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Fundamentals of Epidemiology is a foundational resource that equips students with a strong understanding of both the principles and real-world applications of the science of public health. Its applied approach, demonstrating epidemiological concepts in action in a variety of different settings, uniquely prepares students for the challenges and exciting opportunities of this dynamic field. This engaging textbook cultivates a strong knowledge base through an explanation of the history of epidemiology and its core concepts, while providing a framework for critical thinking about public health topics. Other foundational concepts are then described and explored in the context of the real world, including descriptive epidemiology and surveillance, analytic epidemiology, study designs, effect measure modification, systematic and random error, and data analysis and modeling. Building from chapter to chapter, the textbook reinforces key concepts and their applications to the field while also confronting head-on many common mistakes that new learners of epidemiology make. This textbook incorporates thoughtful public health examples, scenarios, and descriptions that foster the investigative mindset and problem-solving approach that is needed in epidemiology. With abundant illustrations, historical vignettes, case examples, and practice problems covering topics such as social determinants of health, infectious disease, applications of epidemiology to policy and more, this inviting textbook prepares students to think like an epidemiologist, equipping them with the fundamentals essential for careers in public health, medicine, nursing, and other health professions. Key Features Provides a more logical sequence for learning epidemiology, with iterative learning strategies aimed at reinforcing key concepts Includes an in-depth focus on surveillance and descriptive epidemiology Discusses causality, counterfactual thinking, and exchangeability at a level appropriate for new learners of epidemiology Provides problem-based learning examples that encompass diverse settings and populations, and links to other health disciplines (health policy, health economics, behavioral sciences, environmental health) Presents visuals in a consistent manner to foster a sound understanding of the core epidemiological principles Qualified instructors also have access to a full suite of instructor resources

This book teaches foundations of epidemiological design and statistical methods, as well as including topics applicable to new areas of research. Since the publication of the first edition, Biostatistics and Epidemiology has attracted loyal readers from various specialty areas in the biomedical community. The Fifth Edition includes coverage of fixed and random effects and mixed effects models; Poisson regression; constructing confidence intervals for U-shaped relationships; analysis of rare variants; Mendelian randomization; and aspects of machine learning and big data analytics. Biostatistics and Epidemiology was written to be accessible for readers without backgrounds in mathematics. It provides clear explanations of underlying principles, as well as practical guidelines of'how to do it'and'how to interpret it.'Key features include a philosophical and logical explanation at the beginning of the book, subsections that can stand alone or serve as reference, cross-referencing, recommended reading, and appendices covering sample calculations for various statistics in the text.

Strategic decision-making focusing on economics is the fundamental requirement to generate efficiency and improve productivity in any manufacturing environment. In the 21st century, the science of drug development is an established field that requires a dedicated and synergistic partnership between various subject matter experts. Unfortunately, pharmaceutical research is complicated, time-consuming, attritive, and costly, with development costs ranging from $4 billion to $11 billion per commercialized drug. There are more than 750 biotech and big pharma companies in the US that are developing new drug products for a vast number of therapeutic indications. Due to the high attrition rate in clinical trials, a small percentage of these drugs get commercialized. Still, a very high amount of resources are being spent on drug development from a societal perspective. Despite being an economically intense activity, the current state of drug product development makes a limited effort to integrate economics into product design and development. For example, pharmaceutical scientists are excellent at a data-driven decision-making process that requires technical elements and a few strategic elements. However, there is minimal integration of financial valuation elements (commonly employed in other high-tech industries such as fine chemicals, automotive, aerospace, etc.) into pharmaceutical drug development. Unfortunately, this hurts the sustainability of the health system of which these products will be a part in the future. A desirable future state integrates fundamentals of economics in product design and development so that the decision-making is parameterized, the cost of goods can be lowered, wastage can be reduced, patient-centricity is built into the design, and manufacturing/distribution efficiencies can be gained. The financial benefits of such an approach could allow for these savings to be passed on to the stakeholders and improve the value proposition of pharmaceuticals, which is critical to maintaining the innovation potential. This book hopes to introduce the reader to this desired future state of pharmaceutical drug development.

This book introduces all common errors in medical science fields and the ways to control them. Systematic errors could be controlled both during study design and statistical analysis. Some errors have been presented in small segments but not in a comprehensive book. It covers many common errors that usually affect the research proposals, final reports, theses, and scientific presentations in the field of medical sciences as well as the rejection reasons on scientific papers. It will help researchers to control common errors using epidemiological and statistical methods.

Award-winning New York Times reporter Donald G. McNeil, Jr. reflects on twenty-five years of covering pandemics—how governments react to them, how the media covers them, how they are exploited, and what we can do to prepare for the next one—in this “fascinating, ferocious fusillade against humanity's two deadliest enemies: disease and itself” (The Economist).For millions of Americans, Donald G. McNeil, Jr. was a comforting voice when the COVID-19 pandemic broke out. He was a regular reporter on The New York Times's popular podcast The Daily and told listeners early on to prepare for the worst. He'd covered public health for twenty-five years and quickly realized that an obscure virus in Wuhan, China, was destined to grow into a global pandemic rivaling the 1918 Spanish flu. Because of his clear advice, a generation of Times readers knew the risk was real but that they might be spared by taking the right precautions. Because of his prescient work, The New York Times won the 2021 Pulitzer Gold Medal for Public Service. The Wisdom of Plagues is “must-reading for preparing us better for the next unavoidable epidemic” (Peter Piot, MD, co-discoverer of Ebola) as McNeil shares his account of what he learned over a quarter-century of reporting in over sixty counties. Many science reporters understand the basics of diseases—from how a virus works to what goes into making a vaccine. But very few understand the psychology of how small outbreaks turn into pandemics, why people refuse to believe they're at risk, or why they reject protective measures like quarantine or vaccines. The COVID-19 pandemic was the story McNeil had trained his whole life to cover. His expertise and breadth of sources let him make many accurate predictions in 2020 about the course that a deadly new virus would take and how different countries would respond. By the time McNeil wrote his last New York Times stories, he had not lost his compassion—but he had grown far more stone-hearted about how governments should react. He had witnessed enough disasters and read enough history to realize that while every epidemic is different, failure was the one constant. Small case-clusters ballooned into catastrophe because weak leaders became mired in denial. Citizens refused to make even minor sacrifices for the common good. They were encouraged in that by money-hungry entrepreneurs and power-hungry populists. Science was ignored, obvious truths were denied, and the innocent too often died. In The Wisdom of Plagues, “one of the most enlightening books on public health” (Lena Wen, MD), McNeil offers tough, prescriptive advice on what we can do to improve global health and be better prepared for the inevitable next pandemic.

The Applied Genomic Epidemiology Handbook: A Practical Guide to Leveraging Pathogen Genomic Data in Public Health provides rationale, theory, and implementation guidance to help public health practitioners incorporate pathogen genomic data analysis into their investigations. During the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, viral whole genome sequences were generated, analyzed, and shared at an unprecedented scale. This wealth of data posed both tremendous opportunities and challenges; the data could be used to support varied parts of the public health response but could be hard for much of the public health workforce to analyze and interpret, given a historical lack of experience working with pathogen genomic data.This book addresses that gap. Structured into eight wide-ranging chapters, this book describes how the overlapping timescales of pathogen evolution and infection transmission enable exploration of epidemiologic dynamics from pathogen sequence data. Different approaches to sampling and genomic data inclusion are presented for different types of epidemiologic investigations. To support epidemiologists in diving into pathogen genomic data analysis, this book also introduces the analytic tools and approaches that are readily used in public health departments and presents case studies to show step-by-step how genomic data are used and evaluated in disease investigations.Despite the breadth of scientific literature that uses pathogen genomic data to investigate disease dynamics, there remains little practical guidance to help applied epidemiologists build their ability to explore epidemiologic questions with pathogen genomic data. This handbook was written to serve as that guide. Including case studies, common methods, and software tools, this book will be of great interest to public health microbiologists or lab directors, bioinformaticians, epidemiologists, health officers, academics, as well as students working in a public health context.

Across the last fifty years, epidemiology has developed into a vibrant scientific discipline that brings together the social and biological sciences, incorporating everything from statistics to the philosophy of science in its aim to study and track the distribution and determinants of health events. A now-classic text, the third edition of this essential introductory textbook gives an overview of the core concepts that form the underpinnings of epidemiology and epidemiologic research. Rather than focusing on statistics or formulas, Epidemiology presents the underlying epidemiologic principles and concepts in a coherent and straightforward exposition. This core content is supplemented with historical notes, a discussion of scientific inference, details about infectious disease epidemiology, and some advanced topics--including how to deal with missing data, the use of causal diagrams, and quantitative bias analysis techniques--that serve as an on-ramp into further study for those who elect to pursue it. By emphasizing a unifying set of ideas, students will develop a strong foundation for understanding the principles of epidemiologic research.

This book assembles a wide range of explanatory perspectives on social inequalities in health. Everywhere in the world, those with less advantage die younger and suffer more illness than the wealthy. Decades of research have documented this reality and yet we lack a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms through which social circumstances ultimately influence the biological processes that lead to disease. Explanations have been proposed from various disciplines – economics, psychology, behavioral science, geography, and neuroscience – and each sheds light on parts of the overall process. But very few texts assemble these insights into an overall explanatory paradigm.Through a review of concepts and theories from a wide range of disciplines, the author outlines how these may be woven together to offer a more complete picture of how social influences'get under the skin'to affect health and disease. As well as understanding individual health, the book assembles explanations for social disparities in health. It concludes with a proposal for a set of explanatory models that cross disciplinary boundaries. Topics explored include:Social Inequalities in HealthExplanation and Causal Models for Social EpidemiologySocial and Economic Theories to Explain Patterns of DiseaseBiological Pathways Linking Social Determinants to HealthTheoretical Models of Health BehaviorWork Environment and HealthSocial Networks, Social Support and HealthPositive Influences on Health: Coping and ControlThe Relationship Between Personality and HealthUnderstanding Health Determinants: Explanatory Theories for Social Epidemiology is a textbook for graduate students in epidemiology, health sciences, health policy, and psychology, as well as social science students who are studying health. It will also be of interest to general readers, and can serve as a reference for researchers in epidemiology and the health sciences who are planning studies of the social determinants of health. The book reviews theories that could be tested in such studies.

Dermatological diseases are extremely common around the globe, and a systematic understanding of these conditions and their relationships with various epidemiological factors could provide insights to help governments and private institutions address the challenges they need to overcome in order to improve global health. This extensively revised second edition comprehensively discusses the fundamental areas of dermatological practice in public health. It features more than 900 figures, eight new chapters and two new sections: a) Dermatological Biopsy and Major Histopathological Patterns, exploring surgical methods for collecting cutaneous specimens from outpatients and the analysis of major histopathological patterns; b) Special Chapters, which outlines Hospital Dermatology in Public Health, covering hospital care as a backup in dermatoses of importance in public health; Dermatological Education in Public Health, examining the interface between teaching and students for the development of dermatological practice; and a Brief History of Dermatology.Further topics include the profile of dermatological care based on epidemiological concepts; the most significant skin diseases (including dermatology in tropical medicine); the relationship between the environment and dermatological diseases; dermatoses in the human life cycles, diseases that are not primarily dermatological, but have a high impact on public health and may have skin and mucosal manifestations; a number of emerging issues in dermatology in public health; clinical approaches (diagnosis and management) to common dermatological symptoms; multidisciplinary approaches in dermatology; surgical and histopathological aspects of the main dermatological diseases; and the hospital as an aid in the management of complex dermatoses and dermatological education in public health. Written by experts with extensive experience in their respective fields, this book is a valuable reference resource for undergraduate and graduate students, dermatologists and general practitioners, as well as anyone interested in the relationship between dermatology and public health.

This applied clinical medicine and public health text introduces the fundamental concepts in epidemiological investigation and demonstrates how to integrate emerging research on epigenomics into practice.Epidemiology has a vital strategic role in facilitating and leading evidence discovery in all aspects of human health, with the intent of improving patient and public health through disease control and health promotion practices. It emphasizes what we now know about the transformation the human body and the ecosystem undergo as a result of social structure, environment, daily challenges and mutation. The first part of this text explores the origin of epidemiology, its relationship with medicine and public health, and its role in assessing disease distribution as occurrence or frequency, risk factors, treatment and management. The main direction of this text is to explore the assessment of how gene and environment interactions, termed epigenomic modulations, aberrantly predispose to morbidity, prognosis, survival and mortality at the individual as well as the specific population level.This text presents a novel approach based mainly on epigenomic modulations in the application of epidemiologic investigation in disease incidence, morbidity and mortality at a specific population level for graduate education in public health and clinical sciences as well as medical education.

The COVID-19 pandemic spurred a rapid expansion of wastewater-based infectious disease surveillance systems to monitor and anticipate disease trends in communities.The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) launched the National Wastewater Surveillance System in September 2020 to help coordinate and build upon those efforts. Produced at the request of CDC, this report reviews the usefulness of community-level wastewater surveillance during the pandemic and assesses its potential value for control and prevention of infectious diseases beyond COVID-19. Wastewater-based Disease Surveillance for Public Health Action concludes that wastewater surveillance is and will continue to be a valuable component of infectious disease management. This report presents a vision for a national wastewater surveillance system that would track multiple pathogens simultaneously and pivot quickly to detect emerging pathogens, and it offers recommendations to ensure that the system is flexible, equitable, and economically sustainable for informing public health actions. The report also recommends approaches to address ethical and privacy concerns and develop a more representative wastewater surveillance system. Predictable and sustained federal funding as well as ongoing coordination and collaboration among many partners will be critical to the effectiveness of efforts moving forward.

This book is intended to show the great achievements and valuable experience of Chinese public health practices and epidemiological theories and methods. It is conducive to expanding medical workers'practical ability of disease prevention and control, and to bridging the gap between clinical medicine and public health.In part 1, it introduces the progress in epidemiology of 10 infectious diseases. In part 2, it covers 11 non-communicable diseases. The research method and prediction modelling and public health ethics are discussed in the 11 chapters of part 3. The contributors include epidemiologists and public health experts, as well as more clinicians, mathematicians, sociologists, philosophers (ethicists), bioinformatics and so on. Among them, there are not only professors from universities, but also researchers from scientific research institutes, and experts in the front line of disease prevention and control.

The Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health is the ultimate resource on the subject of public health and epidemiology. It offers a global and comprehensive perspective on wide-ranging public health needs and priorities in modern health care. Thoroughly revised and updated for the seventh edition, the book is split into three main topics.'The Scope of Public Health'covers the development of the discipline, determinants of health and disease, and policies, law, and ethics. The second volume focuses on The Methods of Public Health, including the science of epidemiology, social science techniques, and environmental techniques. Finally, The Practice of Public Health is fully explored, with sections on specific public health problems, ways of prevention and control, the varying needs of different populations, and the functions of public health services and professionals. Three new editors have joined for this edition, Liming Li (China), Fran Baum (Australia), and Alastair H Leyland (UK), complimenting Quarraisha Abdool Karim (South Africa) and Roger Detels (USA), for a truly global perspective on public health. Featuring over 225 contributors from countries all over the world ensures that the book covers public health from all aspects, with vastly different health systems and priorities. Featuring new chapters on gender identity and gender-based violence, environmental health and climate change, genomics and epidemiology, and emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, the seventh edition of the Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health remains the most comprehensive text on the subject and is a vital resource for public health practitioners and trainees, clinical epidemiologists, and students in the field.

Vaccination programmes are of vital importance to public health and are present in virtually every country in the world. By promoting an understanding of the diverse effects of vaccination programmes, this textbook discusses how epidemiologic methods can be used to study, in real life, their impacts, benefits and risks.Written by expert practitioners in an accessible and concise style, this book is interspersed with practical examples which allow readers to acquire understanding through real-life data and problems. Part I provides an overview of basic concepts in vaccinology, immunology, vaccination programmes, infectious disease transmission dynamics, the various impacts of vaccination programmes and their societal context. Part II covers the main field tools used for the epidemiological evaluation of vaccination programmes: monitoring coverage and attitudes towards vaccination, surveillance of vaccine-preventable diseases and pathogens, seroepidemiological studies, methods to assess impact and outbreak investigation. Part III is dedicated to vaccine effectiveness and its assessment. Part IV includes an overview of the potential risks of vaccination and how to study these. Lastly, Part V deals with methods for an integrated assessment of benefits and risks of vaccination programmes. Suitable for professionals working in public health, epidemiology, biology and those working in health economics and vaccine development, Vaccination Programmes also serves as a textbook for postgraduate students in public health, epidemiology and infectious diseases.The book is aimed at all those involved in the many aspects of vaccination programmes, including public health professionals and epidemiologists. Its primary target audiences are master and doctoral students in infectious disease epidemiology and public health, post-doctoral participants of field epidemiology training programmes and public health professionals working in the post-implementation epidemiological evaluation of vaccines and vaccination programmes.The Open Access version of this book, available at http://www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives (CC-BY-NC-ND) 4.0 license

An indispensable read for all those seeking to address the severe problems of local and global human health and environmental crises The widespread growth of monopolies and big business has led to a fourth industrial revolution focused on producing fast, living fast, and dying fast for the sole benefit of accelerated profit. Despite unprecedented accumulations of wealth and industry, the world has watched as indicators of income inequality--a partial parameter of social inequity--have increased, while big business, with their nearly unrestricted influence, has increasingly distorted advancements in medical research. Bold and incisive, Critical Epidemiology and the People's Health invites readers to the next great paradigm in public health by promoting a progressive, transdisciplinary, intercultural, community-building approach radically divergent from the presiding object-based, empiricist mode of thinking. A concise overview of the Latin American Social Medicine movement, this book introduces the work of leading scientist Jaime Breilh to a global English audience, focusing on key questions such as: What are the real challenges facing critical epidemiology during the current time of immense turmoil and inequity? How can we conduct responsible and sensitive public health research? What role does epidemiology play in addressing the societal ills of both the global North and South? And how can we create a more rigorous, updated, and effective epidemiology? In addressing these questions, Critical Epidemiology and the People's Health offers readers a clear-eyed and much-needed perspective on how to overcome Cartesian reductionism with renewed methodological tools to address the rampant growth of injustices harming our global collective health and to subvert the reigning notions of health prevention and promotion.

This book provides a complete and current overview of the correlation between ocean conditions and human health, publishing comprehensively for the first time on the direct interactions among oceanography, marine biology and impacts on human health. Specifically the text addresses how changing ocean conditions result in health impacts and disruptions, with a focus on cases in the USA. ­ The changing ocean conditions that are discussed include diminishing marine biodiversity, climactic changes such as intensified weather events, shifting sea currents and increasing sea temperature. The book addresses the resulting health issues brought about by these various ocean conditions, such as emerging infectious diseases, starvation and poisoning among impacted communities, toxic algae blooms, threatened ecosystems, and other future implications. ­ The text was developed in conjunction with scientists from Brown University, the University of Rhode Island, the University of Texas at Austin,the University of California at Riverside and Ochsner Health, all located in areas deeply impacted by the changing Oceans. ­ The book will be of interest to marine research scientists, health care professionals, students, and general enthusiasts of oceanography and health.

Of the 758 species of hard ticks (family Ixodidae) currently known to science, 137 (18%) are found in the Neotropical Zoogeographic Region, an area that extends from the eastern and western flanks of the Mexican Plateau southward to southern Argentina and Chile and that also includes the Greater and Lesser Antilles and the Galápagos Islands. This vast and biotically rich region has long attracted natural scientists, with the result that the literature on Neotropical ticks, which are second only to mosquitoes as vectors of human disease and are of paramount veterinary importance, is enormous, diffuse, and often inaccessible to non-specialists. In this book, three leading authorities on the Ixodidae have combined their talents to produce a summary of essential information for every Neotropical tick species. Under each species name, readers will find an account of the original taxonomic description and subsequent redescriptions, followed by an overview of its geographic distribution and host relationships, including a discussion of human parasitism. Additional sections provide detailed analyses of tick distribution by country and zoogeographic subregion (the Caribbean, southern Mexico and Central America, South America, and the Galápagos Islands), together with a review of the phenomenon of invasive tick species and examination of the many valid and invalid names that have appeared in the Neotropical tick literature. The text concludes with an unprecedented tabulation of all known hosts of Neotropical Ixodidae, including the tick life history stages collected from each host. This book is an invaluable reference for biologists and biomedical personnel seeking to familiarize themselves with the Neotropical tick fauna.

Epidemiology originated during the Middle Ages when science-based medicine arose and medical schools were established. Clinically trained epidemiologists began to advance knowledge on human disease through intensive observations of their patients over time. Modern computing was quickly adopted by epidemiologists as an essential tool of modern medicine. Despite its key role in medicine, epidemiology-based teaching and research is now faltering, as professors emphasize the difficulties, rather than the advantages, of this critical branch of medicine. No other medical specialty can accurately track diseases in populations at risk, or evaluate the cost and quality of medical care. It can create clinical information systems for practising physicians, assess health risks in large population groups and evaluate unique subgroups at risk of disease. A major lesson from the COVID-19 experience is that enhancing the work of medical epidemiologists is crucial to the future of public health and clinical medicine. How this goal can be achieved is the central theme of this volume.

This book introduces flood inundation area and flood risks assessment based on a comprehensive monitoring system using remote sensing and geographic information system technologies. Taking the 2011 flood disaster of Ayutthaya in Thailand as an example, it presents a flood intrusion zone identification method based on remote sensing technology, spatial information technology and geographic information system for flood disaster monitoring and early warning system. It introduces the study area and data, vegetation index, improved support vector machine and flood intrusion zone identification method. It also analyzes the flood remote sensing parameters and waterborne diseases, method of risk assessment of waterborne disease outbreak, waterborne disease outbreak risk monitoring based on backpropagation neural network and its expert system. It not only promotes a new interdisciplinary approach both in public health and space information technology, but also greatly supports decision makers in disaster reduction.

In diesem Open Access Tagungsband beantworten renommierte Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftler hochaktuelle Fragen zu Pandemien im Allgemeinen und der COVID-19-Pandemie im Besonderen. Vor allem die Auswirkungen auf unsere Gesellschaft stehen im interdisziplinären Fokus. Wie wirken Infektionserreger auf Körper und Psyche? Wie wirken Pandemien auf Städte und Demokratien? Beeinflussen mediale Diskurse und Seuchennarrative die Impfbereitschaft? Kann es eine Güterabwägung zwischen Gesundheitsschutz und Wirtschaftswachstum geben? Verletzen Lockdown und Maskenpflicht die Grundrechte? Auf dem Symposium Infektionen und Gesellschaft der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Hamburg postulierte Professor Ansgar W. Lohse: „Das Coronavirus hat uns nicht gänzlich überrascht: Die Gefahr katastrophaler Pandemien hat immer schon existiert und wächst weiter. Umso wichtiger ist es, dass wir aus der Vergangenheit für die Zukunft lernen.“ Der vorliegende Band bietet nicht nur eine interdisziplinäre Auseinandersetzung mit SARS-CoV-2 und den gesellschaftlichen Folgen, sondern auch einen Ausblick, wie wir in Zukunft mit Pandemien umgehen können – von der Prävention über die Entwicklung von Impfstoffen und Impfstrategien bis zu Therapiemöglichkeiten.

La relación entre las características sociales de la población, la salud y los servicios de atención sanitaria, presenta un campo de estudio muy dinámico en el ámbito actual de la Geografía. La incorporación de la dimensión espacial en el análisis del total de relaciones llevó a la conformación de la Geografía de la Salud. El espacio geográfico surge como nivel focal en el que se combinan ciencia, metodología y tecnología al momento de analizar e intentar comprender la distribución espacial de enfermedades y sus diversos determinantes socioespaciales. La Geografía, como ciencia, pone a disposición de la investigación una importante cantidad de procedimientos de aplicación para la sistematización de los datos obtenidos, su procesamiento, la obtención de resultados y la producción de nuevos conocimientos. Análisis Espacial en Geografía de la Salud se sustenta en los desarrollos teóricos y metodológicos logrados por el abordaje sistémico y cuantitativo aplicados en el campo de la Geografía de la Salud como especialidad que ha adoptado muy claramente el eficiente apoyo de los Sistemas de Información Geográfica. Los resultados presentados en este libro fueron obtenidos a partir de la realización de proyectos de investigación científica en el marco institucional del Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) y la Universidad Nacional de Luján. El análisis espacial fue realizado en aplicaciones a la ciudad de Luján, Argentina, como ámbito de aplicación de la Geografía de la Salud en contextos urbanos.

Now in a fully revised Fourth Edition, Modern Epidemiology remains the gold standard text in this complex and evolving field. This edition continues to provide comprehensive coverage of the principles and methods for the design, analysis, and interpretation of epidemiologic research. Featuring a new format allowing space for margin notes, this edition • Reflects both the conceptual development of this evolving science and the increasing role that epidemiology plays in improving public health and medicine. • Features new coverage of methods such as agent-based modeling, quasi-experimental designs, mediation analysis, and causal modeling. • Updates coverage of methods such as concepts of interaction, bias analysis, and time-varying designs and analysis. • Continues to cover the full breadth of epidemiologic methods and concepts, including epidemiologic measures of occurrence and effect, study designs, validity, precision, statistical interference, field methods, surveillance, ecologic designs, and use of secondary data sources. • Includes data analysis topics such as Bayesian analysis, probabilistic bias analysis, time-to-event analysis, and an extensive overview of modern regression methods including logistic and survival regression, splines, longitudinal and cluster-correlated/hierarchical data analysis, propensity scores and other scoring methods, and marginal structural models. • Summarizes the history, specialized aspects, and future directions of topical areas, including among others social epidemiology, infectious disease epidemiology, genetic and molecular epidemiology, psychiatric epidemiology, injury and violence epidemiology, and pharmacoepidemiology.

Students and researchers in the health sciences are faced with greater opportunity and challenge than ever before. The opportunity stems from the explosion in publicly available data that simultaneously informs and inspires new avenues of investigation. The challenge is that the analytic tools required go far beyond the standard methods and models of basic statistics. This textbook aims to equip health care researchers with the most important elements of a modern health analytics toolkit, drawing from the fields of statistics, health econometrics, and data science. This textbook is designed to overcome students'anxiety about data and statistics and to help them to become confident users of appropriate analytic methods for health care research studies. Methods are presented organically, with new material building naturally on what has come before. Each technique is motivated by a topical research question, explained in non-technical terms, and accompanied by engagingexplanations and examples. In this way, the authors cultivate a deep (“organic”) understanding of a range of analytic techniques, their assumptions and data requirements, and their advantages and limitations. They illustrate all lessons via analyses of real data from a variety of publicly available databases, addressing relevant research questions and comparing findings to those of published studies. Ultimately, this textbook is designed to cultivate health services researchers that are thoughtful and well informed about health data science, rather than data analysts. This textbook differs from the competition in its unique blend of methods and its determination to ensure that readers gain an understanding of how, when, and why to apply them. It provides the public health researcher with a way to think analytically about scientific questions, and it offers well-founded guidance for pairing data with methods for valid analysis. Readers should feel emboldened to tackle analysis of real public datasets using traditional statistical models, health econometrics methods, and even predictive algorithms. Accompanying code and data sets are provided in an author site: https://roman-gulati.github.io/statistics-for-health-data-science/

A physician-anthropologist explores how public health practices—from epidemiological modeling to outbreak containment—help perpetuate global inequities.In Epidemic Illusions, Eugene Richardson, a physician and an anthropologist, contends that public health practices—from epidemiological modeling and outbreak containment to Big Data and causal inference—play an essential role in perpetuating a range of global inequities. Drawing on postcolonial theory, medical anthropology, and critical science studies, Richardson demonstrates the ways in which the flagship discipline of epidemiology has been shaped by the colonial, racist, and patriarchal system that had its inception in 1492.Deploying a range of rhetorical tools, including ironism, “redescriptions” of public health crises, Platonic dialogue, flash fiction, allegory, and koan, Richardson describes how epidemiology uses models of disease causation that serve protected affluence (the possessing classes) by setting epistemic limits to the understanding of why some groups live sicker lives than others—limits that sustain predatory accumulation rather than challenge it. Drawing on his clinical work in a variety of epidemics, including Ebola in West Africa and the Democratic Republic of Congo, leishmania in the Sudan, HIV/TB in southern Africa, diphtheria in Bangladesh, and SARS-CoV-2 in the United States, he concludes that the biggest epidemic we currently face is an epidemic of illusions—one that is propagated by the coloniality of knowledge production.

Einblicke in einer verborgene WeltViren sind Grenzgänger des Lebens. Mikroskopisch klein, als Krankheitserreger gefürchtet, doch in ihrer Vielfalt und in ihrer Bedeutung für die biologischen Netzwerke auf der Erde und für die Evolution des Lebens erst ansatzweise verstanden - und immer wieder für Überraschungen gut. Viren sind Opportunisten, die oft geduldig auf ihre Chance warten - in Ruhestadien oder eingebettet in das Erbgut ihrer Wirte -, und Meister der Anpassung. Ihre Vermehrungsstrategien und Übertragungsmechanismen sind so vielfältig wie ihre Erscheinungsformen. Die meisten Viren sind'nur'Nucleinsäuren in einer Proteinhülle, aber sie kapern Pflanzen-, Tier- und Bakterienzellen, nisten sich dort langfristig ein oder übernehmen unmittelbar die genetische Kontrolle. Dieser Band eröffnet einen faszinierenden Blick auf das ganze Panorama dieser Lebenskünstler, die wir gewöhnlich als Feinde betrachten, die aber auch Helfer sein können. Nach einer Einführung in die Grundlagen der Virologie - was genau sind Viren, woraus bestehen sie, wie sehen ihre Lebenszyklen aus, welche Evolutionspfade haben sie beschritten? - liefern 101 Porträts detaillierte Einblicke in die besonderen Eigenschaften und Fähigkeiten einzelner Virustypen, vom Grippeerreger bis zum Bakteriophagen T4, vom Tabakmosaikvirus bis zu den gefürchteten Ebola-, Zika- und Dengue-Viren.

“Mosquitoes – Identification, Ecology and Control” presents a wealth of information on the bionomics, systematics, ecology, research techniques and control of both nuisance and disease vector mosquitoes. It provides practical guidance and important information in an easily readable style, suitable for anyone involved with, or interested in mosquitoes and their management.In this new edition, 102 European species including the most important invasive species and more than 100 globally important vector and nuisance species are described. Most of them, including all European species, are presented in the fully illustrated identification keys, followed by a detailed description of the morphology, biology, distribution and medical importance of each species, including over 700 detailed drawings.“Mosquitoes – Identification, Ecology and Control” includes:· systematics and biology· medical significance· research techniques· morphological characteristics used for identification of larvae and adults· illustrated identification keys for larval and adult mosquito genera· morphology, ecology, and distribution of the species identified in the keys· biological, genetic, physical and chemical control of mosquitoes “Mosquitoes – Identification, Ecology and Control” is a valuable tool for vector ecologists, medical entomologists, students and all those involved with mosquito systematics, biology, ecology, and control world-wide. Society as a whole benefit from the implementation of carefully designed and sustainable programs for the management of mosquitoes, and the diseases they transmit. The third edition of this successful publication has been comprehensively updated and expanded, to provide the foundation of a more enlightened and informed approach to mosquito management.

Hygiene, together with epidemiology, represent the integral, biomedical fundaments of public health. The threat of epidemics depopulating both rural population and expanding urban centres, compelled medicine to develop these two new disciplines in the 19th century. Hygiene is the science of health preservation. Originally, it dealt with all factors affecting the physical and mental health and well-being of the population; it was rooted in the medical knowledge of disease incidence and disease prevention. The firm link between hygienic theories and practice with that of health status promote the prevention and control over infectious diseases. Initially, epidemiological focus was on communicable diseases, later it expanded to non-communicable ones. This text will support the preparation for a state exam at a pre-graduate level, providing thus a starting point for acquiring the desirable knowledge. Second revised edition

In the second edition of An Introduction to the Geography of Health, Helen Hazen and Peter Anthamatten explore the ways in which geographic ideas and approaches can inform our understanding of health. The book's focus on a broad range of physical and social factors that drive health in places and spaces offers students and scholars an important holistic perspective on the study of health in the modern era.In this edition, the authors have restructured the book to emphasize the theoretical significance of ecological and social approaches to health. Spatial methods are now reinforced throughout the book, and other qualitative and quantitative methods are discussed in greater depth. Data and examples are used extensively to illustrate key points and have been updated throughout, including several new extended case studies such as water contamination in Flint, Michigan; microplastics pollution; West Africa's Ebola crisis; and the Zika epidemic. The book contains more than one hundred figures, including new and updated maps, data graphics, and photos.The book is designed to be used as the core text for a health geography course for undergraduate and lower-level graduate students and is relevant to students of biology, medicine, entomology, social science, urban planning, and public health.

AN ESSENTIAL NEW RESOURCE ON A FUNDAMENTAL DETERMINANT OF HEALTH Sleep, along with the sleep-related behaviors that impact sleep quality, have emerged as significant determinants of health and well-being across populations. An emerging body of research has confirmed that sleep is strongly socially patterned, following trends along lines of socioeconomic status, race, immigration status, age, work, and geography. The Social Epidemiology of Sleep serves as both an introduction to sleep epidemiology and a synthesis of the most important and exciting research to date, including: · An introduction to sleep epidemiology, including methods of assessment and their validity, the descriptive epidemiology of sleep patterns and disorders, associations with health, and basic biology · What we know about the variation of sleep patterns and disorders across populations, including consideration of sleep across the lifespan and within special populations · Major social determinants of sleep (including socioeconomic status, immigration status, neighborhood contexts, and others) based on the accumulated research With editors from both population science and medicine, combined with contributions from psychology, sociology, demography, geography, social epidemiology, and medicine, this text codifies a new field at the intersection of how we sleep and the social and behavioral factors that influence it.

The Reference Manual for Humanitarian Health Professionals: Missioncraft in Disaster Relief is a hands-on resource written for disaster relief practitioners, educators, and researchers working in clinical medicine, public health, or disaster management. “Missioncraft” is the art and science of preparing and conducting successful field operations. This manual provides state-of-the-art technical reference information developed from inter-disciplinary, inter-agency, and international best practices. It also provides tools and templates for health professionals addressing key disaster issues including security stabilization, rapid epidemiological assessment, environmental health, disease surveillance, epidemic preparedness, communicable disease control, standardized case management, referral practices, laboratory diagnostics, and medical logistics. Reference information and associated tools are presented in a concise, comprehensive, and structured format to help humanitarian health professionals plan, undertake, and manage high-impact interventions. Sections are arranged in chronological order of essential activities in disaster relief operations: · Pre-departure preparation · Field briefing · Field assessment · Field recommendations · Field reporting · Field project and staff management · Medical coordination · Re-entry The Reference Manual for Humanitarian Health Professionals is an authoritative resource for disaster health professionals in leadership roles in governmental, non-governmental, Red Cross, or UN agencies; health professionals anticipating future disaster deployment as agency medical coordinator, team leader, or health cluster coordinator; field-based staff responsible for health outcomes of disaster-affected populations; disaster relief specialists involved in strategic planning, project design and development, project management, monitoring and evaluation, and accountability to affected populations; educators and trainees in disaster health best practices; and, humanitarian researchers.

A NEW AND ESSENTIAL RESOURCE FOR THE PRACTICE OF EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PUBLIC HEALTH The CDC Field Epidemiology Manual is a definitive guide to investigating acute public health events on the ground and in real time. Assembled and written by experts from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as well as other leading public health agencies, it offers current and field-tested guidance for every stage of an outbreak investigation -- from identification to intervention and other core considerations along the way. Modeled after Michael Gregg's seminal book Field Epidemiology, this CDC manual ushers investigators through the core elements of field work, including many of the challenges inherent to outbreaks: working with multiple state and federal agencies or multinational organizations; legal considerations; and effective utilization of an incident-management approach. Additional coverage includes: · Updated guidance for new tools in field investigations, including the latest technologies for data collection and incorporating data from geographic information systems (GIS) · Tips for investigations in unique settings, including healthcare and community-congregate sites · Advice for responding to different types of outbreaks, including acute enteric disease; suspected biologic or toxic agents; and outbreaks of violence, suicide, and other forms of injury For the ever-changing public health landscape, The CDC Field Epidemiology Manual offers a new, authoritative resource for effective outbreak response to acute and emerging threats. ••• Oxford University Press will donate a portion of the proceeds from this book to the CDC Foundation, an independent nonprofit and the sole entity created by Congress to mobilize philanthropic and private-sector resources to support the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's critical health protection work. To learn more about the CDC Foundation, visit www.cdcfoundation.org.

This book describes key methods and instruments for assessing diet-related factors, physical activity, social and environmental factors, physical characteristics and health-related outcomes in children and adolescents. These tools were developed and deployed within the framework of the pan-European IDEFICS and I.Family cohort studies. These population-based field studies were funded within the 6th and 7th European Framework Programme, respectively, and were intended to assess the prevalence and aetiology of lifestyle-related diseases in children, focusing on overweight and obesity, and to develop effective strategies for primary prevention. In the course of a decade we undertook a major research endeavour, collecting standardised data from children, families, neighbourhoods, kindergartens, pre-schools and schools in eight European countries, employing a uniform cross-cultural methodology. This resulted in a rich picture of the daily lives and living contexts of children and their families. Studies encompassing childhood and adolescence face the particular challenge of the transitions from pre-school to primary school and from childhood to adolescence; accordingly, the instruments used need to be adapted to different developmental stages while maintaining their comparability across the age range. In young children, questionnaires have to be completed by proxies, usually their parents, while older children, particularly adolescents, can provide a major part of the requested information themselves. This book presents suitable designs, methods and instruments for data collection in studies of children and adolescents. Each chapter explains the development and background of the instruments applied in the surveys and summarises the current state of knowledge. All chapters were written by key experts in their respective research fields. We are grateful for their valuable contributions and their enthusiastic support in producing this book, which also presents survey experiences in which practice does not always follow theory. Participants'responses can on occasion be unexpected and unpredictable, but meeting these challenges can also enrich epidemiological surveys and yield methodological refinements. We sincerely hope that the book and the online material will be of considerable value to other research teams.

This textbook focuses on the nascent field of Immunoepidemiology that addresses how differences in immune responses among individuals affect the epidemiology of infectious diseases, cancer, hypersensitivity, and autoimmunity. The idea for the book originated from a course entitled “Immunology for Epidemiologists“ at the Yale School of Public Health. While many fine textbooks are available that address the immunological responses of individuals to pathogens, these provided very little information regarding how immunological variation among populations affects the epidemiology of disease. And yet, it has long been recognized that there is great immunologic diversity among people, which can have a profound effect on the epidemiology of disease. Careful review of the immunologic and epidemiologic literature revealed that there have been relatively few publications concerning immunoepidemiology and that no textbook is available on the subject. This textbook therefore aims to fill this void by providing a much-needed tool to comprehensively and efficiently teach immunoepidemiology. The book includes a section on the basic principles of immunology, and then applies them to particular examples of disease in human populations. The target audience for this text book are Masters of Public Health students. Others who should also find it of interest include PhD students in epidemiology, immunology, medical students, generalists, and specialists in immunology, infectious diseases, cancer, and rheumatology.

This book provides a reference guide in the field of dermatology, presenting and discussing its interface with public health.Dermatological diseases are extremely common in populations around the globe, and the systematization of knowledge about these dermatoses and their relationships with different epidemiological factors may help us to understand the challenges that governments and private institutions face and must try to overcome in order to improve global health. Undergraduate and graduate students, dermatologists and general practitioners who study and / or work in the area will find scientific support in this book, which is intended as a reference work for dermatological practice and public health.The book has ten sections addressing carefully selected topics, including: 1. concepts in dermatoepidemiology and the international strategies in programs of Public Health; 2-6. the most significant skin diseases (including dermatology in tropical medicine); 7. diseases that are not primarily dermatological, but have a high impact on public health and may have skin and mucosal manifestations; 8. a number of emerging issues in dermatology in public health; 9. clinical approaches (diagnosis and management) to common dermatological symptoms and 10. multidisciplinary approaches in dermatology.The editors have brought together authors with extensive experience in their respective fields in order to provide a reference book for those involved in or with an interest in the relationship between dermatology and public health.

O livro'Epidemiologia sem Mistérios: tudo aquilo que você precisa saber!'tem como foco o ensino da epidemiologia básica e aplicada a alunos de graduação e pós-graduação, profissionais de saúde e docentes de cursos no campo das ciências da saúde. Ensinar epidemiologia, especialmente os primeiros passos, é sempre um desafio, e os organizadores desta obra o enfrentaram inovando. Desta forma, conseguiram construir um material que, mesmo sendo denso em conteúdo, permite aos estudiosos uma interação fácil com a epidemiologia e uma percepção clara de sua inserção na saúde pública. Este livro responde a demanda crescente de textos básicos de epidemiologia, que não só ofereçam uma introdução ao método, mas que também situem a inserção da epidemiologia em temas relevantes e atuais em saúde pública, além de aguçar a curiosidade dos leitores e enriquecer sua formação acadêmica. Em todo o livro, sente-se um esforço bem sucedido de mesclar, de maneira equilibrada, temas conceituais com tópicos de caráter mais aplicado. Dessa forma, facilita-se o aprendizado e incentiva profissionais de saúde e estudantes a se interessarem cada vez mais pela Epidemiologia como ciência. Prof. Dr. Eliseu Alves Waldman: Faculdade de Saúde Pública. Universidade de São Paulo.

Epidemiology is integral to public health. This book introduces the principles, methods and application of epidemiology for improving health and survival. It is designed for self-directed learning by students and all who work in public health and health-related areas, including health economists, health policy analysts, and health services managers. Using this book will help you to practice the application of basic epidemiological methods to measure health outcomes, identify risk factors for a negative outcome, and evaluate health interventions and health services. The book helps to distinguish between strong and poor epidemiological evidence, an ability that is fundamental to promoting evidence-based health care.This 3rd edition has been revised to include:• A new section on the historical development of epidemiology• New infographics and figures to help visualise concepts • Contemporary health issues explored through examples and exercises • More activities for self-testing• A new final integrating chapter with real-life examples, such as the Zika outbreak, linking research to implementationIntroduction to Epidemiology 3rd edition is an essential resource on a fascinating area that is crucial to an understanding of public health.Series Editors: Rosalind Plowman and Nicki Thorogood.

This book discusses globalization and its impact on human health. The population of the world grew from 1 billion in 1800 to 7 billion in 2012, and over the past 50 years the mean temperature has risen faster than ever before. Both factors continue to rise, as well as health inequalities. Our environment is changing rapidly, with tremendous consequences for our health. These changes produce complex and constantly varying interactions between the biosphere, economy, climate and human health, forcing us to approach future global health trends from a new perspective. Preventive actions to improve health, especially in low-income countries, are essential if our future is going to be a sustainable one. After a period of undeniable improvement in the health of the world's population, this improvement is likely to slow down and we will experience– at least locally – crises of the same magnitude as have been observed in financial markets since 2009. There is instability in health systems, which will worsen if preventive and buffering mechanisms do not take on a central role. We cannot exclude the possibility that the allied forces of poverty, social inequalities, climate change, industrial food and lack of governance will lead to a deterioration in the health of large sectors of the population. In low-income countries, while many of the traditional causes of death (infectious diseases) are still highly prevalent, other threats typical of affluent societies (obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases) are increasing. Africa is not only affected by malaria, TB and HIV, but also by skyrocketing rates of cancer. The book argues that the current situation requires effective and coordinated multinational interventions guided by the principle of health as a common good. An entirely competition-driven economy cannot – by its very nature – address global challenges that require full international cooperation. A communal global leadership is called for.Paolo Vineis is Chair of Environmental Epidemiology at Imperial College. His current research activities focus on examining biomarkers of disease risk as well as studying the effects of climate change on non-communicable diseases.“From morality to molecules, environment to equity, climate change to cancer, and politics to pathology, this is a wonderful tour of global health – consistently presented in a clear, readable format. Really, an important contribution.”Professor Sir Michael Marmot Director, Institute of Health Equity University College London Author of “The Health Gap”“This book is a salutary and soundly argued reminder that the ‘common good'is not simply what remains after individuals and groups have appropriated the majority of societal resources: it is in fact the foundation on which any society rests and without which it collapses.” Rodolfo Saracci, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France

This textbook offers a comprehensive analysis of medical decision making under uncertainty by combining Test Information Theory with Expected Utility Theory. The book shows how the parameters of Bayes'theorem can be combined with a value function of health states to arrive at informed test and treatment decisions. The authors distinguish between risk-neutral, risk-averse and prudent decision makers and demonstrate the effects of risk preferences on physicians'decisions. They analyze individual tests, multiple tests and endogenous tests where the test outcome is chosen by the decision maker. Moreover, the topic is examined in the context of health economics by introducing a trade-off between enjoying health and consuming other goods, so that the extent of treatment and thus the potential improvement in the patient's health becomes endogenous. Finally, non-expected utility models of choice under risk and uncertainty (i.e. ambiguity) are presented. While these models can explain observed test and treatment decisions, they are not suitable for normative analyses aimed at providing guidance on medical decision making.

Why are rainfall, carcinogens, and primary care physicians distributed unevenly over space? The fourth edition of the leading text in the field has been updated and reorganized to cover the latest developments in disease ecology and health promotion across the globe. The book accessibly introduces the core questions and perspectives of health and medical geography and presents cutting-edge techniques of mapping and spatial analysis. It explores the intersecting genetic, ecological, behavioral, cultural, and socioeconomic processes that underlie patterns of health and disease in particular places, including how new diseases and epidemics emerge. Geographic dimensions of health care access and service provision are addressed. More than 100 figures include 16 color plates; most are available as PowerPoint slides at the companion website. New to This Edition: •Chapters on the political ecology of health; emerging infectious diseases and landscape genetics; food, diet, and nutrition; and urban health. •Coverage of Middle East respiratory syndrome, Ebola, and Zika; impacts on health of global climate change; contaminated water crises in economically developed countries, including in Flint, Michigan; China's rapid industrial growth; and other timely topics. •Updated throughout with current data and concepts plus advances in GIS. Pedagogical Features: •End-of-chapter review questions and suggestions for further reading. •Section Introductions that describe each chapter. •'Quick Reviews'--within-chapter recaps of key concepts. •Bold-faced key terms and an end-of-book glossary.

Epidemiology is a population science that underpins health improvement and health care, by exploring and establishing the pattern, frequency, trends, and causes of a disease. Concepts of Epidemiology comprehensively describes the application of core epidemiological concepts and principles to readers interested in population health research, policy making, health service planning, health promotion, and clinical care. The book provides an overview of study designs and practical framework for the epidemiological analyses of diseases, including accounting for error and bias within studies. It discusses the ways in which epidemiological data are presented, explains the distinction between association and causation, as well as relative and absolute risks, and considers the theoretical and ethical basis of epidemiology both in the past and the future. This new edition places even greater emphasis on interactive learning. Each chapter includes learning objectives, theoretical and numerical exercises, questions and answers, a summary of the key points, and exemplar panels to illustrate the concepts and methods under consideration. Written in an accessible and engaging style, with a specialized glossary to explain and define technical terminology, Concepts of Epidemiology is ideal for postgraduate students in epidemiology, public health, and health policy. It is also perfect for clinicians, undergraduate students and researchers in medicine, nursing and other health disciplines who wish to improve their understanding of fundamental epidemiological concepts.

Since the 2014 Ebola outbreak many public- and private-sector leaders have seen a need for improved management of global public health emergencies. The effects of the Ebola epidemic go well beyond the three hardest-hit countries and beyond the health sector. Education, child protection, commerce, transportation, and human rights have all suffered. The consequences and lethality of Ebola have increased interest in coordinated global response to infectious threats, many of which could disrupt global health and commerce far more than the recent outbreak. In order to explore the potential for improving international management and response to outbreaks the National Academy of Medicine agreed to manage an international, independent, evidence-based, authoritative, multistakeholder expert commission. As part of this effort, the Institute of Medicine convened four workshops in summer of 2015. This commission report considers the evidence supplied by these workshops and offers conclusions and actionable recommendations to guide policy makers, international funders, civil society organizations, and the private sector.

Since the 2014 Ebola outbreak many public- and private-sector leaders have seen a need for improved management of global public health emergencies. The effects of the Ebola epidemic go well beyond the three hardest-hit countries and beyond the health sector. Education, child protection, commerce, transportation, and human rights have all suffered. The consequences and lethality of Ebola have increased interest in coordinated global response to infectious threats, many of which could disrupt global health and commerce far more than the recent outbreak. In order to explore the potential for improving international management and response to outbreaks the National Academy of Medicine agreed to manage an international, independent, evidence-based, authoritative, multistakeholder expert commission. As part of this effort, the Institute of Medicine convened four workshops in summer of 2015 to inform the commission report. The presentations and discussions from the Workshop on Research and Development of Medical Products are summarized in this report.

Since it first appeared in 1996, the open-source programming language R has become increasingly popular as an environment for statistical analysis and graphical output. In addition to being freely available, R offers several advantages for biostatistics, including strong graphics capabilities, the ability to write customized functions, and its extensibility. This is the first textbook to present classical biostatistical analysis for epidemiology and related public health sciences to students using the R language. Based on the assumption that readers have minimal familiarity with statistical concepts, the author uses a step-bystep approach to building skills. The text encompasses biostatistics from basic descriptive and quantitative statistics to survival analysis and missing data analysis in epidemiology. Illustrative examples, including real-life research problems and exercises drawn from such areas as nutrition, environmental health, and behavioral health, engage students and reinforce the understanding of R. These examples illustrate the replication of R for biostatistical calculations and graphical display of results. The text covers both essential and advanced techniques and applications in biostatistics that are relevant to epidemiology. This text is supplemented with teaching resources, including an online guide for students in solving exercises and an instructor's manual. KEY FEATURES: First overview biostatistics textbook for epidemiology and public health that uses the open-source R program Covers essential and advanced techniques and applications in biostatistics as relevant to epidemiology Features abundant examples and exercises to illustrate the application of R language for biostatistical calculations and graphical displays of results Includes online student solutions guide and instructor's manual

This volume compiles five papers modeling the effects of neoliberal economics on the emergence of Ebola and its aftermath. Neoliberalism is currently the world's primary economic philosophy. It centers international relations around globalizing laissez-faire economics for multinational companies, promoting free trade, deregulating economic markets, and shifting state expenditures in favor of private property. The multidisciplinary teams represented here place both Ebola Makona, the Zaire Ebola virus variant that has infected 28,000 in West Africa, and Ebola Reston, which is currently emerging in industrial hog farms in the Philippines and China, within a multi-plank modeling framework. Using a stochastic extinction model that one group spatializes, environmental stochasticity across the ecologies in which Ebola evolves is treated as an ecosystemic prophylaxis. An agroecological logic gate is developed for epidemic control. A Black-Scholes model explicitly links economic margins across agricultural systems to success in biocontrol. This new control theory is further developed around the data-rate and rate-distortion theorems, a turbulence model, and cognitive symmetry breaking. Lastly, a model of pandemic penetrance is used to explore the domino effects of serious outbreaks amplifying through the cascades of disasters that can follow deadly pandemics. All the models presented are contextualized by socioeonomic geographies specific to outbreak locales.Together the models suggest shifts in regional agroeconomics under the neoliberal doctrine, driving deforestation and monoculture production, destroying the ecosystemic “friction” with which local forests typically disrupt Ebola transmission. The resulting collapse in such an ecological function accelerates pathogen spillover and propagation across the remaining host populations. The failure on the part of current control efforts to assimilate such a structural context may render even an efficacious vaccine dysfunctional. The authors propose an alternate science of disease and an adjunct program of interventions useful to researchers and public health officials alike.

This open access book examines health trajectories and health transitions at different stages of the life course, including childhood, adulthood and later life. It provides findings that assess the role of biological and social transitions on health status over time.The essays examine a wide range of health issues, including the consequences of military service on body mass index, childhood obesity and cardiovascular health, socio-economic inequalities in preventive health care use, depression and anxiety during the child rearing period, health trajectories and transitions in people with cystic fibrosis and oral health over the life course. The book addresses theoretical, empirical and methodological issues as well as examines different national contexts, which help to identify factors of vulnerability and potential resources that support resilience available for specific groups and/or populations. Health reflects the ability of individuals to adapt to their social environment. This book analyzes health as a dynamic experience. It examines how different aspects of individual health unfold over time as a result of aging but also in relation to changing socioeconomic conditions. It also offers readers potential insights into public policies that affect the health status of a population.

This book has three main goals. The first is to celebrate the work of a great public health figure, the late A.J. (Tony) McMichael (1942–2014). The second is to position contemporary public health issues in an interdisciplinary context and in ways that highlight the interdependency between the environment, human institutions and behaviours; a broad approach championed by Tony. The third is to encourage emerging and future public health leaders to advocate for policies and cultural change to sustain and improve human health, from a foundation of objective scholarship.The book's foreword and 38 chapters were written by people who were inspired by Tony; many of whom worked with him at some point in the last 40 years. Its structure reflects five major public health domains, each of which Tony made major contributions to in an extremely productive academic life: occupational health and safety; environmental and social epidemiology; nutrition and food systems; climate change and health; and ecosystem change and infectious disease. The final section,'Transformation', is dedicated to Tony's desire for public health scientists to propose adaptive and mitigating solutions to the problems they were observing.Each section contains at least one key publication involving Tony. There is also a selection of artworks from an exhibition which formed part of the conference held to honour Tony at The Australian National University in 2012. This conference formed the first part of Tony's festschrift, completed by this book.

The Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health is the ultimate resource on the subject of public health and epidemiology. The sixth edition has been thoroughly revised and updated, offering a global and comprehensive perspective on wide ranging public health needs and priorities in modern health care. The sixth edition retains its approach of dividing the complex, dynamic subject of public health into three topics.'The Scope of Public Health'discusses the development of the discipline, determinants of health and disease, public health policies, and law and ethics. Next, the textbook focuses on'The Methods of Public Health', including the main science behind the discipline - epidemiology. Finally,'The Practice of Public Health', examines specific public health problems and the options for prevention and control. As well as identifying these issues by system or disease, there is also an awareness of the unique needs of particular population groups. New topics in this edition include: Climate change, genetic testing and epidemiology; new methods for measuring the burden of disease; life course approaches to epidemiology, behavioural economics; and physical activity, health and wellbeing. Two new editors, Quarraisha Abdool Karim (South Africa) and Chorh Chuan Tan (Singapore), join the established editor team of Roger Detels (USA), and Martin Gulliford (UK), representing a truly global outlook. The contributors are experts who have been drawn from around the world, offering perspectives from vastly different health systems with ranging public health needs and priorities. The Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health remains the most comprehensive, accessible text in the field, and is an essential reference for students and practitioners in public health and epidemiology.

Since the publication of the first edition, Biostatistics and Epidemiology has attracted loyal readers from across specialty areas in the biomedical community. Not only does this textbook teach foundations of epidemiological design and statistical methods, but it also includes topics applicable to new areas of research. Areas covered in the fourth edition include a new chapter on risk prediction, risk reclassification and evaluation of biomarkers, new material on propensity analyses, and a vastly expanded chapter on genetic epidemiology, which is particularly relevant to those who wish to understand the epidemiological and statistical aspects of scientific articles in this rapidly advancing field. Biostatistics and Epidemiology was written to be accessible for readers without backgrounds in mathematics. It provides clear explanations of underlying principles, as well as practical guidelines of'how to do it'and'how to interpret it.'Key features include a philosophical and logical explanation at the beginning of the book, subsections that can stand alone or serve as reference, cross-referencing, recommended reading, and appendices covering sample calculations for various statistics in the text.

Avian influenza (AI) is caused by Influenza A viruses, and are single stranded, segmented RNA viruses of the family Orthomyxoviridae. Influenza A viruses continue to pose a major threat to the poultry industry and to the public. Wild aquatic birds are considered the primary hosts of influenza A, in which the virus is enzootic. In these birds, influenza viruses usually replicate in the intestinal tract, cause no disease, and spread by fecal contamination of the water habitat. This book discusses the epidemiology, global patters, and clinical management of Avian Influenza. It also examines the symptoms, treatment and clinical outcomes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), which is a highly contagious respiratory disease caused by a SARS coronavirus.

The book presents the latest advances in research into health effects of air pollution, with heavy motor vehicle traffic or cigarette smoke as the exemplar of pollution. The airways are the first-line defense system against pollution. The book focuses on respiratory ailments underlain by inflammation, increased susceptibility to infection, particularly acquired during harsh environmental conditions and exposures to particulate matter or pathogens. The importance of astute analysis of lung function for early diagnosis of disorders is underscored. A knowledge deficit concerning the aerosolized drug delivery through the airways also is addressed. Recent developments and viewpoints in the field of environmental health hazards as well as methodological advances in their assessment are provided. The book will be of interest to pulmonologists, healthcare providers, researchers and clinicians engaged in environment-related respiratory diseases, but also to policy makers concerned with clean ambient air quality.