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Modern oculofacial plastic surgery as a field is quite young, with the majority of the literature and leaders in the field developing since the 1950s. As such, the body of literature is quite small compared to other fields. Currently, there is no unified source where readers can learn about the core manuscripts that drive clinical decision-making and influence thought. This book gathers over 50 foundational studies in the oculoplastics field and provides commentary on each study. Discussion of each study includes the abstract, in-depth commentary on the strengths, limitations, and implications of each paper, and guidance for further reading on the topic with a brief review. A short remark by an author from the paper will provide additional color commentary on the inspirations and challenges involved in conceiving and conducting the study. Foundational Papers in Oculoplastics is relevant for anyone who is interested in oculoplastics (ophthalmologists, oncologists, plastic surgeons, etc.) and provides a nice overview of the field with interesting personal anecdotes from those who helped establish it.

Each year the improvements in communication and transportation, the growing awarness that the resources of this earth are finite, the realization that the population explosion in any part of the world is a concern of all, and the increased economic interdependence of all countries, have increased importance of internationalism as opposed to nationalism. One of the first segments of our society to ignore political and geographic boundaries was that of medicine, particularly in the field of communicable diseases. Valient efforts have been made by some individuals at great personal sacrifice and by individual societies or organizations to prevent and cure blindness and to rehabilitate those who have lost their sight. Only recently, however, have such efforts been consolidated into a major international force. In 1969 the 22nd World Health Assembly of WHO adapted a resolution requesting the Director-General to undertake a study on the information which is at pre­ sent available on the extent and/or causes of preventable and curable blind­ ness. In 1972 a working group was convened by the World Health Organiza­ tion in Geneva to outline an attack on the prevention of blindness. At the Paris meeting of the International Congress of Ophthalmology in July of 1974, Mr. JOHN WILSON, who for many years had been one of the leaders in the prevention and cure of blindness on an international basis through his organization of the Royal Commonwealth Society for the Blind, was elected President of the International Association for Prevention of Blindness.

Over the weekend of 21-23 February 1997, a small group gathered in Tallahassee, Florida, at the invitation of Ted Williams, to discuss'photo stasis and related topics.'The majority of participants were former students and colleagues of Ted's, but an occasional outsider such as myself was generously included. The papers presented there are collected in this volume. The theory of photo stasis was first outlined in a landmark paper by John Penn and Ted, published in 1986 in Experimental Eye Research. They provided compelling data showing that, in the albino rat eye, levels of rhodopsin, outer-segment length, rhodopsin regeneration rate, and even, perhaps, rhodopsin packing density all depend on the levels of cyclic illumination (12 hours light, 12 hours dark) in which the animal was reared. So, for example, there is fourfold less rhodopsin in a retinal extract derived from an animal reared at 400 lux than in an extract from the retina of an animal reared at 3 lux. Animals reared at intermediate levels of light show intermediate amounts of rhodopsin that are correlated with illumination level. What these data immediately suggested is that the photoreceptor cell can adjust its photon-catching ability in response to the levels of light in which an animal is reared, and they also provided a compelling rationale for outer-segment turnover, a phenomenon discovered 20 years earlier by Richard Young but whose function has remained obscure.

This volume contains the papers presented at the International Symposium on Fluorescein Angiography held in Ghent, from 28 march to 1 april 1976, under the presidency of Prof. J. Fran90is. The book has been divided in several chapters corresponding to the sessions of the meeting. The same order has been followed as for the pre­ sentation of the papers. The discussions, however, immediately follow the papers concerned. During the meeting complications of fluorescein angio­ graphy have been discussed; this part will be presented as a separate chapter at the end of the volume. I wish to express my gratitude to all who contributed to this volume and to all the participants of ISF A-Ghent. I acknowledge also the cooperation of the publishers Dr. W. Junk, B.V. J.J. De Laey, M.D. XI EDITORIAL We must be respectfully grateful to Her Majesty the Queen, who very kindly extended her high patronage to the International Symposium on Fluorescein Angiography.

ERIK L. GREVE The 3rd International Visual Field Symposium was held on the 4th till the 6th of May 1978 in Tokyo for the members and guests of the International Perimetric Society. The Proceedings of this symposium follow the general lines of the pro­ gramme with some minor alterations. This symposium was a so-called topic-symposium where selected topics were introduced by experts in the field. These topics were: Neuro-ophtha[mo[ogy. 1. Funduscopic correlates of visual field defects. 2. Visual field defects due to tumors of the sellar region. Glaucoma. 1. The earliest visual field defects in glaucoma. 2. The reversibility of glaucomatous visual field defects. Methodology. 1. Automation. 2. The relation between the position of a lesion in the fundus and in the visual field. Apart from the introductory papers, free papers were given on the topics non-topic free papers. and also some Much attention has been given to the discussion. Most of the discussion remarks in this Proceedings are the original taped remarks of the discussion­ speakers. We have choosen this form of presentation to take to the reader the athmosphere of the discussion and to preserve originality. The chairman of the sessions have presented a summary or even better an interpretation of the trends in their topics. This introduction gives a short overview of the main themes of the symposium.

Considering the high incidence of myopia - and its inherent morbidit- it may wonder that the item is dealt with only sporadically in recent literature, and almost never at international conferences. However, there was a First International Conference on Myopia in New York 1964, and the Second was held in Yokohama 1978, affiliated to the XXIII World Congress of Ophthalmology. Here it was attempted to set out­ lines for future myopia research, and, as a practical implicaton, the arrange­ ment of the Third International Conference on Myopia was entrusted to Danish ophthalmolOgists. This conference took place in Copenhagen, August 24-27, 1980. To make the scope the widest possible, the conference was, as was the pre­ decessing in Japan, open not only to ophthalmologists, but'to all being active in the various aspects of myopia research'. The conference report gives a picture of the Copenhagen meeting. Furthermore, a platform or current status of myopia research has hereby been established. The editors have made it their main task to arrange the papers, and to bring them in a form suited for print, while criticism by editorial referees has been considered inappropriate. The papers give an impression of the ambiguity still prevailing in the field, and although't,rends'are obvious, a fmal consensus of Conference was not arrived at. To document this state of affairs, however, is considered a useful task.

The 4th International Visual Field Symposium of the International Perimetric Society, was held on the 13-16 April 1980 in Bristol, England,at the occasion of the 6th Congress of the European Society of Ophthalmology. The main themes of the symposium were comparison of classical perimetry with visual evoked response, comparison of classical perimetry with special psychophysi­ cal methods, and optic nerve pathology. Understandably many papers dealt with computer assisted perimetry. This rapidly developing subgroup of peri­ metry may radically change the future of our method of examination. New instruments were introduced, new and exciting software was proposed and the results of comparative investigations reported. There have been many confusing statements in the literature on the relative value of perimetry and the registration of visual evoked responses. Several reports attempted to bring some clarity in this issue. There is reason for further comparative research. A number of papers dealt with special psychophysical methods, i.e. methods not using the simply monocular differential threshold. The old critical fusion frequency received new attention. Fundusperimetry was used for testing spatial summation. Acuity perimetry, binocular perimetry etc. showed that there exist many possibilities for examining visual function. At present it is not clear to us what exactly the place of these methods is in our diagnostic armament. However it is quite clear that some of them are promising and may lead to a further differentiation of perimetric methods.

An International Symposium on Low Vision was sponsored by the Centre for Sight Enhancement of the School of Optometry, University of Waterloo in June 1986, bringing low vision researchers and clinicians together from a number of countries. The unique feature of the conference is the multi-disciplinary approach towards low vision care. A total of 44 papers were presented in the three day period by speakers of note from the fields of optometry, ophthalmology, psychophysics, special education, nursing and vision rehabilitation. The papers deal with issues in diagnostic science, low vision assessment and rehabilitation. The proceedings volume is ideal for clinicians and vision scientists to update their understanding of low vision research and clinical practice.

The 5th International Visual Field Symposium of the International Peri­ metric Society was held on October 20-23, 1982, in Sacramento, California, before the joint meeting of the International Congress of Ophthalmology and the American Academy of Ophthalmology. A majority of the members of the International Perimetric Society took part in the meeting together with many guests. The topics of the symposium were: glaucoma: correlation between the visual field and the optic disc; the visual field in low-tension glaucoma; neuro-ophthalmology and ergo-perimetry. Apart from this there were many papers on automated perimetry and general topics. The papers concerning the correlation of optic disc and visual field dealt with several aspects: peripapillary atrophy, defects in the retinal nerve fiber layer, fluorescein angiography and the characteristics of the glaucomatous excavation itself. New and interesting findings were presented showing that the careful, detailed observation of the disc and peripapillary area is re­ warding. The visual fields in low-tension glaucoma were studied extensively by four groups. Various approaches to the problem have led to some differences in results, which were extensively discussed. In the general glaucoma session the visual fatigue phenomenon was dis­ cussed extensively; apparently conflicting results were demonstrated re­ garding the stability of contrast threshold measurements during one and the same test session in glaucoma. The relationship between the visual field and the performance at the working place was considered in the session on ergo-perimetry.

The Seventh International Visual Field Symposium organized by the Interna­ tional Perimetric Society was held in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, September 6-10,1986. In many respects it was an exciting and fruitful meeting. The number of participants was greater than ever. The number of papers was too great to accommodate all of them. The quality of the papers reflects the continuously rising interest in perimetry in general and in automated perimetry in particular. Last but not least the social programme was organized in the, by now, almost classical friendly, enjoyable and humouristic style of the International Perimetric Society. This created an atmosphere of openness and free exchange of informa­ tion whICh was clearly also felt in the scientific sessions. The scientific part was divided in seven sessions with 44 spoken papers and a separate postersession during which the 46 posters were discussed. The major themes of the meeting were'The influence of media-disturbances on the visual field'and'Advances in perimetry in glaucoma with special emphasis on pro­ gression'. The session on'media'provided interesting information on how the visual field was effected by preretinal filters. The authors either studied the influence of lens­ or corneal opacities or simulated opacities by special filters placed in front of the eye. In two papers the effect of cataract was qualified by photography or stray­ light measurements.

Basic and Clinical Applications of Vision Sciences contains the edited papers presented at the Enoch Vision Science Symposium, April 27-30 1996, which was organized in honor of the pioneer in vision science, Dr Jay M Enoch. Dr Enoch served for twelve years as Dean, School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley. The book is organized along the lines of Dr. Enoch's contributions to vision science, but is not limited to these topics. Of special note, the reader will find papers on important new developments in photoreceptor, ophthalmic and visual optics, retinal imaging, ophthalmic physiology and pathophysiology, visual psychophysics and visual techniques. The papers are grouped into the following sections: photoreceptor optics; ophthalmic and visual optics; binocular vision, developmental vision, eye movements and physiology; ophthalmic dysfunction; visual psychophysics and clinical applications; history of vision science. £/LIST£

Since its inception, the International Research Group on Colour Vision Deficiencies (IRGCVD) has followed the policy that the Symposium Pro­ ceedings should be as close as possible to a complete record of the scientific content of the meeting. This policy has the advantage of providing an accurate picture of the current state of the art in research on color vision deficiencies, but it also has the disadvantage that papers typically span a wide range of quality. In this volume, however, we have instituted a system of peer review in an effort to enhance scientific quality as much as possible while continuing our past policy of publishing all submitted manuscripts. In addition to being edited for English composition and grammar, each of the papers included here has been carefully reviewed by an IRGCVD member selected for his or her expertise in the specific topic of the paper. Reviewers were instructed to include in their comments suggestions for improvement rather than recom­ or rejection. In our opinion, this review process mendations for publication has resulted in substantial improvement of many of the articles and has enhanced the value of the publication. We are pleased to acknowledge the efforts of our reviewers and offer them our sincere thanks for their important contributions to Colour Vision Deficiencies X. The Editors B. Drum, J. D. Moreland & A. Serra (eds.), Colour Vision Deficiencies X, p. xiii.

The Seventh Symposium on Ocular and Visual Development was held in October, 1982. The aim of the meeting was to develop a broad perspective on visual acuity. The subject was discussed initially in terms of molecular events of photoreception, and the metabolism of the photoreceptor ele­ ments. Subsequent papers presented the development and complexity of the neurocircuitry and transmitter systems in the retina that process the visual information prior to transfer to the brain. The meeting concluded with a series of papers on behavioral and physiological methods of mea­ surement of visual acuity in humans, particularly young children. This volume arose from the papers presented at the meeting. We feel that the juxtaposition of research of broadly differing methodologies will be stim­ ulating, rather than daunting, and will generate an enhanced understand­ ing of this complex subject. We are indebted to our colleagues: Dr. M. Mote from Temple University, and Drs. J. Siegfried, P. Dayhaw-Barker, and L. Press from the Pennsylvania College of Optometry for their expertise and assistance in the organization of the meeting; to the speakers for their presentations and contributions to this volume; and to the reviewers of the manuscripts for their helpful comments. This symposium could not have been held without the generous support of the Temple University College of Arts and Sciences and the Pennsyl­ vania College of Optometry. We also thank Merck, Sharp and Dohme, Inc. for their donation.

Compiled by authors who have all passed the Duke Elder examination, this book presents 180 multiple choice questions and answers with clear and in depth explanations. The first section provides a structured practice paper sectioned out by topic to assist revision, and the second section consists of a full unstructured mock exam. Questions have been written specifically with the Duke Elder exam in mind, making this book an invaluable revision aid to help achieve success in the examination.

The surgical correction of astigmatism is the last frontier to optimizing visual outcomes for patients. Practical Astigmatism: Planning and Analysis is a comprehensive guide to correcting astigmatism from pre-operative planning to post-operative analysis. This provides readers with unique insight to what actually happened surgically: did the astigmatism over or under correct? Was it on-axis or off-axis? With this book, ophthalmologists will be able to analyze previous procedures with the appropriate nomograms and more often achieve targeted outcomes. Dr. Noel Alpins has developed the Alpins Method of astigmatism to provide accurate planning and analysis of astigmatism procedures. His method focuses on analyzing refractive and corneal astigmatism parameters and using the results in future surgery to improve visual outcomes. The importance of the ocular residual astigmatism (ORA) is detailed when planning astigmatism surgery.Practical Astigmatism features vector planning for refractive laser surgery as well as planning and analysis applied to cataract and limbal relaxing incisions,, in addition to demonstrating graphical analysis of astigmatism using high quality vector and fan diagrams, as used in scientific journals. In addition, hemidivisional analysis of the irregular cornea, corneal coupling in incisional and excimer laser surgery for mixed astigmatism and toric IOL planning with total corneal power using corneal topographic astigmatism (CorT total) are addressed as well.Some Questions Answered Inside: What is the difference between regular and irregular astigmatism? How do I diagnose each, and how does this affect my surgical technique? Can I incorporate corneal astigmatism when performing excimer laser surgery? Why are my LRIs undercorrecting the astigmatism? Is it safe to perform excimer laser on keratoconous patients? Which corneal astigmatism measure do I choose and what do I do following a refractive surprise? Practical Astigmatism: Planning and Analysis will help ophthalmologists, optometrists, and technicians alike address each patient's unique circumstances and act as your in-depth guide to correcting astigmatism.Testimonials… “For more than three decades I have been listening to, arguing with, and admiring the work of Dr. Noel Alpins in the field of astigmatism. Despite his remote location on the small island of Australia, his knowledge of astigmatism is at the peak of Mt. Everest. There are few others who have devoted their careers to understanding and managing astigmatism for which the world of ophthalmology is truly grateful.” - Robert H. Osher, MD “Noel is an original thinker who took on and conquered the complexities of astigmatism analysis, publishing the seminal papers on the way. His work has formed the cornerstone from which our current understanding and management of astigmatism has been built. He is someone from whom we have all learnt a great deal and this book is a testament to this.” - Dan Z Reinstein, MD MA(Cantab) FRCSC DABO FRCOphth FEBO

The surgical correction of astigmatism is the last frontier to optimizing visual outcomes for patients. Practical Astigmatism: Planning and Analysis is a comprehensive guide to correcting astigmatism from pre-operative planning to post-operative analysis. This provides readers with unique insight to what actually happened surgically: did the astigmatism over or under correct? Was it on-axis or off-axis? With this book, ophthalmologists will be able to analyze previous procedures with the appropriate nomograms and more often achieve targeted outcomes. Dr. Noel Alpins has developed the Alpins Method of astigmatism to provide accurate planning and analysis of astigmatism procedures. His method focuses on analyzing refractive and corneal astigmatism parameters and using the results in future surgery to improve visual outcomes. The importance of the ocular residual astigmatism (ORA) is detailed when planning astigmatism surgery.Practical Astigmatism features vector planning for refractive laser surgery as well as planning and analysis applied to cataract and limbal relaxing incisions,, in addition to demonstrating graphical analysis of astigmatism using high quality vector and fan diagrams, as used in scientific journals. In addition, hemidivisional analysis of the irregular cornea, corneal coupling in incisional and excimer laser surgery for mixed astigmatism and toric IOL planning with total corneal power using corneal topographic astigmatism (CorT total) are addressed as well.Some Questions Answered Inside: What is the difference between regular and irregular astigmatism? How do I diagnose each, and how does this affect my surgical technique? Can I incorporate corneal astigmatism when performing excimer laser surgery? Why are my LRIs undercorrecting the astigmatism? Is it safe to perform excimer laser on keratoconous patients? Which corneal astigmatism measure do I choose and what do I do following a refractive surprise? Practical Astigmatism: Planning and Analysis will help ophthalmologists, optometrists, and technicians alike address each patient's unique circumstances and act as your in-depth guide to correcting astigmatism.Testimonials… “For more than three decades I have been listening to, arguing with, and admiring the work of Dr. Noel Alpins in the field of astigmatism. Despite his remote location on the small island of Australia, his knowledge of astigmatism is at the peak of Mt. Everest. There are few others who have devoted their careers to understanding and managing astigmatism for which the world of ophthalmology is truly grateful.” - Robert H. Osher, MD “Noel is an original thinker who took on and conquered the complexities of astigmatism analysis, publishing the seminal papers on the way. His work has formed the cornerstone from which our current understanding and management of astigmatism has been built. He is someone from whom we have all learnt a great deal and this book is a testament to this.” - Dan Z Reinstein, MD MA(Cantab) FRCSC DABO FRCOphth FEBO

The Year Book of Ophthalmology brings you abstracts of articles carefully selected from a variety of journals worldwide. Expert commentaries evaluate the clinical importance of each article and discuss its application to your practice. The summary is accompanied by brief discussion of the relevance (or irrelevance) of the paper to practicing ophthalmologists. There's no faster or easier way to stay informed.

As the number of patients with macular diseases continues to increase, new diagnostic and therapeutic tools are simultaneously being introduced. This book presents new clinical approaches in the diagnosis and treatment of macular diseases. Internationally recognized surgeons present their latest results regarding their experiences in the macular area. Macular hole surgery is discussed in detail, as well as different therapeutic approaches for age related macular degeneration. A description on the latest advances in laser scanning ophthalmoscopy and in multi-focal ERG is also included. Other papers examine complications in the removal of the posterior vitreous cortex, the use of intraocular implants for drug delivery, and a review of current experimental therapies for AMD. This book will appeal to retinologists, ophthalmologists, and in particular retinal surgeons, with an interest in future developments in this field.

From Christopher J. Rapuano, M.D.:'... The summary is accompanied by brief discussion of the relevance (or irrelevance) of the paper to practicing ophthalmologists. It is what you need to know!'There's no faster or easier way to stay informed! The Year Book of Ophthalmology brings you abstracts of articles carefully selected from more than 500 journals worldwide. Expert commentaries evaluate the clinical importance of each article and discuss its application to your practice.

This unique one-volume handbook provides a quick and concise reference guide for practising ophthalmologists, retinal specialists, vitreo-retinal fellows, ophthalmology residents and optometrists on the latest recommendations for managing common vitreo-retinal disorders seen in everyday retina practise. It provides comprehensive and essential information on diagnosis and management in outline and table format for conciseness and quick access. Color illustrations of important clinical manifestations are provided in an appendix.Dr Susanna Park is a Professor of ophthalmology and Director of Vitreo-retinal Fellowship and Ocular Oncology at the University of California Davis Eye Center. She has over 20 years clinical experience as a vitreo-retinal specialist and published over 100 journal papers and book chapters on the subject.

From Christopher J. Rapuano, M.D.:'... The summary is accompanied by brief discussion of the relevance (or irrelevance) of the paper to practicing ophthalmologists. It is what you need to know!'There's no faster or easier way to stay informed! The Year Book of Ophthalmology brings you abstracts of articles carefully selected from more than 500 journals worldwide. Expert commentaries evaluate the clinical importance of each article and discuss its application to your practice.

As there recently has been increased interest in the applications of optical techniques in biomedical research and clinical diagnostics, it seemed to be appropriate to organize a comprehensive international conference on optics in medicine and biology. Such a broad international meeting had not been held before. An international conference on Optics in Biomedical Sciences was organized and took place in Graz, Austria, September 7th through 11th, 1981, sponsored by the International Commission for Optics (ICO) in co­ operation with the European Optical Committee, the Austrian Association on Biomedical Engineering, and the German Society for Applied Optics. It seemed timely to establish a forum for communication among specialists on an international level. This book, presenting the papers given at this conference, demonstrates the state of the art of this increasingly expanding field of applications of optics. Furthermore, the interested reader will find an extended list of references in the various contributions. This book helps to overcome the difficulty, inherent in all interdisciplinary research fields, of gathering widely scattered literature. The contributions to this book are focussed on the following topics: Biomedical applications of - unconventional imaging in microscopy, - image processing, - interferometry and holography, - speckle-techniques and spectroscopy, - optometry, and - Moire methods. In addition, the brilliant and humorous closing remarks of Nils Abramson from the Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, have been included.

The eleventh Symposium of the International Research Group on Colour Vision Deficiencies (IRGCVD) was held 20-23 June 1991 in Sydney, Aus­ tralia, ably hosted by local organizer Stephen Dain. A total of 35 talks and 10 posters were presented. Papers based on 37 of these presentations are included here, in Colour Vision Deficiencies XI. The scientific program featured sessions on three special topics, with each topic highlighted by an invited speaker. The opening session on the Genetics of congenital colour vision deficiencies began with a superb invited lecture by Charles Weitz about his pioneering work on the molecular genetics of tritanopia. The session on the second special topic, Spatial aspects of colour vision, began with the launching of a new IRGCVD tradition, as 1991 Verriest Memorial Award recipient Harry Sperling presented the first Ver­ riest Memorial Lecture on his recent studies of spatial discrimination of heterochromatic stimuli. Dr. Sperling reported new evidence that certain asymmetries in red-green opponent colour vision can be explained by the spatial organization of colour-opponent retinal neurons. In the third special session, on Occupational aspects of colour vision, Barry Cole took the audi­ ence on a fascinating tour of the historical development of colour vision standards in his invited lecture entitled'Does defective colour vision really matter?'. In addition to the three special topics, many interesting presentations were given in topical sessions on Variations in normal colour vision, Acquired colour vision deficiencies and Colour vision tests and testing methods.

The study of ocular fine structure under physiologic and experimental conditions is a relatively young branch of ophthalmic research, requiring a high degree of specialization. The few scientists, who are involved in this kind of research are widely scattered through­ out Europe. Therefore, the exchange of scientific information, which is necessary for crit­ ical evaluation and continuing stimulation of individual work, is often impeded. In an at­ tempt to overcome this problem, a group of likeminded research workers got together in Essen in spring 1972 and founded ECOFS, the European Club for Ophthalmic Fine Struc­ ture. Since its inauguration the Club has attracted the interest of more and more scientists engaged in the electron microscopic investigation of the eye. Once each year the members of the association and invited guests take part in a very active scientific meeting. During these workshops the participants have ample oppurtunity to report in detail on the recent results obtained in their investigations and to test the validity of their conclusions in lively discussions with other specialists. This publication contains a great number of the papers presented at the fifth annual meeting of ECOFS in Zurich, Switzerland, on March 25 and 26, 1977. This inventory of current research in ophthalmic electron microscopy may serve to inform both scien­ tifically orientated ophthalmologists and other investigators working in related fields of research.

On behalf of the editorial board and the organizing committee of the 4th congress of the International Society of Ocular Toxicology (I SOT), held in AnnecyNeyrier du Lac, France, October 9 -13, 1994, we are pleased to present to the ocular toxicology community this indexed volume of our congress proceedings. The 4th congress was designed primarily to facilitate and update the knowledge in ocular electrophysiology and ocular pharmacokinetics, in both the clinical and preclinical aspects. The outcome of this 4th congress, established in this volume, is a useful contribution to the meth­ odology in both fields and will hopefully assist in the evaluation and interpretation of ocular findings recorded in animal studies on drugs and other chemicals, in order to protect human health. Undoubtedly, work on the mechanisms of ocular toxicology in the process of pharmaceutical development must continue and these proceedings, embodying the presented papers, will add to the data base. The editors, the congress organizing committee and the members of the International Society of Ocular Toxicology thank the speakers who gave their time, knowledge, and expertise to assist us in this project. The following manuscripts contain the main substance of each of the platform presentations and, in some cases, much more. Moreover, our thanks go to all the participants coming from a range of background- regulatory, academic and industrial -for their attention and excellent contributions during the discussion.

This book comprises the proceedings of the first meeting of the Internatio­ nal Society for Corneal Research, held in Kyoto on May 12 and 13, 1978, on the occasion of the International Congress of Ophthalmology. The Society was founded by Dr. Stuart I. Brown (USA), who has to be congratulated very sincerely for this idea. The cornea, window of the eye, becomes, indeed, more and more important and its diseases more and more frequent. Consequently, cornea research is of the greatest necessity not only to cure but also to prevent the various disorders of the membrane. The scientific program of the meeting, established by Dr. Brown, was outstanding. The limiting membranes, the epithelium as well as the endo­ thelium, the stroma, the corneal transplantation, as well as the graft rejec­ tion, the inflammations as well as the immunological aspects, were discussed by experts in the field. The meeting, which was conducted by Professor Motokazu Itoi, honorary Chairman, and successfully organized by his Japanese colleagues, Professor Nakajima, Professor Mishima and their staff, was as interesting as fruitful and left in our mind the best memory. I am convinced that the ophthalmologists will take a great interest in reading the various papers, which bring the latest advances in corneal patho­ logy. Prof. Jules Franyois President of the International Council of Ophthalmology.

A comprehensive understanding of diseases of the peripheral retina is essential to the general ophthalmologist as well as to the vitreoretinal surgeon. Expertise in in­ direct ophthalmoscopy, scleral depression, and contact lens biomicroscopy serves as a basis for observing the peripheral retina. These observations are then re­ corded on fundus drawing paper and the Tolentino vitreo-retinal chart. This or­ derly sequence of skills allows the ophthalmic surgeon to objectively diagnose and evaluate specific peripheral retinal disorders and plan for their therapeutic management. The Clinical Atlas of Peripheral Retinal Disorders is a compilation of fundus paint­ ings by David A. Tilden based on our observations of a large number of patients over the past 15 years. The atlas is organized along functional and anatomical lines. After a brief introduction to the clinical anatomy of the peripheral retina, the appearance of the fundus as a function of skin color and aging is presented. Many of the diseases of the peripheral retina can be divided into trophic (nutritional), tractional, and a combination of trophic plus tractional etiologies. This classifica­ tion system, although somewhat simplistic, appears adequate for our present level of understanding of the pathogenetic mechanisms of these disorders. Un­ doubtedly, once the molecular biology of these conditions is elucidated through future research, the classification will be revised. In addition, there are other con­ ditions that affect the peripheral retina that do not fit the proposed classification system and are covered under separate headings, i. e.

The nature, control, and disorders of eye movements are topics which draw together scientists from many diverse fields. On October 29-30, 1976, a Symposium on Eye Movements was held at The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio. The Symposium constituted the Southern Sectional Meeting of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology. The Program Coordinators, Drs. Frank Bajandas and Barbara Brooks invited an outstanding group of participants to give presentations on a variety of aspects of this subject. This volume contains all of the invited presentations delivered at that meeting. It does not include the excellent free papers, nor the enthusiastic and fruitful discussions that the participants and the audience enjoyed as well. The editorial work for this book was performed by Dr. Brooks and Dr. Bajandas with great care and efficiency. They have made special efforts together with the Publisher, Plenum Press, to bring this information to you in the shortest possible time, so as to retain the currency of its contents. This effort would not have been even considered without the tireless and always dependable assistance of Mrs. Catherine Arocha and Mrs. Louise Whelan. We are also indebted to the ~exas State Commission for the Blind for its help in defraying the expenses ever attendant at significant symposia. George W. Weinstein, M.D.

From Christopher J. Rapuano, M.D.:'... The summary is accompanied by brief discussion of the relevance (or irrelevance) of the paper to practicing ophthalmologists. It is what you need to know!'There's no faster or easier way to stay informed! The Year Book of Ophthalmology brings you abstracts of articles carefully selected from more than 500 journals worldwide. Expert commentaries evaluate the clinical importance of each article and discuss its application to your practice.

This book derives from a symposium conducted in San Francisco CA, entitled'Environmental Design for Optimum Vision in the Elderly'that was sponsored by the American Aging Association, October 11-12, 1985. Presentations from this symposium comprise the core content of this volume. However, manuscripts have also been accepted from additional authors whose topics and research findings increase the scope and goals of this volume. Previously unpublished data is found in several of the chapters. In addition new data and references have been incorporated at the end of chapters in order to provide a current update of the subject. The broad aims of the papers in this volume were to examine the effects of various environmental factors, long-term occupational hazards, and toxins on basic visual functions in relation to physiological, biochemical, morphological, and pathological alterations in the eye and visual pathways, and centers of the brain. As part of the more specific aims of this volume, the editors have provided the following framework for the specific topics included in this volume: I) Epidemiology, Clinical and Psychophysical Research, II) Ophthalmological, Biochemical, Physiological and Anatomical studies, and III) Environmental Hazards.

Investigators and clinicians researching and applying electrophysiologic phenomena of the eye, met for the XXth Symposium of the International Society for Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision in Iowa City, Iowa, under the auspices of the University of Iowa and supported by the Department of Ophthalmology, headed by Professor Frederick C. Blodi. Two main topics were discussed: I) Electro-oculography and other slow potentials: the phenomenon, origin, analysis, and clinical diagnosis, and 2) Microprocessor applications for computer-assisted recording and analysis of electro visual phenomena. Unusual and challenging diagnostic problems were presented during one evening session. The interest and lively audience participation indicated a need for such an unrehearsed debate. Drs. H.W. Skalka, H. Nakano, H.S. Thompson, A.J. Packer, J.A. Parker, H.E. Kolder, V.M. Hermsen, M.L. Wolf, and Mr. A.1. Mallinson presented case reports and are herewith recognized for their contribution. No documentation is contained in the Proceedings. Several papers were read outside the main topics. Some material appears only as abstract. The highlight of the scientific program proved to be an improvised session on basic mechanisms of slow potentials from the eye. Dr. R.H. Steinberg and his collaborators, together with Dr. G. Niemeyer initiated this part of the program. It was enthusiastically received, provided an informal atmosphere, stimulated a lively discussion and exchanged pro­ found information. A novel feature of this volume is the addition of a cumulative index covering the Proceedings from the last ten ISCERG-ISCEV Symposia. Dr.

This book is based on the papers presented at the Workshop on'Rehabilitation of the Visually Impaired'held in Flo­ rence at the Institute for the Research on Electromagnetic Waves of the Italian Research Council on April 4-6, 1984. The Workshop, sponsored by the Committee for Medical and Public Health Research of the Commission of the European Communities, was meant to exchange ideas about the need, importance and feasibility of a European cooperation in the field of visual impairment and to identify promising research areas, where current national activities could take advantage of such a collaboration in order to increase their efficiency. In particular, it dealt with the develop­ ment and use of technical aids (mainly based on computers and signal processing techniques) and with the elaboration, evaluation and standardization of new methods and tests. The attendance was multidisciplinary, including researchers from the fields of technology, medicine and psychology and representatives from organizations involved in the rehabi­ litation of the visually impaired. Five technical sessions were organized, dealing with the following topics: automatic production of Braille and systems for paperless Braille, aids for reading and for the interaction with coded informa­ tion sources, low vision aids, transduction of visual infor­ mation into a tactile representation, mobility aids. Three different application sectors were mainly considered: education and culture, vocational training, mobility. A final session was devoted to a discussion in working groups. The results are briefly outlined in the following concise report of the Workshop.

Over the past few years there have been considerable advances in our understanding of the normal development of vision and in our ability to detect and meaSl1re visual impairment in early childhood. It was appropriate, therefore, that a workshop, sponsored by the European Communities, should be held on the'Detection and Measurement of Visual Impairment in Pre-verbal Children.'This workshop, which was held at the Institute of Ophthalmology, London, between 1 and 3 April 1985, brought together visual physiologists and ophthalmologists who exchanged and discussed ideas of mutual interest. After an introductory session when the normal development of vision and the causes of visual impairment were reviewed, there were sessions devoted to the theoretical aspects of electrophysiological and psychophysical tests, the measurement of visual acuity in pre-verbal children, the measurement of other visual functions, and visual screening of pre-verbal children. This volume contains the papers presented at the workshop, and transcripts of the various discl1ssions that took place. It was a measure of the success of the workshop that participants from several different disciplines were able to have fruitful discussions and to suggest areas of common interest where collaborative ventures could usefully be pursued. It is hoped that this venture will be followed by others where a mul ti­ disciplinary approach will improve both our knowledge of visual handicap in childhood and our management of this important group of sensorily impaired children.

The 13th biennial Symposium of the International Research Group on Colour Vision Deficiencies was held from 27 July to 30 July, 1995, in the splendidjin de siecle Theatre Saint Louis, in Pau, France. A total of 80 papers and posters were presented during the four days, of which 56 have been selected for inclusion in this volume. Each has been reviewed by two of the Editors. Additionally, in numerous cases in which specialized knowledge was called for the Editors asked for external help; their assistance is acknowledged below. While Pau now exists largely on agriculture and, more recently, oil extraction and refining, a century ago it was a winter resort that rivalled Cannes and Nice; indeed, Baedeker judged the air of Pau to be preferable for those of a nervous disposition. Pau and the surrounding Beam district are rich in history and have close ties to the Basque region, both of which were exploited brilliantly by the local organizers, Doctors Jean and Veronique Lied, to introduce the partici­ pants to the gastronomy and traditions of the region. The Committee of the IRGCVD owe a great debt of gratitude to the external reviewers, Oscar Estevez, Karl Gegenfurtner, Gunilla Haegerstrom-Portnoy, RL. Hilz, John Krauskopf, Anne Kurtenbach, Barry B. Lee, Adam Reeves, Marilyn Schneck, L.T. Sharpe, Eugene Switkes, Wayne Verdon, and B.A.

This Volume of the Documenta Ophthalmoligica Proceeding Series presents the scientific papers read during the 13th Congress of SIDUO, the International Society for Ultrasonic Diagnosis in Ophthalmology, held in Vienna in the Summer of 1990. It was the second time that SIDUO had selected Vienna as a site for its biennial congresses in the 28 years of its existence. Previously, the 3rd SIDUO Meeting had taken place as part of the 1st World Congress for Ultrasonic Diagnosis in Medicine organized by Karl C. Ossoinig in 1969. Ossoinig, the pioneer of Standardized Echography opened the scientific sessions of SIDUO 13 with the First Jules Fran~ois Memorial Lecture on the Optic Nerve reviewing the modern examination techniques for precise measurements of the orbital optic nerve and its various sheaths and for an accurate diagnosis and differential diagnosis of diseases affecting the optic nerve, highlighting the new field of prophylactic recognition of early optic nerve compression (e. g., in Graves'orbitopathy) and the important confirmation of CON in the presence of other conditions affecting the optic nerve functions. The first scientific session then dealt with a variety of interesting conditions of the optic nerve and of the extraocular muscles ranging from inflammatory diseases such as optic neuritis and orbital myositis to congenital anomalies, from glaucomatous changes to IIH, and from normal anatomical (dynamic) findings to malignant tumors such as lymphomas and leucemic meningeosis.

This volume of Documenta Ophthalmologica Proceedings Series collects the scientific papers presented at the 2nd International Symposium on Retinal Pigment Epithelium and the 4th Meeting of the European Macula Group held in Genoa, May 29-June 1, 1996. The Symposium on Retinal Pigment Epithelium was promoted by the University Eye Clinic of Genoa as the natural continuation of the first Symposium held with great success in Genoa in 1988. The previous Meetings of the European Macula Group were held in Coimbra (1988), Crete (1989) and Athens (1994). I was greatly pleased and honoured to host the fourth congress of this distinguished Society and I am grateful to Gabriel Coscas, Jose Cunha-Vaz and George Theodossiadis, found­ ers of the Society, for selecting Genoa on this occasion. The two meetings integrated well in an unicuum and brought together an exceptional number of outstanding retinal specialists coming from all over the world. All the aspects of the current research concerning retinal pigment epithelial and macular diseases were covered. Several interesting presentations regarded new techniques of retinal and choroidal imaging. A full session was dedicated to the latest advances in culture and transplantation of retinal pigment epithelial cells. Age-related macular degeneration was a major subject for discussion, including new approaches to treatment. This topic was high­ lighted by a mini-symposium on drusen, including a series of superb lectures on classification, clinicopathological studies, indocyanine green imaging, and laser treatment for prevention of choroidal neovascularization.

This series of multiple choice questions is based on the textbook Common Eye Diseases And Their Management (1985), also from Springer-Verlag. The questions have been grouped to fit in with the chapter headings in the latter. Many of the questions are supported by expanded answers but further information should be sought in the textbook. The format of the questions has been arranged so that the number of true or false answers varies and we have taken pains to eliminate the ambiguities which tend to creep into multiple choice question papers. In compiling these questions, we have attempted to incorporate a number of key facts and it will be seen that these have occasionally been repeated for emphasis. A surprisingly large amount of information is contained in questions and answers, and simply reading through both can be a useful learning experience in itself. The questions have been aimed at the medical student level but it is hoped that they may be of some value to general practitioners outside ophthalmology and perhaps also to postgraduates. The computerised Kuder-Richardson reliability index, which measures the consistency of a student's perform­ ance, has shown these questions to be reliable in assessing a students'knowledge. A sample of these questions has been tested in another medical school and we understand that students'marks there equate well with the results from essay questions.

An essential reference book for visual science.Visual science is the model system for neuroscience, its findings relevant to all other areas. This massive collection of papers by leading researchers in the field will become an essential reference for researchers and students in visual neuroscience, and will be of importance to researchers and professionals in other disciplines, including molecular and cellular biology, cognitive science, ophthalmology, psychology, computer science, optometry, and education.Over 100 chapters cover the entire field of visual neuroscience, from its historical foundations to the latest research and findings in molecular mechanisms and network modeling. The book is organized by topic—different sections cover such subjects as the history of vision science; developmental processes; retinal mechanisms and processes; organization of visual pathways; subcortical processing; processing in the primary visual cortex; detection and sampling; brightness and color; form, shape, and object recognition; motion, depth, and spatial relationships; eye movements; attention and cognition; and theoretical and computational perspectives. The list of contributors includes leading international researchers in visual science.

Perimetry Update 2002/03 contains a selection of paper presented at the 15th Visual Field Symposium of the International Perimetric Society (IPS) meeting held in Stratford upon Avon, England, from 26-30th June 2002. The meeting, titled'Perimetry and Imaging in Shakespeare's Country', was hosted by Professor John Wild of Cardiff University.

To create a forum for scientists and clinicians interested in degenerative retinal diseases, we began in 1984 to organize a biennial symposium on Retinal Degeneration as a satellite meeting of the International Congress of Eye Research. The timing and varying location of these meetings provides an important assembly for investigators from throughout the world to convene for presentation of their new findings on the causes and potential therapies for degenerative retinal disorders. The VIII International Symposium on Retinal Degeneration was held from July 28-25, 1998, at the Hotel Vier Jahreszeiten in Schluchsee, a small town in the Black Forest of southwestern Germany. Most of the participants in this meeting contributed to this volume, and we are appreciative of the efforts of each author in making this publication possible. The research presented at the meeting, and described in this proceedings volume, reflects a strong emphasis on the molecular genetic approach to understa- ing these disorders. Several of the papers provide important new insights into the mechanism of photoreceptor degeneration and cell death. A number of the studies are targeted at retarding or reversing the degeneration process. Included for the first time are presentations from all the principal laboratories involved in the field of visual prostheses-implant (chip) technology-in which investigations are targeted at restoring vision in eyes that have lost photoreceptor cells. A variety of diagnostic, clinical, histopathological, and physiological assessments of retinal degeneration in patients are also included.

This book examines the impact of climate change on eye disease and eye health.Filling a lacuna in the existing literature, Scott Fraser takes a deep dive into the eye diseases that are most affected by the climate crisis and explores the subsequent burden on organisations, charities and healthcare systems. Fraser begins by including short primer chapters on the basics of climate science and climate change, highlighting which environmental mechanisms directly and indirectly affect our health and why. He then looks in detail at the direct and indirect threats to eye health from climate change and examines factors including changing insect vectors, trauma from extreme weather events such as wildfires, floods and droughts, as well as the impact of crop failure, malnutrition, animal and plant migration. Highlighting the Global North vs South divide, the book goes on to consider issues around eye care, exploring the increased burden that climate-induced chronic eye diseases including cataracts, macular degeneration and nutritional eye diseases are placing on health care systems. These chapters also reflect on the ways in which eye care, ophthalmology, optometry, pharmaceutical and medical device companies all contribute to the climate footprint themselves.Unique and timely, this book will be a great resource for students and clinicians of ophthalmology, optometry and allied eye care professions, as well as climate scientists, researchers, policy makers, charities, NGOs working in related fields of environment and health.

This is an updated and comprehensive treatise on optical, medical, and surgical management of keratoconus with an exclusive panoramic view of all existing modalities for confronting this serious disabling morbidity affecting people in their youth. Early diagnosis and proper treatment can salvage vision and help patients to get back to their routines and enhance their quality of life. The contents include optical and glass prescription and contact lens fitting; CXL alone; and combined surgeries, phakic IOLs, and corneal transplantation. The illustrated and organized 360-degrees approach makes this a must-have manual for ophthalmology trainees, fellows, and professionals.Key Features: Focuses on optical management for keratoconus, with the latest updates on surgical management Covers a very interesting and relevant topic for ophthalmologists and cornea specialists, using a practical case-based format Uses evidence-based algorithms from updated published data and insights from experienced authors

Covering the wide range of corneal diseases and disorders encountered and treated in an office setting, In-Office Corneal Procedures is a focused, practical guide designed for corneal fellows and specialists, comprehensive ophthalmologists, and optometrists. Twenty-three detailed, real-world cases, including both diagnostic and treatment guidance, are clearly presented and enhanced by high-quality illustrations and procedural videos. - Contains 23 detailed case studies covering a full range of office-based procedures for managing corneal and ocular surface disorders, appropriate for both the comprehensive ophthalmologist as well as the cornea specialist. - Includes general procedures such as removal of corneal foreign bodies based on type and location, indications and approaches to superficial keratectomy, and procedural approaches to dry eye and meibomian gland dysfunction. - Offers procedural guidelines on how to manage corneal refractive complications such as how to remove epithelial ingrowth from a LASIK flap, how to correct flap striae, and how to perform refractive corneal incisions. - Covers complex and urgent cases such as impending corneal perforations, management of acute ocular surface burns, and how to best culture active corneal infections. - Provides superb visual guidance with numerous clinical and surgical photos, OCT/OCTA and other diagnostic imaging, and 18 companion videos demonstrating procedures in real time. - Any additional digital ancillary content may publish up to 6 weeks following the publication date.

A consistent amount of patients with stroke and other brain injuries complain for the damage of their visual field. This defect, called hemianopia, is a dramatic event: half of the world seems to disappear all of a sudden. And the Moon is always crescent or waning. Never full. Within the current clinical setting, to date there is nothing ophthalmologists can do to return patients the wonderful sight of a full Moon. The Dogma is: “In the brain what is lost is lost”. And the Dogma cannot be broken. Yet, since the past century research has been challenging the Dogma. Investigations reveal that the repetitive stimulation of the blind region of the visual field may restore, albeit partially, the neuronal function, and may improve the scanning ability. This treatise is a translational journey that sets out from the pioneering studies on the effects of brain lesions in wounded soldiers, passes through the mechanisms of spontaneous compensation of hemianopia, continues with the laboratory results, and comes to describing the rehabilitative techniques devised in the last decades.This fascinating journey, with its shadows, stops and go, reverses, confirmations and denials, has not yet come to an end. But it is firmly determined to re-illuminate the dark side of the Moon in these unfortunate patients. And you, dear Reader, are going to be the traveler.

Dieses Buch bietet eine aktuelle Quelle zu einem der Hauptakteure bei Netzhauterkrankungen - dem Retinalen Pigmentepithel (RPE). Im gesamten Buch werden die physiologische und die pathologische Funktion des RPE gleichberechtigt behandelt, um dem Leser zu helfen, das RPE als Ganzes zu verstehen. Darüber hinaus werden die Entwicklung des RPE in Diagnostik und Therapie sowie einige praktische Erkenntnisse über experimentelle RPE-Modelle behandelt. Retinal Pigment Epithelium in Health and Disease hebt neue Erkenntnisse der RPE-Forschung hervor und enthält den aktuellen Wissensstand zu jedem vorgestellten RPE-Thema. Dieses wichtige Merkmal hebt dieses Buch von anderen Publikationen ab, da die Kapitel nach einem Schema aufgebaut sind, das vom Allgemeinen zum Speziellen führt, um eine präzise Sammlung der bekannten Fakten zu bieten. Die Kapitel sind von namhaften Experten verfasst, die derzeit als Berater, Grundlagenwissenschaftler und Gruppenleiter auf dem Gebiet tätig sind undso eine fachkundige Anleitung zu den aktuellen Aspekten und Zukunftsaussichten dieses Themas bieten.

This book is the definitive guide to cutting-edge research in genetic retinal diseases. This compilation brings together the collective wisdom of leading experts in the field, offering a comprehensive and up-to-date resource that is as enlightening as it is invaluable.The book focuses on next-generation sequencing, a revolutionary technology that has transformed our understanding of retinal diseases, and it delves deep into the intricacies of this rapidly evol.

Written for the true beginner, the updated and revised second edition of A Systematic Approach to Strabismus examines the basic types of strabismus, ocular motility, ocular examination of pediatric patients, and extraocular muscle anatomy and functions.Unique features inside the Second Edition: Uses practical and easy-to-follow “how to” instructions to offer fundamental education on the four parts of an eye exam: history, vision, sensory testing, and motor testing Includes necessary information to successfully complete pediatric and strabismus eye exams Highlights the order of testing in an effort to gather the most important information prior to a pediatric meltdown and to avoid'exam pollution'Having worked in both private practice and university settings, Virginia Karlsson brings over 30 years of experience with pediatric ophthalmology and adult strabismus to the pages of A Systematic Approach to Strabismus, Second Edition. Ophthalmic technologists, technicians, assistants, residents, and students will welcome this unique book into their education and career.