention is given to Inhibitors of c-Jun N-terminal kinase 3, and to covalent Janus Kinase 3 Inhibitors. A case study on Receptor Tyrosine Kinases EGFR, VEGFR, PDGFR is also presented in this book.Given its breath, this book will appeal to medicinal chemists, students, researchers and professionals alike.

This book covers intentional design aspects for combinations of drugs, single-molecule hybrids with potential or actual multiple actions, pro-drugs which could yield multiple activity outcomes, and future possibilities. The approach of the book is interdisciplinary, and it provides greater understanding of the complex interplay of factors involved in the medicinal chemistry design and laboratory development of multiply active antibacterials. The scope of the book appeals to readers who are researching in the field of antibacterials using the approach of medicinal chemistry design and drug development.

The demand for traditional medicines, herbal health products, herbal pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, food supplements and herbal cosmetics etc. is increasing globally due to the growing recognition of these products as mainly non-toxic, having lesser side effects, better compatibility with physiological flora, and availability at affordable prices. In the last century, medical science has made incredible advances all over the globe. In spite of global reorganization and a very sound history of traditional uses, the promotion of traditional medicine faces a number of challenges around the globe, primarily in developed nations. Regulation and safety is the high concern for the promotion of traditional medicine. Quality issues and quality control, pharmacogivilane, scientific investigation and validation, intellectual property rights, and biopiracy are some key issues that restrain the advancement of traditional medicine around the globe. This book contains diverse and unique chapters, explaining in detail various subsections like phytomolecule, drug discovery and modern techniques, standardization and validation of traditional medicine, and medicinal plants, safety and regulatory issue of traditional medicine, pharmaceutical excipients from nature, plants for future. The contents of the book will be useful for the academicians, researchers and people working in the area of traditional medicine.

The successful 30-Second series tackles biochemistry, the science of the chemical processes which underpin the workings of all organic life.30-Second Biochemistry takes 50 of the most significant ideas relating to the study of the chemical processes connected to living organisms, simplifying each concept using just 300 words and one picture. By using chemical procedures to tackle biological challenges, biochemistry reveals the behaviour of complex molecules and how they combine to form the building blocks of life. Through this book you will gain a clear understanding of a fascinating area of science, embarking on a journey that reveals how new life is created, the path molecules take to develop from microscopic cells into complete organisms and how energy is harvested and harnessed to help organisms function efficiently. Have all the key terms of this fascinating science explained in simple, bitesize chunks of information-rich text, as well as meeting the key figures who have helped make biochemistry what it is today.

This book reviews the challenges and opportunities posed by flow chemistry in drug discovery, and offers a handy reference tool for medicinal chemists interested in the synthesis of biologically active compounds. Prepared by expert contributors, the respective chapters cover not only fundamental methodologies and reactions, such as the application of catalysis, especially biocatalysis and organocatalysis; and non-conventional activation techniques, from photochemistry to electrochemistry; but also the development of new process windows, processes and reactions in drug synthesis. Particular attention is given to automatization and library synthesis, which are of great importance in the pharmaceutical industry. Readers will also find coverage on selected topics of general interest, such as how flow chemistry is contributing to drug discovery R&D in developing countries, and the green character of this enabling technology, for example in the production of raw materials for the pharmaceutical industry from waste. Given its scope, the book appeals to medicinal chemistry researchers working in academia and industry alike, as well as professionals involved in scale-up and drug development.

Based on'The Virtual Conference on Chemistry and its Applications (VCCA-2020) – Research and Innovations in Chemical Sciences: Paving the Way Forward'held in August 2020 and organized by the Computational Chemistry Group of the University of Mauritius. The chapters reflect a wide range of fundamental and applied research in the chemical sciences and interdisciplinary subjects.

This book focuses on the new and old methods for the synthesis of various heterocycles using Lawesson's reagent. The book covers an important and rapidly growing branch of heterocyclic chemistry and can serve as a guide to those who are completing their education and are about to enter the job market. Students will be able to find all Lawesson's reagent-assisted protocols for the synthesis of heterocycles in one place. This feature of the book provides an important benefit, because sometimes users want to see all the possibilities and relevant information for making a particular compound using one particular reagent. The purpose of this valuable resource is to provide the knowledge not only to students but also to pharmacologists, biochemists, organic and medicinal chemists, researchers, and academic professionals for easy access to synthetic protocols for different heterocycles using Lawesson's reagent. The book will be greatly helpful for everyone involved inthe field and can pave the way for better understanding and quantification of heterocycle synthesis.

The Medicinal Chemist's Guide to Solving ADMET Challenges summarizes a series of design strategies and tactics that have been successfully employed across pharmaceutical and academic laboratories to solve common ADMET issues. These are exemplified with a curated collection of concrete examples displayed in a highly visual “table-of-contents” style format, allowing readers to rapidly identify the most promising approaches applicable to their own challenges. Each ADMET parameter is introduced in a concise yet comprehensive manner and includes background, relevance and screening strategies. Medicinal chemistry knowledge of how best to modify molecular structure to solve ADMET issues is challenging to retrieve from the literature, public databases and even corporate data warehouses. The Medicinal Chemist's Guide to Solving ADMET Challenges addresses this gap by presenting state-of-the-art design strategies put together by a global group of experienced medicinal chemists and ADMET experts across academia and the pharmaceutical industry.

This book describes the processes that are involved in the development of new drugs. The authors discuss the history, role of natural products and concept of receptor interactions with regard to the initial stages of drug discovery. In a single, highly readable volume, it outlines the basics of pharmacological screening, drug target identification, and genetics involved in early drug discovery. The final chapters introduce readers to stem therapeutics, pharmacokinetics, pharmacovigilance, and toxicological testing. Given its scope, the book will enable research scholars, professionals and young scientists to understand the key fundamentals of drug discovery, including stereochemistry, pharmacokinetics, clinical trials, statistics and toxicology.

This book outlines comprehensively the main medical uses of aptamers, from diagnosis to therapeutics in fourteen chapters. Pioneering topics covered include aptamer pharmaceuticals, aptamers for malign tumors, aptamers for personalized therapeutics and aptamers for point-of-care testing. The book offers an essential guide for medical scientists interested in developing aptamer-based schemes for better theranostics. It is therefore of interest for not only academic researchers, but also practitioners and medical researchers in various fields of medical science, medical research and bio-analytical chemistry.

This book compiles recent research on the modification of nucleic acids. It covers backbone modifications and conjugation of lipids, peptides and proteins to oligonucleotides and their therapeutic use. Synthesis and application in biomedicine and nanotechnology of aptamers, fluorescent and xeno nucleic acids, DNA repair and artificial DNA are discussed as well.

This Reference Work is devoted to plant secondary metabolites and their evolutionary adaptation to different hosts and pests. Secondary metabolites play an important biological role in plants'defence against herbivores, abiotic stresses and pathogens, and they also attract beneficial organisms such as pollinators. In this work, readers will find a comprehensive review of the phytochemical diversity, modification and adaptation of secondary metabolites, and the consequences of their co-evolution with plant parasites, pollinators, and herbivores. Chapters from expert contributors are organised into twelve sections that collate the current knowledge in intra-/inter-specific diversity in plant secondary metabolites, changes in secondary metabolites during plants'adaptation to different environmental conditions, and co-evolution of host-parasite metabolites. Among the twelve themed parts, readers will also discover expert analysis on the genetics and chemical ecology evolution ofsecondary metabolites, and particular attention is also given to allelochemicals, bioactive molecules in plant defence and the evolution of sensory perception in vertebrates. This reference work will appeal to students, researchers and professionals interested in the field of plant pathology, plant breeding, biotechnology, agriculture and phytochemistry.

Recent Advancement in ProdrugsDrugs used as medicines have many limitations like low chemical stability, aqueous solubility, or oral absorption/bioavailability, rapid presystemic metabolism, toxicity, inadequate site specificity, or poor patient acceptance/compliance (unwanted adverse effects, unacceptable taste or odor, irritation or pain). Prodrugs design is an approach to overcome these limitations.Key features Covers recent advancements in development of prodrugs Presents balanced synthesis and applications of prodrug chemistry Discusses broad spectrum of prodrug categories and outlines industrial applications Reviews prodrugs in cancer nanomedicine, its therapy and treatment Elucidates mathematical models to study the kinetics of prodrugs This book covers recent advances in the design of prodrugs. It contains all the significant recent examples of prodrug chemistry developments and will aid academics and researchers seeking to generate new projects in the field.

The series Topics in Heterocyclic Chemistry presents critical reviews on present and future trends in the research of heterocyclic compounds. Overall the scope is to cover topics dealing with all areas within heterocyclic chemistry, both experimental and theoretical, of interest to the general heterocyclic chemistry community. The series consists of topic related volumes edited by renowned editors with contributions of experts in the field. All chapters from Topics in Heterocyclic Chemistry are published Online First with an individual DOI. In references, Topics in Heterocyclic Chemistry is abbreviated as Top Heterocycl Chem and cited as a journal.

Life in all its forms is based on nucleic acids which store and transfer genetic information. The book addresses the main aspects of synthesis, hydrolytic stability, solution equilibria of nucleosides and nucleotides as well as base modifications of nucleic acids. The author further describes their structural analogues used as therapeutic drugs, such as antivirals and anticancer agents, and prodrug strategies of nucleotides.

Metal-Sulfur clusters play an essential role in living organisms through the unique character of sulfur-metal bonding. The new volume in prestigious Metal Ions in Life Sciences explores different transition metal complexes with sulfur, their biosynthesis and biological functions in regulation of gene expression, catalysis of important metabolic reactions and protein structure arrangement.

This book presents an authoritative review of the most significant findings about all the epigenetic targets (writers, readers, and erasers) and their implication in physiology and pathology. The book also covers the design, synthesis and biological validation of epigenetic chemical modulators, which can be useful as novel chemotherapeutic agents. Particular attention is given to the chemical mechanisms of action of these molecules and to the drug discovery prose which allows their identification. This book will appeal to students who want to know the extensive progresses made by epigenetics (targets and modulators) in the last years from the beginning, and to specialized scientists who need an instrument to quickly search and check historical and/or updated notices about epigenetics.

This book is designed to provide pharmacologists and researchers of natural products a comprehensive review of 200 medicinal plants, their vernacular names in various languages and their medicinal uses around the world, and in some cases, a historical perspective. Chemical constituents of each plant with the putative active constituent, and available up to date pharmacological studies (until 2017 on PubMed) with each medical activity explored and its relationship with traditional uses, are described for each plant. Any variations in chemical constituents and their effects on pharmacological studies outcome have been highlighted. All clinical trials conducted, with sufficient details, have been included. Nationalities and racial identities of participants of clinical trials are identified to impress upon the social, cultural and dietary influences on the clinical outcomes. Toxicity studies and potential interactions with prescribed drugs, and full spectrum of references are included.

Numerous phenomenal advances have been made towards understanding the role of neurotransmitters in the pathophysiology of neurological disorders, and these have resulted in a large number of novel molecules with the potential to revolutionize the treatment and prevention of such disorders. This book provides a comprehensive and detailed explanation of brain neurotransmitters and their receptors and associated channels. It includes a basic introduction, and also discusses the functions and recent advances and their pharmacology, highlighting the role of various computer aided drug design (CADD) strategies for the development of therapeutic ligands to modulate these receptors/ion channels. Written in an easy-to-read style, it is intended for neuroscience and pharmaceutical students and researchers working in the area of brain neurotransmitters.

Electrophoresis is a straightforward but informative analytical method used in biochemistry, biology and medicine. This book combines a detailed discussion of theory and technical application with an elaborate section on troubleshooting and problem solving in electrophoresis. Therefore the book is an important guide for both students and scientists.

New genomic information has revealed the crucial role that protein–protein interactions (PPIs) play in regulating numerous cellular functions. Aberrant forms of these interactions are common in numerous diseases and thus PPIs have emerged as a vast class of critical drug targets. Despite the importance of PPIs in biology, it has been extremely challenging to convert targets into therapeutics and targeting PPIs had long been considered a very difficult task. However, over the past decade the field has advanced with increasing growth in the number of successful PPI regulators. Protein–Protein Interaction Regulators surveys the latest advances in the structural understanding of PPIs as well as recent developments in modulator discovery.

The book focuses on novel interpenetrating polymer network (IPN)/semi-IPN technologies for drug delivery and biomedical applications. The dynamism of the design and development of interpenetrating network polymers is based on their ability to provide free volume for the easy encapsulation of drugs in the three-dimensional network structure obtained by cross-linking two or more polymer networks. Natural polymer-based IPNs can deliver drugs at a controlled rate over an extended period of time, while novel IPNs ensure better mechanical strength and sustained/ controlled drug-delivery properties. This book presents an overview of the use of this technology to fabricate nanomedicine, hydrogels, nanoparticles, and microparticles, thereby unlocking IPN's potential in the area of drug delivery and biomedical engineering. It also discusses applications of IPN systems in cancer therapy and tissue engineering, and describes the various IPN systems and their wide usage and applications indrug delivery.

This second volume of the'Handbook of Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA): Kinetics, Bioengineering and Industrial Aspects'focusses on thermodynamic and mathematical considerations of PHA biosynthesis, bioengineering aspects regarding bioreactor design and downstream processing for PHA recovery from microbial biomass. It covers microbial mixed culture processes and includes a strong industry-focused section with chapters on the economics of PHA production, industrial-scale PHA production from sucrose, next generation industrial biotechnology approaches for PHA production based on novel robust production strains, and holistic techno-economic and sustainability considerations on PHA manufacturing. Aimed at professionals and graduate students in Polymer (plastic) industry, wastewater treatment plants, food industry, biodiesel industry, this book Provides an insight into microbial thermodynamics to reveal the central domain governing in PHA formation, both aerobically and anaerobically.Includes systematic overview of mathematical modelling approaches, starting from low-structured and formal kinetic models until modern tools like metabolic models, cybernetic models and so forthDiscusses challenges during scale up of PHA production processes and on development of non-sterile processes and contamination-resistant strains Presents a holistic picture of the current state of PHA research by mixed culturesReviews the industry-related point of view about current and future trends in PHA production and processing

This volume reviews the recent advances in formation of C-F bonds and X-F bonds (X = heteroatom) to produce useful fluorinated molecules for pharmaceuticals, materials and more. Reactions and methods associated with fluorination, including monofluorination, difluorination, trifluorination and other polyfluorination that have emerged within the past few years are systematically discussed. With contributions from front-line researchers in this field from both academia and industry, this book provides a valuable resource for scholars, graduate students as well as professionals.

​Hepatitis C is a liver disease caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV) and infects approximately 75 million individuals worldwide. It is also one of the major causes of liver cancer and liver transplants. The elucidation of the HCV genome, and the development of a whole cell system to study the virus spurred the search for novel direct acting antiviral drugs to cure this disease. This global effort culminated in the development of direct acting antiviral drugs that led to cure rates approaching 100% in all patient populations after only 8-12 weeks of therapy. These efforts resulted in one of the greatest achievements in public health and provides the potential for eliminating HCV as a major disease worldwide.This volume is aimed at a broad audience of academic and industrial scientists interested in the discovery and development of drugs to treat viral diseases and those interested in reading about one of the most unique accomplishments in biomedical research. The volume will provide a one of a kind reference work that highlights the many efforts, from the discovery of the HCV virus, to the invention of breakthrough medicines and their use in the real world to cure patients. It is the companion book to the volume'HCV: The Journey from Discovery to a Cure - Volume I'.

The thoroughly updated new edition of the authoritative reference in Radiopharmaceutical Sciences The second edition of Handbook of Radiopharmaceuticals is a comprehensive review of the field, presenting up-to-date coverage of central topics such as radionuclide production, synthetic methodology, radiopharmaceutical development and regulations, and a wide range of practical applications. A valuable reference work for those new to the Radiopharmaceutical Sciences and experienced professionals alike, this volume explores the latest concepts and issues involving both targeted diagnostic and therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals. Contributions from a team of experts from across sub-disciplines provide readers with an immersive examination of radiochemistry, nuclear medicine, molecular imaging, and more. Since the first edition of the Handbook was published, Nuclear Medicine and Radiopharmaceutical Sciences have undergone major changes. New radiopharmaceuticals for diagnosis and therapy have been approved by the FDA, the number of clinical PET and SPECT scans have increased significantly, and advances in Artificial Intelligence have dramatically improved research techniques. This fully revised edition reflects the current state of the field and features substantially updated and expanded content. New chapters cover topics including current Good Manufacturing Practice (cGMP), regulatory oversight, novel approaches to quality control—ensuring that readers are informed of the exciting developments of recent years. This important resource: Features extensive new and revised content throughout Covers key areas of application for diagnosis and therapy in oncology, neurology, and cardiology Emphasizes the multidisciplinary nature of Radiopharmaceutical Sciences Discusses how drug companies are using modern radiopharmaceutical imaging techniques to support drug discovery Examines current and emerging applications of Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) Edited by recognized experts in radiochemistry and PET imaging, Handbook of Radiopharmaceuticals: Radiochemistry and Applications, 2 nd Edition is an indispensable reference for post-doctoral fellows, research scientists, and professionals in the pharmaceutical industry, and for academics, graduate students, and newcomers in the field of radiopharmaceuticals.