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This book examines the impact of climate change on eye disease and eye health.Filling a lacuna in the existing literature, Scott Fraser takes a deep dive into the eye diseases that are most affected by the climate crisis and explores the subsequent burden on organisations, charities and healthcare systems. Fraser begins by including short primer chapters on the basics of climate science and climate change, highlighting which environmental mechanisms directly and indirectly affect our health and why. He then looks in detail at the direct and indirect threats to eye health from climate change and examines factors including changing insect vectors, trauma from extreme weather events such as wildfires, floods and droughts, as well as the impact of crop failure, malnutrition, animal and plant migration. Highlighting the Global North vs South divide, the book goes on to consider issues around eye care, exploring the increased burden that climate-induced chronic eye diseases including cataracts, macular degeneration and nutritional eye diseases are placing on health care systems. These chapters also reflect on the ways in which eye care, ophthalmology, optometry, pharmaceutical and medical device companies all contribute to the climate footprint themselves.Unique and timely, this book will be a great resource for students and clinicians of ophthalmology, optometry and allied eye care professions, as well as climate scientists, researchers, policy makers, charities, NGOs working in related fields of environment and health.

This is an updated and comprehensive treatise on optical, medical, and surgical management of keratoconus with an exclusive panoramic view of all existing modalities for confronting this serious disabling morbidity affecting people in their youth. Early diagnosis and proper treatment can salvage vision and help patients to get back to their routines and enhance their quality of life. The contents include optical and glass prescription and contact lens fitting; CXL alone; and combined surgeries, phakic IOLs, and corneal transplantation. The illustrated and organized 360-degrees approach makes this a must-have manual for ophthalmology trainees, fellows, and professionals.Key Features: Focuses on optical management for keratoconus, with the latest updates on surgical management Covers a very interesting and relevant topic for ophthalmologists and cornea specialists, using a practical case-based format Uses evidence-based algorithms from updated published data and insights from experienced authors

Written and designed to enhance your understanding of ocular function, structure, and anatomy, Adler's Physiology of the Eye is a classic, best-selling text that makes critical information easier to learn and retain. The fully revised 12th Edition continues the successful Adler's approach that connects basic science and clinical aspects in a user-friendly, highly visual format—ideal for study, review, and exam preparation. It captures the latest molecular, genetic, and biochemical discoveries and offers you unparalleled knowledge and insight into the physiology of the eye and its structures. - Covers the full structure and function of the eye and its related anatomy and makes the connection between physiology and clinical practice. - Includes major updates throughout, including new information on OCT/OCTA imaging, new drug delivery methods, ocular biomechanics, and evolving gene therapies. - Organizes content by function, rather than anatomy, to help you make a stronger connection between physiological principles and clinical practice. - Explains the physiological principles that underlie visual acuity, intraocular pressure, ocular circulation, the extraocular muscles, and much more. - Features approximately 1,000 illustrations throughout, including medical artwork; schematics, charts, and graphs; clinical photographs; and more. - Any additional digital ancillary content may publish up to 6 weeks following the publication date.

Section 8 discusses the structure and function of the cornea and external eye and reviews relevant examination techniques. Includes the latest statistics on indications for corneal transplants from the Eye Bank Association of America. Covers infectious and ocular surface diseases; disorders and surgery of the ocular surface; immune-mediated and neoplastic disorders; and congenital anomalies and degenerations. A chapter on the genetics of corneal dystrophies reflects the IC3D classification. Toxic and traumatic injuries and corneal transplantation are also reviewed. Also covers the latest diagnostic imaging technologies, endothelial replacement surgery updates and best practices for sebaceous cell carcinoma early recognition and treatment.

The book covers antimicrobial resistance in ocular diseases, including the microbiology of the ocular surface, the history and origin of antimicrobials, methods to detect antimicrobial resistance and antimicrobial resistance genes, and the impact of antimicrobial resistance on a variety of ocular diseases. The inclusion of chapters covers bacterial keratitis, fungal keratitis, viral keratitis, acanthamoeba keratitis, endophthalmitis, dry eye disease, post fever retinitis, and uveitis including management and prevention of antimicrobial resistance.Key Features: Focusses on various ocular diseases and their association with antimicrobial resistance; Includes data relevant to drug industry to develop drugs for specific ophthalmic use; Illustrates ocular surface microbiome under various diseased condition;s Highlights the microbes associated with the conjunctiva and cornea of the human eye; Enumerates the changes in the abundance and diversity of the antimicrobial resistant (AMR) microorganisms in the diseased eye. This book is aimed at professionals and researchers in ophthalmology, microbiologists, infectious disease specialists, and public health.

Ocular surface diseases in children have not always been well understood and the literature in this age group is limited. The consequences of misdiagnosis and delayed diagnosis include visually significant scarring and amblyopia, thus with real impact on their quality of life and ultimate visual potential. Recently, there has been an increase in clinical and research focus on these diseases, contributing to a growing awareness of their importance to pediatric visual health. This book is the first comprehensive volume dedicated to pediatric ocular surface diseases. It provides an up-to-date and highly illustrated discussion of the pathophysiology, symptomatology and diagnostic and therapeutic strategies of these less commonly understood diseases, in a format that is readily absorbed by trainees and seasoned physicians alike. The aim of this book is to provide a practical and detailed understanding of ocular surface disease in the pediatric population,as many of these corneal conditions in children require unique therapeutic approaches and may have subtle presentations. Chapters will address key issues, such as dry eye disease, Steven Johnson Syndrome and neurotrophic keratitis, that can have a profound impact on children's visual and social development. Pediatric Ocular Surface Disease is a must-have resource for pediatric ophthalmology fellows, cornea fellows, pediatric ophthalmologists, and cornea specialists.

Discusses the structure and function of the cornea and external eye and reviews relevant examination techniques. Includes the latest statistics on indications for corneal transplants from the Eye Bank Association of America. Covers infectious and ocular surface diseases; disorders and surgery of the ocular surface; immune-mediated and neoplastic disorders; and congenital anomalies and degenerations. A chapter on the genetics of corneal dystrophies reflects the IC3D classification. Toxic and traumatic injuries and corneal transplantation are also reviewed. Also covers the latest diagnostic imaging technologies, endothelial replacement surgery updates and best practices for sebaceous cell carcinoma early recognition and treatment.

Keeping up to date with advances in comprehensive ophthalmology and in the ophthalmic sub-specialties is extremely difficult because of the accelerating rapidity with which new information and technology become available and the diminishing time and opportunity for practitioners and trainees to read and learn. The first edition of Albert and Jakobiec's Principles and Practice (1994) was conceived with the idea of utilizing an electronic, updated version in which the chapters were revised by the chapter authors on an annual or semi-annual basis, but the technology was not sufficiently advanced to achieve this goal. Subsequent editions (2000 and 2008) were organized by Saunders and the last published by Elsevier (of which Springer has obtained the complete rights to move forward with the 4th edition). For nearly three decades, this text has provided its readers with authoritative and comprehensive coverage of clinical ophthalmology, written and edited by a group of authors who represented a “Who's Who” in ophthalmology. By using Springer's Meteor platform, with its ability to allow authors and editors access to updating their chapters online annually/semi-annually, and with the recruitment of select chapter authors, this work's usefulness as the standard text in ophthalmology will be maintained and expanded upon by Springer. The 4th edition of this comprehensive and authoritative text is written by hundreds of the most distinguished authorities from around the world and edited by four leaders in the field, providing today's best answers to every question that arises in ophthalmology practice. Richly illustrated with thousands of high quality, full color, clinically-relevant images, Albert and Jakobiec's Principles and Practice of Ophthalmology, 4th Edition covers every scientific and clinical principle in ophthalmology, ensuring that the reader will always be able to find the guidance needed to diagnose and manage patients'ocular problems and meet today's standards of care. Written for practicing ophthalmologists and trainees, this book delivers in-depth guidance on new diagnostic approaches, operative techniques, and treatment options, as well as coherent explanations of new scientific concept and its clinical importance. The 4th edition will prove to be the source every practicing clinician needs to efficiently and confidently overcome any clinical challenge they may face. Updates include new chapters on anterior and posterior segment diseases, as well as chapters more focused on treatment, plus thousands of new, high-quality, color images and illustrations, updated references, and information on the most cutting-edge technology used by clinicians in their practices today. Additionally, readers will enjoy the same, user-friendly, full-color design they remember from the previous edition, complete with many at-a-glance summary tables, algorithms, boxes, and diagrams that allow the reader to locate the assistance needed more rapidly than ever.

Offering practical clinical guidance for early diagnosis and effective management, Keratoconus: Diagnosis and Management is a concise, easy-to-read guide to help mitigate loss of vision in patients in a way that does not interfere with quality of life. From early diagnosis and intervention through the most up-to-date treatment and surgical approaches, this consolidated reference covers the essential information needed by cornea fellows and specialists, general ophthalmologists, residents, and optometrists. Provides expert, step-by-step guidance and real-world perspectives from global contributors in the field. Covers the latest advances in cornea transplantation, corneal collagen cross-linking (CXL) in adult and pediatric patients, intrastromal corneal rings, intraocular lenses, corneal regeneration, and laser surgery. Includes quick-reference boxes throughout highlighting essential clinical facts, pitfalls, potential complications, and clinical guidelines. Presents real-world case studies of actual patient scenarios from early to advanced disease states. Features high-quality imaging for keratoconus at various stages, including OCT, Brillouin scanning microscopy, Scheimpflug and combined Placido and Scheimpflug, combined Placido and AS-OCT, clinical and surgical photos, and more.

Discusses the structure and function of the cornea and external eye and reviews relevant examination techniques. Includes the latest statistics on indications for corneal transplants from the Eye Bank Association of America. Covers infectious and ocular surface diseases; disorders and surgery of the ocular surface; immune-mediated and neoplastic disorders; and congenital anomalies and degenerations. A chapter on the genetics of corneal dystrophies reflects the IC3D classification. Toxic and traumatic injuries and corneal transplantation are also reviewed. Also covers the latest diagnostic imaging technologies, endothelial replacement surgery updates and best practices for sebaceous cell carcinoma early recognition and treatment.

Curbside Consultation in Cornea and External Disease, Second Edition contains new questions and brief, practical, evidence-based answers to the most frequently asked questions that are posed during a “curbside consultation” between clinicians. Dr. David R. Hardten and associate editors Drs. Mark S. Hansen and Celine Satija have designed this unique reference in which cornea and external disease specialists offer expert advice, preferences, and opinions on tough clinical questions commonly encountered by corneal specialists, ophthalmologists, or residents. The unique Q&A format provides quick access to current information with the simplicity of a conversation between two colleagues. Numerous images, diagrams, and references are included to enhance the text and illustrate clinical diagnoses and treatment plans. Some of the questions that are answered inside the Second Edition include: I have a patient with Fuchs'Endothelial Dystrophy. Is there anything new to improve her vision? What should I do with a young patient with mild keratoconus? How can I help a 47-year-old female who uses artificial tears 6 times daily and continues to complain of dry eyes? A patient presents with corneal ulcer. What work-up and treatment would you recommend? How do I manage a patient that rubbed their eye just after LASIK? What could go wrong? What can I offer a patient that sustained eye trauma and loss of iris tissue? I have a patient with poor vision after DMEK. What went wrong and how do I get better vision for them? Curbside Consultation in Cornea and External Disease: 49 Clinical Questions, Second Edition provides information basic enough for residents while also incorporating expert pearls that even high-volume ophthalmologists will appreciate. Cornea specialists, general ophthalmologists, and residents alike will enjoy the user-friendly and casual format and the expert advice contained within.

This book offers every clinical ophthalmologist complete guidance as it compiles the results of the latest multicenter clinical trials in the practice of ophthalmology with relevant references. The trials have been organized into chapters, covering all ophthalmic sub-specialties. Each pertinent trial is described under similar subject headings/styles and has been formatted accordingly for easy reading and recall. A summary at the end of each chapter has been provided for easy reference. All the major and latest clinical trials have been recorded.

Sjögren's syndrome is a chronic autoimmune disease which can cause debilitating fatigue and pain. Diagnosis is often challenging due to the variability of symptoms and severity, and a multidisciplinary approach to management and treatment is required, yet there are few comprehensive resources covering everything clinicians need to know. The Oxford Textbook of Sjögren's Syndrome bridges this gap by offering extensive coverage of system by system manifestations and treatments, as well as practical, evidence-based advice on diagnosing and managing this condition. Bringing together recent advances in research and therapies, this up-to-date guide covers everything clinicians need to know from the fundamental science and clinical characteristics of this condition, to the immunological and biochemical aspects, investigative procedures such as biopsy techniques and imaging modalities, and pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions.

This book is a comprehensive overview of blepharitis that covers the various types of this common and challenging entity.Concise and unique, chapters are clinically focused, providing an equal emphasis on the medical as well as surgical management of this condition. The book concludes with a look atfuture directions in the field as they pertain to diagnosis and management.Blepharitis is an invaluable reference written specifically for comprehensive ophthalmologists, cornea and external disease specialists, residents, fellows, and optometrists.

Written by global experts in the field of chemical- and drug-related ocular problems, Drug-Induced Ocular Side Effects, 8th Edition, provides need-to-know information on all aspects of ocular toxicology in one concise reference. This best-selling, user-friendly resource features a templated format, numerous full-color illustrations, and sweeping content updates throughout – all designed to eliminate uncertainty and ensure accurate diagnosis and treatment guidance. - Provides comprehensive coverage of drugs'generic and trade names, primary uses, ocular and systemic side effects, and clinical significance. - Features a unique side effect index, a new concise paperback format for portability, and clinical photos of ocular symptoms of adverse drug reactions. - Covers dozens of new drugs used in the U.S. and internationally, as well as extensive updates to drug registry information to ensure access to the latest data. - Includes expanded sections on how to follow patients with visual adverse drug reactions to chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, isotretinoin, ethambutol, and more. Guidelines can be copied to use as patient handouts. - Offers extensive discussions of principles of therapy, ocular drug delivery, methods to evaluate drug-induced visual side effects, and the role of electrophysiology and psychophysics. - Provides the WHO classification system to help you determine whether a particular side effect is certain, probable, or likely to occur. - Ideal for ophthalmologists, optometrists, and busy clinicians in primary care, emergency medicine, and more – anyone who needs quick, on-the-spot consultation on ocular toxicology. - Enhanced eBook version included with purchase. Your enhanced eBook allows you to access all of the text, figures, and references from the book on a variety of devices.

This book presents the clinical features, invasive and non-invasive modalities of diagnosis of conjunctival and corneal infections, especially atypical clinical situations in unusual cases of keratitis, and manage the disease entity. Infections of cornea continues to be the leading cause of ocular morbidity and blindness worldwide. Early diagnosis helps in better outcome. Proper understanding of the microbiological and clinical characteristics of this disease entity enables ophthalmologists to initiate appropriate therapy. Corneal infections, especially due to uncommon organisms, are difficult to diagnose and treat. With 17 chapters, this volume covers the entire spectrum of corneal and conjunctival infections. This is a quick go-to book for general as well as specialist ophthalmologists.

• A comprehensive ophthalmology textbook in two volumes comprising 214 extremely well-researched and well-referenced illustrated chapters spread over 19 sections. • Incorporates recent advances and conceptual challenges along with basic and translational aspects of ophthalmology. • This edition has integrated many contemporary practical ophthalmic healthcare issues, such as accreditation, patient and electronic database safety, health information systems, administration and management, hospital infection control, ethical and medicolegal issues in ophthalmology and clinical aspects of ophthalmic diseases, starting from historical perspectives to current standards of practice. • This book has approximately 4000 high-quality illustrations. • Extensive additions to the section on basic, applied, diagnostic and translational ophthalmology, where applied ophthalmic specialties such as ocular genetics, biochemistry, pathology, microbiology, ophthalmic imaging and applications of artificial intelligence in ophthalmology have been elaborated. • The sections on Pediatric Ophthalmology, oculoplastics, uvea and trauma have been extensively expanded. • Three sections on clinical trials in ophthalmology, ophthalmic healthcare and a completely pictorial atlas comprising pathology, and microbiology slide images and neuroimaging images have been added with detailed descriptions and explanations.

Discusses the structure and function of the cornea and external eye and reviews relevant examination techniques. Includes the latest statistics on indications for corneal transplants from the Eye Bank Association of America. Covers infectious and ocular surface diseases; disorders and surgery of the ocular surface; immune-mediated and neoplastic disorders; and congenital anomalies and degenerations. A chapter on the genetics of corneal dystrophies reflects the IC3D classification. Toxic and traumatic injuries and corneal transplantation are also reviewed. Also covers the latest diagnostic imaging technologies, endothelial replacement surgery updates and best practices for sebaceous cell carcinoma early recognition and treatment.

Discusses the structure and function of the cornea and external eye and reviews relevant examination techniques. Includes the latest statistics on indications for corneal transplants from the Eye Bank Association of America. Covers infectious and ocular surface diseases; disorders and surgery of the ocular surface; immune-mediated and neoplastic disorders; and congenital anomalies and degenerations. A chapter on the genetics of corneal dystrophies reflects the IC3D classification. Toxic and traumatic injuries and corneal transplantation are also reviewed.

The field of cornea has seen tremendous advances over the last 40 years—this uniquely comprehensive book will discuss the history of these advances, current best practices in important diseases of the cornea and ocular surface, and examine future directions in diagnosis and management. Written by leading experts, many of whom trained under Claes Henrik Dohlman, MD, PhD, whose influence and many invaluable contributions have defined and shaped the field of cornea, each chapter will reflect the state of the art in the various aspects of cornea. Foundations of Corneal Disease: Past, Present, and Future contains six different sections, opening with an introduction which delves into the evolution of subspecialty training in cornea, and provides a historical perspective of our understanding of ocular surface disease. Section Two addresses perspectives on important corneal and external diseases including infectious keratitis, dry eye, and herpes simplex. SectionThree and Section Four address surgery and surgical alternatives, and frontiers in corneal research. Section Six closes this book with a discussion of special topics: imaging the cornea, corneal blindness, eye banking, and clinical trials in dry eye, and explores future directions in this fast-paced field. Foundations of Corneal Disease: Past, Present, and Future contains is an ideal guide for corneal specialists, ophthalmology residents and fellows planning to enter cornea, corneal scientists, and to those in ophthalmology and visual science interested in a comprehensive resource on cornea and the history of this field.

Discusses the structure and function of the cornea and external eye and reviews relevant examination techniques. Includes the latest statistics on indications for corneal transplants from the Eye Bank Association of America. Covers infectious and ocular surface diseases; disorders and surgery of the ocular surface; immune-mediated and neoplastic disorders; and congenital anomalies and degenerations. A chapter on the genetics of corneal dystrophies reflects the IC3D classification. Toxic and traumatic injuries and corneal transplantation are also reviewed.

Hardbound. 16x24

Unmet healthcare needs of young populations and individuals in suboptimal health conditions are the key issue of currently observed epidemics of non-communicable disorders. Moreover, an unprecedented decrease in the average age of onset of these disorders is recorded. The majority of non-communicable disorders carry a chronic character by progressing over a couple of years from a reversible suboptimal health condition to irreversible pathology with collateral complications. The time-frame between both conditions is the operational area for predictive diagnosis and identification of persons at risk by innovative screening programmes followed by the most cost-effective personalised treatment possible, namely primary prevention tailored to the person.The book propagates the paradigm change from delayed, costly but frequently ineffective medical services to the holistic approach by predictive, preventive and personalised medicine clearly demonstrating multifaceted benefits tothe individual, healthcare sector and society as a whole.The book is focused on the needs ofyoung people: teenagers, adolescents and young adults; regardless of the age, individuals in suboptimal health conditions, who are interested in remaining healthy by optimising their modifiable risk factors – both endogenous and exogenous ones;several patient cohorts demonstrating similar phenotype of Flammer syndrome.The book is based on the multi-professional expertise, scientific excellence and practical experiences of the world-acknowledged experts in Flammer syndrome, predictive diagnostics, targeted prevention and personalised medicine, amongst others. The topic of this book is particularly relevant to general practitioners, experts in non-communicable diseases, phenotyping, genotyping, multilevel diagnostics, targeted prevention, personalised medicine, as well as the readers interested in advancing their health literacy.

The diversity of procedures that characterize modern refractive surgery makes it, both for the beginner and the experienced surgeon, necessary to have well established guidelines to face refractive complications. This lavishly illustrated guide is written by international opinion leaders with extensive experience in the practice of refractive surgery. It offers the reader practical pearls to the solution and prevention of the different complications of corneal and refractive surgery.This book provides ophthalmic surgeons with appropriate solutions for the most frequent problems they would face in their daily practice. Surgical complications are described and illustrated from their pathogenesis to various treatment modalities. Complications covered include: Intraoperative complications (e.g. those encountered during femtosecond laser, SMILE and LASIK, corneal refractive surgery, refractive lens exchange, and intraocular refractive procedures); early post-operative complications and late post-operative complications.

Using a case-based format to help disseminate some of the hard-to-find information on ocular surface disease, this book is written and edited by leaders in this rapidly evolving field. Each chapter is built around three actual patient cases with varying degrees of complexity whereby detailed aspects of the care are described in order to provide practical information and illustrate real world challenges. Ocular Surface Disease covers the most common disorders, ranging from dry eye disease and tear film insufficiency to the more severe cicatricial diseases. The role and application of both medical and surgical treatments are carefully explained. The book is intended for ophthalmologists, both in practice or in training, who are seeking an update on the more advanced clinical practices

This unique book will provide readers with an understanding of innovative models of delivering both primary and secondary eye care, focusing not just on providing quality care itself, but on best practices to provide and strengthen comprehensive eye care services. A wide variety of conditions will be addressed in Innovative Approaches in the Delivery of Primary and Secondary Eye Care, including childhood blindness, cataract, diabetic retinopathy, age related macular degeneration, and refractive errors. Detailed descriptions of various models are presented for each condition, which are then followed by a discussion for incorporating integrated eye care services; highlighting the importance of health system approach in comprehensive eye care. Finally, this book provides detailed strategies to address the current practical challenges related to human resources in eye care, and methods to ensure financial sustainability in the delivery of comprehensive care. Each chapter is illustrated for understanding and clarity, and provides easy-to-read tables to further enrich the text. Covering existing models of delivering care, with a look to the future, Innovative Approaches in the Delivery of Primary and Secondary Eye Care is designed for practicing ophthalmologists, residents, public health specialists and all other affiliated professionals dedicated to strengthening avenues of integrated, comprehensive eye care.

Ideal for ophthalmologists, optometrists and busy clinicians, Drug-Induced Ocular Side Effects provides the clinically relevant information you need to diagnose and manage chemical and drug-related ocular problems. An easily accessible format, meticulous revisions and comprehensive coverage of all drugs'generic and trade names, primary uses, ocular and systemic side effects, and clinical significance make this best-selling resource the ideal reference for quick, on-the-spot consultation. Consult this title on your favorite e-reader, conduct rapid searches, and adjust font sizes for optimal readability. Manage any challenge in ocular toxicology with extensive coverage of principles of therapy; ocular drug delivery; methods to evaluate drug-induced visual side effects; and the role of electrophysiology and psychophysics. Benefit from the masterful guidance and global perspective of world authorities in the field who provide need-to-know information on all aspects of ocular toxicology—all in one concise reference. Confer with the WHO classification system to determine whether a particular side effect is certain, probable, or likely to occur. Zero in on the key information you need to know with highly templated, concise chapters. Apply the latest knowledge and treatments for newly recognized Adverse Drug Reactions (ADR). Identify which ADR's are clinically relevant and what to do about them. Experience clinical scenarios with vivid clarity through a wealth of new and updated clinical photographs that provide unmatched, visual diagnostic guidance. Recognize and avoid drug-induced ocular side effects with data from the National Registry of Drug Induced Ocular Side-Effects (Casey Eye Institute, Portland, OR) and the World Health Organization (Uppsala, Sweden). Stay up to date and provide state-of-the-art care with the latest information on approved medications. Access the complete contents online at Expert Consult.

For over three decades, Harley's Pediatric Ophthalmology has been the premier reference in pediatric ophthalmology. In this sixth edition it delivers even more of the detailed and practical coverage that has made it the most trusted resource in the field. Completely revised, its new full-color format will help the reader identify pathologies and retain key facts. Its updated table of contents now includes new information on genetics, evaluation methodologies, diagnostic techniques, and treatment modalities — including new drugs. But most importantly, this new edition provides details on the recent advances that will allow for early diagnosis and broader treatment options for children with ophthalmic disorders.

This is the sixth World Glaucoma Association Consensus. The relationship between ocular blood flow and glaucoma has been discussed for more than a century, and still it uniformly fuels debates at glaucoma meetings throughout the world. Clearly, the results of this report will have broad and significant impact on glaucoma research and clinical practice. The global faculty, consisting of leading authorities on the scientific and clinical aspects of ocular blood flow, have met in Fort Lauderdale on May 2, 2009 to discuss the reports and refine the consensus statements.