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Angewandte Philosophie / Applied Philosophy ist ein Forum für die philosophische Analyse und Kommentierung öffentlich relevanter Themen. Dass die Wissenschaften zu den treibenden Kräften der Aufklärung gehören, ist bekannt. Aufgeklärte Praxis ist deshalb auf wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse angewiesen. Die BeiträgerInnen gehen dem Verhältnis von Wissenschaft und Aufklärung anhand von Fallstudien zu gegenwärtigen Herausforderungen nach wie Kernspaltung, Informationstechnologie, Krankheitsbegriff, Todesfeststellung und Klimawandel. It is well known that the sciences are among the driving forces of the enlightenment. Enlightened praxis therefore depends on scientific findings. The contributors focus on the relationship of science and enlightenment with case studies on current issues such as nuclear fission, information technology, the concept of disease, methods of determining death, and climate change.

Contemporary cosmopolitan moral theorists argue that in our increasingly interconnected world all individuals need to recognize that moral duties span state borders, involving responsibilities such as respecting human rights. Such arguments usually focus on the duties of individuals or on reforms for international political and economic institutions. The Cosmopolitan Potential of Exclusive Associations draws attention to how non-state, not-for-profit transnational associations can advance moral equality in a plurality of less obvious ways. By synthesizing moral theories of cosmopolitanism with international relations scholarship it is possible to establish criteria for assessing whether and to what extent transnational associations like Doctors without Borders or the International Olympic Committee cultivate respect for fellow humans and build transnational communities. As these examples show, not all non-state associations have the purpose of advocating for human rights. Membership is also not necessarily inclusive of all humanity. Membership criteria exclude based on criteria such as professional expertise, athletic prowess, or certain religious beliefs. As a result, assessing their impact requires looking for partial expressions of cosmopolitanism that arise piecemeal and without self-conscious intention. Rather than defending one version of cosmopolitan theory as more applicable to evaluating the impact of associations, adapting and combining four common approaches to cosmopolitanism—(1) institutional cosmopolitanism, (2) natural duties cosmopolitanism, (3) cultural cosmopolitanism, and (4) deliberative democratic cosmopolitanism—makes it possible to evaluate institutional, developmental, shared identity, or public sphere effects of associations. Applying the criteria to associations that do not advance cosmopolitanism self-consciously shows the potential for partial forms of cosmopolitanism. Médecins sans Frontières, the first case explored, provides emergency medical care across the globe without establishing a transnational community with those it aids. The International Olympic Committee, the second case, brings the world together around global games in which national teams compete against each other. Dissidents in the Anglican Communion, the third case, unite globally around an interpretation of the Bible that excludes gay men from ordained ministry. Despite non-cosmopolitan elements, each case has lessons about how respect for moral equality can emerge without self-conscious belief in cosmopolitan moral philosophy.