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This book focuses on the flocculation behavior of full tailings, analyzes the influence of multiple factors such as flow field shear on flocculation behavior, constructs a dynamic model of full tailings flocculation behavior, simulates and studies the flocculation behavior of full tailings in the feedwells of deep cone thickener, and optimizes the feeding and internal flocculation parameters. This book can be read by researchers, designers, and engineering technicians related to backfill mining, as well as by teachers and students of mining majors in universities.

Cette 4e édition, toute en couleurs est indispensable pour l'apprentissage des principes fondamentaux de la chimie analytique actuelle. Chimie analytique de Skoog est un manuel de référence destiné aux étudiants en licence de chimie. Le champ d'application de la chimie analytique ne cesse de continuer d'évoluer. Dans cette édition, de nombreuses applications à la biologie, la médecine, la science des matériaux, l'écologie, la médecine légale et d'autre domaines connexes ont été inclus dans un souci d'actualisation de l'ouvrage.Les enseignants peuvent adapter le texte à leurs objectifs et les étudiants découvrent les concepts à plusieurs niveaux: par des descriptions, des schémas, des illustrations, des encadrés intéressants et pertinents.Ce livre présente également beaucoup de méthodes et d'encadrés destinés à améliorer l'apprentissage de l'étudiant et à fournir un outil d'enseignement polyvalent.Il poursuit différents objectifs: - fournir une base solide aux principes fondamentaux de la chimie; - développer une bonne approche de l'évaluation de l'exactitude et de la précision des données expérimentales et affiner ces estimations en appliquant les méthodes statistiques aux données analytiques; - introduire des techniques récentes et classiques; - développer les aptitudes nécessaires pour résoudre des problèmes analytiques quantitatifs et créer des simulations de phénomènes chimiques; - enseigner une pratique de laboratoire en vue d'obtenir des résultats analytiques de qualité.

This book offers a systematic study of control algorithms applied in the operation of solar membrane distillation (SMD) facilities. After a short introduction to membrane distillation systems powered by solar energy, it reports on the various stages of the development of a comprehensive operating strategy, based on modelling, control, and optimization techniques, which enables an improved operation of SMD plants helping the commercialization of the SMD technology. A special focus of the research was to maximize the distillate production of the MD modules while reducing their thermal energy consumption, being those two important weaknesses of the current technology, as well as their minimizing operating costs. The optimised operating strategies were tested in a real pilot plant located at Plataforma Solar de Almería (a dependency of the Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, CIEMAT, of Spain). All in all, this thesis offers extensive information on control and modeling algorithms, and on their practical applications in solar membrane distillation plants.

This book covers the remarkable progress in the field of electrospun nanofibrous materials synthesis that has been made in recent years for clean water production. The goal is to offer comprehensive and substantial contents in each chapter, entailing the electrospinning principle, novel materials and methods, properties, characterization, and applications, such as adsorption, catalysis, and membranes. The book is instrumental in terms of showing the scale-up production of desired fibers that ensure the control of the structure–properties relationship for developing effective water treatment technologies. Every chapter ends with a special section for highlighting research challenges and breakthroughs, so that scientists can explore these opportunities and discover new directions for future developments. Material scientists, nanotechnologists, chemists, engineers, water specialists, and environmentalists will be inspired by the information on electrospun nanofibrous materials tobe found in the book. The wide variety of new ideas and recommended future reading will encourage early-career scientists working in this field to design new experiments and practices. The book is useful for college and university-level students enrolled in project courses in materials science and related fields.

Particle Separation Techniques: Fundamentals, Instrumentation, and Selected Applications presents the latest research in the field of particle separation methods. This edited book authored by subject specialists is logically organized in sections, grouping the separation techniques according to their preparative or analytical purposes and the particle type. Along with the traditional and classical separation methods suitable for micronic particles, an update survey of techniques appropriate for nanoparticle characterization is presented. This book fills the gap in the literature of particle suspension analysis of a synthetic but comprehensive manual, helping the reader to identify and apply selected techniques.It provides an overview of the techniques available to a reader who is not an expert on particle separation yet about to enter the field, design an experiment, or buy an instrument for his/her new lab. - Presents a resource that is ideal for anyone preparing samples across a variety of fields, including pharmaceuticals, food science, pollution analysis and control, agricultural products, and more - Includes real case examples discussed by leading experts in the field - Provides chapters that contain a unique, common table that summarizes points-of-strength and the weaknesses of each technique

Essentials in Modern HPLC Separations, Second Edition discusses the role of separation in high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). This new and updated edition systematically presents basic concepts as well as new developments in HPLC. Starting with a description of basic concepts, it provides important guidance for the practical utilization of various HPLC procedures, such as the selection of the HPLC type, proper choice of the chromatographic column, selection of mobile phase and selection of the method of detection, all of which are in correlation with the physico-chemical characteristics of the compounds separated. Every chapter has been carefully reviewed, with several new sections added to bring the book completely up-to-date. Hence, it is a valuable reference for students and professors in chemistry. - Provides a thoroughly updated resource, with an entirely new section on Computer-aided Method Development in HPLC and new subsections on miniaturization and automation in HPLC, chemometric aspects of HPLC, green solvent use in HPLC, and more - Includes insights into the chromatographic process to find the optimum solution for analyzing complex samples - Presents a basis for understanding the utilization of modern HPLC for applications, particularly for the analysis of pharmaceutical, biological, food, beverage and environmental samples

Now in its updated second edition, this book describes emerging chiral environmental pollutants and their importance in environmental and human toxicology, as well as enantiomer selective separation and analytical methods. Compared to the first edition from 2001, the book has been completely restructured and a wealth of new material has been added to account for new developments. The book reports on the modern enantiomer selective separation methods, including enantio-selective chromatography techniques, which have even been successfully tested in space during the ESA Rossetta mission. The authors clearly outline why the topic of chiral environmental pollutants has become even more important: many new chiral compounds have been released in recent years (e.g. as new pharmaceuticals or agrochemicals), and traces of these compounds can now be found in the environment. The authors explain that (and how) chirality can be a very important feature for the bioactivityof anthropogenic pollutants. In this book, readers find an introduction to the topic, including all important aspects, from the introduction of new enantiomer selective analytical methods, and of emerging chiral environmental pollutants, to aspects on environmental and human toxicology and exposure, risk assessment, and aspects on climate change as well as other new aspects on chirality in the environment. The book is thus a must-read for everybody working in the field of chiral environmental pollutants, but it is also beneficial for teaching purposes in specialized post-graduate courses in advanced analytical chemistry, pharmaceutical analytics, or environmental chemistry.

Carbohydrate Analysis by Modern Liquid Phase Separation Techniques, Second Edition, presents readers with the various principles of modern liquid phase separation techniques and their contributions to the analysis of complex carbohydrates and glycoconjugates. In a selection of all-new chapters, this fully updated volume covers each technique in detail. The book aims to help analysts solve any of the many practical problems they may face in tackling the analysis of carbohydrates. In addition, it addresses current difficulties that must be resolved in carbohydrate research, thus inspiring further important technological developments to meet these challenges. This is an essential resource for anyone seeking a broad view of the science of carbohydrates and separation techniques. - Covers the basic principles of modern liquid phase separation techniques, along with their applications - Compiles up-to-date information on the field of carbohydrate analysis, along with updates on separation science - Focuses on problems currently faced in carbohydrate analysis and the solutions necessary for further progress

This book presents an overview of the current state of research on ultrashort electric field pulses of high intensity and their use in biology and medicine. It examines in detail the most recent and exciting advances in how nanosecond and picosecond electric pulse research has grown and expanded into new areas of biology and medicine. Further, the book specifically focuses on electric pulses in the time domain, on intracellular effects as opposed to plasma membrane electroporation, and highlights the biological and medical applications of these unique pulse effects. Since the authors were initial innovators exploring nanosecond and picosecond pulses, their unique perspectives foreshadowed directions the research took, expanding into new areas that they continue to investigate today.

This book covers newly emerging two-dimensional nanomaterials which have been recently used for the purpose of water purification. It focuses on the synthesis methods of 2D materials and answers how scientists/engineers/nanotechnologist/environmentalists could use these materials for fabricating new separation membranes and most probably making commercially feasible technology. The chapters are written by a collection of international experts ensuring a broad view of each topic. The book will be of interest to experienced researchers as well as young scientists looking for an introduction into 2D materials-based cross-disciplinary research.

This book reviews the development, characterization and applications of aptamers in different areas of biotechnology ranging from therapeutics to diagnostics and protein purification. Hailed as chemical antibodies, these single-stranded nucleic acid receptors were predicted to supersede antibodies in traditional assays, such as ELISA, within a short time. While this has yet to happen, readers will find in this book a deep insight into the progress of aptamer technology and a critical discussion about the limitations that need to be overcome in order to find wider acceptance and use outside of the still relatively small aptamer-community. This book covers all aspects of aptamer generation and application for the aptamer-experienced reader and curious novice alike, with the addition of an industry perspective on the future of aptamer-use in biotechnology.

This book presents the applications of ion-exchange materials in the biomedical industries. It includes topics related to the application of ion exchange chromatography in determination, extraction and separation of various compounds such as amino acids, morphine, antibiotics, nucleotides, penicillin and many more. This title is a highly valuable source of knowledge on ion-exchange materials and their applications suitable for postgraduate students and researchers but also to industrial R&D specialists in chemistry, chemical, and biochemical technology. Additionally, this book will provide an in-depth knowledge of ion-exchange column and operations suitable for engineers and industrialists.

Volume 1 of the book discusses such topics as absorption, chromatography, crystallization, microcapsules, adsubble methods, chemical complexing, parametric pumping, molecular sieve adsorption, enzyme membrane systems, immobilized solvent membranes and liquid surfactant membranes.

Volume two of the series focuses on the topics of extraction, filtration, heatless adsorption, hydrometallurgical extraction, interfacial phenomena, separation of gases by regenerative sorption, various polymeric membrane systems, such as electrodialysis, ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis. Gas and liquid separations by selective permeation through polymeric membrane, and the origin of separate system. The last topic, as a special feature of interest, provides an analysis of the genesis and development of new separation techniques.

Preparative Chromatography for Separation of Proteins addresses a wide range of modeling, techniques, strategies, and case studies of industrial separation of proteins and peptides.• Covers broad aspects of preparative chromatography with a unique combination of academic and industrial perspectives• Presents Combines modeling with compliantce useing of Quality-by-Design (QbD) approaches including modeling• Features a variety of chromatographic case studies not readily accessible to the general public• Represents an essential reference resource for academic, industrial, and pharmaceutical researchers

The first book devoted exclusively to a highly popular, relatively new detection technique Charged Aerosol Detection for Liquid Chromatography and Related Separation Techniques presents a comprehensive review of CAD theory, describes its advantages and limitations, and offers extremely well-informed recommendations for its practical use. Using numerous real-world examples based on contributors'professional experiences, it provides priceless insights into the actual and potential applications of CAD across a wide range of industries. Charged aerosol detection can be combined with a variety of separation techniques and in numerous configurations. While it has been widely adapted for an array of industrial and research applications with great success, it is still a relatively new technique, and its fundamental performance characteristics are not yet fully understood. This book is intended as a tool for scientists seeking to identify the most effective and efficient uses of charged aerosol detection for a given application. Moving naturally from basic to advanced topics, the author relates fundamental principles, practical uses, and applications across a range of industrial settings, including pharmaceuticals, petrochemicals, biotech, and more. Offers timely, authoritative coverage of the theory, experimental techniques, and end-user applications of charged aerosol detection Includes contributions from experts from various fields of applications who explore CAD's advantages over traditional HPLC techniques, as well its limitations Provides a current theoretical and practical understanding of CAD, derived from authorities on aerosol technology and separation sciences Features numerous real-world examples that help relate fundamental properties and general operational variables of CAD to its performance in a variety of conditions Charged Aerosol Detection for Liquid Chromatography and Related Separation Techniques is a valuable resource for scientists who use chromatographic techniques in academic research and across an array of industrial settings, including the biopharmaceutical, biotechnology, biofuel, chemical, environmental, and food and beverage industries, among others.

This book discusses capital separation processes of industrial interest and explores the potential for substantial improvement offered by a promising class of substances: ionic liquids. These low melting point salts, with their unique characteristics, have been gaining relevance in the field of separation through a variety of approaches. The chapters are structured from an application perspective, and cover the utilisation of ionic liquids in different unit operation contexts (distillation, liquid-liquid extraction, and solid-liquid extraction), giving an idea of their remarkable versatility. The final chapters focus on the use of ionic liquids in analytical applications based on separation procedures.This volume combines the review of the main advances to date with the analysis of the potential future use of ionic liquids in separation processes across a variety of fields, ranging from enhancement of state-of-the-art technologies to a revolution in the technological bases currently in use. It provides a valuable resource for engineers and scientists working in the field of separation, as well as for all readers generally interested in ionic liquids, in particular from an application standpoint. Héctor Rodríguez is a faculty member of the Department of Chemical Engineering at the University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain.

There is a large and increasing variety of polymers currently in use both for domestic and industrial applications. The properties of polymers are deter­ mined not only by their chemical type, but also by their molecular mass and molecular mass distributions. However, while the chemical type of polymers can be determined relatively easily, the average molecular masses and molecular mass distributions are more difficult to measure. The molecular mass averages of a polymer are measured by specialized and complex techniques such as light scattering (for weight average) and osmometry (for number average). Thus, complete characterization of the molecular mass distribution of a polymer by such means requires separating the sample into many fractions which can then be examined individually. Since size exclusion chromatography was introduced as a rapid and straightforward technique for the characterization of polymer molecular mass distributions, there have been tremendous increases in development and applications, and it was felt appropriate to bring together into a single volume the information required by scientists from many disciplines who wish to use the technique. This book should be useful to existing users, those who are new to the technique, and those who may be familiar with the basic technique and now wish to extend their capabilities to more complex applications (or to consider the potential of a number of related techniques). The book will also be of general interest to the experienced liquid chromatographer.

Essentials in Modern HPLC Separations discusses the role of separation in high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). This up-to-date reference systematically covers new developments in types and characteristics of stationary phases, mobile phases, and other factors of this technique that influence separation of compounds being analyzed. The volume also considers the selection process for stationary and mobile phases in relation to the molecules being separated and examined, as well as their matrices. The book includes a section on the contemporary applications of HPLC, particularly the analysis of pharmaceutical and biological samples, food and beverages, environmental samples, and more. - Discusses key parameters in HPLC separation - Describes interrelation between various HPLC features (solvent pressure, separation, detection) - Includes a large number of references

Thin-layer chromatography has become so widely known in the space of a few years that it has proved necessary to gather into book form and thus make generally accessible the experimental material previously only available in isolated publications. As thin-layer chromatography can be used both for organic and inorganic matter as well as on quantities ranging from the nanogram to the microgram, it is impossible for anyone individual to possess sufficient laboratory experience or overall knowledge to produce a practical handbook that will be of real assistance to be­ ginner and specialist alike. For this reason, an international group was formed, who made it their task to produce the best possible treatise. In view of the present stage of development reached by thin-Iaycr chromatography, it seems specially apt that the authors should include yet unpublished work of their own. As thin-layer chromatography is used in many different fields in natural science and medicine, the kind of brief description of materials intelligible only to the expert has been avoided. The short guides to the chemical properties of the groups to be separated, their names, and relevant bibliographic details should facilitate introductory studies arid make possible a close acquaintance with the material in hand. It also seemed advisable to give brief details of the analytical classification of material, which is so often necessary. Although the classification used may appear unusual, it is in fact pre-eminently suitable to thin-layer chromatography.

Although size exclusion chromatography (SEC) is perhaps the most popular and widely used technique for determining the molecular weight distribution of polymeric materials, there have been very few texts written on this topic. During the past decade, SEC has experienced a considerable amount of growth in regard to column and detector technology and new applications. With these advances, SEC can now be used for determining absolute molecular weight, polymer chain conformation and size, and branching, as well as polymer solution properties. This book introduces the reader to the fundamentals of SEC with emphasis on practical aspects of the technique, such as column and mobile selection, calibration, new detector capabilities and guidelines for performing SEC on most types of polymers, especially those of industrial importance. This book is intended for either those new to the field of SEC, or for those research workers who require a more comprehensive background.

Dieser Buchtitel ist Teil des Digitalisierungsprojekts Springer Book Archives mit Publikationen, die seit den Anfängen des Verlags von 1842 erschienen sind. Der Verlag stellt mit diesem Archiv Quellen für die historische wie auch die disziplingeschichtliche Forschung zur Verfügung, die jeweils im historischen Kontext betrachtet werden müssen. Dieser Titel erschien in der Zeit vor 1945 und wird daher in seiner zeittypischen politisch-ideologischen Ausrichtung vom Verlag nicht beworben.

Dieser Buchtitel ist Teil des Digitalisierungsprojekts Springer Book Archives mit Publikationen, die seit den Anfängen des Verlags von 1842 erschienen sind. Der Verlag stellt mit diesem Archiv Quellen für die historische wie auch die disziplingeschichtliche Forschung zur Verfügung, die jeweils im historischen Kontext betrachtet werden müssen. Dieser Titel erschien in der Zeit vor 1945 und wird daher in seiner zeittypischen politisch-ideologischen Ausrichtung vom Verlag nicht beworben.

The efforts spent on many a scientific book cannot be justified, no matter how many words are said about it. The opposite is true for this book and a few brief remarks upon its publication. Within a short period of time, short even by all present standards, gel chromatography has gone through a development and experienced an acceptance that is unknown to any other method. From experience, the new and unique separation technique is today known and liked in all laboratories that are concerned with substances of high molecular weight; in others, the technique is known from hearsay, the least. Soon it became evident that a comprehensive coverage of the conceptual development, the theoretical principles, and the experimental technique of the new method would be desirable. This coverage is now offered by the book of an expert. Its author has personally participated in the development from its beginning and helped to promote it. He has made possible the gel chromatography, also of proteins, on thin layer plates; for lipophilic substances he has contributed considerably to the transition from water to organic solvent systems and developed theoretical concepts for a better understanding of the effects that are responsible for the separation. The book, so it appears to me, is pointing in new directions. The reader does not only expect a clear presentation of facts but also that of instructions for practical applications. Both these expectations have been met by the expert.

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Chapter 1 - Introduction to Earthquake Chapter 2 - Fault Chapter 3 - Aftershock Chapter 4 - Induced Seismicity and Earthquake Storm Chapter 5 - Soil Liquefaction Chapter 6 - Seismometer Chapter 7 - Moment Magnitude Scale and Surface Wave Magnitude Chapter 8 - Landslide Chapter 9 - Introduction to Seismology Chapter 10 - Seismic Waves Chapter 11 - Earthquake Prediction Chapter 12 - Reflection Seismology Chapter 13 - Helioseismology

While working as a chromatographer in the pharmaceutical industry, it became apparent to the editor that there was a pressing need for a comprehensive reference text for analysts working on the resolution of enantiomers by liquid chromatography (LC). This need arises from the fact that, whereas previously it was very difficult to determine enantiomers by direct means, there is now a wide choice of direct LC methods. At the same time, regulatory authorities have been changing their attitudes towards the administration of pharmaceuticals as racemates, partly because it is now possible to study the individual enantiomers. Clearly this abundance of new information needs to be rationalized. More importantly, the chiral LC systems which are commercially available or readily accessible to the practising chromatographer needed to be reviewed and, to a much greater extent than in existing reviews or books, discussed in terms of their practical application. Accordingly this book is very much orientated towards the practical aspects of these commercially available and readily accessible chiral LC systems. To this end, it is written for practising chromatographers by a team of practising, experienced chromatographers who have spent many years tackling the problems presented by resolving enantiomers by LC. The practical aspects of common chiral LC systems cannot be fully understood if discussed in isolation.

During the past decade we have witnessed a revolution in analytical methods. The development of vapor phase chromatography for the separation and analysis of classes of substances ranging from metals and gases to a wide variety of organic materials has been one of the most exciting of these new techniques. Gas-liquid chromatography for the measurement of steroids is particularly significant for endocrinologists and reports during the past several years have demonstrated its usefulness. Because of the growing interest in this method, a committee of the Endocrinology Study Section composed of Drs. R. M. Dodson, Seymour Lieberman, Hilton A. Salhanick, and Ralph E. Peterson, felt that the time was propitious to hold this Workshop and it is on their behalf that I welcome you. We hope to obtain enough data during these sessions so that those attending this conference and those who may read the proceedings will be able to make an informed judgement about the usefulness of gas-liquid chromatography for the analysis of steroids in biological fluids. Thus, I hope that there will be adequate documentation of the reliability of the methods as well as a comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of this analytical method with other classical methods. If we can do this, this Workshop will provide a significant base of practical considerations about gas chromatographic analytic techniques. I would like to thank Drs. T. F. Gallagher, H. Wilson, H. Salhanick and L. Engel for agreeing to serve as Chairmen of the sessions.

Edited by the experts and pioneers in the field, this is the first monograph to cover the topic, containing the must-have information hitherto only scattered among journals. Clearly divided into sections on preparation, characterization and modeling, and applications, this is essential reading for chemists, chromatographers, analytical chemists, biochemists and biologists.

Handbook of Methods and Instrumentation in Separation Science, Volume 1 provides concise overviews and summaries of the main methods used for separation. It is based on the Encyclopedia of Separation Science. The handbook focuses on the principles of methods and instrumentation. It provides general concepts concerning the subject matter; it does not present specific procedures. This volume discusses the separation processes including affinity methods, analytical ultracentrifugation, centrifugation, chromatography, and use of decanter centrifuge and dye. Each methodology is defined and compared with other separation processes. It also provides specific techniques, principles, and theories concerning each process. Furthermore, the handbook presents the applications, benefits, and validation of the processes described in this book. This handbook is an excellent reference for biomedical researchers, environmental and production chemists, flavor and fragrance technologists, food and beverage technologists, academic and industrial librarians, and nuclear researchers. Students and novices will also find this handbook useful for practice and learning. - One-stop source for information on separation methods - General overviews for quick orientation - Ease of use for finding results fast - Expert coverage of major separation methods - Coverage of techniques for all sizes of samples, pico-level to kilo-level

With contributions by numerous experts

Fundamentals of Preparative and Nonlinear Chromatography, Second Edition is devoted to the fundamentals of a new process of purification or extraction of chemicals or proteins widely used in the pharmaceutical industry and in preparative chromatography. This process permits the preparation of extremely pure compounds satisfying the requests of the US Food and Drug Administration. The book describes the fundamentals of thermodynamics, mass transfer kinetics, and flow through porous media that are relevant to chromatography. It presents the models used in chromatography and their solutions, discusses the applications made, describes the different processes used, their numerous applications, and the methods of optimization of the experimental conditions of this process.

The basic objectives of this book are to: provide basic information on chromatography and separation science; show how simple extraction and partition processes provide the basis for development of chromatography and separation science; describe the role of chromatography and separation science in various fields; discuss the role of chromatography and separation science in development of new methodology; and present new evolving methods and how to select an optimum method.· The book covers the fundamental physical and chemical phenomena involved in separations· Provides a concise overview of the basics of transport phenomena and thermodynamics· Shows the importance of chromatography within separation science

Separation Methods in Drug Synthesis and Purification

At head of title: Radiochemical techniques.

This volume provides a straightforward approach to isolation and purification problems with a thorough presentation of preparative LC strategy including the interrelationship between the input and output of the instrumentation, while keeping to an application focus.The book stresses the practical aspects of preparative scale separations from TLC isolations through various laboratory scale column separations to very large scale production. It also gives a thorough description of the performance parameters (e.g. throughput, separation quality, etc.) as a function of operational parameters (e.g. particle size, column size, solvent usage, etc.). Experts in the field have contributed a well balanced presentation of separation development strategies from preparative TLC to commercial preparative process with practical examples in a wide variety of application areas such as drugs, proteins, nucleotides, industrial extracts, organic chemicals, enantiomers, polymers, etc.

Describes the latest developments in the scaling-up and application of chromatographic operations and demonstrates that production-scale chromatography is a powerful and invaluable separation process. The book covers every important process design and reveals actual, immediately applicable techniques and is designed to appeal to design, chemical/biochemical, and research and development engineers, process development managers, bioprocess technologists, analytical and clinical chemists and biochemists, pharmacists, and upper-level undergraduate, graduate, and continuing-education students in these disciplines.

This book reviews methods and techniques for separating food components and products of the biotechnology industry. The introduction focuses on food composition and some of the conventional separation techniques. Subsequent chapters deal with each specific type or area of application individually and include information on the basic principles, industrial equipment available, commercial applications and an overview of research and development.