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The medical MRI community is by far the largest user of diffusion NMR techniques and this book captures the current surge of methods and provides a primary source to aid adoption in this field. There is a trend to adapting the more advanced diffusion encoding sequences developed by NMR researchers within the fields of porous media, chemical engineering, and colloid science to medical research. Recently published papers indicate great potential for improved diagnosis of the numerous pathological conditions associated with changes of tissue microstructure that are invisible to conventional diffusion MRI. This book disseminates these recent developments to the wider community of MRI researchers and clinicians. The chapters cover the theoretical basis, hardware and pulse sequences, data analysis and validation, and recent applications aimed at promoting further growth in the field. This is a fast moving field and chapters are written by key MRI scientists that have contributed to the successful translation of the advanced diffusion NMR methods to the context of medical MRI, from global locations.

Large amounts of money, time and effort are devoted to sensory and consumer research in food and beverage companies in an attempt to maximize the chances of new products succeeding in the marketplace. Many new products fail due to lack of consumer interest. Answers to what causes this and what can be done about it are complex and remain unclear. This wide-ranging reference collates important information about all aspects of this in one volume for the first time. It provides comprehensive, state-of-art coverage of essential concepts, methods and applications related to the study of consumer evaluation, acceptance and adoption of new foods and beverages. Combining knowledge and expertise from multiple disciplines that study food sensory evaluation and consumer behaviour, it covers advanced methods including analytical, instrumental and human characterization of flavour, aspects of food processing and special research applications of knowledge and methods related to consumers'evaluation of new food products. Researchers and professionals working in food science and chemistry are sure to find this an interesting read.

Interested in analysing complex systems? Have you considered nuclear magnetic relaxation studies to derive sound conclusions? Here's how. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) relaxation techniques form a family of powerful tools to study and characterize liquid, solid or semi-solid materials and systems. They provide access to details directly and in wide variable ranges. This book outlines the unparalleled potential of NMR relaxation experiments to elucidate molecular dynamics. The key concepts discussed are correlation functions and spectral densities of the thermal fluctuations of spin interactions. For users working in technology, chemical engineering, materials science, biomedicine, food science, geophysics and physical chemistry, the text explores the principles, theoretical background and descriptions of typical applications. As an essential part of relaxation data, the focus is on the statistical features of molecular dynamics. The aim is to assist the reader to acquire meaningful nuclear magnetic relaxation data sets and develop appropriate statistical models as a basis for their interpretation. This unique text is targeted to anyone performing or interested in NMR relaxation experiments from undergraduates to academics and those in industry.

This book details the latest research and development in the use of magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy as tools to give quantitative insights concerning late stage pharmaceutical formulation, tablet manufacturing and drug dissolution behaviour. The book combines different facets of magnetic resonance and highlights the use of spatial resolution (MRI) and how this adds to the knowledge base to further our understanding of the microscopic physicochemical processes occurring during drug release from solid dosage forms. New topics, that have not been thoroughly reviewed elsewhere, are covered including the applications of solution state magnetic resonance in process scale up, reaction monitoring/understanding and process analytical technologies (PAT); dissolution testing; and counterfeit analysis. Solid state NMR and its role in understanding phase separation in dispersions, polymorphism and crystallography are included and magnetic resonance imaging and its use in assessing tablet dissolution performance, mass transport and mixing in hot melt extrusion (HME) are covered.Focusing on late stage development rather than molecular drug discovery provides a unique approach and the book will appeal to a diversity of disciplines using spectroscopy for study. Aimed at researchers in drug development, manufacture and formulation in both industry (pharmaceutical companies) and academia (pharmacy program), it includes examples, where appropriate, of studies on commercially available pharmaceutical products.

Looking to prevent future outbreaks of deadly pathogens by early detection? Infectious diseases continue to be a challenge that necessitates increased precision in detection and integration to achieve accurate diagnosis at the point of care (PoC). Field-effect transistors (FETs) have been investigated widely as biosensors for pathogen detection, with advantages such as label-free and real-time detection capabilities. These biosensors have: a high level of sensitivity, a remarkable capacity for miniaturization, a molecular minimum limit of detection (LoD), and seamless integration with semiconductor technologyIn this title, we have invited expert scientific researchers to share their experience in this field. This book focuses on the application and possibility of FETs as biosensors, for rapid and real time detection of pathogens that affect human life. The lack of commercially available efficient devices that can be deployed for this task resulted in the recent global spread of the SARS-CoV-19 virus. The book is an attempt to keep interested parties up to date. Aimed at scientists and engineers (researchers, academics, and postgraduate students) who are interested in developing and using BioFET based sensors, the information in this book is crucial to help prevent future outbreaks of pathogens which bring with them significant impacts on human health and wellbeing.

Modern research in biology increasingly relies on multiple techniques for describing structures and mechanisms. This book provides an overview of the contemporary integrated biology approaches for solving structures and understanding mechanisms of complex biological systems. It includes several methodology chapters discussing the current developments in the areas of cryo-electron microscopy (EM) and cryo-electron tomography (ET), computational biophysics, solution NMR spectroscopy, solid-state NMR spectroscopy and dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), (photo-)chemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization (CIDNP), X-ray crystallography and small-angle X-ray and neutron scattering (SAXS/SANS). Several subsequent chapters demonstrate how these methods are used in synergy to address problems at the forefront of structural biology, with particular emphasis on examples where individual techniques are insufficient. Examples of biological systems include membrane proteins, viral protein assemblies, cytoskeleton protein assemblies, photosynthetic reaction centers, large enzyme complexes and whole cells. The book is targeted to both the current practitioners of structural biology and scientists who are interested in entering the fields of structural biology or biophysical chemistry.

With applications across chemistry, physics and medicine, nuclear magnetic resonance is a proven, uniquely versatile and powerful spectroscopic technique. The success of NMR and its constant redevelopment means that the literature is vast and wide-ranging. Each chapter in this volume is a distillation of the key recent literature in different areas, covering the spectrum of NMR theory and practice, and including theory and computation of nuclear shielding, NMR of soft matter, hyperpolarisation techniques and NMR of living systems. These reports are invaluable both for new researchers wishing to engage with literature for the first time, and for seasoned practitioners, particularly service managers, needing to keep in touch with the ever-expanding ways in which NMR is used.

Ionic liquids (ILs) play a crucial role in modern chemistry and chemical engineering. They remain more desirable than conventional volatile solvents and catalysts in many physical and chemical processes, often exhibiting green and designer properties for various applications. Examining the unique contribution of ILs towards current environmental challenges, this book addresses the importance of their role in the detection of micropollutants and decontamination processes in air and water compartments. It also presents a detailed review of how ILs impact the environment once released, a topic seldom covered in other books, and highlights novel chemoinformatic tools used to predict their fate, showing how advanced oxidation processes help in remediation. This is an ideal book for researchers in both academia and industry, and postgraduate students in environmental chemistry, chemical engineering and analytical chemistry looking at the potential applications of ionic liquids in addressing several environmental problems.

In the human body, there are millions of living microorganisms involved in protecting the body from invaders, helping digestion and regulating moods, but there are also harmful pathogens that cause infectious diseases. For instance, the coronavirus (COVID-19) has caused considerable loss of life since its outbreak. Comprehensive analysis and characterization of microbes is of significant importance to understand the function and role of microorganisms, and rapid detection and identification of unknown pathogens are essential in early diagnosis, treatment monitoring and personalized medicine. Mass spectrometry is a technique to ionize molecules and detect the mass-to-charge ratio of the generated ions. The technique is widely used in hospitals for pathogenic bacteria identification, as well as in environmental science and food science for biosafety control. This book summarizes the most recent development of mass spectrometry techniques in microbial analysis, including mass spectrometry-based microbial identification, bacterial antimicrobial resistance study, data mining algorithm development, omics for microbial research, applications in clinical diagnosis, environmental science and food science, and more. It will guide researchers in the field, and those who are about to enter the field, in the most appropriate methods to characterize microbes and enable their detection.

The global miniature devices market is poised to surpass a valuation of $12–$15 billion USD by the year 2030. Lab-on-a-chip (LOC) devices are a vital component of this market. Comprising a network of microchannels, electrical circuits, sensors, and electrodes, LOC is a miniaturized integrated device platform used to streamline day-to-day laboratory functions, run cost-effective clinical analyses and curb the need for centralized instrumentation facilities in remote areas. Compact design, portability, ease of operation, low sample volume, short reaction time, and parallel investigation stand as the pivotal factors driving the widespread acceptance of LOC within the biomedical community. In this book, the Editors meticulously explore LOC through three key ‘Ts': Theories (microfluidics, microarrays, instrumentation, software);Technologies (additive manufacturing, artificial intelligence, computational thinking, smart consumables, scale-up tactics, and biofouling); and Trends (biomedical analysis, point-of-care diagnostics, personalized healthcare, bioactive synthesis, disease diagnosis, and space applications) This comprehensive text not only provides readers with a thorough understanding of the current advancements in the LOC domain but also offers valuable insights to support the utilization of miniaturized devices for enhanced healthcare practices. Aimed at career researchers looking for instruction in the topic and newcomers to the area, the book is also useful for undergraduate and postgraduate students embarking on new studies or for those interested in reading about the LOC platform.

Global climate change is the most important challenge humankind is facing in the modern era. One of the main scientific concerns is the monitoring of contaminants in the environment, which require the right environmental remediation strategies. In this context, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques have a very important role in enabling the discovery of how pollutants are transformed, how they can move and how they can affect human health. This book discusses the present and the future perspectives of NMR techniques for environmental evaluations. It covers, amongst other topics, the importance of NMR as a contamination discovery tool, how to improve sensitivity in environmental NMR, and multiphase NMR for measurement of samples in their natural state. Samples include lubricant oils, soils and porous media. Due to the direct relationship between the environment and human health, there is information dedicated to the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to monitor human health as related to environmental pollution. There is also a chapter on how NMR is used in cultural heritage to measure artefacts directly affected by environmental pollution. Filling a gap in the literature, the book is for researchers explaining how to apply their knowledge of NMR techniques to solve environmental problems, and for students who want to deepen their understanding of this topic.

Describing the importance of surfactants in electrochemical investigations related to biologically and environmentally vital chemicals, this book charts the progression of highly responsive electrochemical sensors using surfactants as a modifying agent in the sensor field. It provides contributed chapters from respected researchers on information concerning the activity of target molecules and electron transfer kinetics arising at the surface of the fabricated sensor materials. Surfactant-based electrochemical sensors are of great interest in the quest to find low-cost, fast and highly responsive sensing devices and one aim of this book is to help improve the competence and knowledge in this newly emerging interdisciplinary research area. Attracting an audience of students, academics, industrialists and engineers, it will interest researchers seeking to use non-toxic sensors in their detection challenges.

Mass spectrometry is one of the most versatile analytical techniques due to the vast range of analytes that it can detect and quantify and, as such, for its contribution to a significant number of life science fields. The legal and forensics community has certainly benefited from this technique, which has been able to provide reliable evidence in court cases. Liquid Chromatography/Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (LC/GC–MS) still have a dominant role in the provision of forensic intelligence. However, in the past decade new and exciting MS-based techniques have emerged and are or have evolved to be at an operational deployment maturity, enabling either fast, ambient, non-destructive, or portable screening (or encompass all of these features). In this book, developments of LC–MS and GC–MS based techniques are covered with respect to operational practice and new applications, accompanied by other MS-based techniques that are increasing forensic opportunities and that operate on a variety of evidence types. Whilst the underpinning working principles of each relevant mass spectrometry technique are summarised, each chapter primarily focuses on its implementation in criminal investigation and court cases. In the last chapters, this book additionally covers emerging MS technologies that are at the beginning of their operational implementation journey as well as niche applications outside the fields of traditional forensic science but with a clear potential to impact future investigations (forensics beyond the courtroom). This book provides an up-to-date reference for the mass spectrometry-based tools that are currently available both as established and as emerging methods within forensic practice. It will help casework commissioning managers and forensic providers worldwide to make more informed decisions as to the forensic strategy and workflow when examining exhibits. It is also recommended to postgraduates and early career investigators with reference to the contribution that these techniques and methods could make if applied to classic forensic science practice.

Incidents such as nuclear weapon tests, accidents in nuclear power plants, transport accidents and accidental or authorised discharges from nuclear facilities have introduced anthropogenic radionuclides into the environment. Scientists need accurate analysis of these radionuclides in order to estimate the risk to the public from released radioactivity. This book is an authoritative, up-to-date collection from leading scientists across the globe on environmental radiochemistry and radioecology, nuclear industry decommissioning, radiation detection and imaging, medical imaging, radioanalytical techniques and nuclear forensics. The research contributions were first presented at the 14th International Symposium on Nuclear and Environmental Radiochemical Analysis in September 2022. Providing a key reference for graduates and professionals who work across fields involving analytical chemistry, radiochemistry, environmental science and technology, and waste disposal, this book is essential reading to aid risk analysis and protection.

Proteins are an important nutrient and ingredient in food as well as in nutritional supplements. The application and take up of food proteins, especially plant proteins, has been limited due to their undesirable sensory properties, e.g. taste, odour, and chalky mouth feel. This will need to change if the availability of meat protein becomes scarcer. Documenting the latest research, this book is the first overview of the recent advances in flavour research of food proteins, with an emphasis on the major plant proteins, e.g. soy and pulse proteins. The topics to be covered include sensory and instrumental characterization of flavour compounds in food proteins, how flavour profiles in food proteins can be formed or altered, research advances of individual food proteins, the use of food protein products as flavouring ingredients, and future trends of flavouring food proteins. There is a growing interest in using plant proteins in food formulation and industrial applications, but no book has yet covered this systematically until now. Summarizing research advances in consumer studies and flavour chemistry that focus on food proteins, the book will discuss the flavour properties and problems in each major and novel food protein source for the academic and industry market.

Molecular chaperones are critical to control protein quality in all living cells. Understanding chaperone function at the atomic level, and in particular its mode of interaction with client proteins, is crucial to understanding the fundamental roles chaperones play in biology. This book fills a gap in the literature by comprehensively summarizing and discussing new advanced experimental techniques for their analysis. Providing a comprehensive overview of advanced biophysical methods for the characterization of molecular mechanisms of molecular chaperones, the majority of the contributions are NMR methodology. This is the method of choice for atomic resolution studies of such systems. Additional notable biophysical approaches are considered to present all relevant current developments in exploring chaperone function and the transient and dynamic interactions with their client proteins. The book is targeted at both current practitioners of structural biology and biophysical chemistry and scientists who are interested in entering the field. It could be useful for graduate students as supplementary reading.

Spectroscopic Properties of Inorganic and Organometallic Compounds: Techniques, Materials and Applications provides a unique source of information in an important area of chemistry. Since Volume 40 the nature and ethos of this series have been altered to reflect a change of emphasis towards'Techniques, Materials and Applications'. Researchers will now find up-to-date critical reviews which provide in-depth analyses of the leading papers in the field, with authors commenting of the quality and value of the work in a wider context. Focus areas will include structure-function relationships, photochemistry and spectroscopy of inorganic complexes, and catalysis; materials such as ceramics, cements, pigments, glasses and corrosion products; techniques such as advanced laser spectroscopy and theoretical methods.

One of the current research lines in analytical chemistry is the design and utilization of novel materials with higher selectivity and improved analytical performance in various steps of chemical analysis. In this sense, Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs) have attracted attention as a potential alternative to current commercially available materials. MOFs present an interesting set of properties, such as diverse structural topologies, modifiable pore size, high porosity, tuneable surface area, diverse composition, and versatile functionality. This book covers multipurpose usage MOFs in sample preparation, integration, and detection stages of analytical chemistry. Along with the application of MOFs in green analytical methodologies. It will serve as a reference book for researchers, scientists and engineers who are interested in developing new materials as well as researchers who are interested in new application development.

How do you describe an analytical method, measure the purity of the new chemical that you have just synthesized, or report the proper units of measurement? For analytical chemists, the principal tool of the trade, or source of terms, is this book - the so-called Orange Book. First published in 1978, this latest edition takes into account the explosion of new analytical procedures and, at the same time, the diversity of techniques and the quality and performance characteristics of the procedures that are the focus of interest. The scope of analytical chemistry has widened, new types of instrumental techniques have emerged and automation has taken over. Answers can now be shared, not only on the chemical composition and structure of the sample, but also changes in composition and structure in space and time. New chapters on chemometrics, bio-analytical methods of analysis, and sample treatment and preparation have been added. The terminology of metrology and quality assurance is now up to date with the latest ISO and JCGM standards. This new volume will be an indispensable reference resource for the coming decade, revising and updating accepted terminology, and providing the official language of analytical chemistry.

Asymmetric autocatalysis is a reaction in which chiral compound acts as a chiral catalyst for its own production. The process is a catalytic automultiplication of the chiral compound leading to an end product with a high enantiomeric excess. It has advantages over non-autocatalytic reactions because the amount of catalyst increases and no loss or deterioration of the catalyst is observed. Additionally, because the catalyst and product have the same structure, the separation of product from the catalyst is not necessary. Asymmetric Autocatalysis provides a comprehensive introduction to the topic of autocatalysis and an in-depth review of the current state of the research. Edited by a team including Professor Kenso Soai, who first described these types of reaction, and written by experts from around the world this book is a great resource for anyone with an interest in organic synthesis, catalysis and chirality.

Carbon dots (CDs) as an emerging carbon nanomaterial have attracted considerable attention and have been widely used in numerous fields. When compared with semiconductor quantum dots and organic dyes, CDs have a low toxicity, good biocompatibility and good anti-photobleaching. These qualities give them the potential to be a greener optical probe than other types of quantum dots and organic dyes. Covering several common synthesis strategies, including biomass synthesis, large-scale synthesis and sustainable synthesis technology, this book focuses on the green synthesis of CDs and their applications in the fields of bioanalytical, catalytic, biomedical, and environmental sciences. It is a useful reference for anyone working in green chemistry, analytical chemistry, biomedical or environmental science.

Solid Phase Microextraction (SPME) is a flexible and convenient sampling and sample preparation technique that extracts different kinds of analytes, including both volatile and non-volatile, without the use of a solvent. The technique facilitates fast, simple and automated determination of target analytes in a range of matrices. As it offers a green methodology, it is growing in popularity as an alternative tool in analytical chemistry to traditional methods. This book follows on in spirit from the editors'previous title, Applications of Solid Phase Microextraction and will introduce the reader to breakthrough methodologies and cutting edge applications. Although it assumes a good degree of SPME knowledge, an overview of the fundamentals is given before taking the reader through an update of the field. The reader will learn the basic principles and advantages of different SPME formats including the stir bar extraction techniques, thin film SPME, Bio-SPME, and new trends in different coatings. Applications in complex media, including food analysis, drug residues and bioanalysis are covered. Bringing together leading sample preparation academics from around the world, the editor has put together an informative new book, suitable for analytical chemists and practitioners utilising SPME tools in their research.

Describing comprehensively the development and applications of NMR to oil and gas exploration, this book will bring the literature up to date as it has developed very quickly in the last two decades. Outlining new methodologies, it will provide a thorough and comprehensive document enabling a better understanding of the basics of NMR physics, petrophysics, downhole tools and data interpretation. Written by an author with more than 30 years'experience in this hot and important topic, this book is designed to meet the needs of the community and encourage applications in low field NMR.

In recent years, consumers have been concentrating on the health benefits and nutrition from food to preserve a healthy lifestyle. They are looking for colorants derived from natural sources to enhance the nutritional and antioxidant value of foods. Coloured cereals (wheat, rice, barley, oat, maize, sorghum, and millets) contain many phytochemicals, including anthocyanins and carotenoids associated with numerous health benefits. This book presents a comprehensive overview of the bioactive potential, food applications, and health benefits of coloured cereal grains. Novel approaches to the integration of coloured grain into food in the food processing industries are included, reviewing high-value pigments in the bran layer which can easily be extracted and utilized as functional foods and natural colorants. Aimed at researchers carrying out innovative studies, food regulatory and safety authorities and food processing industries who are trying to minimize synthetic food colorants and dyes, this book provides a novel approach to the use of substitute synthetic dyes which can improve the nutritional value, appearance, texture, flavour, and storage properties of food products.

Quantum dots are proven powerful probes for fluorescence imaging and have distinct properties that give them unique capabilities. Currently, they are being developed for a range of additional applications including the detection of disease, fluorescent assays for drug discovery, single protein tracking and intracellular reporting. Here, the various types of quantum dots are introduced, with the reader being provided with enough information in the text and the references to encourage a new quantum dot user to get started. Including an overview of the significant advancement in the field and discussing applications, the book emphasises how the properties of quantum dots are employed in bioanalytical chemistry. Closing with a prospectus of the future for quantum dots, any researchers and students in bioanalytical chemistry, medicine and clinical biochemistry will find this title useful supplementary reading.

Volatile biomarkers play a significant signalling role in communication between biological cells living as individual entities or as mini-societies that sense, respond and adapt to changes in their environment. In this process, volatile biomarkers can leak into the blood, from which they can be secreted into most body fluids (blood, breath, skin, urine, saliva, feces, etc.), from which sensing devices can capture and interpret their chemical fingerprint to reflect any association with health disorders in a fast, easy, and minimally non-invasive manner. This book introduces the concept of biomarkers within the body in terms of basic and translational sciences. It starts with a comprehensive review of the expression and mechanistic pathways involving volatile biomarkers at single cell and (micro)organism levels, cell-to-cell and cell-to-organism communications, and their secretion into body fluids. It discusses several ways for discovering and detecting the secreted biomarkers using mass spectrometry and other spectroscopic techniques. This is followed by an appraisal and translation of the accumulating knowledge from the laboratory to the Point-of-Care phase, using selective sensors as well as desktop and wearable artificial sensing devices, e.g., electronic noses and electronic skins, in conjugation with AI-assisted data processing and healthcare decision-making in diagnostics. The book offers an outlook into the challenges in the continuing development of volatile biomarkers and their wider availability to healthcare, which can be substantially improved. It should appeal to research groups in universities, start-up and large-scale industries associated in all aspects of biomedicine.

Edited and authored by world experts, this book covers the newest areas of research into cheese manufacture and engineering, as well as the latest developments concerning properties and structure. Information dealing with cheese manufacture includes starter and adjunct cultures, nonstarter lactic acid bacteria, coagulants, novel processing techniques, and ripening. The chapters on cheese properties explain rheology, microscopy, flavours, and other topics. Comparisons of cheese made from milk of various mammals and of artisanal and large-scale cheese manufacturing including vegan cheeses are included. Providing a useful source of facts and information for scientists, cheesemakers, and students, the book covers the ever-expanding field of cheese production, technology, and analysis. Cheesemakers large and small must respond to changing consumer demands and interests. This book informs the knowledge base in cheese chemistry and scientific advances in these areas.

Written by active investigators in the field, this book describes state-of-the-art methods that can accelerate the acquisition of 2D NMR spectra in solution-state NMR. The acquisition of fast multi-dimensional NMR data has motivated numerous ground-breaking developments in NMR pulse sequences and associated data processing methods. These in turn have revolutionized the way 2D NMR acquisitions are performed, at the same time broadening the scope of applications of 2D NMR. The first part of the book provides an in-depth description of the concepts and implementation of major fast 2D NMR methods. The second part follows with illustrations of how such methods can be used in applications that require the acquisition of fast 2D NMR spectra, from reaction monitoring to hyperpolarization, including applications to a broad variety of samples and experimental conditions. Appealing to readers from both the methodology and applications communities, this title will fill a gap in the market for a book focused on small molecule NMR, and researchers from both academia and industry will find a rich plethora of knowledge.

The Capsicum genus comprises the botanic species known as chili peppers, the most widely consumed natural product by humankind. Their usage is diverse and varies from food additives to defensive devices and medicines. Providing a comprehensive overview of the great popularization and socioeconomic importance of Capsicum, this book includes a holistic description of the properties of Capsicum and how this correlates with the chemical profile. Several of their specialized metabolites, such as capsaicinoids and carotenoids, are in fact responsible for peppers characterization as a functional food as they provide pungency, deterrent properties and outstanding biological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic and chemopreventive. This book shows the big picture behind peppers featuring as functional foods using a biochemistry background to elucidate how the chemical composition of this genus can affect its unique bioactivity and sensorial characteristics. In addition, the state-of-art regarding Capsicum exploitation is also emphasized. Intended for all types of audiences, it is a resource for those curious about peppers pungency, for graduate students aiming to improve their skills and professional who need to update their knowledge regarding peppers chemistry and pharmacology.

Over the last two decades, advances in the design, miniaturization, and analytical capabilities of portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) instrumentation have led to its rapid and widespread adoption in a remarkably diverse range of applications in research and industrial fields. The impetus for this volume was that, as pXRF continues to grow into mainstream use, analysts should be increasingly empowered with the right information to safely and effectively employ pXRF as part of their analytical toolkit. This volume provides introductory and advanced-level users alike with readings on topics ranging from basic principles of pXRF and qualitative and quantitative approaches, through to machine learning and artificial intelligence for enhanced applications. It also includes fundamental guidance on calibrations, the mathematics of calculating uncertainties, and an extensive reference index of all elements and their interactions with X-rays. Contributing authors have provided a wealth of information and case studies in industry-specific chapters. These sections delve into detail on current standard practices in industry and research, including examples from agricultural and geo-exploration sectors, research in art and archaeology, and metals industrial and regulatory applications. As pXRF continues to grow in use in industrial and academic settings, it is essential that practitioners continue to learn, share, and implement informed and effective use of this technique. This volume serves as an accessible guidebook and go-to reference manual for new and experienced users in pXRF to achieve this goal.

Chemometrics, or the application of multivariate statistics to chemical data, provides informative and statistically valid analyses within a forensic context and there has been an increase in the use of chemometrics to characterise forensic exhibits. Introducing chemometric methods suitable for forensic practitioners, this book fills a gap in the literature outlining how such methods are applied to forensic casework, what limitations to these approaches exist, and future trends emerging in the field. The book highlights how chemometric methods may be applied to different areas of forensic science, enabling more confident and transparent decision-making based on quantitative approaches. It is divided into various sections which include a background to chemometrics, types of chemometric methods, their applications in various disciplines of forensic science, and emerging trends in the field. The detailed discussion of chemometric methods used for the examination of forensic exhibits outlines their advantages, limitations, and efficiency. Providing a centralised source of information addressing the above aspects, and suitable for forensic practitioners, researchers and stakeholders, this book is written for MSc Forensic Science courses and more broadly applications in the biological, chemical and physical sciences.

Since the early 20th century, X-ray and electron scattering has provided a powerful means by which the location of atoms can be identified in gas-phase molecules and condensed matter with sub-atomic spatial resolution. Scattering techniques can also provide valuable observables of the fundamental properties of electrons in matter such as an electron's spin and its energy. In recent years, significant technological developments in both X-ray and electron scattering have paved the way to time-resolved analogues capable of capturing real-time snapshots of transient structures undergoing a photochemical reaction. Structural Dynamics with X-ray and Electron Scattering is a two-part book that firstly introduces the fundamental background to scattering theory and photochemical phenomena of interest. The second part discusses the latest advances and research results from the application of ultrafast scattering techniques to imaging the structure and dynamics of gas-phase molecules and condensed matter. This book aims to provide a unifying platform for X-ray and electron scattering.

There is a trend in analytical chemistry towards development of eco-friendly methods of sample preparation without loss of efficiency. This book provides a general, critical, and updated vision of the different green sample preparation approaches that have been developed. These include miniaturisation of the extraction techniques that allow a reduction not only of the chemicals used during the process, but also of the sample amount; the use of greener solvents, such as certain ionic liquids (ILs) or deep eutectic solvents (DES), instead of conventional organic solvents; and the use of new selective sorbent materials that allow both extraction and clean-up in the same step. All of these strategies have been successfully applied to the determination of a wide variety of organic and inorganic compounds. Advanced undergraduate and graduate students will find this book a good reference source and, because of the multidisciplinary nature of this topic, it will be of use to a broad audience including chemists, materials scientists, environmental analysts, forensic scientists, pharmacists, biologists and chemical engineers, who are involved and interested in the future frontiers of analytical chemistry.

Since its commercial introduction in 2004, UHPLC (Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography) has begun to replace conventional HPLC in academia and industry and interest in this technique continues to grow. Both the increases in speed and resolution make this an attractive method; particularly to the life sciences and more than 1500 papers have been written on this strongly-evolving topic to date. This book provides a solid background on how to work with UHPLC and its application to the life sciences. The first part of the book covers the basics of this approach and the specifics of a UHPLC system, providing the reader with a solid background to working properly with such a system. The second part examines the application of UHPLC to the life sciences, with a focus on drug analysis strategies. UHPLC-MS, a key technique in pharmaceutical and toxicological analyses, is also examined in detail. The editors (Davy Guillarme and Jean-Luc Veuthey) were some of the earliest adopters of UHPLC and have published and lectured extensively on this topic. Between them they have brought together an excellent team of contributors from Europe and the United States, presenting a wealth of expertise and knowledge. This book is an essential handbook for anyone wishing to adopt an UHPLC system in either an academic or industrial setting and will benefit postgraduate students and experienced workers alike.

Spectroscopic Properties of Inorganic and Organometallic Compounds: Techniques, Materials and Applications provides a unique source of information in an important area of chemistry. Since Volume 40 the nature and ethos of this series have been altered to reflect a change of emphasis towards'Techniques, Materials and Applications'. Researchers will now find up-to-date critical reviews which provide in-depth analyses of the leading papers in the field, with authors commenting of the quality and value of the work in a wider context. Focus areas will include structure-function relationships, photochemistry and spectroscopy of inorganic complexes, and catalysis; materials such as ceramics, cements, pigments, glasses and corrosion products; techniques such as advanced laser spectroscopy and theoretical methods.

Trace element analysis plays a prominent role in various fields, from mineralogy and geology to semiconductor manufacture and foods. In geochemical exploration, the analysis of trace elements assumes high significance due to the multifaceted role played by them. The analyte is at the detection limit of many instrumental techniques. This makes their determination difficult This book covers a wide spectrum of destructive and non-destructive analytical techniques and recent developments in them used all over the world, including developing countries, for quantitation of trace elements. With revolutionary progress in the last three to four decades in analytical techniques, several ICP-based techniques like ICP-OES and ICP-MS and other nuclear analytical techniques have enabled determination of trace elements at the ppb level. However, these methods require expensive instrumentation and cannot be made available everywhere. The quality of analytical data is dependent on valid reference standards. The book contains detailed sample preparation in varying matrices and an important chapter on statistical treatment of analytical data for the purpose of quality control and quality assurance. Pulling together, the book, containing the work carried out by the author's group in India, will be useful to analysts involved in geochemical explorations.

Nuclear magnetic resonance has proved a uniquely versatile and powerful spectroscopic technique, with applications across chemistry, physics and medicine. The success of NMR and its constant redevelopment means that the literature is vast and wide-ranging. Each chapter in this volume is a distillation of the key recent literature in different areas covering the spectrum of NMR theory and practice, and including solution-state, solid-state and in-vivo NMR. These reports will be invaluable both for new researchers wishing to engage with literature for the first time, and for seasoned practitioners, particularly service managers, wishing to keep in touch with the ever-expanding ways in which NMR is used.

NMR spectroscopy has found a wide range of applications in life sciences over recent decades. Providing a comprehensive amalgamation of the scattered knowledge of how to apply high-resolution NMR techniques to biomolecular systems, this book will break down the conventional stereotypes in the use of NMR for structural studies. The major focus is on novel approaches in NMR which deal with the functional interface of either protein-protein interactions or protein-lipid interactions. Bridging the gaps between structural and functional studies, the Editors believe a thorough compilation of these studies will open an entirely new dimension of understanding of crucial functional motifs. This in turn will be helpful for future applications into drug design or better understanding of systems. The book will appeal to NMR practitioners in industry and academia who are looking for a comprehensive understanding of the possibilities of applying high-resolution NMR spectroscopic techniques in probing biomolecular interactions.

Traditionally, dietary fat has been associated with negative effects on human health by consumers due to its high energy density. However, today it is well known that the quality of the fat ingested is more important than its quantity, and that there are natural lipophilic compounds that are essential for the correct maintenance of human physiological functions. For this reason, the negative image associated with dietary fat consumption is not fully justified. Dietary fat is a hot research area that has attracted increasing attention in the last decades. An adequate intake of dietary fats adapted to our age and physical activity, as well as an increase in the intake of beneficial fatty compounds and controlling the intake of those types of fats that have negative effects on our health, can be powerful allies in preventing the development of chronic non-communicable diseases. Through this book, the Editors have compiled the most up to date and well-documented information on many aspects of the development and application of novel dietary patterns related to fatty compounds, with special emphasis on beneficial effects. They have considered fatty nutritional requirements at different stages of life, the international guidelines and the application of new -omics techniques, such as epigenetics, nutrigenomics, metabolomics and metagenomics, related to human health. This book will be of interest to researchers in food technology and biomedicine, as well as the food industry and food distribution areas.

Over the last decade, the use of ion mobility separation in combination with mass spectrometry analysis has developed significantly. This technique adds a unique extra dimension enabling the in-depth analysis of a wide range of complex samples in the areas of the chemical and biological sciences. Providing a comprehensive guide to the technique, each chapter is written by an internationally recognised expert and with numerous different commercial platforms to choose from, this book will help the end users understand the practicalities of using different instruments for different ion mobility purposes. The first section provides a detailed account of the fundamentals behind the technique and the current range of available instrumentation. The second section focusses on the wide range of applications that have benefitted from ion mobility – mass spectrometry and includes topics taken from current research in the pharmaceutical, metabolomics, glycomics, and structural molecular biology fields. The book is primarily aimed at researchers, appealing to practising chemists and biochemists, as well as those in the pharmaceutical and medical fields.

Trace element analysis plays a prominent role in various fields, from mineralogy and geology to semiconductor manufacture and foods. In geochemical exploration, the analysis of trace elements assumes high significance due to the multifaceted role played by them. The analyte is at the detection limit of many instrumental techniques. This makes their determination difficult This book covers a wide spectrum of destructive and non-destructive analytical techniques and recent developments in them used all over the world, including developing countries, for quantitation of trace elements. With revolutionary progress in the last three to four decades in analytical techniques, several ICP-based techniques like ICP-OES and ICP-MS and other nuclear analytical techniques have enabled determination of trace elements at the ppb level. However, these methods require expensive instrumentation and cannot be made available everywhere. The quality of analytical data is dependent on valid reference standards. The book contains detailed sample preparation in varying matrices and an important chapter on statistical treatment of analytical data for the purpose of quality control and quality assurance. Pulling together, the book, containing the work carried out by the author's group in India, will be useful to analysts involved in geochemical explorations.

The importance of processing and packaging food items so that they are safe for the consumer cannot be underestimated. Sensors have an important role to play in this, and sensing technologies have attracted the attention of the scientific community in view of increasing environmental and societal concerns. This edited volume presents a collection of ten chapters discussing the current trends of bio- and nano-sensing technologies for processing and packaging of food items. Starting with an overview chapter which introduces the field, the book goes on to discuss novel applications related to preservation, authenticity and safety of foods. Intelligent food packaging and nano-based sensing are covered, and the book finishes with a look towards the pros and cons of how this will revolutionise sensing throughout the food sector. It will be of benefit to scientists and practising professionals conducting research in the areas of food processing, contamination and food safety, and academic researchers and graduate students studying food technology or food engineering.

The use of spectroscopy in food analysis is growing and this informative volume presents the application of advanced spectroscopic techniques in the analysis of food quality. The spectroscopic techniques include visible and NIR spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy and Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS). A wide range of food and beverage items are covered including tea, coffee and wine. The chapters will highlight the potential of spectroscopic techniques to enrich the food quality analysis experience when coupled with artificial intelligence and machine learning and provide a good opportunity to assess and critically lay out any future prospects.Different chapters have been written using a bottom-up approach that suits the needs of novice researchers and at the same time offers a smooth read for professionals. The book will also be of use to those developing spectroscopic facilities providing a useful cross comparison of the various techniques.

Formulation is a key step in the drug design process, where the active drug is combined with other substances that maximise the therapeutic potential, safety, and stability of the final medicinal product. Regulatory and quality demands, in addition to advances in processing technologies, result in growing challenges as well as possibilities for the field. Following on from Pharmaceutical Formulation, which covered traditional dosage forms such as tablets and capsules, this volume expands upon those formulations to cover a more diverse range of less common dosage forms. Novel routes of administration are covered from inhalational, dermal and transdermal formulations to ocular, oral suspensions, vaccines and nanoparticle drug delivery. The methods through which these formulations are processed and manufactured is also covered, providing essential knowledge to ensure quality, efficiency, and acceptable costing. Specialised Pharmaceutical Formulation is an essential, up to date resource for students and researchers working in academia and in the pharmaceutical industry and will equip readers with the ability to effectively and reliably produce products which can be approved, manufactured and made available to administer to patients.

With applications across chemistry, physics and medicine, nuclear magnetic resonance is a proven, uniquely versatile and powerful spectroscopic technique. The success of NMR and its constant redevelopment means that the literature is vast and wide-ranging. Each chapter in this volume is a distillation of the key recent literature in different areas, covering the spectrum of NMR theory and practice, and including solid-state NMR, solution NMR of small molecules and NMR of living systems. These reports are invaluable both for new researchers wishing to engage with literature for the first time, and for seasoned practitioners, particularly service managers, needing to keep in touch with the ever-expanding ways in which NMR is used.

This book gathers, in a single resource, knowledge about matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation (MALDI) mass spectrometry imaging. It includes fundamentals in the MALDI ionisation process, different source geometries and capabilities, detection systems and the latest research and applications in the range of –omics area as well as other broader areas. Chapters will touch on dedicated sample preparation protocols specific for the class of compounds of interest, instrumentation used with strengths and current limitations, strategies for structural analysis and identification and applications. It will be a welcomed addition to the literature in this fast-moving field and provide a guide to new innovations and applications especially in metabolomics and proteomics. With contributions from leading experts, this book will be an authoritative guide to this method. Aimed at postgraduate and professional researchers, in academia and in the industrial market where it has direct application to clinical research. It will be a supporting volume for those just entering the field as well as experienced practitioners.

The field of antioxidant research has grown rapidly over the last 30 years and shows no sign of slowing down. In order to understand how antioxidants work, it is essential to understand how their activity is measured. However, antioxidant activity measurements are controversial and their value has been challenged. This book addresses a number of the controversies on antioxidant testing methods. Specifically, the book highlights the importance of context, helping the reader to decide what methods are most appropriate for different situations, how the results can be interpreted and what information may be inferred from the data. There are a multiplicity of methods for measuring activity, with no standardized method approved for in vitro or in vivo testing. In order to select an appropriate method, a thorough knowledge of the processes associated with reduction-oxidation is essential, leading to an improved understanding and use of activity measurements and the associated data. The book presents background information, in a unique style, which is designed to assist readers to grasp the fundamentals of redox processes, as well as thermodynamics and kinetics, which are essential to later chapters. Recovery and extraction of antioxidants from diverse matrices are presented in a clear and logical fashion along with methods used to determine antioxidant activity from a mechanistic perspective. Other chapters present current methodologies used for activity testing in different sample types ranging from foods and plants, to body fluids and even to packaging, but always with a strong emphasis on the nature of the sample and the underlying chemistry of the method. A number of emerging techniques for assessing antioxidant behaviour, namely, electrochemical methods, chip technology exploiting microfluidic devices, metabolomics plus studies of gene and protein expression, are examined. Ultimately, these techniques will be involved in generation of'big data'for which an understanding of chemometrics will be essential in drawing valid conclusions. The book is written to appeal to a wide audience, but will be particularly helpful for any researchers who are attempting to make sense of the vast literature and often conflicting messages on antioxidant activity.

The area of research on the health benefits of berries, their bioactive compounds and their related metabolites has exploded in the last 20 years resulting in new knowledge in the understanding of their metabolism, molecular mode of action as well as their clinical significance in promoting health and preventing chronic disease. Berries and Berry Bioactive Compounds in Promoting Health, reviews state-of-the-art research findings on this exponentially growing area. This comprehensive book brings together international experts in their corresponding fields with cutting-edge reviews. Exploring the effects and mechanisms of action of berry bioactive compounds and their metabolites on different body systems and chronic diseases, including their role on gut microbiota and eventual effect on health is the focus of this book. Unique topics covered, include the chemistry and analytical methods of detection of berry bioactive compounds, bioavailability, metabolism and factors that affect them including individual variability, their interaction with the gut microbiome, and their role and mechanism(s) of action on chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome and obesity-induced inflammation, and cancer as well as neuroprotection and wound healing. It will be of benefit to scientists conducting research in the area of berries and their bioactive compounds on health and disease and for health care professionals, nutritionists, dietitians and clinical researchers, nutraceutical and natural food product developers (industry) and food regulators.

Several books and many papers have been published during the last decade on the design and the use of new nanomaterials in medicine and technology, which describe major concepts of nanotechnology. Meanwhile, a new promising type of nanomaterials-bacteriophages-emerged recently as a result of the evolution of phage display technique. Bacteriophages have a unique feature - completely the opposite of other nanomaterials -their structure and function are encrypted in their genomic DNA, which can be intentionally modified or even rewritten using routine genetic engineering techniques. In particular, a paradigm of landscape phage with multivalently displayed foreign peptides evolved, which allows constructing phage with unique surface architectures and emerged properties. Recently, phage, as a new kind of nanomaterials attracted the attention of specialists working in peripheral, and even very diverse areas from genetics and molecular biology, such as pharmaceutical science, material science, microelectronics, biosensors, detection, environmental sciences, etc. Penetration of the phage technology into these new disciplines required the development of a new instructive concept, which resulted in this publication. This comprehensive book, of value to researchers as well as scientists, introduces readers into this hot new area of phage nanobiotechnology. It summarises the existing data on the phage nanomaterials and discusses their use in different areas of medicine, science and technology. With contributions by top level experts and pioneers in phage display, the major goal of this book is to bring the phage display technique closer to specialists in these diverse areas of medicine, science and technology, where phage-derived nanomaterials can be most beneficial.

Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) uniquely combine superparamagnetic performance with dimensions that are smaller than or similar size to molecular analytes. Recently, functionalized MNPs are predicted to be a driver for technology and business in this century and hold the promise of high performance materials that will significantly influence all aspects of society. Functionalized MNPs are creating new possibilities for development and innovation in different analytical procedures. Despite their participation in modern development, they are in their infancy and largely unexplored for their practical applications in analysis. This book will provide quality research and practical guidance to analytical scientists, researchers, engineers, quality control experts and laboratory specialists. It covers applications of functionalized MNPs in all stages of analytical procedures. Their incorporation has opened new possibilities for sensing, extraction and detection enabling an increase in sensitivity, magnifying precision and improvement in the detection limit of modern analysis. Toxicity, safety, risk, and legal aspects of functionalized MNPs and the future of analytical chemistry with respect to their use is covered. The book provides an integrated approach for advanced analytical methods and techniques for postgraduates and researchers looking for a reference outlining new and advanced techniques surrounding the applications of functionalized nanomaterials in analytical chemistry.