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The dynamics of trust and distrust are central to understanding modern society. These dynamics are evident at all levels of society, from the child's relation to caregivers to the individual's relation to the state, and they span from taken for granted trusting relationships to highly reflective and negotiated contractual interactions. The collection of papers in this book questions the diverse ways in which the concept of trust has been previously used, and advances a coherent theorisation of the socio-cultural dynamics of trust and distrust. In this volume, trust and distrust are analysed in relation to lay knowledge and situated in historical, cultural and interactional contexts. The contexts analysed include witch-hunting during the Reformation, China before and after the move to capitalism, building close personal relationships in South Korea, the representation of political corruption in Brazil, tourists bargaining for souvenirs in the Himalaya, disclosing being HIV+ in India, the historical shaping of trust in Portugal, and the role of trust and distrust in the economic development of the Baltic States. Throughout these analyses, and in associated commentaries and theoretical chapters, the focus is upon the cultural and social constitution of trust and distrust.

Manipulations are encountered'at every turn'and in countless everyday situations. If this is the case, the (early) recognition of manipulations takes absolute precedence. This is especially true for specialists regarding their diagnostics and analysis. In everything that is presented and offered in verbal expressions, the tentative differentiation between fiction and truth is the focus of the events. Because only a reasonably complete and truthful outline of the problem contains the potential for gaining insight or uncovering lies or half-truths. Lies, deceptions, excuses, etc., are manipulative activities or reactions that are intended to create a different, namely consciously false impression. However, manipulative maneuvers can be observed and require further investigation not only in interpersonal situations but also in larger social contexts or systems, for example, to successfully play games like chess or to solve problems through regulations accepted by all. This publication could particularly benefit the following target groups: executives, HR experts in academia and practice, and specialists who need to assess the credibility of statements based on'fiction and truth'or who are involved in other support mandates.

This book explores a number of important themes within body language discourse. The authors analyse the role of hands, touch, facial expression, misconceptions, and fallacious arguments in body language training. Other issues addressed include body language between humans and machines, lie detection, reactance and body language and thermography of the face. The authors work to determine various potentials of body language, and assess some areas of body language and role of body language in everyday life. They also discuss new perspectives and future directions in body language studies.

This book argues that our success in navigating the social world depends heavily on scripts. Scripts play a central role in our ability to understand social interactions shaped by different contextual factors.In philosophy of social cognition, scholars have asked what mechanisms we employ when interacting with other people or when cognizing about other people. Recent approaches acknowledge that social cognition and interaction depend heavily on contextual, cultural, and social factors that contribute to the way individuals make sense of the social interactions they take part in. This book offers the first integrative account of scripts in social cognition and interaction. It argues that we need to make contextual factors and social identity central when trying to explain how social interaction works, and that this is possible via scripts. Additionally, scripts can help us understand bias and injustice in social interaction. The author's approach combines several different areas of philosophy – philosophy of mind, social epistemology, feminist philosophy – as well as sociology and psychology to show why paying attention to injustice in interaction is much needed in social cognition research, and in philosophy of mind more generally.Scripts and Social Cognition: How We Interact with Others will appeal to scholars and graduate students working in philosophy of mind, philosophy of psychology, social epistemology, social ontology, sociology, and social psychology.

This book showcases nine possible scenarios for future cities, based on different aspects and characteristics of the term'proximity'. Different points of view have been investigated on many themes related to the city of proximities: from bottom-up design actions to the inclusive city, from neighborhood services to public space in transformation, to platforms and economies of proximity. When discussing the concept of proximity, it is imperative to several aspects of building and inhabiting the city of fifteen minutes. The city and its neighborhoods are complex structures, made up of stratified levels of evolving systems, that encompass administrative and political aspects, urban spatial considerations, the dynamics of human interaction, and more. The necessity to re-appropriate the urban space leads all inhabitants to contemplate different aspects of their lives concerning proximity space, reflecting on how behavior, actions, and relationships can be improved and transformed to make our future more sustainable. This book envisions future scenarios that will make public space an active and functional place for the city, more inclusive, responding to the needs and desires of the different populations that inhabit it.

Why are first impressions so powerful? How do we “know” what others are like when we cannot read their minds? How can scientists measure biases that people do not want to admit--or do not know they have? This engaging text delves into social cognition by exploring major questions in the field through an everyday lens. Students are introduced to core concepts and processes pertaining to how people come to know themselves and understand the behavior of others. Classic and contemporary findings and experimental methods are explained. The text connects the research to pressing contemporary problems--the roots of political polarization, why even rational people fall prey to misinformation, and the best ways to reduce prejudice. Boxed definitions of key terms are included throughout.

Along with the concepts of social role, social group, social network, social class, and social structure, the notion of impersonality is one of the pillars of the sociological imagination: the ability to think beyond individuals and see them as members of particular social categories. Although almost every sociologist is at least implicitly cognizant of the fundamental contrast between personalness and impersonality, it has yet to be explicitly conceptualized. Don't Take It Personally comprehensively addresses the fundamental distinction between the specific and generic visions of personhood. Over the course of the book, Eviatar Zerubavel articulates the fundamental features of impersonality; the process of producing impersonality; the impersonal logic underlying the notion of individuals as countable quantities; the relationship between modernity and impersonality; and considers what is gained and what is lost by impersonalizing so much of social life. Drawing on fascinating examples from diverse social contexts, Don't Take It Personally introduces a general framework to better understand the deeper connection between seemingly disparate phenomena, from racial profiling and hate crimes to'secret Santa'gifting.

This book introduces readers to “cognitive economics,” a rapidly emerging interdisciplinary science built on economic, psychological, and data scientific foundations. Throughout the book, economist Andrew Caplin provides new approaches to help scholars collaborate and solve problems that can shape economic outcomes and bridge the gap between theoretical knowledge and the real world. Divided into two parts, the first section brings readers up to speed on economic concepts that underlie decision-making mistakes, such as utility functions, subjective beliefs, and costs of learning. It also explores real-world applications, including improvements in legal decision-making, online privacy protection, and optimizing human-AI collaboration. The book also discusses the future impact of AI on the workforce and emphasizes the need for decision-making skills and financial literacy in navigating this evolving landscape. In the second section of the book, Caplin addresses the barriers to progress within social sciences, advocating for interdisciplinary cooperation and innovative measurement techniques to advance the field. The book invites readers to contribute to the development of cognitive economics. Whether you are a socially-conscious and hard-working citizen, business leader, scholar, or policymaker, this book will help you understand why cognitive economics matters to you and how you can contribute to its takeoff. This book is available open access, which means it is freely available online.

This new edition of this bestselling handbook offers a comprehensive and scholarly overview of the latest research on prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination.Now in its third edition, the book provides a full update of its highly successful predecessor and features new material on topics such as antisemitism, mental illness stigma, sexual and gender identity prejudice, anti-fat prejudice, politics and prejudice, ableism, evolutionary theory and prejudice, and anti-immigration prejudice. The book is divided into four main parts that consider the origins of prejudice; cognitive, affective, and motivational processes in prejudice; targets of prejudice and reducing prejudice. The volume is written by eminent researchers who explore topics by presenting an overview of current and cutting-edge research and, where appropriate, developing new theory, models, or scales.Handbook of Prejudice, Stereotyping, and Discrimination is an essential text for graduate students, instructors and researchers in social and personality psychology. It is also an invaluable reference for academics and professionals in sociology, communication studies and the social sciences, as well as government workers and policymakers.

The second edition of The Oxford Handbook of Social Cognition is virtually an all-new update and extension of the historic first edition. It contains over 40 chapters that encompass social cognition's history and methods, primary approaches and theories, and applications both to social psychology and to other social sciences, all written by luminaries in the field. Several chapters from the first edition have been extended and updated by the original authors, but most provide the perspective of new contributors and many address topics and areas not included in the first edition. New perspectives are provided by chapters on such central social cognitive topics as impression formation, dual process theories, motivated cognition, construal level, attention, the self, prejudice and stereotyping, as well as social cognitive approaches to attitudes, personal relationships, evolutionary psychology, cognitive neuroscience, communication, culture, law, health, consumer and political psychologies. Altogether new topics include best research practices, fluency, eye-tracking, happiness, intersectionality, identity threat, morality, embodied cognition and mind perception, among others. Together these chapters provide a comprehensive review of social cognitive theory, research, and applications since its inception in the 1970s, but especially over the past decade, along with thoughtful perspectives on where the field is likely to go next. This handbook represents a definitive statement about how social cognition has developed, what it has become today, and where it is likely to lead us tomorrow. It is an essential resource for anyone whose work touches on social cognition, which is virtually everyone in psychology and related fields.

Creating a stimulating social theory with long-lasting influence for generations of scholars is driven by multiple interacting factors. The fortune of a theory is determined not only by the author's creative mind but also by the ways in which principal concepts are understood and interpreted. The proper understanding of a social theory requires a good grasp of major historical, political, and cultural challenges that contribute to its making. Considering these issues, Marková explores Serge Moscovici's theory of social representations and communication as a case study in the making of a dialogical social theory. She analyses both the undeveloped features and the forward-moving, inspirational highlights of the theory and presents them as a resource for linking issues and problems from diverse domains and disciplines. This dialogical approach has the potential to advance the dyad Self–Other as an irreducible intellectual, ethical, and aesthetic unit in epistemologies of the human and social sciences.

Dogs are a valued part of millions of households worldwide. They also serve many functions in human societies from herding livestock to detecting drugs, explosives, or illegal wildlife to providing physical assistance or emotional support to those in need. Yet, in terms of behavior and cognition, dogs have only become a serious subject of scientific study in the last 20 years. Similarly, we have recently witnessed a sharp increase in studies of canine-human interaction, exploring the motivational, emotional, cognitive, physiological, and neural mechanisms of dogs on human psychology and well-being. This book is a collection of chapters stemming from the Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, which focused on Canine Cognition and the Human Bond. The primary goal of this symposium was to bring together researchers from psychology, biology, neuroscience, and anthropology to delve deeper into the canine-human bond. These chapters describe the current state of knowledge from international experts in the fields of canine cognition and canine-human interaction. Bridging these two areas can help us better understand the canine-human bond, potentially improving the lives of both dogs and people.

Wie können wir Krisen bewältigen und die gemeinsame Zukunft gestalten?Seit Beginn der Corona-Pandemie werden wir alle vor eine immense Belastungsprobe gestellt. Dabei zeigt sich, wie die Menschheit mit solchen Situationen erfolgreich und konstruktiv umgehen und das Beste daraus machen kann. Und wir lernen, dass die Zukunft nicht etwas ist, was uns widerfährt, sondern wir diese aktiv und konstruktiv gestalten können. Grundvoraussetzung dafür ist eine Haltung der Offenheit, der gegenseitigen Hilfsbereitschaft und der Hoffnung. Dieses Sachbuch berichtet in anschaulicher Weise über die aktuell vorherrschenden Zukunftsbilder und die gemeinsamen Sehnsüchte sowie über die Hoffnungs- und Handlungsfähigkeit der Menschen. Es offenbart die Macht wünschenswerter Zukunftsbilder und einer kollektiven Hoffnung als Gegenteil von allgemeiner Hilfslosigkeit oder von blindem und naivem Optimismus. Die zentralen Aussagen dieses Buches basieren auf Erfahrungen tausender Personen in mehr als zehn Ländern, die in den Jahren 2019 und 2020 an der wissenschaftlichen Studie des Hoffnungsbarometers teilgenommen haben. In einzigartiger Weise wird dadurch die gelebte Praxis mit den neuesten Erkenntnissen der sozialwissenschaftlichen Zukunftsforschung, der positiven Psychologie und der pragmatischen Philosophie verknüpft. Zielgruppen:Dieses Buch ist für alle, die hoffnungsvoll in die Zukunft blicken möchten. Es bietet konkrete Antworten auf zentrale Fragen und zeigt auf, wie Krisen überwunden werden und dabei eine bessere Zukunft für den Einzelnen und die gesamte Gesellschaft gestaltet werden kann. Zum Autor:Dr. Andreas M. Krafft unterrichtet an der Universität St. Gallen sowie an der Freien Universität Berlin. Als Co-Präsident von swissfuture, der Schweizerischen Vereinigung für Zukunftsforschung, sowie als Vorstandsmitglied der Schweizerischen Gesellschaft für Positive Psychologie leitet er das internationale Forschungsnetzwerk des Hoffnungsbarometers.

This book is a unique exploration of the idea of the'second person'in human interaction, the idea that face-to-face interactions involve a distinctive form of reciprocal mental state attributions that mediates their dynamical unfolding. Challenging the view of mental attribution as a sort of'theory of mind', Pérez and Gomila argue that the second person perspective of mental understanding is the conceptually, ontogenetically, and phylogenetically basic way of understanding mentality. Second person interaction provides the opportunity for the acquisition of concepts of mental states of increasing complexity. The book reviews the growing interest in a variety of second person phenomena, both in development and in adulthood, presenting research that shows how participants in human interaction attribute psychological states of a referentially transparent kind to each other. This review documents the spontaneous preference for face-to-face interaction, from eye contact to joint attention, from forms of vitality to communicative intentions, from interaction detection to joint action, and from synchrony to interpersonal coordination. Also looking at the implications and applications of the second person perspective within fields as diverse as art and morality, this book is fascinating reading for students and academics in social and cognitive psychology, cognitive science, neuroscience, and philosophy.

People make judgments about others all the time, often without realizing they are doing so. How are interpersonal impressions formed? How accurate are our perceptions of other people's traits--and our own? In this major revision of his landmark work, David A. Kenny provides a reader-friendly examination of these and other critical questions, identifying key components that shape impressions and their accuracy. Topics include how to estimate perceiver, target, and relationship effects; the extent to which different perceivers see a target in the same way; the impact of group membership and stereotypes; and whether others see us as we see ourselves. Implications for interpersonal relationships and social behavior are highlighted. New to This Edition •Virtually a new book; incorporates 25 years of theoretical, empirical, and methodological advances. •New and greatly expanded topics, including first impressions, individual differences in accuracy, implicit measures, and narcissism. •Grounded in a reformulated conceptual model. •More accessible--uses nontechnical language, humor, popular culture, and simplified figures to elucidate complex ideas. •End-of-chapter'Practical Suggestions'apply the science to real-world social situations.

What are the ultimate motives that instigate individuals'behaviours? What are the aims of social perception? How can an individuals'behaviour be described both from the perspective of the actor and from the perspective of an observer? These are the basic questions that this book addresses using its proposed agency-communion framework. Agency (competence, assertiveness) refers to existence of an organism as an individual, to'getting ahead'and to individual goal-pursuit; communion (warmth, morality) refers to participation of an individual in a larger organism, to'getting along'and to forming bonds.Each chapter is written by experts in the field and use the agency-communion framework to explore a wide variety of topics, such as stereotypes, self-esteem, personality, power, and politics. The reader will profit from the deep insights given by leading researchers. The variety of theoretical approaches and empirical contributions shows that the parsimonious and simple structure of two types of content in behavior, motives, personality, self-concept, stereotypes, and more to build an overarching frame to different phenomena studied in psychology.

Our chimpish ancestors were superbly adapted to a life of leaping through the trees. To survive on the savannah, they had to make a social leap — a change that drives us still today. Human psychology is rife with contradictions: We work hard to achieve our goals, but when we succeed, our happiness is fleeting compared with our efforts. We hope our friends will do well in life, but can't help feeling jealous if they do too well. We're aghast at the thought of people we know being murdered, even if we despise them, but are unconcerned when our armed forces kill enemies who are strangers to us. We complain about difficult bosses, but are often behave just as badly when we're in charge. These inconsistencies may seem irrational, but each of them has evolved to serve a vital function in our lives. Indeed, the most fundamental aspects of our psychology were permanently shaped by the ‘social leap'our ancestors made from the rainforest to the savannah. In their struggle to survive on the open grasslands, our ancestors prioritised teamwork and sociality over physical prowess, creating an entirely new kind of intelligence that forever altered our place on this planet. In The Social Leap, leading psychologist William von Hippel traces our evolutionary history to show how events in our distant past continue to shape our lives today. From the everyday, such as why we exaggerate, to the exotic, such as why we believe our own lies, the implications are far-reaching and extraordinary. Blending anthropology, biology, history, and psychology with evolutionary science, The Social Leap is a fresh, provocative look at our species. It provides new clues about who we are, why we do what we do, and how to live the good life.

Social Relations Modeling of Behavior in Dyads and Groups covers software, interpersonal perception (adult and children), the SRM with roles (e.g. in families), and applications to non-human research. Written in an accessible way, and for advanced undergraduates, graduate students and researchers, author Thomas E. Malloy strives to make inherently abstract material and unusual statistics understandable. As the social relations model provides a straightforward conceptual model of the components that make up behaviors in dyads and groups, this book will provide a powerful conceptual and methodological toolbox to analyze behaviors in dyads and groups across the sciences. This book is specifically designed to make this toolbox accessible - beyond interpersonal perception phenomena. It helps identify the relevant phenomena and dynamics surrounding behaviors in dyads and groups, and goes on to assess and analyze them empirically. - Captures essential conceptual and methodological topics around the scientific analyses of behaviors in groups and dyads - Situates the SRM in the history of dyadic research - Offers detailed guidance on research design and measurement operations - Organizes models and empirical results into easily read figures and tables - Demonstrates how SRM variances and covariances can be used as dependent measures in experiments - Conceptualizes novel phenomena in personality psychology using the SRM

Originally published in 1981, this volume presents the domain of personality as a fuzzy set that includes features previously identified with cognitive and social psychology. Few of the individual contributions are centrally concerned with individual differences and cross-situational stability, but these traditional themes certainly appear in several of the chapters. The remaining chapters deal with the general processes mediating the interaction between the person and the social environment, filling out the fuzzy set of personality psychology.Part 1 seeks to locate contemporary trends in the cognitive psychology of personality against a backdrop of historical events. The chapters in Part 2 discuss some of the cognitive processes mediating social behaviour. Part 3 contains contributions concerned with the rules by which people make judgments about objects in the social world. The self, a dominant topic in personality theory and research, is treated extensively in Part 4. Although many of the chapters are explicitly concerned with the relations between cognition and action – after all, most human interaction takes the form of judgments and communication – the contributions in Part 5 make the links to overt behaviour. Finally, Part 6 offers two discussions of the previous contributions from the perspective of cognitive psychology.

Social cognition is a key area of social psychology, which focuses on cognitive processes that are involved when individuals make sense of, and navigate in their social world. For instance, individuals need to understand what they perceive, they learn and recall information from memory, they form judgments and decisions, they communicate with others, and they regulate their behavior. While all of these topics are also key to other fields of psychological research, it's the social world—which is dynamic, complex, and often ambiguous—that creates particular demands. This accessible book introduces the basic themes within social cognition and asks questions such as: How do individuals think and feel about themselves and others? How do they make sense of their social environment? How do they interact with others in their social world? The book is organized along an idealized sequence of social information processing that starts at perceiving and encoding, and moves on to learning, judging, and communicating. It covers not only processes internal to the individual, but also facets of the environment that constrain cognitive processing.Throughout the book, student learning is fostered with examples, additional materials, and discussion questions. With its subdivision in ten chapters, the book is suitable both for self-study and as companion material for those teaching a semester-long course. This is the ideal comprehensive introduction to this thriving and captivating field of research for students of psychology.

Human awareness – which forms the basis of all interpersonal relationships – is perhaps the most fascinating phenomenon of biological and socio-cultural evolution.In this innovative book, originally published in 1987, the author introduces the subject of human awareness from the perspective of developmental and social psychology. Using a wide range of psychological and other sources, both classic and more recent from around the world, the book begins with a discussion of awareness as a biological and cultural-historical phenomenon. The reader is then guided through such issues as one's awareness of others, self-awareness, interpersonal communication, and the search of human beings for recognition by others. The final chapter focuses on human awareness as a relationship between the self and society, with particular emphasis on social stability and change.Human Awareness provided the first comprehensive account of human consciousness in a text that reflected the most exciting recent research in the field at the time and emphasized the need for an integrated and coherent understanding of the various psychological disciplines.

The scientific story of first impressions—and why the snap character judgments we make from faces are irresistible but usually incorrectWe make up our minds about others after seeing their faces for a fraction of a second—and these snap judgments predict all kinds of important decisions. For example, politicians who simply look more competent are more likely to win elections. Yet the character judgments we make from faces are as inaccurate as they are irresistible; in most situations, we would guess more accurately if we ignored faces. So why do we put so much stock in these widely shared impressions? What is their purpose if they are completely unreliable? In this book, Alexander Todorov, one of the world's leading researchers on the subject, answers these questions as he tells the story of the modern science of first impressions.Drawing on psychology, cognitive science, neuroscience, computer science, and other fields, this accessible and richly illustrated book describes cutting-edge research and puts it in the context of the history of efforts to read personality from faces. Todorov describes how we have evolved the ability to read basic social signals and momentary emotional states from faces, using a network of brain regions dedicated to the processing of faces. Yet contrary to the nineteenth-century pseudoscience of physiognomy and even some of today's psychologists, faces don't provide us a map to the personalities of others. Rather, the impressions we draw from faces reveal a map of our own biases and stereotypes.A fascinating scientific account of first impressions, Face Value explains why we pay so much attention to faces, why they lead us astray, and what our judgments actually tell us.

We are constantly forming impressions about those around us. Social interaction depends on our understanding of interpersonal behavior - assessing one another's personality, emotions, thoughts and feelings, attitudes, deceptiveness, group memberships, and other personal characteristics through facial expressions, body language, voice and spoken language. But how accurate are our impressions and when does such accuracy matter? How is accuracy achieved and are some of us more successful at achieving it than others? This comprehensive overview presents cutting-edge research on this fast-expanding field and will be essential reading for anyone interested in the psychology of interpersonal perception. A wide range of experts in the field explore topics including age and gender effects, psychopathology, culture and ethnicity, workplaces and leadership, clinicians'skills, empathy, meta-perception, and training people to be more accurate in their perceptions of others.

What are other people like? How do we decide if someone is friendly, honest or clever? What assumptions do we develop about them and what explanations do we give for their behaviour? The Perception of People examines key topics in psychology to explore how we make sense of other people (and ourselves). Do our decisions result from careful consideration and a desire to produce an accurate perception? Or do we jump to conclusions in our judgements and rely on expectations and stereotypes?To answer these questions the book examines models of person perception and provides an up-to-date and detailed account of the central psychological research in this area, focusing in particular on the social cognitive approach. It also considers and reflects on the involvement of culture in cognition, and includes coverage of relevant research in culture and language that influence the way we think and speak about others.As well as providing a valuable text in social psychology, The Perception of People also offers a direction for the integration of ideas from cognitive and social psychology with those of cultural psychology, anthropology, sociology, philosophy and social history. Clear explanation of modern research is placed in historical and cultural context to provide a fuller understanding of how psychologists have worked to understand how people interpret the world around them and make sense of the people within it.Ideal reading for students of social psychology, this engaging text will also be useful in subject areas such as communication studies and media studies, where the perception of people is highly relevant.

We learn in grade school that metaphor is an ornamental figure of speech reserved for poets. But we now know that it is also a key strategy people use to make sense of the world, from basic concepts like time and causation to the major social issues facing society. In this book, Mark Landau clarifies with wide-ranging evidence the many ways conceptual metaphor guides our thoughts and actions, shining a light on the cognitive underpinnings of social life. Conceptual Metaphor in Social Psychology synthesizes over twenty-five years of in-depth research. Drawing from innovative experiments conducted around the globe, Landau shows conclusively that individuals and groups use metaphor—often unconsciously—to grasp abstractions, make judgments and decisions, communicate, and organize their behavior. Each chapter explores metaphor's importance for understanding a major topic in social psychology: social cognition, motivation, culture, the self, interpersonal relationships, intergroup dynamics, politics, and health. What emerges is a powerful explanation of how social behavior is shaped by and reflected in our bodily functioning, cultural context, and language use. Integrating insights from cognitive linguistics, anthropology, and personality, this book makes a compelling case that conceptual metaphor has a pervasive effect on human affairs. Researchers in social psychology will discover new ways to think about and investigate these related topics, while students of psychology will learn about an exciting development in understanding enduring questions about who we are and how we got that way.

This Handbook is a comprehensive and scholarly overview of the latest research on prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination.The Second Edition provides a full update of its highly successful predecessor and features new material on key issues such as political activism, economic polarization, minority stress, same-sex marriage laws, dehumanization, and mental health stigma, in addition to a timely update on how victims respond to discrimination, and additional coverage of gender and race.All chapters are written by eminent researchers who explore topics by presenting an overview of current research and, where appropriate, developing new theory, models, or scales. The volume is clearly structured, with a broad section on cognitive, affective, and neurological processes, and there is inclusion of studies of prejudice based on race, sex, age, sexual orientation, and weight. A concluding section explores the issues involved in reducing prejudice. The Handbook is an essential resource for students, instructors, and researchers in social and personality psychology, and an invaluable reference for academics and professionals in sociology, communication studies, gerontology, nursing, medicine, as well as government and policymakers and social service agencies.

This book argues that relational cognition, a form of social cognition, exhibits digital infinity as does language. Copies of elementary models are combined and recursively nested to form a potentially infinite number of complex models. Just as one posits proof-theoretic grammars in order to account for the digital infinity of language, one also should posit proof-theoretic grammars to account for the digital infinity of relational cognition. Objections to a proof-theoretic approach, often equally applicable both to language and to relational cognition, are considered and criticized. Such objections either posit overly complex alternatives or overlook the role of idealization in science

Sander Wilkens widmet sich in umfassender Weise dem Sozialbewusstsein, welches die Neuzeit charakterisiert. Zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts stehen sich zwei Richtungen diametral gegenüber: der Behaviorismus, der es in seiner Eigenständigkeit leugnet, und das gemeinschaftliche Bewusstsein in der Soziologie. Zentrale Themen des Buches sind u. a. die neuzeitliche Klausel der Vereinzelung als fehlbare Abstraktion; instantane, nicht nur reflexive oder kommunikationsbedingte Teilhabe der Vorstellungen und Gedanken; konzentriertes Bewusstsein als realer Fokus/Herd; die Umkehrbarkeit der Perspektive; das gemeinschaftliche Bewusstsein als Sozialbewusstsein.

This popular, established text has been expanded to include the most up-to-date research on social cognition models and health behaviours. This edition takes account of important developments in the field, and features: Three completely new chapters on Self-determination Theory, Prototype-Willingness Model and Health Behaviour Change Techniques Updated work on the health belief model, protection motivation theory, social cognitive theory and the theory of planned behavior New models and greater focus on health behaviour changeProviding the theoretical background and examples of how to apply the most common social cognition models to health behaviours, this book thoroughly examines how to:Assess the advantages and disadvantages of using each of these modelsAppropriately apply each model in practice Adequately analyze and report the results Apply the models to change health behaviour Predicting and Changing Health Behaviour boasts many of the leading names in the field and provides key reading for advanced undergraduate and postgraduate students, health promoters, health psychologists and others assessing health behaviour.

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS or ME) is a problematic diagnosis which can be interpreted in conflicting ways by doctors, patients and others. Meanings of ME signals a paradigm shift in thinking about the illness by providing fresh perspectives from doctors, clinicians and those who have personal knowledge of CFS/ME.

This volume provides an authoritative synthesis of a dynamic, influential area of psychological research. Leading investigators address all aspects of dual-process theories: their core assumptions, conceptual foundations, and applications to a wide range of social phenomena. In 38 chapters, the volume addresses the pivotal role of automatic and controlled processes in attitudes and evaluation; social perception; thinking and reasoning; self-regulation; and the interplay of affect, cognition, and motivation. Current empirical and methodological developments are described. Critiques of the duality approach are explored and important questions for future research identified.

Language is the essence of interpersonal behavior and social relationships, and it is social cognitive processes that determine how we produce and understand language. However, there has been surprisingly little interest in the past linking social cognition and communication. This book presents the latest cutting-edge research from a select group of leading international scholars investigating the how language shapes our thinking, and how social cognitive processes in turn influence language production and communication. The chapters represent diverse perspectives of investigating the links between language and communication, including evolutionary, linguistic, cognitive and affective approaches as well as the empirical analysis of written and spoken narratives. New methodologies are presented including the latest techniques of text analysis to illuminate the psychology of individual language users, and entire cultures and societies. The chapters address such questions as how are cognitive and identity processes reflected in language? How do affective states influence language production? Are political correctness norms in language use effective? How do partners manage to accommodate to each other's communicative expectations? What is the role of language as a medium of interpersonal and intergroup influence? How are individual and cultural identities reflected in, and shaped by narratives in literature, school texts and the media?The book is aimed at all students, researchers and laypersons interested in the interplay between thinking and communication, and should be required reading for all professionals who use language in their everyday work to interact with people.

Romantic relationships play a crucial role in individuals'lives, for better and for worse. All romantic relationships encounter their share of challenges that can influence relationship satisfaction from one day to the next. This book provides topics on the psychology of relationships and interpersonal perception. Some of the topics included are the science of improving relationships; the effect of attractiveness and a good sense of humor in relationships; perceptions of reproductive potential and personality traits; and an evolutionary perspective on characteristics of physical attractiveness in humans.

Research on social cognition is largely comprised of self-reported judgments and impressions about internal and external information. Both verbal and nonverbal behaviors are subject to stylistic biases in how people express themselves, often confounding the ability to reliably measure (non-communicative) cognitive processes and mechanisms. This book begins by discussing the gender differences and ethnicity-related differences in communicative styles and their potential to influence basic findings in social psychological studies. It then continues to discuss the social cognition, everyday problems and working capacity in persons with schizophrenia; causes, experiences and outcomes of anger; rumination, and emotional perceptions of depression; the influence of language complexity and style of perceived self-reflection and truthfulness; and universal and cultural processes in theory on mind (ToM) development.

This book explores the possibility that people understand abstract social concepts using metaphor, which is not simply a matter of words. Rather, it is a cognitive tool for understanding abstract concepts (such as morality) in terms of superficially dissimilar concepts that are relatively easier to comprehend (such as cleanliness). In the past decade, the development of a formal theoretical framework, labeled conceptual metaphor theory, has stimulated systematic empirical study on metaphor's role in social psychological phenomena. This book summarizes current knowledge and integrates recent developments in the topic of metaphor and in the cognitive underpinnings of social life.

Social cognition, as a field, can be characterized as a distinct subarea of social psychology that examines all of the countless cognitive complexities, mental representations, and processes implicated in interaction, as well as an approach to studying interactions in the context of the groups, cultures, and societies to which they belong. Together these two facets of social cognition create one of the most influential and important social sciences to come along in some time. Providing a comprehensive review of major topics in the field of social cognition, The Oxford Handbook of Social Cognition expresses that excitement and fascination in describing the content and approach that constitute the field today. The 43 chapters included in this handbook cover: - central aspects of the field of social cognition, including its history and historically important foundational research areas (attribution, attitudes, impression formation, and prejudice/stereotyping), along with methodology - core issues relating to social cognitive representations and processes (including those that are visual, implicit, or automatic) and the stages of information processing (attention, perception, memory, and judgment, along with simulation and thought suppression) - applications of the social cognition approach to areas of social psychology, general psychology, and other disciplines, such as marketing, law, health and politics After more than 30 years, the vibrant field of social cognition continues to reign as one of psychology's most dominant approaches. The impressive chapters collected in this volume define the field and contribute enormously to our understanding of what social cognition is today.

The connection between mental and social life remains one of the most intriguing topics in all of psychology. This book reviews some of the most recent advances in research exploring the links between how people think and behave in interpersonal situations. The chapters represent a variety of theoretical orientations, ranging from evolutionary approaches through cognitive and affective theories, all the way to considering social and cultural influences on the relationship between social cognition and interpersonal behavior.Given its breadth of coverage, this volume is useful both as a basic reference book and as an informative textbook for advanced courses dealing with social cognition and interpersonal behavior. The main target audience comprises researchers, students, and professionals in all areas of the social and behavioral sciences, including social, cognitive, clinical, counseling, personality, organizational, forensic, and applied psychology, as well as sociology, communication studies, and social work. Written in a readable yet scholarly style, this volume serves as an engaging overview of the field for students in courses dealing with social cognition and social interaction at undergraduate and graduate levels.

This volume provides an overview of recent research on the nature, causes, and consequences of cognitive consistency. In 21 chapters, leading scholars address the pivotal role of consistency principles at various levels of social information processing, ranging from micro-level to macro-level processes. The book's scope encompasses mental representation, processing fluency and motivational fit, implicit social cognition, thinking and reasoning, decision making and choice, and interpersonal processes. Key findings, emerging themes, and current directions in the field are explored, and important questions for future research identified.

It is always enlightening to inquire about the origins of a research en­ deavor or a particular theoretical approach. Beginning with the observa­ tion of the mental life of the infant in 1962, Michael Lewis has contrib­ uted to the change in the view of the infant as an insensate mass of confusion to a complex and intellectual being. Anyone fortunate enough to have participated in the infancy research of the 1960s knows how exciting it was to have discovered in this small creature such a full and complex organism. More central to the origins of this work was the perception of the infant as an interactive, not a reactive, organism, and as one who influenced its social environment and constructed its cogni­ tive life, not one who just passively received information. Other areas of psychology had already begun to conceptualize the organism as active and interactive, even while developmental psychologists still clung to either simple learning paradigms, social reinforcement theories, or reflex­ ive theories. Even though Piaget had proposed an elaborate interactive theory, it was not until the late 1960s that his beliefs were fully im­ plemented into developmental theory and practice. A concurrent trend was the increase of concern with mother-infant interactions (Ainsworth, 1969; Bowlby, 1969; Goldberg & Lewis, 1969; Lewis & Goldberg, 1969) which provided the impetus for the study of social and emotional as well as cognitive development.

ISocial Perception and Social Reality/I contests the received wisdom in the field of social psychology that suggests that social perception and judgment are generally flawed, biased, and powerfully self-fulfilling. Jussim reviews a wealth of real world, survey, and experimental data collected over the last century to show that in fact, social psychological research consistently demonstrates that biases and self-fulfilling prophecies are generally weak, fragile, and fleeting. Furthermore, research in the social sciences has shown stereotypes to be accurate. Jussim overturns the received wisdom concerning social perception in several ways. He critically reviews studies that are highly cited darlings of the bias conclusion and shows how these studies demonstrate far more accuracy than bias, or are not replicable in subsequent research. Studies of equal or higher quality, which have been replicated consistently, are shown to demonstrate high accuracy, low bias, or both. The book is peppered with discussions suggesting that theoretical and political blinders have led to an odd state of affairs in which the flawed or misinterpreted bias studies receive a great deal of attention, while stronger and more replicable accuracy studies receive relatively little attention. In addition, the author presents both personal and real world examples (such as stock market prices, sporting events, and political elections) that routinely undermine heavy-handed emphases on error and bias, but are generally indicative of high levels of rationality and accuracy. He fully embraces scientific data, even when that data yields unpopular conclusions or contests prevailing conventions or the received wisdom in psychology, in other social sciences, and in broader society.

The second edition of Gendered Situations, Gendered Selves has been updated throughout, and is an ideal introduction to the discussion of gender in social psychology. The book examines the basic underpinnings of everyday interaction: from how we think, to who we see ourselves and others to be, to how we interact with others. Each of these processes is based on both social psychology and gender (as differentiated from sex), as well as our racial backgrounds, ethnic heritages, socioeconomic circumstances, sexualities, and national histories. The authors present and critique each of the major theories of social psychology, social exchange, social cognition, and symbolic interaction. In doing so, the book introduces a full array of key concepts in social psychology—perception, stereotyping, attribution, self-presentation, impression management, defining social situations, exchanging resources, and balancing power and dependence in social relations. The book also discusses two fundamental aspects of human behavior—the dynamics of helping and harming. The second edition incorporates discussions of contemporary psychological and sociological research and features powerful new examples, including 9/11 and the election of Barack Obama.

Decision-making is an integral part of our daily lives. Researchers seek a complete understanding of the decision-making process, including the biological and social basis and the impact of our decisions. From DNA to Social Cognition fills a gap in the literature that brings together the methods, perspectives, and knowledge of the geneticists, neuroscientists, economists, and psychologists that are integral to this field of research. The editors'unique expertise ensures an integrated and complete compilation of materials that will prove useful to researchers and scientists interested in social cognition and decision-making.

Cultural neuroscience combines brain imaging techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging and event-related brain potentials with methods of social and cultural psychology to investigate whether and how cultures influence the neural mechanisms of perception, attention, emotion, social cognition, and other human cognitive processes. The findings of cultural neuroscience studies improve our understanding of the relation between human brain function and sociocultural contexts and help to reframe the “big question” of nature versus nurture. This book is organized so that two chapters provide general views of the relation between biological evolution, cultural evolution and recent cultural neuroscience studies, while other chapters focus on several aspects of human cognition that have been shown to be strongly influenced by sociocultural factors such as self-concept representation, language processes, emotion, time perception, and decision-making. The main goal of this work is to address how thinking actually takes place and how the underlying neural mechanisms are affected by culture and identity.

Researchers are increasingly applying cognitive methods to investigate social psychological phenomena. This book provides a comprehensive introduction to widely used social cognitive methods and offers practical, nuts-and-bolts guidance for implementing them. Leading authorities present attentional paradigms, priming paradigms, and response interference tasks; psychobiological approaches, such as neuroimaging; applications of mathematical models; and other methods. Detailed procedural information helps researchers and students take their first steps in using these state-of-the-art tools. Each chapter is illustrated with recent research examples and includes helpful recommendations for further reading. Note: The hardcover edition of this book contained a chapter titled'Priming as Proxy: Understanding the Subjectivity of Social Life,'by D. A. Stapel. This chapter has been retracted by joint decision of the publisher and the book's editors.

The human visual system is particularly attuned to and remarkably efficient at processing social cues. We can effectively'read'others'mental and emotional states and make snap judgments about their characters and dispositions, simply by watching them. Given what is clearly a close relationship between vision and social interaction, it has become increasingly clear to social psychologists seeking to better understand the functional and neuroanatomical mechanisms underlying social perception that vision plays a critical role in the development and maintenance of social exchange. Likewise, vision scientists have come to appreciate the profound impact people, as social agents, have had on the visual system, acknowledging just how important it is to consider the socially adaptive functions that system evolved to perform. This book heralds the new field of social vision, and showcases the cutting edge and broadly interdisciplinary research that is currently at its forefront. Together the perspectives drawn from these various fields offer unique insight into the origin, adaptive purpose, and cognitive, cultural, and biological underpinnings of social vision that will help to shape and guide the way we think about and examine social visual perception.

Winner of the British Psychological Society Book Award (Academic Monograph category) 2013!Over the past thirty years, researchers have documented a remarkable growth in children's social understanding between toddlerhood and the early school years. However, it is still unclear why some children's awareness of others'thoughts and feelings lags so far behind that of their peers. Based on research that spans an extended developmental period, this book examines this question from both social and cognitive perspectives, and investigates the real-life significance of individual differences in theory of mind. After tracing the key age-related changes in the development of theory of mind, this book examines individual differences in relation to children's cognitive abilities and their social experiences. Why might language or executive function matter for children's social understanding? And how do children's linguistic environments and relationships with parents and siblings contribute to their ability to reflect on people's thoughts and feelings?The book also reviews the evidence for predictive links between early social understanding and later social behaviour. Using information gathered from classmates, teachers and the children themselves, the author investigates links between individual differences in early social understanding and in the quality of children's interactions with friends, in their ability to resolve conflict, and in diverse aspects of school adjustment.Drawing on rich observational data gathered in this extended longitudinal study, as well as skills acquired during her early experimental studies of children with autism and a six year collaboration with Professor Judy Dunn, the author integrates both cognitive and social accounts of theory of mind. The book is ideal reading for researchers actively working in the field, graduate and undergraduate students specializing in developmental psychology, educational and health professionals, and parents interested in learning about children's early social development.

The sociocultural turn in psychology treats psychological subjects, such as the mind and the self, as processes that are constituted, or'made up,'within specific social and cultural practices. In other words, though one's distinct psychology is anchored by an embodied, biological existence, sociocultural interactions are integral to the evolution of the person.Only in the past two decades has the sociocultural turn truly established itself within disciplinary and professional psychology. Providing advanced students and practitioners with a definitive understanding of these theories, Suzanne R. Kirschner and Jack Martin, former presidents of the American Psychological Association's Division of the Society for Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology, assemble a collection of essays that describes the discursive, hermeneutic, dialogical, and activity approaches of sociocultural psychology. Each contribution recognizes psychology as a human science and supports the individual's potential for agency and freedom. At the same time, they differ in their understanding of a person's psychological functioning and the best way to study it. Ultimately the sociocultural turn offers an alternative to overly biological or interiorized theories of the self, emphasizing instead the formation and transformation of our minds in relation to others and the world.

This volume is a valuable resource for student and professional researchers interested in executive function, emotion, and social development.

Virtually every question in social psychology is currently being shaped by the concepts and methods of implicit social cognition. This tightly edited volume provides the first comprehensive overview of the field. Foremost authorities synthesize the latest findings on how automatic, implicit, and unconscious cognitive processes influence social judgments and behavior. Cutting-edge theories and data are presented in such crucial areas as attitudes, prejudice and stereotyping, self-esteem, self-concepts, close relationships, and morality. Describing state-of-the-art measurement procedures and research designs, the book discusses promising applications in clinical, forensic, and other real-world contexts. Each chapter both sums up what is known and identifies key directions for future research.

First published in 1979.This book developed out of a series of general discussions between the authors on research and theory in person perception and attribution phenomena. During the course of this discussion, two things became clear. First, many of the traditional approaches to investigating these phenomena, made popular during the past decade by the advent of algebraic models of information integration, were not providing answers to several fundamental questions concerning the manner in which social stimulus information is interpreted, organized, and stored in memory, and the factors that affect its retrieval and use in making judgments of the people and events to which it is relevant. Second, many fundamental issues associated with the processing of social stimulus information were relevant to phenomena investigated in a variety of traditionally segregated areas (e.g., impression formation, attribution, social comparison, interpersonal attraction, belief and opinion change, etc.). However, these commonalities were rarely identified. This appeared to result from a tendency to focus on micro-theoretical formulations developed to account for a circumscribed set of phenomena, without considering these phenomena within a broader conceptual framework. This book is an attempt to respond to these various deficiencies.