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This comprehensive volume examines developments in diplomatic technique and changes in the diplomatic and political structures which shape, and are shaped, by international relations and the international order.It provides a comprehensive foundation for understanding the theory, practice and utility of diplomacy showing how diplomatic techniques are used in different contexts and the various tools that are available to policy actors to provide a broad yet deep view of the subject area. Organised around a framework of 11 chapters, the book embraces new ideas and fresh perspectives exploring individual methods such as reorientation, replacement institutions to combat decline or ineffectiveness of existing arrangements, summit conferences, contrasting approaches to economic agreements, and use of secret diplomatic methods, among others. Furthermore, it develops new concepts such as logistics diplomacy, counter diplomacy, parallel diplomacy and the “alternative architecture”, and is widely illustrated with detailed examples including the diplomacy of geopolitics, the conflict over rules for plastics, marine resource disputes, dark trade and sanctions, and influence and strategic surprise.This textbook will be essential reading for all those interested in or studying in the fields of diplomacy, comparative foreign policy, foreign policy analysis, and more broadly, to international relations.

Now in its 61st edition, The Statesman's Yearbook continues to be the reference work of choice for accurate and reliable information on every country in the world. Covering political, economic, social and cultural aspects, the Yearbook is also available online for subscribing institutions.

The German-American relationship is the decisive transatlantic dynamic of our time. Long seen as one of the most stable connections between Europe and America thanks to its well-defined Cold War structure and hierarchy, relations between Washington and Berlin have become much more volatile in the twenty-first century-- and are playing an increasingly pivotal role in determining the degree to which Europe and the United States will be able to shape a rapidly changing world order. Stabilizing this uniquely complicated relationship will be no easy feat. At times more closely aligned politically, and more intertwined economically, than any other transatlantic pair, since the end of the Cold War these republics have seen their relations characterized by frequent diplomatic, cultural and philosophical clashes and misunderstandings, and a trail of disappointed expectations. Peter Sparding examines the long history between the two countries and their peoples; the narratives and perceptions harbored by each nation concerning the other; and the evolution of diplomatic, economic and security ties. Appraising the complicated interplay between Germany and the United States vis-?-vis a rising China, and the domestic challenges facing both countries, his book offers an outlook on how this all-important relationship might function going forward.

The history of Europe is marked not only by violence and division but also by efforts to reduce the destructiveness of war. In this volume, the authors explore the meaning of ‘Europe'within war and peace discourses from the eighteenth to the twentieth centuries. They examine imagined wars, the post-1815 security order, the portrayal of Russian and Muslim'Others,'double standards in international law, pacifist rhetoric, and the role of ‘Europe'in war propaganda and resistance movements. The authors demonstrate how both war and peace practices have shaped the concept of ‘Europe'over time.

Few would disagree that the nature of current relations between Mexico and the United States embodies both promising opportunities and reasons for alarm. The contributors to this timely book draw on the strategic-foresight methodology to explore those relations in the context of the two countries'respective political regimes, their asymmetrical role on the world stage, and the relationships between their societies and economies.

This book explores how non-governmental organizations (NGOs), with their sphere of influence within the State and beyond, enrich the international community by working on critical areas affecting people's lives and expectations, to facilitate a more humanising international law. It provides ideas, highlights issues, and identifies actors, actions, and the scope of NGOs in international law. It charts possibilities and limitations of NGOs within the legal framework of a State and its evolution over the years. The book highlights how NGOs, having obtained'consultative status'from the UN Economic and Social Council, have now extended their access and area of influence to international actors like inter-governmental organisations, international courts and tribunals. It provides an overview of NGO's performance and the important role they play in the making of human rights, protection of environment and business ethics. The book is primarily doctrinal containing case studies of important NGOs. The purview is an inquiry, analysis and overview of literature of NGOs in international law from a wide range of sources. The book will help shape the debate over power and functions of NGOs in the background of new loci of NGOs'work. It is useful for students, research scholars, the NGO community, corporations'CSR departments, and concerned governmental agencies. Additionally, being interdisciplinary in nature, it caters to the demands of politics, sociology, management, public policy and social work apart from law.

Where is Marxism in International Relations? The answer lies in this collective work by Brazilian authors who have looked to Marxist theory for an alternative perspective, and therefore outside the dominant ideas in the field, to analyse International Relations. Specifically, the answer is divided into themes: key ideas by Marx and Engels for IR, Marxist thinkers as IR theorists, Marxist theories on imperialism, and the Latin-American theory on dependency. With the end result, this book adds to the international intellectual efforts to criticize and overcome capitalism.

The German-American relationship is the decisive transatlantic dynamic of our time. Long seen as one of the most stable connections between Europe and America thanks to its well-defined Cold War structure and hierarchy, relations between Washington and Berlin have become much more volatile in the twenty-first century— and are playing an increasingly pivotal role in determining the degree to which Europe and the United States will be able to shape a rapidly changing world order.Stabilising this uniquely complicated relationship will be no easy feat. At times more closely aligned politically, and more intertwined economically, than any other transatlantic pair, since the end of the Cold War these republics have seen their relations characterised by frequent diplomatic, cultural and philosophical clashes and misunderstandings, and a trail of disappointed expectations.Peter Sparding examines the long history between the two countries and their peoples; the narratives and perceptions harboured by each nation concerning the other; and the evolution of diplomatic, economic and security ties. Appraising the complicated interplay between Germany and the United States vis-à-vis a rising China, and the domestic challenges facing both countries, his book offers an outlook on how this all-important relationship might function going forward.

International law is usually conservative, with lawyers and judges emphasizing consistency, stability and predictability as the major advantages of the law. Legal scholars often prefer not to challenge the status quo, to suggest amendments, or to reform institutions, advocating simply to focus on the implementation of the laws that already exist. This collection stands different. It shares the authors'discomfort with the present legal order and some of its institutions and courts, and dives into either a corrective or a profound reimagination of these, so that they can better address rising global challenges. Leading experts in their areas present their new and cutting-edge perspectives. Divided into six parts, the volume paints a vast yet solid thematic landscape of unique and critical approaches. The book invites and allows for a deep engagement with a wide range of opinions from across the world. It enables a free and courageous reimagining of the international legal order, detached from the endless feasibility skepticism. The work will be fascinating reading for students, academics and researchers working in the areas of International Law and International Relations.

Asaf Siniver provides a systematic and comparative analysis of the role of international arbitration in the settlement of interstate territorial disputes. He engages with International Relations (IR) and International Law (IL) scholarships to locate the unique characteristics of arbitration as a legal method of dispute settlement, distinct from the other legal method of adjudication ('judicial settlement') and diplomatic methods such as negotiation and mediation. A novel framework examines both political and legal dimensions to analyse (i) under what conditions states are more likely to pursue a legal settlement of their territorial dispute via arbitration as opposed to the more popular diplomatic method of mediation, and (ii) what explains compliance with, or defiance of international law in such cases. In so doing, the author sets to reclaim the sui generis nature of arbitration as a unique legal-political method which enables the disputants to maintain the considerable flexibility and autonomy often found in mediation, whilst providing the same final and legally binding solution that adjudication offers. Exploring a wide range of primary sources, including interviews, archival research, and official documents, and employing qualitative research methods, Siniver applies the analytical framework to four contemporary cases of international arbitration: the arbitration over the Rann of Kutch between India and Pakistan (1966-68); the Beagle Channel arbitration between Chile and Argentina (1971-77), the Taba arbitration between Egypt and Israel (1986-88), and the South China Sea arbitration between The Philippines and China (2013-16).

This comprehensive Companion provides a unique overview of UNIDROIT, the primary independent organisation coordinating the unification of private law across its 65 member states. As the third in the suite of titles covering the ‘three sisters'of uniform private law and private international law, it considers UNIDROIT's role in the creation of existing uniform law, as well as posing questions about its future in the sector.The Companion offers a broad range of diverse perspectives on UNIDROIT, providing a rich reference resource that considers the history, present and future of the organisation. The team of authors explore the evolving scope and role of UNIDROIT, with a particular focus on its Principles of International Commercial Contracts, as well as its contributions to secured transaction processes, capital markets and cultural properties. Through its assessment of case studies, the Companion delineates the current priorities of UNIDROIT, as well as examining the future of the organisation, and outlining how the organisation can address challenges such as sustainable development and disruptive technologies, and further advance its own impact in underrepresented regions.Covering a broad range of perspectives from scholars and practitioners alike, this Companion will be a crucial reference point for academics and students in the fields of private international law, and international commercial law, especially those interested in how international organisations contend with critical legal issues.

How are authority and influence accumulated and wielded across the six Gulf states? Mixing theoretical and empirical insights, and utilising both historical and contemporary examples, this book offers a comparative analysis of military, political, economic and religious power in Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the UAE, as well as of the power of narrative. While many volumes examine each of these states individually, Centers of Power in the Arab Gulf States assesses the Arabian Peninsula as a whole, filling a significant gap in the literature. It surveys the myriad factors which have influenced the emergence of these states, societies and political economies, which have become increasingly assertive actors in today's global order. Exploring domestic, regional and transnational pressures, Kristian Coates Ulrichsen sheds light on the varying concepts of power and authority, the different forms they take, the ways they are projected, and the practical constraints on their exercise. From whom does power derive? Is it something different from influence and ambition? Is decision-making top-down or bottom-up, or a mixture of both? From bureaucrats to scholars, and from royals to opposition figures, Coates Ulrichsen uncovers the power relations shaping the Gulf today.

This book explores South Korea's experience as an aid recipient, as an aid donor, and as an inter‑Korea aid provider.Analysing case studies of international aid both received and dispensed by South Korea, from the end of the Korean War until the present day, this collection provides a novel lens through which to explore South Korea's development pathway. While it examines the cases of Italian and German aid to South Korea during its early economic development period, this volume also delineates South Korea's international aid in the health and gender sectors. It also discusses the South Korean experience of providing aid to the Mekong region and North Korea. The latter specifically analyses whether this policy represents international altruism or reveals a novel method of international validation for South Korea over its neighbour.Featuring an exploration of South Korea's development on the international stage through the lens of aid, this book will appeal to both students and scholars in the fields of Korean studies, East Asian studies, and Asia Pacific studies, as well as in the disciplines of Development Studies and International Relations and Political Economy, particularly that of aid policies and practices.

This book is about relations between Iran and Mediterranean Europe as cradles of two of the world's most ancient civilizations, and it presents a prodigious and illuminating discussion of those ancient-world issues in the context of today's geopolitics. Building on this ancient-world civilizational clash of Empires, it offers an overview of the link and significant political equations between the Mediterranean and Middle East regions in the past four decades— a field which has remained understudied in academic circles. This book also provides a full description of relations between Iran and Southern Europe after the 1979 Iranian revolution and investigates how these relations have affected both domestic and international politics. The book addresses in some depth, developments on Iran's nuclear issues and Greece's post-crash financial crisis, and how the two countries collaborated to deal with difficulties and hardships, including sanctions and oil tanker crisis. The author provides a first-hand description and analysis of developments after the US withdrawal from the Iran nuclear deal (JCPOA) under the Trump administration in 2018. It also provides important insights into the influence of external players and alliance-building in the Mediterranean and the impact on Iran's relations with the wider world, and geopolitics of the Middle East after the normalization of ties between Israel and several Arab states under the Abraham Accords. It also provides important insights into the influence of external players in the Mediterranean and the impact on Iran's relations with the wider world, and geopolitics of the Middle East after the normalization of ties between Israel and several Arab states under the Abraham Accords. This unusual and important perspective will be vital reading for researchers and students of politics, international relations and conflict.

The Europa Directory of International Organizations 2024 serves as an unequalled one-volume guide to the contemporary international system.Within a clear, unique framework the recent activities of all major international organizations are described in detail. Given alongside extensive background information the reader is able to assess the role and evolving functions of these organizations in today's world.The contact details, key personnel and activities of more than 2,000 international and regional entities have again been thoroughly researched and updated for this 25th edition.Highlights in this edition include:- a fully revised Who's Who section with biographical details of the key players in the international system.- the response of the international community to crises and conflicts throughout the world.- specially-commissioned introductory essays cover topics including global environmental governance, transboundary water management, and multilateral governance and global action on health.

This book fosters critical reflection on Europe's place in a fast-changing global environment, covering the soft and hard facets of EU power along the spectrum of low politics–high politics.Taking an innovative case-study approach, it provides a wide understanding of European Studies and International Relations beyond classical power considerations and addresses the crossroads of the two disciplines. Fundamentally, it addresses the specificity of the EU as an actor in International Relations and shows that the EU holds power and influence – creating opportunities for peace-making and peace-building – in a way classical IR theory would suggest it should not.This book will be of key interest to scholars and students of European Studies, foreign policy analysis, International Relations, Security Studies, Political Science, History, and Economics.

Three recent Canadian prime ministers, Paul Martin, Stephen Harper, and Justin Trudeau made the same claim shortly after forming a government:'Canada is Back.'Martin promised to reinvest in world affairs. Harper was focused on the military. Trudeau meant more involvement at the UN. Each leader made foreign policy a part of their political brand because they recognized that in today's world, domestic and international politics are interconnected. Canada can no longer take care of its own interests if it ignores the world around it. This book traces the history of Canadian foreign policy from a time when positioning Canada First meant shunning international obligations to today. It highlights key decisions taken and not taken in Ottawa that have shaped Canadians'safety, security, and prosperity over the last one hundred years. Case studies focused on environmental reform, Indigenous peoples, trade, hostage diplomacy, and wartime strategy illustrate the breadth of issues that shape contemporary Canada's global realm. Together, these cases reveal a country that has benefited from diplomatic prudence and compromise even as its citizens have yearned for their elected officials to be world leaders. This book argues that, like any country, Canada must look out for its own interests first, but in the modern world it can't do so effectively without cooperating with other states and non-state actors. Written by two of Canada's leading foreign policy analysts, Canada First, Not Canada Alone is the definitive history of Canadian foreign policy since the 1930s.

In this insightful book, Katherine Reece Thomas explores the constantly evolving nature of state immunity, providing a nuanced analysis of the tension between private and public law. The current rules on the commercial activity exception to state immunity are examined, in both international and domestic law settings, using recent case studies from key jurisdictions including the UK and the US.Questioning when a state can be sued in a domestic court if it engages in commercial activities, Reece Thomas reveals how a restrictive rather than an absolute doctrine has been adopted and explores the ways in which states allow commercial activity to override state immunity. The implications of this, and of how commercial activity can therefore be defined, are explored through the contexts not only of corporate law but also of central bank sanctions, human rights, employment, and crime, using recent examples from Afghanistan as well as Russia's invasion of Ukraine. Further questions regarding immunity are posed by a crucial discussion on enforcement against state assets.Comprehensive yet concise, this authoritative work includes consideration of a range of contexts and implications for the commercial activity exception. It provides a valuable resource for students, researchers and practitioners in international commercial law and public international law, as well as in international relations.

International Relations presents a framework for analyzing our increasingly interconnected world. The authors open your eyes to the events that occur across the globe every day. Providing a strong foundation in contemporary global affairs, the text helps you find your voice and your place in the changing world. The 13th Edition offers coverage of contemporary topics such as NATO's response to the Ukraine invasion, virtual currencies, cyberwarfare technologies and more. The text also emphasizes the growing importance of geopolitics, with coverage of the rising political and military competition between the US and China and the challenges presented by Russia's invasion of Ukraine in 2022. Updated Public Opinion and International Relations features and dozens of new photos keep the text current.

Dynamics of the Changing Global Security Order: Emerging Trends and Key Issues in Asia presents knowledge, insights and understanding of why and how the US-led unipolar world order is shifting more in a multipolar direction. It demonstrates the influence of power contests involving economic and military weaponry on this new development. It reveals the impact this transformation will have on international security (and the challenges, crises and risks that humanity faces).This volume systematically explores its hypothesis through newly evolving theoretical positions - such as geoeconomics; socio-economic-political and cultural implications; tensions at the national, regional, and global levels; as well as debates, trends, policies, practices, and examples concerning power and international relations praxis.

As one of the most important international organisations in the sphere of international trade law, UNCITRAL aims to further the progressive unification of the law of international trade. This comprehensive Companion delineates the range of issues considered at UNCITRAL, as well as assessing the potential for future work and reforms.Split into four key thematic sections, the book starts by providing an institutional background to UNCITRAL, before moving on to discuss the topic of dispute resolution, including contributions on international arbitration, mediation, and online dispute resolution. Further chapters then explore key topics in international contract law, especially relating to the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods. The final section of the Companion consists of chapters on a variety of matters considered at UNCITRAL, namely, micro, small and medium-sized businesses; insolvency; secured transactions; negotiable instruments; public procurement; electronic commerce and transport law. A diverse selection of contributors from a variety of legal backgrounds come together to present the past, present and future prospects of UNCITRAL instruments.

Imperfect Partners is a unique hybrid – part memoir, part foreign policy study of U.S. relations with Southeast Asia, a critically important region that has become the central arena in the global U.S.-China competition. From the People Power revolt in the Philippines to the opening of diplomatic relations with Vietnam, from building a partnership with newly democratic Indonesia to responding to genocide in Myanmar and coups in Thailand, Scot Marciel was present and involved. His direct involvement and deep knowledge of the region, along with his extensive policymaking work in Washington, allows him to bring to life the complexities and realities of key events and U.S. responses, along with rare insights into U.S. foreign policy decisionmaking and the work of American diplomats in the field.

This book brings together critical legal analyses of ongoing global issues in the digital age by international lawyers in Asia. Digital revolution is the key to understanding the contemporary human society. In this book, the authors critically redefine the mainstream thinking and ideas of contemporary international legal issues that the global community is facing. Given the rapidly shifting global legal landscape and framework, they shed light on the theoretical and practical questions in international law and reexamine their global context. Such independent and forward-looking approach suggests the ideas to shaping the global common good in the future human society.In both theory and practice, this book is a useful guide to Asian law, politics, economy, and business providing a fair and balanced point of view.

Since Xi Jinping's accession to power in 2012, nearly every aspect of China's relations with Africa has grown dramatically. Beijing has increased the share of resources it devotes to African countries, expanding military cooperation, technological investment, and educational and cultural programs as well as extending its political influence.This book examines the full scope of contemporary political and security relations between China and Africa. David H. Shinn and Joshua Eisenman not only explain the specific tactics and methods that Beijing uses to build its strategic relations with African political and military elites but also contextualize and interpret them within China's larger geostrategy. They argue that the priorities of Chinese leaders—including the conflation of threats to the Communist Party with threats to the country, a growing emphasis on relations in the Global South, and a focus on countering U.S. hegemony—have combined to elevate Africa's importance among policy makers in Beijing.Ranging from diplomacy and propaganda to arms sales and space cooperation, from increasingly frequent People's Liberation Army Navy port calls in Africa to the rising number of African students studying in China, this book marshals extensive and compelling qualitative and quantitative evidence of the deepening ties between China and Africa. Drawing on two decades of systematic data and hundreds of surveys and in-person interviews, Shinn and Eisenman shed new light on the state of China-Africa relations today and consider what the future may hold.

This handbook offers readers various perspectives on globalization and multilateralism with Chinese characteristics. Its originality is derived from the hybrid approaches the handbook takes, where chapters provide complementary, intertwined, and multi-level analysis on the topic. Based on contributions of scholars and practitioners from a number of countries, the handbook helps readers to comprehend ongoing debates on the Belt and Road Initiative and global governance, within a shifting balance of world power, characterized by competing views between Western and Chinese norms, standards, values, and narratives.Split into three Parts, and consisting of 46 chapters, the handbook views globalization as comprehensive concept that benefits from the contributions of various disciplines such as geography, geo-economics, political science and international relations. In producing one of the most ambitious and updated outputs on the topic, the handbook as a whole seeks to discusswhat globalization with Chinese characteristics looks like, and the role of the Belt and Road Initiative in this process.

This book offers an important chronological perspective on the evolution of multilateralism within Europe and beyond.It provides a critical reconstruction of the history of the idea and praxis of peaceful global governance, a comparative analysis of regional multilateral organisations and a discussion about concrete trends and perspectives of a new multilateralism against the challenging context of the current multipolar power politics. Focusing on the changing European interplay with multilateralism – from Eurocentric cradle of civilian cooperation among sovereign imperial states, to political dwarf after the two world wars and decolonisation, and to potential co-leader of a multilayered and multi-actor cooperation within the current multipolar order, it addresses a theoretical “gap” by fuelling the long-recognised idealism v. realism debate over international cooperation and institutionalisation with both historical and new empirical insights.This book will be of key interest to scholars and students of European studies, global governance, multilateralism, international organisations and more broadly international relations.

The Treaty of Lisbon has significantly enhanced the EU's institutional framework and the instruments at its disposal in foreign policy and external relations, notably through the creation of the function of the High Representative, supported by the European External Action Service. Contributing to the maintenance of international peace and security is one of the core objectives of the EU's external action. This volume, with contributions from legal experts on EU foreign policy and external relations, illustrates the manifold legal issues arising in EU external action and in its efforts to achieve this essential objective.

This book flags and contemplates the lurking problem of space crimes that may escalate and expand with diversification of space activities, greater footfall on the celestial bodies and passage of time, for the lack of appropriate solutions. ​It appraises the incumbent problems to evolve solutions and make recommendations regarding space crime situations. Recognizing current situation where commercial space travel has commenced, and space tourism is not far behind, the book takes a pole position on discussing the topic with its endemic challenges. Space transportation is expected to lead to commercial mining of celestial mineral resources from the Moon and asteroids, as has been found technically feasible and commercially viable. Space-specific products have been identified for industrial mining, processing, and manufacturing, for which manpower would be necessary, howsoever minimal, despite artificial intelligence devices. Blueprints for space habitations on the Moon and Mars are being prepared. In this scenario, where outer space and celestial bodies may soon be inhabited by multi-nationality, multi-ethnic and multi-cultural groupings of tourists, workers, and residents, given cramped and not so comfortable or private living spaces, attitudinal disparities and conflicting beliefs, differences, disputes, conflicts, and crimes are sure to raise their head. Economic activity and business culture may usher in crimes of competition and spying on intellectual property. Space crimes through technologies like cyber, lasers, etc., may also permeate the space domain for ill-intentioned abuses. The criminals may be individuals or collective groups or incognito terrorists. The book also discusses crimes and near-crimes that have already occurred in space but have been ignored or condoned. Absence of sovereignty on celestial bodies coupled with crimes in space or on celestial bodies, presents problems of jurisdiction, extradition, and other legal procedures. The dilemma of multi-national judicial systems, legal codes and norms of social justice need to be resolved by a specialized treaty reconciling major bends in the existing system vis-à-vis the nature of space crimes. Limitations in handling such crimes by the existing judicial system under established doctrines of international law by International Court of Justice or International Criminal Court, is highlighted in the book. It has strong take-aways for research scholars, law fraternity, diplomatic corps, judicial administration, policy-makers and the political class, enabling them to pro-actively initiate action for suitable answers.

Providing a contemporary discussion of ASEAN, this holistic Companion critically examines the organisation's characteristics, strengths and weaknesses, politics and policies, internal dynamics, and external relations.This fascinating and informative Companion makes a significant contribution to the literature on ASEAN, providing a comprehensive overview of the organisation and evaluating multidisciplinary perspectives on Southeast Asian regionalism. Featuring novel insights by distinguished experts in the field, chapters examine ASEAN's perspectives on security, human rights, and community formation, as well as analyse the relationship between ASEAN and other international organisations, including the EU. The book concludes with a discussion of contemporary discourse on ASEAN's role in the multilateralism of the Indo-Pacific region and beyond.This stimulating and provocative Companion will be essential reading for students and academics of Asian studies, international relations, political economy, and regulation and governance. It will also be beneficial to policymakers and diplomats with an interest in multilateralism in Asia and Southeast Asian regionalism.

The Asian Yearbook of International Economic Law (AYIEL) 2023 addresses the rapidly evolving field of international economic law with a special focus on Asia and the Pacific. This region has long been and remains a major engine of the world economy; at the same time, it is characterized by a host of economies with varying developmental levels, economic policies and legal jurisdictions. The AYIEL 2023 therefore focuses on international economic law, especially on security and industrial policy.

2023 is the tenth anniversary of China's proposal to jointly build the'the Belt and Road Initiative''(BRI). This academic monograph provides a theoretical analysis of China's'Belt and Road Initiative'(BRI) from the perspective of economics and not only describes the status of the BRI construction, but also formulates development proposals. First, it provides a theoretical explanation of why the Belt and Road is feasible and how it can be applied in practice. Second, it introduces the overall situation and landmark projects from the past eight years of the'Belt and Road'construction using the method of case studies. Finally, it puts forward policy suggestions and measures to promote quality development of the'Belt and Road'in the future. This book provides an encyclopedic understanding of the'Belt and Road'project to the international community, especially after the G7 summit proposed'Build Back Better for the World'(B3W) in 2021 and the'global infrastructure and investment partnership'plan in 2022. This book is an indispensable textbook to understand and study the situation and experience of the'Belt and Road'construction that has been going on for eight years.

This book scrutinizes the role of Hong Kong in the expansive, and contested, vision of China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI).In two main parts, it first discusses the defining features of the BRI and the evolving expectations of the role of Hong Kong in the BRI from the perspectives of policy makers and the professional sectors of accountancy-finance and the law. The second part contemplates the potential opportunities for Hong Kong from the perspectives of recipient countries-Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Cambodia and Myanmar. Utilizing an action research approach and engaging the views of a broad spectrum of actors, the authors observe the critical role of agency and innovations in a context of institutional contradictions, the impact of BRI governance structure for the deficits in international participation, gaps between grand state visions and commercial interests, and the salience of effective communication in navigating complex policy initiatives. Taking these together unpacks the complex processes shaping Hong Kong's participation and role in the BRI. This book will appeal to students and researchers interested in the BRI and Hong Kong, in the contexts of institutional contradictions, agency innovations, and political dynamics, as well as sustainable development.

Convergence as Adaptivity explores under what conditions policy convergence may be seen an indication of policy autonomy. Zhiyuan Wang advances a theory that argues states substitute unwanted policy changes dictated by globalization with politically feasible ones. Investigating bilateral investment treaties, preferential trade agreements, corporate taxation, and central bank independence as policy substitutes, he provides both quantitative and qualitative evidence to substantiate the core theoretical argument and explores under what conditions policy convergence can be an indication of policy autonomy and through what manner. The result is a systemic and rigorous exploration of the idea of policy substitution and its consequences under globalization. Wang's findings will be of interest to scholars, practitioners, and concerned citizens hoping to deepen their understanding of globalization as well as useful for undergraduate and graduate courses in international relations, international and comparative political economy, and globalization.

In most countries, it is the norm for state courts to operate alongside powerful non-state justice systems, whose roots lie in custom, religion, or tradition. Indeed, non-state justice is frequently the dominant form of legal order. In the developing world, an estimated 80 to 90 percent of disputes are handled outside the state justice system, and nearly all post-conflict states feature extensive legal pluralism because of the weak institutions and contested authority endemic to conflict and post-conflict states. Yet the role of legal pluralism is frequently misunderstood and when different justice systems clash, prolonged, potentially even violent conflict, can result. In Contending Orders, Geoffrey Swenson proposes a new way to understand how state and non-state authorities interact by exploring the full range of legally pluralist environments-combative, competitive, cooperative, and complementary. Drawing upon insights from Afghanistan and Timor-Leste, two countries with extensive legal pluralism, he identifies and critically examines commonly used strategies in legally pluralistic environments. Swenson also illustrates how national and international actors can better engage non-state justice systems. Further, Swenson shows how multiple justice systems can not only co-exist but work together to contribute to the development of a democratic state bound by the rule of law. It is not enough to merely recognize that legal pluralism exists; scholars and policymakers must understand how legal pluralism actually functions. Contending Orders both analyzes the forces that are shaping the relationship between the state and non-state justice worldwide and offers policy strategies to promote the rule of law and good governance wherever legal pluralism thrives.

The Europa Directory of International Organizations 2022 serves as an unequalled one-volume guide to the contemporary international system.Within a clear, unique framework the recent activities of all major international organizations are described in detail. Given alongside extensive background information the reader is able to assess the role and evolving functions of these organizations in today's world. The contact details, key personnel and activities of more than 2,000 international and regional entities have again been thoroughly researched and updated for this 24th edition.Highlights in this edition include:- a fully revised Who's Who section with biographical details of the key players in the international system.- the response of the international community to crises and conflicts throughout the world. - specially-commissioned introductory essays cover topics including global environmental governance, transboundary water management, and multilateral governance and global action on health.

This book comparatively examines the China–South Africa trade relationship over three decades through the prism of four other relationships South Africa has with states that have been China's most contentious neighbours in the Indo-Pacific (India, Japan, Taiwan and the USA). Asia is widely expected to be the new economic centre of gravity in international relations, particularly for trade. Yet despite the story of growth for both it and its neighbours, China ranks above all these countries in terms of trade partnership with South Africa and a majority of states across the globe. This poses a puzzle answerable only through in-depth analysis. In this way, this pathbreaking new book uses quantitative data to test commonly held assumptions about the ‘new scramble for Africa'and shines a light on the driving forces, interests and sources of agency in South Africa's trade and foreign policies over the past three decades. The findings allow for the deduction of general patterns applicableto South Africa and peer economies, some of whom are benchmarked throughout the book for comparative insights.

The renegotiation and possible termination of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) sparked a lot of interest and concern in light of the United States'declared objective to “rebalance the benefits” of the agreement. This edited book provides an overview of the changes brought to the NAFTA by the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA) or NAFTA 2.0. Grouping leading academics and experts from the three countries, the book covers the major topics in the transition from the NAFTA to the USMCA. The book also sheds light on the evolution of North American economic integration within the past three decades and reflects on the significance of the regional integration model represented by the NAFTA and now the USMCA. The book is aimed at scholars, students, officials, professionals and interested citizens concerned by the big issues surrounding North American integration and economic globalization.

This Yearbook is a compilation of all substantive documents related to the work of the Commission and its Working Groups. It also reproduces the annual Report of the Commission which is published as Supplement No. 17 of the'Official Records of the General Assembly'. UNCITRAL is the core legal body of the United Nations system in the field of international trade law. It specializes in the modernization and harmonization of rules on international business.

The second edition of The Routledge Handbook of the Belt and Road encompasses the many recent developments across the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) from 2019 to 2021, while retaining the comprehensive introduction to BRI from the first edition.The Handbook is a comprehensive review of the theory and practice of the BRI, the contributors to which are leading researchers in their fields. It illuminates the intentions and principles, history and current status, basic knowledge and latest studies, and promotion mechanisms on the whole BRI. This edition includes 132 entries in total, with a supplementary section on the Belt and Road forums for international cooperation, 22 brand new entries, and 13 revised and updated chapters, reflecting current progress. The book provides an authoritative and up-to-date overview of the BRI, and thereupon an explanatory interpretation of China's development strategy and international policy stance.Already serving as the essential “encyclopaedia” of the BRI, this second edition will be a must-read for members of global think tanks, policy makers, and observers involved in the BRI□ construction, as well as researchers interested in international relations, Chinese economics, politics, and international policy.

Offering a more accessible alternative to casebooks and historical commentaries, Law Among Nations explains issues of international law by tracing the field's development and stressing key principles, processes, and landmark cases.This comprehensive text eliminates the need for multiple books by combining discussions of theory and state practice with excerpts from landmark cases. The book has been updated in light of the continuing revolution in communication technology; the dense web of linkages between countries that involve individuals and bodies both formal and informal; and important and controversial areas such as human rights, the environment, and issues associated with the use of force. Renowned for its rigorous approach and clear explanations, Law Among Nations remains the gold standard for undergraduate introductions to international law.New to the Twelfth Edition Added or expanded coverage of timely issues in international law: Drones and their use in the air and in space Outer space Cybercrime and responses The Julian Assange Case Environmental law Expanded discussion of space law Expanded discussion of conflict and non-state actors Final cases in the ICTY Thoroughly rewritten chapters on areas of great change: International Criminal Law Just War and War Crime Law International Economic Law (newly restored in response to reviews) International Environmental Law New cases, statutes, and treaties on many subjects

This book analyses the general interaction between international law and Islamic law in the Muslim world today. It interrogates factors that often form the root of the tension between the two legal regimes. Literalist interpretations of Islamic law and the modern international law's disposition that does not give due consideration to differences among cultures and civilizations are some of these factors.This work examines the Saudi Arabia textualist approach to the two primary sources of law in Islam, the Qur'an and Sunnah, and argues that a liberal approach of interpretation has become sine qua non especially now that myriad issues are confronting the Muslim world generally and Saudi Arabia in particular. Similarly, globalization has generated an unprecedented multi-culturalism, legal-pluralism, and trans-border interactions in socio-economic and political relations. Therefore, Saudi Arabia, as the bastion of Islam and Islamic nations, is faced with the imperative of adopting a liberal approach to interpretation of Islamic law, with a view to accommodating a wide spectrum of other laws and cultures. The book provides a timely examination of the issue of modern Saudi Arabia, Islamic legal order vis-à-vis the contemporary concept of international law and international relations in specific areas such as international human rights law and trans-national economic matters. As such it will be of interest to academics and researchers working in Islamic law, international and comparative law, human rights law, and law and religion.

Examining Chinese-North African relations through the lens of President Xi Jinping's Silk Road grand strategy, this book offers a comprehensive analysis of emerging strategic and economic partnerships in the Maghreb region.China's ‘Belt and Road Initiative'(BRI) is one of the most ambitious infrastructure projects in modern history. This book argues that the BRI framework is vital in understanding the shifting balance of power within the Maghreb region and between the North African countries, the EU, the US, and China. It is argued that an increasing interdependence can be observed between China and the Maghreb in energy, construction, infrastructure building, political ties, trade and investments, financial integration, people-to-people bonds, and defence. The author reveals the complexities and challenges of Beijing's BRI, exploring how this synergy will shape the Maghreb in the future. Additionally, the book argues that the balance of global politics will be critically affected by these emerging partnerships.The book will be of particular interest to students and academics focused on interstate dynamics and foreign policy in the West Asia and North Africa (WANA) region, but in its global ramifications the book is also much-needed reading for those working in International Relations, Politics and Economics, and Public Policy.

The Research Handbook on Trade Wars presents an informative and in-depth account of the origins, dynamics, and implications of trade wars, which are growing both in scale and scope in today's increasingly interdependent global economy. Timely and comprehensive, it provides a holistic understanding of trade wars, including not only the domestic and international factors that influence the pattern of trade war onset and escalation, but also the stakeholders and processes that shape the outcomes of such highly intense trade conflicts.Leading scholars in the field present original and thought-provoking research material, critically engage with academic and policy debates, and make theoretical contributions as well as valuable policy recommendations. In addition to its in-depth analysis of the global, domestic, political, and economic origins of trade wars, this Research Handbook also examines the variation in the scope of trade wars, the forum for dispute settlement, the factors that influence the pattern of dispute escalation, and the linkages between national security considerations and commercial conflicts.Providing the frameworks necessary for understanding the political and economic logics of trade wars, this Handbook will be a valuable source of reference for researchers, government officials, businesses, and post-graduate students interested in international political economy, international economics, economic statecraft, public policy, and international relations.

While humanity continues to grapple with COVID-19 and its ramifications, Beyond COVID-19: Multidisciplinary Approaches and Outcomes on Diverse Fields provides a unique opportunity to foresee the repercussions of the pandemic across a range of fields through the lens of chaos and complexity theory. This book takes COVID-19 as a holistic event, providing an interesting analysis of this chaotic phenomenon with the contributions of multidisciplinary scholars. The expert views within this book come from a wide range of fields, from international relations to education and from sociology to law.Unique in terms of its content and contributions, the chapters within explore the various consequences of COVID-19 with the aim of attracting the attention of researchers, postgraduate students, practitioners, and policymakers.

This book examines one of the most emblematic cases of lawfare today: the criminal prosecution of former Brazilian President Lula. The authors argue that lawfare is not just a slogan or a game at the service of any one political ideology. Rather, it has to do with a complex, multifaceted phenomenon that should be carefully reflected upon in modern constitutional democracies, given that it is able to demolish majority rule and the rule of law. They contend it is the strategic use of the law with the purpose of delegitimizing, harming or annihilating an enemy. The literature specializing in the subject tends to alternate between analysis of only one aspect of the phenomenon or consists of extensive case studies. In order to fill this gap, this book revisits the subject and offers a sophisticated theoretical approach to lawfare, in an unprecedented combination of theory of war and theory of law. The book will be of interest to students, researchers and policy makers working in the areas of public law, international law, procedural law, anthropology of law and sociology of law, as well as political science and international relations.

This book focuses on China's experience in development over the past 70 years and its significance, as well as building a community with a shared future for mankind. The book consists of a collection of papers contributed by researchers from many countries, covering the topics of world order, a community with a shared future for mankind, “the Belt and Road” initiative, exchange and mutual learning between civilizations, China Model, China and the World, multi-bilateral relationship, sustainable development.

This book focuses on underexploited data drawn from various legal disputes over the Doraleh Container Terminal in order to paint a portrait of SSC when it comes to infrastructure financing and construction in Africa as provided both by the UAE and China. By producing a detailed account of the drivers behind these disputes as well as the broader political outcomes they have generated, this study provides invaluable conceptual and empirical lessons on the contemporary meaning of SSC. In doing so, it helps readers garner a more acute understanding of the role played by Global South states and the private sector (SOEs) against the backdrop of SSC.

This book explores Mexico's foreign policy using the ‘principled pragmatism'approach. It describes and explains main external actions from the country's independence in the nineteenth century to Andrés Manuel López Obrador's administration. The principal argument is that Mexico has resorted to principled pragmatism due to geographic, historical, economic, security, and political reasons. In other words, the nation uses this instrument to deal with the United States, defend national interests, appease domestic groups, and promote economic growth.The key characteristics of Mexico's principled pragmatism in foreign policy are that the nation projects a double-edged diplomacy to cope with external and domestic challenges at the same time. This policy is mainly for domestic consumption, and it is also linked to the type of actors that are involved in the decision-making process and to the kind of topics included in the agenda. This principled pragmatism is related to the nature of theintention: principism is deliberate and pragmatism is forced; and this policy is used to increase Mexico's international bargaining power.

A complete guide for how small states can be strikingly successful and influential--if they assess their situations and adapt their strategies. Small states are crucial actors in world politics. Yet, they have been relegated to a second tier of International Relations scholarship. In A Small State's Guide to Influence in World Politics, Tom Long shows how small states can identify opportunities and shape effective strategies to achieve their foreign policy goals. To do so, Long puts small states'relationships at the center of his approach. Although small states are defined by their position as materially weaker actors vis-a-vis large states, Long argues that this condition does not condemn them to impotence or irrelevance. Drawing on typological theory, Long builds an explanation of when and how small states might achieve their goals. The book assesses a global range of cases-both successes and failures-and offers a set of tools for scholars and policymakers to understand how varying international conditions shape small states'opportunities for influence.

In eleven chapters this book addresses the issue of the re-emergence of China and a new global order on the world stage, with implications for the existing US hegemonic liberal international order. The Re-Emergence of China reviews the history of China's astounding economic growth and geopolitical development over the past 30 years. It explores the economic, technological, and global development of China during this period; explores the political philosophy and praxis from imperial neo-Confucian times to the present socialist regime; the cultural and social development of China and the role of the Chinese diaspora; and examines the prospects for a new international order with a major role for China.This book will fit comfortably into the required reading schedule for graduate class modules in Chinese and East Asian studies, political theory, economic development, and contemporary political history. Of particular interest will be the exploration of the role of the Chinese diaspora in modern China's development. The authors'focus on the contemporary conflict between the US and China will also be of wider interest to political commentators as well as academic researchers in Chinese studies.The Re-Emergence of China can provide a guiding narrative for academics, researchers, policymakers, industry leaders and many other relevant professionals on how global society can be reshaped in the wake of China's re-emergence in the new global era. By focusing on China's integration with the economic and political world order, in terms of both its advances and setbacks, in addition to the historical contexts, readers can navigate the book's succinct coverage and conclusions on the development of a China polity which has become increasingly connected to the world in some ways, yet more disconnected in others.Related Link(s)