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Biotechnology refers to the use or manipulation of an organism or parts of an organism. While the early applications were certainly simpler (though still relevant), modern plant biotechnology is primarily associated with molecular biology, cloning and genetic engineering. Over the last 50 years, several key discoveries have revolutionized the biological sciences and enabled the rapid growth of the biotechnology industry.This book gathers handpicked articles presented by national and international scientists at the International Conference on Biotechnology and Biological Sciences, BIOSPECTRUM 2017. It highlights the works of researchers and students in India and abroad on plant biotechnology and its applications in addressing various agricultural and food production-related issues.The respective papers explore a range of advances in plant biotechnology, e.g.: the cytotoxic potential of Moringaoleifera lam; the use of the entomo-pathogenic fungi Cordyceps sp. as unique and valuable sources of bioactive compounds; and strain improvement strategies for Cordyceps sp. In addition, they discuss the use of low-cost blue green algal biofertilizer comprising four blue green algal strains in rice fields; and the use of lignocellulosic materials as potential renewable energy resources for the production of fuels.This book will be extremely useful for researchers and students of biotechnology and plant science, providing an essential update on the latest findings and trends.

In early 1973, I returned to Israel from a post-doctoral fellowship at Harvard University, and was accepted as a lecturer in the Department of Applied Microbiology at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Shortly after my return, Professor Richard Mateles, who at that time was head of the Department, suggested that I purchase a good and comprehensive book on single cell protein (SCP) in order to expand my general knowledge in the subject I had started then to work on; that was microbial utilization of one-carbon (C) compounds. l Naturally, I took his advice (after all, he was the Boss) and bought the book, which was the only general book published on this subject at that time, and was based on papers presented at the First International Conference on Single Cell Protein, held at the Massachussetts Institute of Technology (M.I.T.), on October 1967 (Mateles and Tannenbaum, editors) [1]. Through this book I became acquainted with the world's hunger problem that existed in the past, and ways in which it was to be solved by SCP products prepared from CO, fossil-based raw 2 materials, and from wastes.

'So long as a person is capable of self renewal they are a living being.'-Amiel Cereals have been the source of life to the human race, providing nutritional and ma­ terial needs since the dawn of civilization. As with all dynamic industries, the Cereal in­ dustry has renewed itself in the past; as the millennium approaches, it is on the brink of another renewal, in which the versatility and providence of cereals are being rediscovered, but in new and exciting ways. Cereals are richly diverse; over 10,000 varieties convert minerals and the energy of the sun into a bursting catalog of functional and versatile biomolecules and biopolymers. Processing technology allows these components to be accessed, separated, isolated and purified, while chemical science allows modification for even greater diversity and speci­ ficity. The last century has seen the move from cereal- to oil-based chemical and materials industries. But cereals contain a greater variety and functionality of macromolecules than oil. Starch, protein, bran and straw, already diverse across cereal varieties, can be fraction­ ated into more specific elements, modified chemically to enhance function, or used as feedstocks in fermentation-based bioconversion systems, to produce a range of bulk and fine chemicals for industries as diverse as food, pharmaceuticals, plastics, textiles, pulp and paper, transport, composites and boards, adhesives and energy.

1995, 1997a; NOlting, 1996). This new method allows fast processes that would normally be hidden in kinetic studies to be revealed. Of course, the range of applicability of fast kinetic methods is far wider than that presented. Thus, everybody working in the fields of fast chemical reactions and physical changes, such as conformational isomerizations, enzyme kinetics and enzyme mechanisms, might see the book as a useful introduction. The framework that is provided for the readers is the notion that the quantitation of kinetic rate constants and the visualization of protein structures along the folding pathway will lead to an understanding of function and mechanism and will aid the understanding of important biological processes and disease states through detailed mechanistic knowledge. Numerous figures provide useful information not easily found elsewhere, and the book includes copious references to original research papers, relevant reviews and monographs. My work at Cambridge University and the Medical Research Council was supported by a European Union Human Capital and Mobility Fellowship and a Medical Research Council Fellowship. I gratefully acknowledge Prof. Dr. Alan R. Fersht for the interest in our work on fast folding reactions. NMR measurements on peptides of barstar were done by Dr. Jose L. Neira and Dr. Andres S. Soler­ Gonzalez. The work at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign was supported by NIH grant GM31756. Prof. Dr. Steven G. Sligar is particularly acknowledged for his support of acoustic relaxation experiments and many fruitful discussions.

The latest edition in this continuing series includes the newest advances in the rapidly evolving field of animal cell culture, genetic manipulations for heterologous gene expression, cell line enhancements, improved bioreactor designs and separations, gene therapy manufacturing, tissue engineering, anti-apoptosis strategies and cell cycle research. The contents include new research articles as well as critical reviews on emerging topics such as viral and viral-like agent contamination of animal cell culture components. These papers were carefully selected from contributions by leading academic and industrial experts in the biotechnology community at the recent Cell Culture Engineering VI Meeting in San Diego, USA, 1998. However, the book is not merely a proceedings. Audience: Biochemical engineers, cell biologists, biochemists, molecular biologists, immunologists and other disciplines related to cell culture engineering, working in the academic environment and the biotechnology or pharmaceutical industry.

The use of natural catalysts - enzymes - for the transformation of non-natural man-made organic compounds is not at all new: they have been used for more than one hundred years, employed either as whole cells, cell organelles or isolated enzymes [1,2]. Certainly, the object of most of the early research was totally different from that of the present day. Thus the elucidation of biochemical pathways and enzyme mechanisms was the main reason for research some decades ago. It was mainly during the 1980s that the enormous potential of applying natural catalysts to transform non-natural organic compounds was recognized. What started as a trend in the late 1970s could almost be called a fashion in synthetic organic chemistry in the 1990s. Although the early euphoria during the'gold rush'in this field seems to have eased somewhat, there is still no limit to be seen for the future development of such methods. As a result of this extensive, recent research, there have been an estimated 13 000 papers published on the subject. To collate these data as a kind of'super-review'would clearly be an impossible task and, furthermore, such a hypothetical book would be unpalatable for the non-expert [3-7].

Modern Methods of Plant Analysis When the handbook Modern Methods of Plant Analysis was first introduced in 1954 the considerations were: 1. the dependence of scientific progress in biology on the improvement of existing and the introduction of new methods; 2. the difficulty in finding many new analytical methods in specialized journals which are normally not accessible to experimental plant biologists; 3. the fact that in the methods sections of papers the description of methods is frequently so compact, or even sometimes so incomplete that it is difficult to reproduce experiments. These considerations still stand today. The series was highly successful, seven volumes appearing between 1956 and 1964. Since there is still today a demand for the old series, the publisher has decided to resume publication of Modern Methods of Plant Analysis. It is hoped that the New Series will be just as acceptable to those working in plant sciences and related fields as the early volumes undoubtedly were. It is difficult to single out the major reasons for success of any publication, but we believe that the methods published in the first series were up-to-date at the time and presented in a way that made description, as applied to plant material, complete in itself with little need to consult other publications. Contributing authors have attempted to follow these guidelines in this New Series of volumes.

Modern Methods of Plant Analysis When the handbook Modern Methods of Plant Analysis, was first introduced in 1954, the considerations were: 1. the dependence of scientific progress in biology on the improvement of existing and the introduction of new methods; 2. the difficulty in finding many new analytical methods in specialized journals which are normally not accessible to experimental plant biologists; 3. the fact that in the methods sections of papers the description of methods is frequently so compact, or even sometimes to incomplete, that it is difficult to reproduce experiments. These considerations still stand today. The series was highly successful, seven volumes appearing between 1956 and 1964. Since there is still today a demand for the old series, the publisher has decided to resume publication of Modern Methods of Plant Analysis. It is hoped that the New Series will be just as acceptable to those working in plant sciences and related fields as the early volumes undoubtedly were. It is difficult to single out the major reasons for the success of any publication, but we believe that the methods published in the first series were up-to-date at the time and presented in a way that made description, as applied to plant material, complete in itself with little need to consult other publications. Contribution authors have attempted to follow these guidelines in this New Series of volumes. Editorial The earlier series of Modern Methods of Plant Analysis was initiated by Michel V.

The use of natural catalysts - enzymes - for the transformation of nonnatural man-made organic compounds is not at all new: they have been used for more than one hundred years, employed either as whole cells, cell organelles or isolated enzymes [1, 2]. Certainly, the object of most of the early research was totally different from that of the present day. Thus the elucidation of enzyme mechanisms was the main reason for biochemical pathways and research some decades ago. It was mainly during the 1980s that the enormous potential of applying natural catalysts to transform non-natural organic compounds was recognized. What started as a trend in the late 1970s could almost be called a fashion in synthetic organic chemistry in the 1990s. Although the early euphoria during the'gold rush'in this field seems to have eased somewhat, there is still no limit to be seen for the future development of such methods. As a result of this extensive, recent research, there have been an estimated 13 000 papers published on the subject. To collate these data as a kind of'super-review'would clearly be an impossible task and, furthermore, such a hypothetical book would be unpalatable for the non-expert [3-7].

The 18th ESACT meeting was celebrated in Granada (Spain) in May 2003, and was entitled'Animal Cell Technology Meets Genomics', in order to reflect that the emerging technologies in the area of genomics, proteomics and other'-omics'-type disciplines will provide key technological assets to increase knowledge and open new horizons in animal cell technology. During the meeting a variety of top-class emerging technologies were presented together with the lastest advances in more mature industrial areas. The meeting was opened by a first session devoted to the understanding of basic cellular mechanisms, and four sessions focused on applied aspects of animal cell technology: Cell-based therapies and gene-based therapies, target discovery and biopharmaceuticals. The Granada Meeting has also seen a special focus on forefront industrial case studies. The spirit and scientific excellence of the 18th ESACT meeting is now reflected in different chapters of the book. The book presents, in form of short papers, a high number of the contributions to the meeting, and has been prepared with the aim to provide a relevant reference of the current research efforts in Animal Cell Technology.

This book covers polyextremophiles, the latest biotechnological advances, and developments in the study of extremophilic diversity with a focus on genetics, proteomics and the impact of climate change. It sets out new perspectives on the polyextremophiles'mechanism of tolerance to extreme conditions, and it also outlines their applications in bioremediation, therapeutics, and astrobiology research. Expert contributors discuss topics such as genes associated with polyextremophiles, the applications of genome editing in extremophiles, secondary metabolites from extremophiles, and the biocatalytic potential of extemozymes isolated from extremophiles. Readers will find in this book several case studies that collate the diverse applications of polyextremophiles for bioremediation, including the use of extremophilic algae in wastewater treatment, nutrient recovery and animal feed production, the treatment of industrial waste, pharmaceuticals and personal care products, and the removal of microplastics, heavy metals and E-waste. Particular attention is given to the use of polyextremophiles for bioremediation of abandoned mining sites. The book also presents bioactive compounds from halophiles and their biomedical applications and discusses the implications of polyextremophiles in astrobiology research. Given its breadth, this book is a valuable contribution to the biotechnology of polyextremophiles by overviewing research to date and exploring challenges and opportunities for future research. It also benefits a broad readership, from scholars, researchers and students to industry professionals interested in the study and development of biotechnological applications of polyextremophiles.

Biochemistry is concerned with the chemical processes that occur within living organisms and microorganisms. There have been a number of publications focusing on biochemistry and its use for understanding biochemical and molecular mechanisms, with the majority of the literature focusing on bench scale items. To date there has not been a comprehensive work focusing on the techno-economic and industrial aspects of biochemistry from the microeconomic and pilot scales. This text covers current innovations and advances in plant biochemistry, animal biochemistry, microbial biochemistry and medicinal biochemistry plus potential uses of proteomics, genomics, recombinant DNA technology and protein application. Recent Advances in Industrial Biochemistry focuses on methods for recombinant proteins production and purification plus metabolic engineering and other source technologies from the industrial viewpoint, providing comprehensive, up-to-date information and evidence on contemporary development in the field of industrial biochemistry. The major focus of this book is the key issues, opportunities, approaches, advancements, products, innovations and technologies in current biochemistry from micro scale to production at pilot scale. Chapters highlight the many potential commercial prospects in various industries from food to to pharmaceuticals to bioenergy, providing a valuable and unique single resource for researchers.

This book reviews the latest developments and applications in the field of biosensing, providing readers with an update of the earlier, successful edition, Biosensing for the 21st Century. In this book, readers will find comprehensive key information on the advances and challenges in biorecognition elements and transduction principles, including examples of new materials and new methods. Ranging from engineering chimeric enzymes to the progress in electrochemical sensing of drugs, the book discusses the latest innovations in the field and thus, provides the reader with a profound overview. In the field of biological recognition the focus will be on switchable sensors by engineering new proteins, the development of Molecular Imprinted Polymers (MIPs) for proteins or even larger biological entities, the construction of complex nucleic acid – protein structures for affinity sensing and the application of whole microbes. The book covers new trends in signal transduction which includes graphene-based field effect transistors, nanopores designed for high selectivity and sensitivity in analysis, plasmonic and nanophotonic sensing applying metal nanostructures up to new developments in microarray construction. An introduction in to the challenges in skin-interfaced systems for continuous biochemical sensing, offers a glimpse into the future of wearable technologies. Furthermore, actual areas of application of new sensing strategies such as the detection of various types of viruses and bacteria or the analysis of drugs will be highlighted. Each chapter provides a scholarly yet accessible perspective on the latest trends in biosensor technology. Given its breadth, the book has an interdisciplinary appeal and engages a wide readership, from students and researchers to practitioners in academia and industry, interested in the fields of biochemical/biomedical engineering and in biosensing methodologies and applications.

This book provides an up-to-date overview of the biological functions of melanins, their biotechnological production, and their industrial applications. The melanins form a group of polymeric pigments found in most organisms. These natural products are generated by the oxidation of phenolic and indolic molecules yielding melanins, which include eumelanin, pheomelanin, pyomelanin, and the allomelanins. These pigments have diverse biological functions, including photoprotection, thermoregulation, antioxidation, virulence, and metal ion sequestration. Melanins have physicochemical properties that have proven useful in the optical, electronic, material, agriculture, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and medical industries. The chapters in this book provide an in-depth analysis of the current issues and challenges in this field. Topics covered include the properties, biogenesis, and evolution of melanosomes. The book also addresses the synthesis and industrial production of melanins by microorganisms. The metabolic pathways for the synthesis of several types of polymeric pigments in microorganisms and their role in pathogenesis are reviewed. The large-scale production and purification of melanins to provide this product for industrial applications is a formidable challenge. Two chapters present and discuss the state-of-the-art used for the generation of microbial melanin-production strains and the processes for the biotechnological synthesis and purification of these pigments. Melanins are polymers that can interact with metals, a chapter reviews this capacity in the context of technological applications, including electrochemical energy storage and metal recovery. These polymers are materials having favorable characteristics for photonic applications, including UV blocking and broadband absorption. The current advances in the application of these pigments in optically active materials are presented and discussed.

This book deals with analytical techniques and methods applied in several sectors of technology and industry and serves as a concise and up-to-date reference for the practical application of analytical chemistry. Divided into 10 chapters, the book starts with an introduction to the fundamentals of analytical chemistry, followed by a review of modern analytical technologies and their application in different industrial sectors and activities such as agrochemicals and pharmaceuticals, ores and mining, polymers, biotechnology, and oil & gas. Particular attention is given to industrial environmental issues, where the author discusses the advanced analytical techniques used to provide quantitative information about pollutants in aqueous and gaseous effluents and their carbon footprint. The book finishes with a chapter summarizing the main remarks and conclusions on advanced analytical techniques used in different industrial sectors, as well as on topics of sustainability, and instrumental analysis. In this book, readers will find valuable insights, including real-life examples, of how classical and instrumental techniques can be used by industry, to help professionals in the quality control of raw materials, products and processes, in the assessment of the formulation contamination, environmental pollution and in the evaluation of sustainability, among others. Given its breadth, the book appeals to professionals (mainly chemists, biochemists, and engineers), researchers, professors, and graduate students.

This book offers a comprehensive review of the latest developments in medicinal mushroom biochemical engineering and biotechnology, and it also analyses the circular economy of mushroom bioproduction. Divided into 13 chapters, the book begins with a historical perspective of medicinal mushrooms, followed by authoritative chapters that explore the farming of medicinal mushrooms and bioeconomy, as well as the limitations of using medicinal mushrooms to produce metabolites. Subsequent chapters cover topics such as solid-state and submerged cultivation of medicinal mushroom mycelia in bioreactors, pilot and industrial bioreactor cultivation experiences, downstream processing of medicinal mushroom products, and biochemistry of medicinal mushroom bioactive compounds. Particular attention is given to the recent genetic engineering techniques applied in mushroom cultivation. The book closes with a chapter devoted to the health and clinical benefits of medicinal fungi, where readerswill find expert insights into the therapeutic implications of medicinal fungi. In this book, readers will find an authoritative perspective on the past, present and future of medicinal mushrooms, and will also learn about some recent clinical studies with isolates from these natural products. Given its breadth, this book will appeal to biotechnologists working in mushroom cultivation, as well as to professionals interested in traditional pharmacy and medicine.

Living organisms are distinguished by their chemical basis. Thus, knowledge of the properties of the elements and the interactions of the resulting compounds is a prerequisite for understanding biology.Chemistry answers the questions of why, among the more than 100 elements of the periodic table (PSE), carbon and not silicon is the dominant element in biology and why precious metals, such as gold and silver, do not play a role. The PSE provides information about why phosphoric acid and not sulfuric acid acts as a bridge in polynucleic acids and why DNA had to evolve from RNA. At the same time, only chemistry makes clear why D-glucose is so central in building biopolymers such as cellulose and glycogen, and why the citrate cycle is logically self-contained and without alternative. Biochemistry is also a synthesis chemistry that differs from'man-made'synthesis chemistry'only'in terms of the framework conditions. Individuals are selected from the multitude of elements of the PSE and the almost infinite number of chemical compounds. The selection is based on the environmental conditions on Earth, such as moderate temperatures, preferably atmospheric pressure, solvent water and as primary reaction partner oxygen.The hypothesis is developed that the guiding principle of modern biology, the theory of evolution, has its roots in the underlying chemistry. This turns Darwinism from its biological head to its chemical feet. For example, the effect of phenols as radical scavengers is a priori chemical, before biological phenomena could evolve from it as differences in distinction in colored flowering plants. The book develops a completely new, chemistry-centered view of'animate nature'and challenges a changed, biologically oriented didactics of chemistry in schools and universities.

The book is aimed at providing an exposure to some important topics which are generally not covered adequately in formal courses in biotechnology. It informs the readers about: How micro-fluidics are proving useful in enzyme kinetics. Chemi-proteomics; combinatorial chemistry and high-throughput screening in the context of drug discovery. How enzymes can be used with gaseous substrates? How to source more robust enzymes from marine resources for diverse applications? Why some nano-materials can be chiral? Synthesis of diverse quantum dots as powerful fluorescent probes in biology. How basics of surface chemistry and immunology are vital in dealing with endemics/pandemics like Covid-19.

This book follows up the debate on the future of science and technology at the Curious2022 – Future Insight Conference, the second event in this conference series initiated on the occasion of Merck's 350th anniversary. In the chapters, some of the world's top scientists, managers and entrepreneurs explore breakthrough technologies and how they can be applied to make a better world for humanity. The book begins with an introduction to the vision of the conference “United by science for a better tomorrow” and the impacts caused by the pandemic, highlighting the importance of gathering like-minded people to discuss and support the advancement of science and technology for the benefit of humanity. In the first part of the book, readers will also find a chapter written by the Executive Board of Merck KGaA discussing the importance of curiosity for innovation and an overview of the company's contribution in the areas of life sciences, healthcare andelectronics forward-moving the scientific discovery. The second part of the book offers insights of some of the scientific topics discussed at the conference, and particular attention is given to new therapies and sustainability. In the final part of the book, readers will find some thoughts on ethical principles guiding our application of science and technology to create a bright future for humanity, and diverse perspectives on topics such as health, life sciences, nutrition, material sciences, digitalization, AI, energy, mobility, space flight, robotics, the secrets of the human mind and new ways of working together. Given its interdisciplinary appeal, the book will inspire curiosity in a wide readership, from scholars and researchers to professionals with an interest in exploring the future of science and technology, solving the problems of today, and paving the way for a better tomorrow. Chapters “From a 350th Anniversary to a Global Movement: United by Science for a Better Tomorrow” and “ Advancing Human Progress as a Twenty-First-Century Science and Technology Pioneer” are available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.

This book provides a comprehensive and authoritative review of cyanobacteria and their applications as solar cell factories. Cyanobacteria are able to perform oxygenic photosynthesis and they are utilized in many different bioprocesses. The book covers two major aspects of a cyano-based bioprocess: the biological whole-cell catalyst and the technical environment in which the catalyst is applied. In the biocatalyst itself electron and carbon flow play an essential role for the performance of the cell and need to be tackled likewise for successful biocatalyst development. In the first chapters of this volume, cyanobacterial biotechnology and the fundamentals of cyanobacterial bioenergetics are introduced followed by an overview on tools and strategies for cyanobacteria engineering. Further on, examples of applications, engineering and production of different industrially relevant compounds in these organisms are provided, and finally process technology specific for cyanobacteria is covered. In this book, particular attention is given to topics such as cyanobacterial bioenergetics, metabolic engineering design strategies, utilizing cyanobacteria in biophotovoltaics, and production of pigments as well as photobiohydrogen in cyanobacteria, among others. This book will provide interested students and researchers in the area of photo-biotechnology with a deeper understanding of the cyanobacterial cell-factory, including the latest innovations and persistent challenges in the field.

The last two decades of scientific research have progressed to the point where metabolic engineering, which involves the modifying of metabolic pathways of animals, plants, and bacterial cells at biochemical and molecular levels, is feasible. Conceptually, metabolic engineering takes into account the identification of major blocks or control points in a metabolic pathway at the molecular level followed by removal of these limitations with the help of various cellular engineering interventions. Understanding the metabolic pathways requires appropriate experiment setup, molecular biology and biochemistry methods, computational modelling, data analysis, and interpretation to allow the researchers to manipulate them as per their needs. This book comprises a total of 12 chapters from multiple contributors of different countries around the world, including Brazil, Egypt, India, Saudi Arabia, and Turkey. This book provides deep insight into the past, present, and future of metabolic engineering in the animal, microbial, and plant system, communicating interdisciplinary research and relevant results in biochemistry, molecular biology, applied microbiology, cellular physiology, cellular nutrition in health and disease, and biochemical engineering.

The range of nanomaterial applications has expanded recently from catalysis, electronics, and filtration to therapeutics, diagnostics, agriculture, and food because of unique properties and potentials of different nanoparticles and nanomaterials. Research shows that these exquisite particles can interact with an organism at the cellular, physiological, biochemical, and molecular levels. However, our knowledge of how they affect these changes, selectively or generally, in diverse organism or ecosystems is very limited and far from satisfactory. Data indicate that the biological function largely depends on the shape, size, and surface characteristics of the nanoparticles used besides life cycle stages of an organism. Therefore, this compilation will focus on the body of work carried out by distinguished investigators using diverse nanomaterials and plant and animal species. This book includes specific case studies as well as general review articles highlighting aspects of multilayered interactions, and targets not only research and academic scholars but also the concerned industry and policy makers as well.

Membrane processes have wide industrial ap­ This handbook reviews the published litera­ plications covering many existing and emerging ture, presents an in-depth description of com­ uses in the chemical, petrochemical, petroleum, mercialized membrane processes, and gives a state-of-the-art review of new membrane pro­ environmental, water treatment, pharmaceutic­ al, medical, food, dairy, beverage, paper, tex­ cess concepts under development. It is intended tile, and electronic industries. The existing ap­ to be a single source of underlying principles, membranes, membrane modules, process de­ plications include: (1) dialysis for the purifica­ tion of human blood (the artificial kidney), (2) sign, applications, and cost estimates. It is also electrodialysis for the desalination of brackish a first attempt to bridge the gap between the water to produce potable water, (3) reverse theory and practice. osmosis for the desalination of seawater, (4) There are several groups which may benefit ultrafiltration for the concentration of large pro­ from this handbook. It can be used as educa­ tein molecules from cheese, casein whey, and tional material for industrial personnel engaged milk, and (5) microfiltration for the sterilization in membrane separations. For scientists and of pharmaceutical and medical products, beer, engineers active in research and development in wine, and soft drinks. Since membrane pro­ synthetic membranes, it will serve as a single cesses generally have low capital investment, as source of reference for the entire field.

This book is a compilation of the most relevant molecular mechanisms and cellular processes that are involved in the infection processes in relation to lipid metabolism. The authors are international experts in the field of infection biology. Readers will understand infection metabolism and the contribution of lipids and lipid-protein interaction to lipids.Microbial lipids play an important role in almost all cellular phenomena. Microbial infections also contain an important virulence component in microbial lipids. The secretion of lipid vesicles that contain virulence factors, the assembly of lipid membrane microdomains harboring signal transduction pathways relate to infection process and the number of lipid-protein interactions that are necessary for the internalization of pathogens to host cells are some examples of the importance of lipids and lipid metabolism in the development of infections.

Urbanization, industrialization, and unethical agricultural practices have considerably negative effects on the environment, flora, fauna, and the health and safety of humanity. Over the last decade, green chemistry research has focused on discovering and utilizing safer, more environmentally friendly processes to synthesize products like organic compounds, inorganic compounds, medicines, proteins, enzymes, and food supplements. These green processes exist in other interdisciplinary fields of science and technology, like chemistry, physics, biology, and biotechnology, Still the majority of processes in these fields use and generate toxic raw materials, resulting in techniques and byproducts which damage the environment. Green chemistry principles, alternatively, consider preventing waste generation altogether, the atom economy, using less toxic raw materials and solvents, and opting for reducing environmentally damaging byproducts through energy efficiency. Green chemistry is, therefore, the most important field relating to the sustainable development of resources without harmfully impacting the environment. This book provides in-depth research on the use of green chemistry principles for a number of applications.

This book describes the structural features and properties of important types of hydrocarbons and lipids and gives an overview of their analytical characterization in biological and environmental matrices. It covers the occurrence, biosynthesis and biological functions of these compound types in diverse organisms including bacteria and archaea, algae, higher plants and arthropods. It examines their distribution in the geosphere and fundamental processes controlling the fate of fossil organic matter. Finally, it addresses important aspects of their environmental chemistry and transfer processes between different compartments of bio- and geosphere.Hydrocarbons and lipids comprise extremely diverse organic compounds that play fundamental roles in biosphere and geosphere. They represent important functional components in all living organisms and constitute a major fraction of fossil organic matter in sedimentary systems.All chapters are written by renowned experts in the respective fields.

This updated second edition covers the molecular biology, genome engineering tools and comprehensive analysis techniques for Corynebacterium glutamicum. Aside from modern omics-based approaches, the authors also focus on cell physiology, including cell division, central carbon metabolic pathways, and the respiratory chain. Readers will learn how primary mechanisms like energy metabolism can be applied in processes like biorefinery. Newly added topics include cell envelope structures and aromatic compound metabolism in C. glutamicum. These chapters will be particularly useful for those interested in the microbial production of commodity chemicals, fuels, and proteins. Corynebacteriacea are already some of the most important industrial microorganisms. Understanding the cell physiology of C. glutamicum will help manufacturers to increase their product range and productivity through efficient metabolic engineering.

The book uniquely covers all aspects of anaerobic biodegradation of the environmentally important hydrocarbons. The contributions by international experts cover the molecular characterization of unique biocatalysts for oxygen-independent C-H-bond functionalization, the identification of unifying concepts, and the presentation of state-of-the-art methodologies. The current knowledge of the global importance of anaerobic hydrocarbon degradation is highlighted.

In this book, a summary and update of the most important areas of cell-penetrating peptides (CPP) research are presented, while raising relevant questions for further development. The CPP sequences are presented and discussed throughout the book. The methods for testing CPP mechanisms are discussed in detail. Various approaches for the testing of endocytotic pathways of CPP uptake are also described. Different CPP uptake experiments are compared since it is becoming clear that it is often best to apply several methods in a complementary manner in order to most comprehensively evaluate CPP uptake mechanisms due to the complexity of these processes. A brief summary of functionality issues of CPPs, both in vitro and in vivo, is discussed. Therapeutic potential of CPPs and commercial developments are discussed. The present, second edition of this book is the updated and expanded version of the first edition, published in 2019. The development of the field of cell-penetrating peptides in these five years has been obvious and exciting. This second edition of the book has been partly reorganized and comprehensively expanded with the exciting research in 2019-2023. Around 2500 novel scientific articles have become available, most of them are reviewed in the second edition. Additional rapidly growing areas of high impact presented in this second edition are therapeutic developments (Chapter 16) and delivery of oligonucleotides and proteins/peptides (Chapters 5 and 6) including novel reports on genome editing with CPP assistance. Also, several additional examples are available now on clinical trials using CPPs (Chapter 15). The book is written for researchers and students in the field.

Concise chapters, written by experts in the field, cover a wide spectrum of topics on lipid and membrane formation in microbes (Archaea, Bacteria, eukaryotic microbes).All cells are delimited by a lipid membrane, which provides a crucial boundary in any known form of life. Readers will discover significant chapters on microbial lipid-carrying biomolecules and lipid/membrane-associated structures and processes.

This book describes the biochemistry and genetics of aerobic degradation of hydrocarbons and lipids by bacteria and yeasts, as well as the functional genomics of the best-known microorganisms involved in these processes. It forms part of the Handbook of Hydrocarbon and Lipid Microbiology Series, a definitive resource of current knowledge on the diverse aspects of the interactions of microbes with hydrocarbons and lipids. Chapters are mainly focused on the new discoveries of recent years. It is aimed to scientists and others interested in different aspects of the microbiology of hydrocarbons.

The book covers the microbiological, environmental and biotechnological aspects of alkane production. Alkanes are important energy-rich compounds on earth. Microbial synthesis of methane and other alkanes is an essential part of the geochemical cycling of carbon and offers perspectives for our biobased economy. This book discusses different aspects of current knowledge of microbial alkane production. Chapters with state of the art information are written by renowned scientists in the field.The chapters are organised into four themed parts:1. Biochemistry of Biogenesis - Hydrocarbons2. Taxonomy, Ecophysiology and Genomics of Biogenesis - Hydrocarbons3. Biogenic Communities: Members, Functional Roles4. Global Consequences of Methane Production

This book presents recent advances in global wheat crop research, including the effects of abiotic stresses like high and low temperatures, drought, hypoxia, salinity, heavy metals, nutrient deficiency, and toxicity on wheat production. It also highlights various approaches to alleviate the damaging effects of abiotic stress on wheat as well as advanced approaches to develop abiotic-stress-tolerant wheat crops. Wheat is probably one of the world's most important cereals; it is a staple food in more than 40 countries, and because of its adaptability is cultivated in almost every region. Global wheat production has more than doubled in the last 50 years due to higher yields. However, despite their high yield potential, modern wheat cultivars are often subject to crop loss due to the abiotic stresses. As such, plant breeders have long aimed to improvetolerance in order to maintain yield. Written by 85 experts, and offering the latest insights into wheat responses and tolerance to various abiotic stresses, it is a valuable tool for agronomists, plant breeders, plant physiologists and students in the field of plant science and agriculture. It is the first book to comprehensively cover past and current abiotic stress problems and tolerance mechanisms.

This book assembles concisely written chapters by world-leaders in the field summarizing recent advances in understanding microbial responses to hydrocarbons. Subjects treated include mechanisms of sensing, hydrocarbon tolerance and degradation as well as an overview on hydrophobic modification of biomolecules. Other chapters are dedicated to issues related to the reduced bioavailability of hydrocarbons, which differentiates this class of compounds form many others, but which of central importance to understand the ecophysiological consequences. This book should be standard literature in any laboratory working in this area.

This book covers the current states of microbial and related technologies that have been developed for the efficient production of chemicals, fuels and materials by integrating strain and enzyme development, fermentation processes, and downstream processes. The book also covers how microbes and microbial products can be employed to facilitate petroleum recovery. Global consequences of bio-based production of chemicals, fuels and materials are also discussed with insights.

This work synthesizes research and practical work, including various techniques and applications of botany and nanoparticles, including enzymology, pharmaceuticals, phenolics, antioxidants, metal particles, synthesis of nanoparticles by plants and microbes, and more. The text discusses the latest research as well as key sources of information condensed from other scholars across the globe, providing a comprehensive resource for scholars working in nanobotany, as well as chemists and researchers in the pharmaceutical industry.

This book is a practical guidebook in biochemistry, for medical as well as life sciences'students. The book covers reference values, sample collection procedure and detailed protocol to perform experiments. Each experiment starts with a brief introduction of the protocol, followed by specimen requirements and procedure. The procedures are presented in a very lucid manner and discuss details of calculations and clinical interpretations,The book is divided into 29 chapters, It offers references, general guidelines and abbreviations and provides principles and procedures of clinical biochemistry tests, along with their diagnostic importance.

This book shows the various sandwich assays that are constructed from recognition molecules, such as antibodies, oligonucleotide sequences and aptamers, developed as a result of nano- and biotechnology advances. It consists of ten chapters presenting interesting examples of these assays, organized according to the type of analytic methods (colorimetric, fluorescence, electrochemical, etc.) and detected objects (protein, nucleic acid, small-molecule, ion, etc.). It also includes a chapter discussing the introduction of sandwich assays as biosensors for the detection of a range of targets. It is an interesting and useful resource for a wide readership in various fields of chemical science and nanotechnology.

This well-established textbook on biocatalysis provides a basis for undergraduate and graduate courses in modern organic chemistry, as well as a condensed introduction into this field. After a basic introduction into the use of biocatalysts—principles of stereoselective transformations, enzyme properties and kinetics—the different types of reactions are explained according to the'reaction principle', such as hydrolysis, reduction, oxidation, C–C bond formation, etc. Special techniques, such as the use of enzymes in organic solvents, immobilization techniques, artificial enzymes and the design of cascade-reactions are treated in a separate section. A final chapter deals with the basic rules for the safe and practical handling of biocatalysts.The use of biocatalysts, employed either as isolated enzymes or whole microbial cells, offers a remarkable arsenal of highly selective transformations for state-of-the-art synthetic organic chemistry. Over the last two decades, this methodology has become an indispensable tool for asymmetric synthesis, not only at the academic level, but also on an industrial scale. In this 7th edition new topics have been introduced which include alcohol and amine oxidases, amine dehydrogenases, imine reductases, haloalkane dehalogenases, ATP-independent phosphorylation, Michael-additions and cascade reactions. This new edition also emphasizes the use of enzymes in industrial biotransformations with practical examples.

This book highlights some of the most important biochemical, physiological and molecular aspects of plant stress, together with the latest updates. It is divided into 14 chapters, written by eminent experts from around the globe and highlighting the effects of plant stress (biotic and abiotic) on the photosynthetic apparatus, metabolites, programmed cell death, germination etc. In turn, the role of beneficial elements, glutathione-S-transferase, phosphite and nitric oxide in the adaptive response of plants under stress and as a stimulator of better plant performance is also discussed. A dedicated chapter addresses research advances in connection with Capsicum, a commercially important plant, and stress tolerance, from classical breeding to the recent use of large-scale transcriptome and genome sequencing technologies. The book also explores the significance of the liliputians of the plant kingdom (Bryophytes) as biomonitors/bioindicators, and general and specialized bioinformatics resources that can benefit anyone working in the field of plant stress biology. Given the information compiled here, the book will offer a valuable guide for students and researchers of plant molecular biology and stress physiology alike.

This book is first of its kind exclusively dedicated to plant polyphenol oxidases (PPOs), highlighting their importance in the food processing industry. By reviewing the scientific developments of the past several decades, it offers a comprehensive overview of various aspects of plant PPOs, including chemistry, structure, functions, regulation, genetics/genomics and molecular aspects. PPOs are copper-containing proteins found in several plant species that catalyze the hydroxylation of o-monophenols to o-diphenols and oxidation of the o-dihydroxyphenols to o-quinones. Further, the quonines undergo self-polymerization or react with amines/thiol groups to produce brown/dark coloration of products. All the PPOs contain two Cu-binding sites (CuA and CuB) as their central domain, these interact with phenolic substrates and molecular oxygen. Several of the plant PPOs contain an N-terminal transit peptide (~80-100 amino acids) necessary for plastid import. The PPOs occur in latent form that are activated by various treatments including acid and base shock, exposure to detergents or proteolytic degradation. The pH optimum of PPOs varies widely depending upon different plant species but is usually ~4.0 – 8.0. Similarly, the optimum temperature also varies as per the source and substrate involved ranging from 30 to 45 °C.Multiple PPO isoforms have been reported in several plant species, and the chromosomal location of PPOs has also been studied in some species. The physiological role (s) of PPOs is not entirely understood, but they could be involved in defense-related functions in plants. From an applied perspective, PPOs are implicated in enzymatic browning/darkening of cereal products, vegetables and fruits. Interestingly, browning is preferred in some instances like the processing of black tea, cocoa, and coffee as it enhances their quality by forming flavorful products. There have been initiatives to specifically breed and develop cultivars with reasonably low PPO levels in the mature grain or fruit. Further, several types of inhibitors that reduce the PPO activity have also been identified. Despite their commercial/economic importance and the availability of literature on different aspects of PPOs in different plant species, this is the first book to provide basic information regarding PPOs. It is a valuable resource for researchers involved in quality-related research specifically in crops, vegetables and fruits. Further, as PPOs are also implicated in defense- or stress-related functions, the book is also useful to breeders, pathologists, molecular biologists, physiologists and entomologists.

This book covers the state-of-the-art of modern MALDI (matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization) and its applications. New applications and improvements in the MALDI field such as biotyping, clinical diagnosis, forensic imaging, and ESI-like ion production are covered in detail. Additional topics include MS imaging, biotyping/speciation and large-scale, high-speed MS sample profiling, new methods based on MALDI or MALDI-like sample preparations, and the advantages of ESI to MALDI MS analysis. This is an ideal book for graduate students and researchers in the field of bioanalytical sciences.This book also:• Showcases new techniques and applications in MALDI MS• Demonstrates how MALDI is preferable to ESI (electrospray ionization)• Illustrates the pros and cons associated with biomarker discovery studies in clinical proteomics and the various application areas, such as cancer proteomics

This book focuses on the evolution of plant viruses, their molecular classification, epidemics and management, covering topics relating to evolutionary mechanisms, viral ecology and emergence, appropriate analysis methods, and the role of evolution in taxonomy. The currently emerging virus species are increasingly becoming a threat to our way of life, both economically and physically. Plant viruses are particularly significant as they affect our food supply and are capable of rapidly spreading to new plant species. In basic research, plant viruses have become useful models to analyze the molecular biology of plant gene regulation and cell-cell communication. The small size of DNA genome of viruses possesses minimal coding capacity and replicates in the host cell nucleus with the help of host plant cellular machinery. Thus, studying virus cellular processes provides a good basis for explaining DNA replication, transcription, mRNA processing, protein expression and gene silencing in plants. A better understanding of these cellular processes will help us design antiviral strategies for plants.The book provides in-depth information on plant virus gene interactions with hosts, localization and expression and the latest advances in our understanding of plant virus evolution, their responses and crop improvement. Combining characterization of plant viruses and disease management and presenting them together makes it easy to compare all aspects of resistance, tolerance and management strategies. As such, it is a useful resource for molecular biologists and plant virologists alike.

This book review series presents current trends in modern biotechnology. The aim is to cover all aspects of this interdisciplinary technology where knowledge, methods and expertise are required from chemistry, biochemistry, microbiology, genetics, chemical engineering and computer science.Volumes are organized topically and provide a comprehensive discussion of developments in the respective field over the past 3-5 years. The series also discusses new discoveries and applications. Special volumes are dedicated to selected topics which focus on new biotechnological products and new processes for their synthesis and purification.In general, special volumes are edited by well-known guest editors. The series editor and publisher will however always be pleased to receive suggestions and supplementary information. Manuscripts are accepted in English.

This book review series presents current trends in modern biotechnology. The aim is to cover all aspects of this interdisciplinary technology where knowledge, methods and expertise are required from chemistry, biochemistry, microbiology, genetics, chemical engineering and computer science. Volumes are organized topically and provide a comprehensive discussion of developments in the respective field over the past 3-5 years. The series also discusses new discoveries and applications. Special volumes are dedicated to selected topics which focus on new biotechnological products and new processes for their synthesis and purification. In general, special volumes are edited by well-known guest editors. The series editor and publisher will however always be pleased to receive suggestions and supplementary information. Manuscripts are accepted in English.

This book provides a comprehensive review of established, cutting-edge, and future trends in the exponentially growing field of nanomaterials and their applications in biosensors and bioanalyses. Part I focuses on the key principles and transduction approaches, reviewing the timeline featuring the important historical milestones in the development and application of nanomaterials in biosensors and bioanalyses. Part II reviews various architectures used in nanobiosensing designs focusing on nanowires, one- and two-dimensional nanostructures, and plasmonic nanobiosensors with interferometric reflectance imaging. Commonly used nanomaterials, functionalization of the nanomaterials, and development of nanobioelectronics are discussed in detail in Part III with examples from screen-printed electrodes, nanocarbon films, and semiconductor quantum dots. Part IV reviews the current applications of carbon nanotubes, nanoneedles, plasmonic sensors, electrochemical scanning microscopes, and field-effect transistors with the future outlook for emerging technologies. Attention is also given to potential challenges, in particular, of taking these technologies at the point-of-need. The book concludes by providing a condensed summary of the contents, with emphasis on future directions.Nanomaterials have become an essential part of biosensors and bioanalyses in the detection and monitoring of medical, pharmaceutical, and environmental conditions, from cancer to chemical warfare agents. This book, with its distinguished editors and international team of expert contributors, will be an essential guide for all those involved in the research, design, development, and application of nanomaterials in biosensors and bioanalyses.

This book is an overview of our current understanding of aluminium toxicity and tolerance in plants. It covers all relevant aspects from molecular and cellular biology, to genetic approaches, root biology and plant physiology. The contribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to alleviating aluminium toxicity is also discussed. Over 40% of total agricultural land resources are acidic in nature, with aluminium being the major toxicant. Plant roots are particularly susceptible to aluminium stress, but much of the complex mechanism underlying its toxicity and tolerance is unknown and aluminium stress perception in plants remains poorly understood. The diverse facets of aluminium stress adaptation covered in this book are relevant to plant biology students at all levels, as well researchers and it provides a valuable contribution to our understanding of plant adaptation to the changing environment.

This book provides detailed and comprehensive information on oxidative damage caused by stresses in plants with especial reference to the metabolism of reactive oxygen species (ROS).In plants, as in all aerobic organisms, ROS are common by-products formed by the inevitable leakage of electrons onto O2 from the electron transport activities located in chloroplasts, mitochondria, peroxisomes and in plasma membranes or as a consequence of various metabolic pathways confined in different cellular loci. Environmental stresses such as heat, cold, drought, salinity, heavy-metal toxicity, ozone and ultraviolet radiation as well as pathogens/contagion attack lead to enhanced generation of ROS in plants due to disruption of cellular homeostasis. ROS play a dual role in plants; at low concentrations they act as signaling molecules that facilitate several responses in plant cells, including those promoted by biotic and abiotic agents. In divergence, at high levels they cause damage to cellular constituents triggering oxidative stress. In either case, small antioxidant molecules and enzymes modulate the action of these ambivalent species.

There has been a resurgence of interest in environmental friendly, sustainable and organic cultural practices that warrants high yield and quality in agricultural crops. To enhance sustainable agricultural production and alleviate food scarcity, spoor of majority of microorganisms, especially plant growth and health promoting bacteria of eminent characteristics that allow them for exploitation in agro-ecosystem. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria are the soil bacteria inhabiting around/on the root surface and are directly or indirectly involved in promoting plant growth and development via production and secretion of various regulatory chemicals in the vicinity of rhizosphere. Among various beneficial bacteria mediated mechanisms include direct production of phytohormones and biosurfactants experiencing quest of research and concept up gradation that can built emerging paradigm (agriculture model). Research on bacteria-mediated phytohormones is crucially important, provides key understanding of the plant growth and development. Various genera including PGPR group of bacteria are potential source of plant growth regulators. Application of such organism allow plants to survive under abiotic and biotic stress conditions besides govern phytohormone mediated immune response and manage to regulate hormones. Such group of bacteria also produce another important metabolite i.e. biosurfacatants which are involved in many important functions to bacteria itself as well as for the plants and their ecosystem. Biosurfactants may alter nutrient availability, endogenous metabolites such as antibiotics production, root colonization imparting protection from phytopathogens besides eradicating soil contaminants and other pollutants. The role and activities of surfactants produced by bacteria are multifarious in nature. Thus, bacterial phytohormones and biosurfactants are identified as effector molecules in plant- microbe interactions, in pathogenesis and phyto-stimulation which can either be beneficial for the bacteria itself or for the crops. This book highlights current applications and research on bacterial hormones and surfactants to provide a timely overview. The chapters have been contributed by subject experts from around the world and include topics of varied importance which include phytohormones production by rhizospheric and endophytic bacteria, their role in rhizosphere competence, plant growth regulation, bioremediation, biosurfactants as antibiofilm agents and other aspects. This major new work represents a valuable source of information to all those scientists interested in microbial technology with respect to the microbial innovative products and applications towards sustainable agroecosystem.

The first stand-alone textbook for at least ten years on this increasingly hot topic in times of global climate change and sustainability in ecosystems. Ecological biochemistry refers to the interaction of organisms with their abiotic environment and other organisms by chemical means. Biotic and abiotic factors determine the biochemical flexibility of organisms, which otherwise easily adapt to environmental changes by altering their metabolism. Sessile plants, in particular, have evolved intricate biochemical response mechanisms to fit into a changing environment. This book covers the chemistry behind these interactions, bottom up from the atomic to the system's level. An introductory part explains the physico-chemical basis and biochemical roots of living cells, leading to secondary metabolites as crucial bridges between organisms and the respective ecosystem. The focus then shifts to the biochemical interactions of plants, fungi and bacteria within terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems with the aim of linking biochemical insights to ecological research, also in human-influenced habitats. A section is devoted to methodology, which allows network-based analyses of molecular processes underlying systems phenomena. A companion website offering an extended version of the introductory chapter on Basic Biochemical Roots is available athttp://www.wiley.com/go/Krauss/Nies/EcologicalBiochemistry