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'For most of the history of the United States, periods of growing indebtedness—a product of wars and economic crises—were followed by reductions in the debt-to-GDP ratio.'But why have the last several decades failed to follow this pattern, leaving the national debt at its highest level since World War II? In this groundbreaking new book, author Marc Allen Eisner, who has devoted most of his scholarly career to studying the evolution of the US political economy, explores the significant changes in the fiscal conditions of the United States during the postwar period, embedding the discussion in a broader historical context. He demonstrates that the national debt is in part a product of reduced revenues and the growing costs of the largest entitlement programs, but it also reflects a long series of shocks, including two wars, the financial crisis and Great Recession, and the COVID-19 pandemic. Deficits, Debt, and American Politics chronicles the history of the US debt in the postwar period, placed in the context of broader changes in the political economy and partisan politics. But it grounds this exploration in reader-friendly, chapter-length discussions of public finance, taxation, mandatory spending, and the budgetary process from a policy perspective. The volume concludes with a discussion of the challenges of comprehensive tax and program reforms in the current political climate.Deficits, Debt, and American Politics assumes little prior knowledge on the part of the reader, making it an ideal book for courses on public policy and political economy taught at both the upper-level undergraduate and graduate level. The material on public finance, long-term trends in taxation and spending, and the budgetary process, often relegated to descriptive texts, will be invaluable in courses engaging the deficit and debt.

Bachelor Thesis from the year 2020 in the subject Politics - Region: Western Europe, grade: 1,3, University of Bamberg, language: English, abstract: This paper attempts to find an answer to the following research question: To what extent can the theoretical implications of Kenneth Waltz's'neorealism'and Andrew Moravcsik's'liberal theory'explain the United Kingdom's decision to hold a referendum on its membership in the European Union? To answer this question, I begin by defining the essential key terms used in this paper and laying down the theoretical assumptions and implications of both theories. From these theoretical foundations I will derive my hypotheses, providing the main thread for the analysis, at the end of each chapter. The subsequent chapter discusses the research design of this paper. In the analytical portion of this dissertation, I will first focus on applying the relevant theoretical implications of neorealism to examine the referendum decision. Subsequently, I will similarly apply the compatible elements of Andrew Moravcsik's liberal theory to conduct an analysis into the reasons behind the referendum decision from a liberal perspective. Finally, I will discuss the conclusions drawn from the analysis. On the 23rd June 2016, the United Kingdom held a referendum regarding its future within the European Union. The result of this referendum was a very important political event, shaking the foundations of the'European idea'to its core, and leaving many experts baffled. However, while the results of this'Brexit'were largely astounding and unexpected, why did the UK opt for a referendum on its membership in the EU in the first place? While the potential reasons behind the outcome of the referendum have been subject to substantial academic analysis, research regarding the reasons for the referendum is somewhat scarce.

Three wars have dominated world events in recent years: The conflict which erupted between the United Kingdom and Argentina over the Falkland/Malvinas Islands; the multinational conflict in Lebanon involving Irsaeli, Syrian, and FLO forces in Lebanon; and the savage struggles between ground and air units of the Iranian and Iraqi forces. The scale and intensity of these wars, their potential for global conflict, make them crucial for an understanding among citizens in general, and defense and political analysts in particular.The authors and contributors to this most unusual volume come to several common conclusions: professionalism is a crucial factor in military effectiveness, but not necessarily dependent on modes of recruitment; high technology is crucial, but only in relation to the quality and training of the personnel; public support is necessary to sustain military morale in democratic and authoritarian regimes alike. These are only some of the incisive findings registered and explored in The Regionalization of Warfare.The volume a'ssembles experts not only on these three major regional and interregional conflicts, but on current U.S. defense policies; Soviet strategic interests in Middle East and Persian Gulf conflicts; and a series of papers on lessons learned and unlearned as a result of these'small wars'of the early 1980s. For those interested in military history, global strategy, and regional rivalries, this -collection of finely written, sophisticated papers will prove to be of intense concern.

Bachelor Thesis from the year 2022 in the subject Politics - Topic: European Union, grade: 1,3, University of Würzburg (Humanwissenschaften), language: English, abstract: The intention of this paper is to analyze, which parts of the PESCO framework have the potential to impact European defence positively in terms of efficiency and which potential fault lines towards efficiency lie in it. Moreover, the intention is to observe the developments since the launch of PESCO in 2017 regarding the question of efficiency and to work out how to overcome current problems and ensure PESCO`s future success. Finally, the paper intends to examine to what extend a coexistence of PESCO and the NATO is useful. To ensure a good understanding of PESCO, it will be shortly presented. Furthermore, the binding common commitments of PESCO, which the participating Member States have agreed on, as well as other essential parts of the PESCO framework, will be highlighted. To work out, whether and how PESCO is an efficient way to coordinate European defence, the following steps will be invested: Firstly, it will be defined what characterizes an efficient way to organize defence, especially in the context of defence cooperation. To do so, a set of factors that regularly lead to an in- or decrease in efficiency in such cooperations is going to be integrated. Secondly, these factors will be applyed to the aims and objectives the participating Member States have committed to, which form the framework of PESCO. To continue, the current situation of PESCO after 5 years and 4 waves of projects will be examined and observed, where the worked-out factors for efficiency or inefficiency and other difficulties occur. Next, ways to solve current challenges, discrepancies, ensure more efficiency and the success of PESCO in general are given. To examine to what extent a coexistence of PESCO and NATO is useful, the relationship between the EU and NATO, the European dependency on NATO, ways PESCO and NATO complement each other and possible fault lines between the cooperations will be observed.

In 1984, the celebrated sociologist and historian Norbert Elias convened a major conference on ‘Civilisations and civilising processes'at the Centre for Interdisciplinary Research (University of Bielefeld). Participants included the most distinguished and influential scholars in historical sociology and world history. This book will make available, for the first time in one place, the papers presented by the speakers and, even more interestingly, the transcripts of discussions at the symposium. This conference brought together eminent and internationally reputed scholars of macro-history and historical sociology including Johann P. Arnason, Elias, Hans-Dieter Evers, Johan Goudsblom, Keith Hopkins, William H. McNeill, and Immanuel Wallerstein. This highly informative encounter between various leading scholars of humanity's global social history has never before been published, although it was completely recorded on paper and in tape recordings. Its publication in one volume should be an important event for all students of the long-term structural transformations of humanity.

First Published in 1977. Part of The Atlantic Council Policy Series. It is customary for policy papers produced by the Atlantic Council Working Groups to direct attention primarily to issues that confront the countries of Western Europe, North America, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand. This policy paper has a somewhat different emphasis, dealing primarily with the issues of development policy facing the United States.

This book comprises the proceedings of the TEQIP III Sponsored 2nd International Conference on “Gender Equity: Challenges and Opportunities” (2nd ICOGECAO 2020 -Virtual Mode), held at Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat, Gujarat, India, from 25 to 27 November 2020. ICOGECAO provided a platform for researchers from multiple countries to present their views about the challenges associated with gender equity. Gender equity is one of the seventeen Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 5) set up by the United Nations in 2015, to promote and empower all genders equally. The proceedings strongly support the ideas of gender neutrality and blow out the mind-set of limiting gender studies to only women rights. They offer a collection of articles that break the stereotypes and myths often wrongly associated with gender. The ideas in the presented papers highlight gender-based discriminations, ask important questions and share facts that encompass beyond the so-called boundary lines. The authors contributed on various topics including but not limited to violence, crime, discrimination, and abuse against women and LGBTQ+ community. The basic motive of the presented book is to incorporate ideas and contribute to the sensitization and education about the important yet often neglected issues of gender equality. Thus, this book proves to be an essential resource for educators and researchers working in the field of gender studies. The work presents challenges caused due to COVID-19, social media, popular culture and work–life balance and explores empowerment through law, skills, technology and media. Some interesting case studies highlighted gender discrimination in science, sports and law. A variety of papers on literary texts were examined from a gender lens. The proceeding is divided into five subsections: 1. law, 2. literature, 3. management, 4. sociology and 5. social studies. The proceeding provides a wider perceptive and visuals about the scenarios which needs attention. The ideas presented will be helpful for achieving the sustainable development goal of gender equity to a greater extent.

The book represents a selection of papers presented at an international symposium in Singapore on the role of theory and practice in the mutually interactive and mutating relations between institutions and cultures. In effect, the papers turn about a single theme: the ways in which power is expressed through those institutions by means of which cultures mediate their requirements. The symposium brought together scholars and academics from a variety of disciplines, including literature, philosophy, cultural studies, sociology, comparative literature and comparative religions. In terms of the geography of cultures and the history of institutions, the range of reference to this book of the symposium is global: from Hong Kong awaiting 1997, through the travails of political democracy in Singapore, and Cultural Studies à la Greenblatt or under the aegis of Shakespeare as cultural idol, through German Romantic theory and its relevance to current theorizing about theory in America, to Zen Buddhism and Nagarjuna and how these two sources refract the concerns of Jung, Lacan and Derrida; through Colonialism and postcoloniality and how they have shaped identity and mediated power to the current crises in education created by these mediations, specifically, in literary studies. The aim of the symposium was twofold: to theorize about the impulse to theorize in relation to the plurality of cultures and institutions which comprises our contemporary world; and to ground this impulse in those specificities and contingencies which provide resistance to such theorizing.

Diploma Thesis from the year 2020 in the subject Politics - Region: Western Europe, grade: 2, University of Vienna (Institut für Europarecht, Internationales Recht und Rechtsvergleichung), language: English, abstract: This paper illuminates the relevance of European Union (EU) Energy Law and the responsibilities of States, companies and energy regulators in the EU. This relevance will be mainly in the light of EU regulations and packages, but also international Conventions applying to European actors will be tackled in this paper. First of all, the beginnings of the EU and why energy, especially coal and steel, played such a massive role from the very first start, will be pointed out. Secondly, the legal bases of EU Energy Law in force nowadays will be discussed and explained. Moreover, Energy Law is one of the rare areas where law, economy, politics, and more and more ecological affairs are rearranging the system. Thus, it will be referred to as the growing link between Energy law and Environmental policies and concerns. Last but not least, attention will be drawn to the fact that many European Energy Companies operate outside of the EU for the exploitation of resources and how accountability is triggered on the territory of the European Union in the case of an accident happening outside of Europe. Therefore, the case of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill as the responsible company Beyond Petroleum (BP) is a British multinational business, with headquarters in London, will be briefly examined. To a greater extent, the primary intention of this paper is to generate a broader understanding of EU Energy Law and the necessity to secure and regulate it in order to safeguard our environment in a future of renewable energy sources.

An account of the author's triple careers in academia, and services to two distinct governments of Liberia – William R. Tolbert's and Ellen Johnson Sirleaf's (consultant). Situated between the crisis years of the True Whig Party (TWP) regime, and the hopeful years of the first post-civil war government, stands more than three decades of teaching, research and public intellectual engagement. More than an impressionistic account, the author employs a rich repertoire of unpublished documents that include his personal cabinet notes and a wide range of government papers. His personal research papers acquired from archival research and interviews over the years supplement these. It is this rich background material that enables the telling of a fascinating story of the tensions within the TWP regime on the eve of the bloody 1980 coup, and in the process, paints enlightening portraits of such key players as Tolbert and his finance minister, Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, among a host of others. Included as well are some specifics of the 1979 “rice riots” and its impact on the politics of change. Discoveries are also unearthed about the author's role in racially integrating and internationalizing an American Episcopal/Anglican University in rural Tennessee. Among the questions explained are: Who was President Tolbert? What sort of finance minister to Tolbert was Ellen Johnson Sirleaf? Who was C. Cecil Dennis? Who was Jackson Fiah Doe? Who was Bacchus Matthews? How did the forces for change interact with those of the status quo in the 1970s? What were some of the forces at play in the reform attempts in the early 2000s? All things considered, what are Liberia's prospects going forward?

In a world of vertiginous inequality, escalating ecological disaster, and extraordinary political and economic turbulence generated by a winner-take-all society seemingly designed to concentrate privilege and power in the hands of a very few, the central question that faces social science—and indeed the world—is whether social protest will change anything, or whether elites will continue to lead the planet and its population to disaster. All important topics of contemporary social science, including racial justice, environmental change, immigration, economic inequality, and education, to name a few, revolve around this issue. Elites, Nonelites, and Power explores how the question of the power of elites, and the conditions under which that power might be tamed, lie at the heart of social science today. Bringing together a cutting-edge set of multidisciplinary papers on power, elites, and nonelites, that weigh in on these central issues of the world and social science, the collection consider these topics in a new, inclusive way, by drawing in researchers who deal with topics central to elite theory, but who might not be represented in more classic statements of it. A “go to” piece for several generations of scholars, this is a compelling volume for scholars across the social sciences interested in elite theory.

After Ukraine's 2013–14 Revolution of Dignity, much Western attention to Ukrainian domestic policies has been focused on the country's “Europeanization” in the narrow and technical sense of the word, i.e. to its adoption of EU standards and legislation. In contrast, a parallel major transformation with no direct relation to Ukraine's EU association and accession—a multidimensional local governance and territorial reform—has been receiving less journalistic and scholarly coverage. That is in spite of the fact that the gradual decentralization process that Ukraine's first post-Euromaidan government started in April 2014 is an exceptionally far-ranging and already advanced transition. It redefines not only Ukrainian center-periphery interactions, but also state-society as well as government-citizen relations. This collected volume is one of the first of its kind and presents eleven narrowly focused research papers by Oleksandra Deineko, Melanie Mierzejewski-Voznyak, Maryna Rabinovych, Aadne Aasland, Max Bader, Igor Dunayev, Yuriy Palekha, Oleksii Sydorchuk, and the editors. The chapters illustrate specific problems as well as repercussions of Ukraine's ongoing local governance reform ranging from fiscal governance to party politics as well as wartime challenges.

Essentials of US Politics and Government is the latest book in the Essentials of series for A-Level Politics, which maps on to the Edexcel specification. It covers all the knowledge required to tackle paper 3 of the A level; United States politics, as well as Comparative US-UK politics. Author Andrew Colclough is head of politics at an independent school in Oxford and a Team Leader examiner at Edexcel, so brings a wealth of experience in supporting both students and teachers. All of the core chapters in the book are organized around the series'signature'Key Debates'feature, which explain the vital arguments, with supporting evidence, clearly and concisely. These aid students in constructing persuasive arguments in their essays. Summary tables at the end of each debate ideal both to gain a quick overview of the topic and as a tool for revision. The book also offers:- An abundance of contemporary political examples and case studies - A unique chapter on Comparative US and UK Politics-'Knowledge Checks'at regular intervals so students can check their understanding and factual recall - A dedicated'Exam Focus'chapter, which gives advice on developing the skills for exam success, as well as annotated sample essays - An extensive companion website with further sample essays, templates for essay planning, bonus case study material and more.

Peacekeeping in the late 1990s is a complex and diverse task, in which civilian and military personnel are working together to a greater degree than ever before. However, when an international body such as the UN takes strategic decisions, it does so with inadequate input from the military; in the field, there are clashes of culture, confusion over command and control arrangements and insufficient operational coordination. These issues also affect regional organisations such as NATO. The awkward management of operations and their uneven level of achievement have contributed to a decline in the number of UN peacekeeping operations since 1994. This paper argues that the balance between civilian and military expertise and advice at all levels of a peacekeeping mission – strategic, tactical and operational – needs to be reappraised.At the strategic level:• mandates must be clear, and must respond both to the needs of the situation and to the resources available• there must be regular dialogue between all the principal players, military and civilian; the military-staff capacity at UN headquarters should be made more effective, and should be responsible to the Security Council• major troop-contributing countries should be systematically involved in determining mandates, as well as in reviewing operational plans• senior military officers from all large troop-contributing countries should be based at a mission's field headquarters. At the operational level: • the office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General – the head of a UN peacekeeping mission – should be strengthened. In non-UN operations, the authority of the High Representative needs to be increased• a cadre of civilian officials with peacekeeping experience needs to be developed; standard operating procedures for the civilian head of a mission to follow when dealing with the military need to be developed• greater emphasis should be placed on the ‘softer'aspects of military science – managing resources, civilian control and human rights• the reluctance of civilians and non-governmental organisations to engage with the military should be addressed.Much experience has been gained from the peacekeeping operations of the 1990s, but both military and civilian participants must make considerably more progress before they can be said to have forged a partnership that makes them an effective intervention force

Assault on the Media: The Nixon Years, New and Expanded Edition, uses a 21st century perspective to revaluate the media warfare of the late 1960s and 1970s and its lasting effects. Although it is well known Nixon reveled in his abrasive relationship with the press, documents published since that era reveal the motivations that drove members of the administration to divert attention from illegal, undemocratic, discriminatory, or mean-spirited approaches to governance. Informed by a half-century of historical analyses and released documents, this expanded edition of William E. Porter's award-winning Assault on the Media analyzes new documents of significance; synthesizes recent historical analyses; incorporates legal evaluations by journalism scholars; and traces how Nixon-era plans cultivated the divisive state of 21st-century society and amplified assaults on journalism. It also evaluates lasting concerns about the Supreme Court's Pentagon Papers decision and journalists cited for contempt as a form of prior restraint; the currencies of power and race in protecting confidential sources; and regulatory decisions that hamper effective journalism. Assault on the Media not only documents the incidents and circumstances of governmental intimidation, harassment, and regulation of the news media during the Nixon presidency, but it offers insights into the long-term effects and their relevance today.

This is an open access book. In light of the rising Southeast Asia in the centre of knowledge production, the Department of International Relations, the University of Mataram seeks to explore more wide-ranging topics of migration and development. Therefore, we plan to organize Southeast Asian Conference on Migration and Development (SeaCMD), which will take place on Lombok Island of West Nusa Tenggara Province in Indonesia. We encourage a broad range of scholars including researchers, lecturers, policymakers, research consultants, and postgraduate scholars to share their ongoing research or promote their past papers at this conference. Scholars from various disciplines are also encouraged to apply.

This book takes the contemporary moment of digital health infrastructuring in Ghana as a starting point to examine the genealogies of oral, paper-based and digital forms of knowledge production about health. In view of this multiplicity of forms, the chapters adopt a broad definition of health data that encompasses databases, statistics as well as oral and written records and reports about health. In addition to close historiographic insights into the interactions of indigenous and colonial ways of organising knowledge around health, the chapters explore contemporary ways in which medical professionals are mobilized or potentially demobilized by the standards, methods and calculative devices that accompany the increasing production of health data. The authors show that the contemporary hype around the datafication of health is neither new nor exceptional, but instead needs to be read in broader historical perspective. Through its unique combination of historical, sociological and ethnographic methods, the book shows that the regulation and standardization of health produces both mobilizations and demobilizations, as well as appropriations and resistances.

This volume is a collection of papers presented at the 60th International Academic Week organized by the Southeast Europe Association in October 2022. The event brought together scholars to discuss the various facets of international return migration from diverse destination countries back to Southeast Europe. Within this volume, the concept of return takes on a dynamic and multifaceted character. It is seen not as a one-way journey but as an ongoing, non-linear, and reversible process consisting of multiple stages. This approach recognizes that migration is a journey with many dimensions, involving mobility in various directions. The volume sheds light on a variety of migration practices to and from Southeast Europe, revealing a complex interplay of movements over time.

Introduced by presidential historian Ted Widmer, this work offers both the original texts and insightful essays by leading historians on each of the presidential inaugural addresses--from George Washington to Joseph Biden. Every four years, the incoming president of the United States delivers an inaugural address in a tradition that dates back to 1789, with the first inauguration of George Washington. The address tells Americans--and peoples around the world--what the country has been and what it has the potential to become. In a speech freighted with importance, they express their fears, their hopes, and their most personal aspirations for the nation and for democracy. This work brings together all of the inaugural addresses--from George Washington's first in 1789 through Joseph Biden's in 2021. What distinguishes it from other compilations of inaugural addresses are brief, original essays by leading scholars, speechwriters, historians, biographers, and editors of presidential papers that contextualize the speech within the presidential administration that followed. Each of the contributors explores what a president expected to be dealing with when entering the highest office in the land and what he hoped to do for the country. The authors examine decisions the president made and how this impacted the nation's trajectory. They also reflect on how the address relates to the president's legacy in and out of office. The essays also offer distinctive approaches: some consider the political, economic, and military status of the country; others the composition of the address itself; and still others the personal circumstances of the president at the time of his inauguration. Covering over 230 of years of American history, My Fellow Americans captures a snapshot of America at unique points in time, with perceptive commentaries by America's finest presidential historians and a broad-ranging introduction by Ted Widmer.

This book examines the Europeanisation of party politics in Malta. It evaluates the influence of Europeanisation on the political system, which is based on two party-system, polarisation, and clientelism. Malta is the smallest European Union (EU) member state, which joined the EU in 2004. The road toward membership was fraught with contentious and emotionally charged debates. This book explores the relationship between Maltese political parties and the EU, the politicisation and framing of the European Union by political parties, and the impact of the European Union on Malta's political system. The book further discusses more contentious recent events which made headlines at the EU level, including the Panama Papers scandals, the Individual Investment Programme, and the assassination of journalist Daphne Caruana Galizia. The book will appeal to students, scholars, and researchers of political science and international relations interested in a better understanding ofelectoral studies, Europeanisation, European integration, as well as the Maltese political system, and party politics.

On the production of migrant labor and suffering through asylum enforcementOver the past several decades, the vibrant, multiethnic borough of Queens has seen growth in the community of Nepali migrants, many of whom are navigating the challenging bureaucratic process of asylum legalization. Surviving the Sanctuary City follows them through the institutional spaces of asylum offices, law firms, and human rights agencies to document the labor of seeking asylum. As an interpreter and a volunteer at a grassroots community center, anthropologist Tina Shrestha has witnessed how migrants must perform a particular kind of suffering that is legible to immigration judges and asylum officers. She demonstrates the lived contradictions asylum seekers face while producing their'suffering testimonials'and traces their attempts to overcome these contradictions through the Nepali notions of kaagaz banaune (making paper) and dukkha (suffering). Surviving the Sanctuary City asks what everyday survival among migrants and asylum seekers can tell us about the cultural logic of suffering within the confines of US borders. Through rich ethnographic detail and careful nuanced narratives, it puts the lives and perspectives of the Nepali migrant community at the center of the story. In so doing, Shrestha offers a fundamental rethinking of asylum seeking as a form of precarious labor and immigration enforcement in a rapidly changing US society.

This book looks at Chester I. Barnard's theoretical and practical contributions to organization theory by examining his life, career, experience, intellectual relationships, philosophy, method, and theory.Barnard (1886–1961) is considered an innovator in the field with the publication of his seminal work, The Functions of the Executive, in 1938. But why was Barnard able to publish such a groundbreaking book despite the fact that he was a practitioner, not an academic researcher? In pursuit of that question, this book carefully investigates the background of his ideas about management, such as his experience, philosophy, and method. It then traces the process of how Barnard built his concepts of organization as it examines his books, published papers, unpublished manuscripts, and correspondence and systematically summarizes how he built his theory of organization and management. Finally, the author explores how Barnard's theory has the potential to be developed and put into practice by examining his important works after his publication of The Functions of the Executive, which is well known as abstract and difficult. Readers of this present book will come away with a clearer and more systematic understanding of Barnard's theoretical and practical contributions to the field.

Journalism in the Civil War Era presents the historical context of Civil War journalism—placing the press of the era within the entire nineteenth century. It gives a broad account of journalism in the Civil War, reflecting on the political, military, legal, and journalistic issues involved in this era. It is written with chapters that examine these various facets of the journalism of the period, but they are connected by the theme of the development of the wartime press, with an emphasis on the professional, political, social, economic, legal, and military factors that affected it. It provides: An in-depth look at the political press in the 1850s and 1860s, and how it played a major role in the nation's understanding of the conflict; Technology's role in carrying information in a timely fashion; The development of journalism as a profession; The international context of Civil War journalism; The leadership journalists displayed, including Horace Greeley and his New York Tribune bully pulpit; The nature of journalism during the war; The way freedom of the press was advanced by polarizing political extremes. The work is historical, written in an engaging style, and meant to encourage readers to explore and analyze the value of freedom of the press during that very time when it most comes under fire—wartime. “David W. Bulla and Gregory A. Borchard explore ties between journalism and politics and between New York and the Midwest (then known as the West) before the Civil War. Newspapers shared an increasing emphasis on information over opinion. Facts often tended to fit the editors'agendas with winners overplaying their triumphs and losers becoming more restrained. Major newspapers, particularly the New York Herald with the largest investment in correspondents, placed news on the front page and interpretation inside, even while publisher James Gordon Bennett initially blamed Lincoln for the war. Major dailies increasingly reported news from the front and smaller papers relied more on opinion and local angles.”—William E. Huntzicker, Minneapolis writer and author of The Popular Press 1833-1865'Bulla and Borchard have produced what has been long needed in the study of U.S. Civil War journalism: a social and cultural history of the American press that goes beyond anecdotal accounts of war news. They explore the nature of the Civil War-era press itself in all its strengths and weaknesses, ranging from political and economic grandstanding and over-the-top verbal grandiloquence to the sheer bravery and determination of a number of editors, publishers, and journalists who viewed their tasks as interpreters and informers of the day's news. Using a mix of carefully selected case studies as well as an extensive study of newspapers both large and small, this highly readable work places the Civil War press squarely where it belongs—as a part of the larger social and cultural experience of mid-nineteenth century America.'—Mary M. Cronin, Department of Journalism, New Mexico State University'The study of Civil War journalism has traditionally been treated as a facet of the history of war correspondence, but war reporting does not exist in a vacuum, as David Bulla and Gregory Borchard skillfully show readers in their latest edition of Journalism in the Civil War Era. This new edition freshens the book's original version by expanding on their insightful examination of the way the American Civil War ushered in the greater reliance on the information model of journalism, which would exist side-by-side with the existing partisan model. Few scholars have attempted the sort of holistic study that examines not only the nature of Civil War journalism but,

This book discusses prominent and controversial gender-related issues across the fields of family law, tort law, labour law, civil procedure law, ADR and private international law. An important critical assumption made by the authors is that the gender equality perspective has been largely neglected in several branches of private law, since scholars researching the intersection between gender and legal studies are mostly focused on public law and human rights law. In light of that, the book contributes not only to the deconstruction of gender-blind private law, but also to the development of a gender-competent analysis of the key branches of private law, starting with private international law. Gender perspective in family law is analyzed on the basis of gendered and heteronormative operations of family law with reference to the formation of legally recognized relationships, the establishment of legal parenthood, the division of marital property after a divorce, and the arrangements for post-separation parenting. Also, regulation of family matters in Indian society and the gender equality perspective from the principle of the child's best interest are considered. As far as tort law is concerned, the book addresses compensation for damages suffered by women performing unpaid household work. Further, it contains papers dedicated to the following labour law issues: the genesis of labor law and its capacity to contribute either to worsening gender inequality in the world of work or to promoting gender equality; gender segregation in the labour market and its connection to family-friendly policies in the European Union; sexual harassment at work; and the impact of work digitalization on gender-related labour law issues. Lastly, the authors analyze gender equality in civil procedural law, as well as in mediation as a tool for encouraging the peaceful settlement of disputes. The book is intended to improve awareness of the wide range of private law issues that are important for understanding the ways in which gender inequality shapes everyday experiences, while also presenting critical considerations of the key private law instruments for achieving gender equality.

This book offers a new perspective on public law and public policies. The collection of papers gathered here begins with an in-depth discussion on gender perspectives in constitutional law, which can support gender justice, but also perpetuate patriarchal norms. The book then analyzes the role of the European Ombudsman in the area of gender discrimination. Despite its limited jurisdiction, this institution has become a significant complementary tool in the protection of gender equality and the elimination of gender discrimination at the EU level. Particular attention is paid to the importance of mainstreaming gender into public policies. Thus, the legal and institutional frameworks of Spain and Serbia are presented, which can serve as an inspiration to other countries. Another important aspect covered in the book is an analysis of systemic differences between the average wages of women and men in the six countries of the Western Balkans. In turn, the book presents a discussion on female genital mutilation as a highly gendered crime based on extreme versions of rigid, patriarchal ethnic and religious norms and customs. It is analyzed through the lenses of the Istanbul Convention, as a tool for combating violence against women. Particular attention is paid to femicide, its definitions, forms, and phenomenological characteristics. Having been only recently acknowledged, femicide is still characterized by an inadequate judicial response in many countries. In this regard, a special focus is on German and Serbian experiences in acknowledging femicide and combating it through various measures. Finally, the importance of stalking laws is discussed, as stalking is a highly gendered crime that many states fail to combat adequately. The collection of essays offered in this book will be of interest to all those working in the field of public law, to policymakers, and to students and academics looking to broaden and deepen their research on various issues in public law and policies from gender perspectives.

This third volume of ASNEL Papers covers a wide range of theoretical and thematic approaches to the subject of intertextuality. Intertextual relations between oral and written versions of literature, text and performance, as well as problems emerging from media transitions, regionally instructed forms of intertextuality, and the works of individual authors are equally dealt with. Intertextuality as both a creative and a critical practice frequently exposes the essential arbitrariness of literary and cultural manifestations that have become canonized. The transformation and transfer of meanings which accompanies any crossing between texts rests not least on the nature of the artistic corpus embodied in the general framework of historically and socially determined cultural traditions. Traditions, however, result from selective forms of perception; they are as much inventions as they are based on exclusion. Intertextuality leads to a constant reinforcement of tradition, while, at the same time, intertextual relations between the new literatures and other English-language literatures are all too obvious. Despite the inevitable impact of tradition, the new literatures tend to employ a dynamic reading of culture which fosters social process and transition, thus promoting transcultural rather than intercultural modes of communication. Writing and reading across borders becomes a dialogue which reveals both differences and similarities. More than a decolonizing form of deconstruction, intertextuality is a strategy for communicating meaning across cultural boundaries.

Political theory offers a great variety of interpretive traditions and models. Today, pluralism is the paradigm. But are all approaches equally useful? What are their limits and possibilities? Can we practice them in isolation, or can we combine them? Modeling Interpretation and the Practice of Political Theory addresses these questions in a refreshing and hands- on manner. It not only models in the abstract, but also tests in practice eight basic schemes of interpretation with which any ambitious reader of political texts should already be familiar. Comprehensive and engaging, the book includes: A straightforward typology of interpretation in political theory. Chapters on the analytical Oxford model, biographical and oeuvre- based interpretation, Skinner's Cambridge School, the esoteric model, reflexive hermeneutics, reception analysis and conceptual history. Original readings of Federalist Paper No. 10, Plato's Statesman, de Gouges's The Three Urns, Rivera's wall painting The History of Mexico and Strauss's Persecution and the Art of Writing; with further chapters on Machiavelli, Huang Zongxi and a Hittite loyalty oath. An Epilogue proposing pragmatist eclecticism as the way forward in interpretation. An inspiring, hands- on textbook suitable for undergraduate and graduate students, as well as experienced scholars of political theory, intellectual history and philosophy interested in learning more about types and models of interpretation, and the challenge of combining them in interpretive practice.

As shown by China's relationship to Japan, and Japan's relationship to South Korea, even growing regional economic interdependencies are not enough to overcome bitter memories grounded in earlier wars, invasions, and periods of colonial domination. Although efforts to ease historical animosity have been made, few have proven to be successful in Northeast Asia. In previous research scholars anticipated an improvement in relations through thick economic interdependence or increased societal contact. In economic terms, however, Japan and China already trade heavily: Japan has emerged as China's largest trading partner and China as second largest to Japan. Societal contact is already intense, as millions of Chinese, Koreans, and Japanese visit one another's countries annually as students, tourists, and on business trips. But these developments have not alleviated international distrust and negative perception, or resolved disagreement on what constitutes “adequate reparation” regarding the countries'painful history. Noticing clashes of strong nationalisms around the world in areas like Northeast Asia, numerous studies have suggested that more peaceful relations are likely only if countries submerge or paper over existing national identities by promoting universalism. Pride, Not Prejudice argues, to the contrary, that affirmation of national identities may be a more effective way to build international cooperation. If each national population reflects on the values of their national identity, trust and positive perception can increase between countries. This idea is consistent with the theoretical foundation that those who have a clear, secure, and content sense of self, in turn, can be more open, evenhanded, and less defensive toward others. In addition, this reduced defensiveness also enhances guilt admission by past “inflictors” of conflict and colonialism. Eunbin Chung borrows the social psychological theory of self-affirmation and applies it to an international context to argue that affirmation of a national identity, or reflecting on what it means to be part of one's country, can increase trust, guilt recognition, and positive perception between countries.

This book contributes to emerging debates about Levelling Up the UK Economy, considering these alongside the nature of, and trends in, both the political economy and spatial disparities. Drawing on a complex systems framing, the book pulls together a range of evidence to provide insights about the agenda from macro, meso and micro levels of analyses, including utilising qualitative data from a small scoping study with Directors of Regeneration across several ‘left behind'places and 25 residents of ‘left behind'Redcar & Cleveland in Teesside. The book outlines phases in capitalism's development, particularly the shift from post-war capitalism to a post-industrial and neoliberal society and the implications for spatial inequalities. The 2022 Levelling Up White Paper is analysed alongside a focus on the role of local government relative to the agenda. The book offers an empirical case study of ‘left behind'Redcar & Cleveland, exposing deindustrialisation, insecure employment, crime, anti-social behaviour and sentiments on a North South divide and Levelling Up. We suggest that only a transformative change in the political economy, including significant and sustained investment at different spatial levels, is likely to achieve the ambition to Level Up.

Please note: This is a companion version & not the original book. Book Preview: #1 In July of 1967, Bashir Khairi and his cousins left Ramallah and arrived in East Jerusalem. They had asked their friends and neighbors how to navigate the new Israeli reality. Which bus should they take. How much is a ticket. How do they buy tickets. Will anyone check their papers if they board a bus. #2 The young woman sat alone at the kitchen table. Sunlight streamed in through the south-facing windows of the stone house. The air raid sirens had finally fallen silent, and life in Dalia's hometown of Ramla seemed to have returned to normal. #3 The bus driver downshifted to descend the hills west of Jerusalem. Bashir was unsure if he wanted the trip to go quickly or slowly. If it went quickly, he would be in al-Ramla sooner; but if time slowed down, he could more fully take in each bend, each landmark, and each piece of his own history. #4 Dalia, as a child, had wondered why the Arabs would willingly leave such a beautiful house. As she got older, she realized that the Arabs had fled like cowards, with their hot soup still steaming on the table.

The foundations of politics in Tamil Nadu today are rooted in the rising consciousness and various organizations of what may be broadly termed'the Dravidian Movement'of the late nineteenth century and first decades of the twentieth century. This book focuses on the emergence of a new awareness of Tamil identity though a range of organizations for Dravidian uplift such as the Non-Brahmin Movement, the South Indian Liberal Federation (popularly known as the Justice Party), the Self-Respect Movement, the Dravida Kazhagam (DK), and its dynamic off-shoot, the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK). The most prominent leaders of the Dravidian Movement were E. V. Ramaswamy Naicker, known as Periyar,'Great Sage,'and C. N. Annadurai—Anna—who in 1967 was to become Chief Minister of Madras State. Today there are many books on Tamil politics, but until the 1960s no book had addressed the movement that was to become the dominant force in the political life of Tamil Nadu today. It was a young American, Robert L. Hardgrave, Jr., in 1960 who took up the project to portray the Dravidian Movement. With several months in Madras, he met leaders of the DMK and attended a number of conferences, and he collected all the pamphlets and papers he could find on the movement, many going back to the 1930s. As a graduate student at the University of Chicago, he brought this together for his Master's degree thesis, completed in 1962. It was published as a book, The Dravidian Movement, in Bombay in 1965. Long out-of-print, the pioneering volume is again available in this new reprint edition.

Bachelor Thesis from the year 2019 in the subject Politics - Region: Russia, grade: 1.0, Rhine-Waal University of Applied Sciences, language: English, abstract: In times of global political cataclysms, where the old Washington-led Western liberal order is stumbling – with nationalism and protectionism on the rise and old alliances being challenged – a new kind of super heavy Sino-Russian diplomatic ‘double star system'is apparently rising in the east since 2001. Thus, I dedicated this paper to the examination of the quality of contemporary Sino- Russian relations. The hypothesis is, that if Sino-Russian relations live up to the high level that is reiterated by their respective officials and state sponsored media, it needs to be observable that such is thoroughly beneficial for both sides'core and long-term interests. Therefore, I have come up with a two-tracked approach. First, I will quantitatively analyze (i) their voting behaviors at the UNSC and UNGA; (ii) the development and composition of their bilateral trade levels; and (iii) the two state's comparative classical indicators of strength – i.e. population size, GDP levels, and defense spending levels. Second, I will qualitatively analyze how Sino-Russian relations unfold within the context of (i) the military-security focused SCO; (ii) the regional economic agenda of the two concepts of EAEU and SREB; and (iii) the multilateral global order aspirations of the BRICS and their recent process of institutionalization via the NDB and CRA. My research implicates that the relationship has already passed its point closest to equilibrium, with Russia becoming increasingly marginalized since. Hence this thesis argues that, albeit there are areas of matching interests, the indicators point towards a questionable long-term durability of the Sino-Russian relationship.

This special issue investigates the meaning of justice and dignity and how they have changed over time. What do we mean by human dignity? How do we understand and interpret that meaning? How has it evolved? Showcasing a selection of papers responding to this critical central question, the authors delve into issues such as the foundational roles of justice and dignity in practical philosophy and the idea that human dignity must be understood as the right to be recognized as a participant in the institutional practice of human and fundamental rights, analysing how this modern conception was incorporated into the practice of human rights after Auschwitz as a response to a crisis in the modern model of the practice of rights. Furthermore, the authors study examples of misinterpretation of the philosophical term and historical concept of human dignity in contemporary legal theory and practice alongside Kant's notion of human dignity, that is understood as a novel ‘care of the self'. Self-violation of dignity and the exposure to violation by others – thoughtlessly or intentionally – gives way to an exploration of the language of anti-violence activists, university coordinators, and due process activists concerned with Title IX and campus sexual violence. Providing a comprehensive look at historic and contemporary meanings of human dignity, this edited collection is an appealing read for scholars interested in the intersection of dignity with philosophy, law, human rights, legal theory, social theory, and more.

This handbook assesses the phenomenon of populism—a concept frequently belabored, but often misunderstood in politics. Rising populism presents one of the great challenges for liberal democracies, but despite the large body of research, the larger picture remains elusive. This volume seeks to understand the causes and workings of modern-day populism, and plumb the depths of the fears and frustrations of people who have forsaken established parties. Although the main focus of this volume is political science, there are more disciplines represented in order to get a whole picture of the debate. It is comprised of strong empirical and theoretical papers that also bear social relevance.

A tool for developing intercultural competence and facilitating the emergence of intercultural citizenship in those who use it.In the contemporary world, encounters with people from other cultural backgrounds have become part of our everyday lives. These intercultural encounters may be used as an opportunity to learn about other cultures, to develop our capacities for effective and respectful communication, to think about our own cultural affiliations and to reflect on ways in which we might take action for the common good.The Autobiography of intercultural encounters (AIE) is an educational resource that can be used by learners to achieve all of these outcomes. It supports learners in thinking about and learning from intercultural encounters that they have experienced either face to face, through visual media (such as television, films, magazines) or through the internet.Revised and updated editions of the various versions of the AIE that have been developed can be found in three separate volumes which accompany the present volume. The present volume contains two accompanying papers, “Context, concepts and theories” and “Concepts for discussion”. The former discusses the policy context and conceptual and theoretical issues relating to intercultural encounters and is intended for readers who wish to understand the ideas that underlie the design of the AIE. The latter provides less technical discussions of key concepts related to culture, identity and intercultural encounters and can be used with learners in upper secondary education or the early years of higher education and in non-formal and informal education.

Please note: This is a companion version & not the original book. Book Preview: #1 Write because it's something to do, something your parents will let you do because it looks like homework. Write because you need to drown out the sound of your parents'fighting deep into the night. When your favorite professor, senior year, fails your paper on modernism, you promise yourself to write more. #2 When you are writing your thesis, do not mention that you want to write what you know. Instead, say that you want to write about math, chaos theory, or rape. When your advisor suggests you work on a novel, hear it like a curse: an arranged marriage and a death sentence. #3 You write your first novel, and you realize that you hate your parents, your blood, and your anxieties surrounding the new land you live in. You realize that no one else will see it anyway. #4 Around Persian New Year, your first novel is published, and you are hailed as the first Iranian-American novelist. But four years later, you are still struggling to make ends meet. You pitch a piece on Iranians celebrating Persian New Year to a respected newspaper, but they don't want your work.

Nick Buckley MBE explores the relationship between “givers” and “takers,” and the damaging symbiotic relationship between them. He examines the motivation of disheveled individuals sitting on street corners holding out paper cups, as well as the intergenerational problem of poverty and welfare dependency. Different types of beggars are highlighted, such as politicians begging for votes, charities begging for donations, and even the woke begging for validation and attention. Buckley shows that begging is a complicated topic, part nature and part nurture, and that many engage in such behavior unknowingly. Unlike most authors on this topic, Buckley explores his own history of begging from being raised in a workless household on benefits, to claiming unemployment benefits as an adult, and the journey that eventually led him to found an award-winning charity. Buckley offers us an antidote to such unbecoming behavior: personal responsibility.

The 1980s witnessed an unprecedented series of initiatives aimed at transforming the role and manner of local government operations in Britain. First published in 1990, Local Government and Thatcherism provides a clear and up-to-date framework for understanding the impact of ‘Thatcherism'on local government during this period and explores future prospects.The authors examine the effect of the ‘Thatcher Revolution'on the policy and practice of local government, looking at the role of ideology in key policy areas such as finance, public services, local economic development, race, and decentralization. Beginning with an analysis of the evolution of local government, the authors situate Thatcherism in the context of ‘Municipal Toryism', and discuss changes in local finance, including the introduction of the community charge. They focus on changes in public policy, particularly innovations like grant-maintained schools and Housing Action Trusts and look in detail at economic regeneration and equal opportunities, two areas in local policy development which are increasingly under threat from centralizing tendencies. The authors conclude that the revolution in local government is aimed at nothing less than recasting the local socio-political order and political process. Coming to terms with these challenges, they believe, will change the face of local government in 1990s; the contract authority, the enterprising authority, and the business-corporatist authority.Lucid and stimulating, this discussion will be invaluable to students of British politics, and public and social administration, and to all those who wish to know more about the future of local government.

First published in 1969, Modernization in Ghana and the U.S.S.R. examines the aspects of politics of modernization in two states—the U.S.S.R. and Ghana. One of the major contentions of the volume is that they faced a variety of similar problems and their responses to these had a great deal in common. The most obvious similarity between the two was the single-party state with a relatively high degree of control exercised by the party leadership over the party. There are also many similarities concerning attitudes to economic development and the outside world.The problem that most concerned the new leaders of Ghana and Russia was that of economic development. Political priorities were assessed in the light or by the standard of systems of ideas, of ideologies. The overall thesis of the book is that although Marxism-Leninism and Nkrumaism differ greatly, the leaders of the two countries in fact behaved in a remarkably similar fashion, and the author shows that their responses had as much to do with similar problems as with ideological patterns. This book is a must read for students and researchers of comparative politics.

First published in 1973, Political Responsibility and Industry discusses the nature of industrial policy and the capacity of the British governmental system to conduct it. This theme is illustrated by particular examples of the working of government-industry relations with which the author was intimately connected, such as the aluminium smelter project and the textile industry enquiry; and by discussion of particular instruments of industrial policy such as the Industrial Reorganisation Corporation and the Geddes Report on shipbuilding.The author is critical of the tendency to regard industrial policy as some new catalyst of industrial growth. He describes it, at its best, as simply ‘casework in the public interest'. In a penetrating analysis of the machinery of government in Britain, he shows that this is inadequate as an instrument for the effective control of industrial policy. This in turn leads on to a discussion of the ‘myth of ministerial responsibility'which, the author suggests, rather than locating effective responsibility for policy, ensures that it is not located anywhere at all. The arguments presented should be of interest not only to those concerned with Government-industry relations, but to anyone worried about the working of Parliamentary government in Britain.

An anthology of Chinese writings drawn from the late-1980s Maoist revival in mainland China. Illustrated with photographs and drawings, these selections are introduced and annnotated to provide an appreciation of their historical significance and the ideological confusion in China.

How can citizenship education drive social change and international solidarity and enable human-centered advancement to become embedded within a nation? How can education be a leading force for peacebuilding in the era of online platforms acting as new social agoras for transactions, freedom of speech, and hate speech? There is a strong belief in the power of education as an instrument to address social concerns and act as a driver for equity and change. As a state prerogative that remains highly dependent on national political agendas and governments'positions, education is widely praised as a path toward virtuous social patterns that can shape contemporary issues. Peace, justice, and democracy – words that raise passions but that also shared blurred lines between their corresponding theories and practical applications – shape a model for ethics and a common good that people must learn in the form of skills, ideas, behaviors, and competencies. The book, originally the author's PhD thesis, examines how education, and particularly citizenship education, has an important role in the process of building sustainable peace, transforming international cooperation and bringing about lasting security.

Local Authority Borrowing (1985) sets out the history of local authorities'activities as borrowers. The early attempts to finance the building of toll roads and bridges are the beginning of a story which carries on through the centuries to the present-day market in local authority bonds worth over £48 billion. The book moves on from the history to discuss what reforms might be implemented to improve still further the efficiency of the market in the future.

First published in 1990, Nationalism in France (now with a new preface by the author) is a concise history of the post-revolutionary period in France and provides at the same time an original study of the evolution of French Nationalism since 1789.Brian Jenkins argues that French nationalism can be understood only in the context of class antagonism, and that the nationalisms of left and right have profoundly different social and ideological foundations. Acknowledging the Revolution as the birthplace of the democratic nation state, Jenkins investigates the concepts of nation and class, showing how they are often transformed by the changing social and political context of two centuries of history. He analyses the significant historical events since the French Revolution from the perspective of the growth of the concept of nationhood and national identity. His controversial analysis raises issues of contemporary relevance, such as the debate on the legacy of the French Revolution, the renewed interest in the diversity and viability of the modern nation state and nationalist ideology, and the controversy about the future of radical left-wing politics.This book will be of particular interest to students and researchers of French history and political science.

In the twenty-first century, cyberspace and the ‘real world'have become inseparable. The stability and security of cyberspace therefore affect, in increasingly profound ways, the economies, international reputations, national security, military capabilities and global influence of states. In their short history, operations in cyberspace have already been used extensively by states and their non-state supporters for many purposes. They are an inevitable aspect of contemporary international affairs while carrying significant risk. In this Adelphi book Marcus Willett, a former deputy head of GCHQ, argues that there is no coherent or widely shared understanding of what cyber operations really are, how they are used and what they can do; or of their implications for strategic affairs and international law; or what their ‘responsible'use really entails. The myths and misunderstandings that abound tend to dull the conceptual clarity needed by strategic policymakers and overseers, and they complicate the essential task in a liberal democracy of maintaining public consent for, and legitimisation of, the development and use of such capabilities. The book sheds light on these issues, exposing myths and clarifying misunderstandings.

This book questions the epistemological foundations of education in the Anthropocene. It reviews a body of evidence that strongly supports the view that the Earth's systems are emerging into an epoch known as the Anthropocene. This volume examines a number of concepts including the political ecology and the modes of veridiction in the Anthropocene as well as philosophy, anthropology and history of the concept of courage and the humanities. It champions forward-looking educational initiatives and presents a new philosophy on education for the Anthropocene. The concept of the Anthropocene extends to many fields of sciences. It is now anchored in a multidisciplinary scientific literature and recognized by both sides of the ideological and political battle of the 21st century, on which several controversies are grafted in a complex way. It also has a strong anthropological consistency: what kind of humans do we want to become? The author explores how the recognition of the crisis helps to see the history of humanity with unexpected freshness. This work contributes to an epistemological and paradigmatic reflection on the foundations of education in the Anthropocene epoch. The author has seized on the biogeophysical ruptures of the Anthropocene to develop a pedagogical and anthropological reflection in a stimulating and creative way. This volume is of interest to researchers of the Anthropocene, as well as to scholars in ecology, social sciences, pedagogy, and philosophy.

This book analyses the foreign policies of African countries, specifically in the region of East Africa.It reveals the regional dynamics and the way in which the international system interacts with these policies and how they are driven by domestic politics versus national visions, and vice versa. As such, it provides fine-grained and historically informed analyses of the international relations of these states arguing that foreign policy is always informed by domestic processes and the relations between states and changes within the international system impact on the formulation of domestic politics via foreign policy. Finally, the book argues that East Africa's foreign policy is not one of militarised action alone but rather a mélange of self-survival strategies stemming from the desire to close the gap with more industrialised states necessitating a variety of trade and diplomatic efforts.This book is of key interest to scholars and students of African politics, Foreign Policy, Foreign Policy Analysis, International Organisations and, more broadly, to comparative politics and international relations.

First published in 1987, The Writing on the Wall tells the story of the muddle, shortsightedness and duplicity which characterised Britain's dealings with her Pacific Dominions. It describes the reactions of each Dominion and chronicles the desultory responses of Canada, Australia, and New Zealand to the developing crises in the North Pacific. The result is an important contribution to the history of all four continents. As the 1930s opened, the British Empire was everywhere recognised as a Great Power. Its rule extended over one-fifth of the earth's land surface; it encompassed the largest population of any ‘State'in the world; it controlled one-sixth of the world's trade. In truth, the Empire was tragically fragile. Both Britain and the Dominions had disarmed to the point of impotence, so that when Japan occupied Manchuria in 1931 and attacked Shanghai, the centre of British trade in China, in the following year, they were unable to respond. British defence chiefs declared Japan's success to be ‘the writing on the wall'. Despite these warnings, British politicians chose to appease the Japanese at the cost of seriously damaging the League of Nations, and to avoid spending money on defence in the Far East. Despite the concerns of the Dominions—Australia, New Zealand, and Canada—the scene was set for the total collapse of Britain's Empire in the East within a decade. This book will be of interest to students and researchers of history.

Both domestic and foreign policy considerations led Eastern European nations in the 1970s to involve their economies more deeply with the West. This increased economic interdependence encompassed trade, technology transfer through industrial cooperation, and international credit. These growing links came as a mixed blessing as Western economic problems – inflation, recession, unemployment, energy – began to affect the economic development and political stability in Eastern Europe.First published in 1981, East–West Relations and the Future of Eastern Europe examines the implications of these problems for East–West relations and the domestic scene in Eastern Europe. The authors analyze the interaction of economic and political forces at three interlocking levels – international, regional, and national. The first part deals with the evolution of East–West political and economic relations in the 1970s and the prospects for the 1980s and considers the implications of developments in East–West relations for Soviet and East European regional, economic, political, and military ties. Thereafter, experts from East and West offer their perspectives on political economic strategies for individual East European countries, in the context of their regional and international relations. This book will be of interest to students of comparative economics, international trade, and international relations.

Forty Years of the Landless Workers Movement: Landless Perspectives presents ethnographic insights into Latin America's largest social movement as it celebrates its 40th anniversary. The Landless Workers Movement (Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra - MST), with over 1.5 million members, has been fighting for agrarian reform since 1984. In its 40-year struggle, the movement has secured land for over 350,000 families and become a worldwide beacon for progressive politics. Its enduring presence is a remarkable feat; while other movements have come and gone, the MST continues to be a steadfast force in the pursuit of social justice and environmental sustainability. How has the MST managed to endure in a country dominated by agribusiness and characterized by hostile politics? The rationale of this collection is to answer such questions from an ethnographic standpoint, connecting personal stories to theorizations of land and struggle. The detailed accounts of this book's contributions sit in dialogue with the longitudinal commitment of the contributors, many of whom have been working with the movement over a period of decades. Such a commitment allows this book to speak to a 40-year timeframe, creating an approach that points to broader conclusions and possible futures. With contributors from Brazil, Europe, and North America, this book connects lived experiences with wider political questions pertaining to global mass mobilization. Offering a fresh perspective on one of the world's most iconic social movements, this volume celebrates the durability of the MST and speaks to the productive tensions that characterize its lived, vital, and daily struggle for agrarian reform. The material will be of interest to scholars of anthropology, sociology, political science, Latin American studies and beyond.