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This selection of articles from the Encyclopedia of the Eye is the first single-volume overview presenting articles on the function, biology, physiology, and pathology of the structures of the ocular periphery, as well as the related disorders and their treatment. The peripheral structures are implicated in a number of important diseases, including optic neuritis, thyroid eye disease, and strabismus. The volume offers a basic science background of these topics rather than a strictly clinical focus. - The first single volume to integrate comparative studies into a comprehensive resource on the neuroscience of the ocular periphery - Chapters are carefully selected from the Encyclopedia of the Eye by the world's leading vision researchers - The best researchers in the field provide their conclusions in the context of the latest experimental results

Prolonged microgravity exposure during long-duration spaceflight (LDSF) produces unusual physiologic and pathologic neuro-ophthalmic findings in astronauts. These microgravity-associated findings collectively define the Spaceflight Associated Neuro-ocular Syndrome (SANS). In this book, the editors compare and contrast prior published work on SANS by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) Space Medicine Operations Division with retrospective and prospective studies from other research groups. The book describes the possible mechanisms and potential etiologies for SANS, and provides an update and review on the clinical manifestations of SANS including: unilateral and bilateral optic disc edema, globe flattening, choroidal and retinal folds, hyperopic refractive error shifts, and focal areas of ischemic retina (i.e., cotton wool spots). The ocular imaging findings (e.g., retinal nerve fiber layer, optic disc, and choroidal changes on optical coherence tomography) of SANS is also described, including the intraorbital and intracranial findings on orbital ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging. The knowledge gaps for in-flight and terrestrial human research including potential countermeasures for future stud is also explored, including reports on the in-flight and terrestrial human and animal research being investigated by NASA and its partners to study SANS both prospectively and longitudinally and in preparation for future long duration manned missions to space including the moon, the asteroid belt, or Mars. We think this is a unique topic and hope that NASA and its research partners continue to study SANS in preparation for future longer duration manned space missions. - Written in an easy-to-read manner, the book adopts a translational approach and explores the science and the clinical manifestations of Space flight associated neuro-ocular syndrome. It is also multi-disciplinary and suitable for both clinicians and researchers in ophthalmology, neurology, and aerospace medicine interested in SANS - SANS is a unique space flight disorder that has no terrestrial equivalent. The book involves contributions from international experts across multiple disciplines to tackle the problem of SANS - Summarizes and reviews the current findings of SANS, including possible mechanisms and potential etiologies, clinical manifestations, current reports on the in-flight and terrestrial human and animal research, and ocular imaging findings

This book provides a comprehensive account of the pathogenesis, clinical features, and management of ocular vascular occlusive disorders, with the focus very much on the scientific evidence. This offers a sound basis for addressing the many controversies that surround these disorders, which collectively constitute the most common cause of visual impairment or blindness. The book is divided into two sections, the first of which addresses the basic science and encompasses vascular anatomy, blood supply and flow, and retinal tolerance time to acute ischemia. The second, clinical, section covers the presentation, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of the full range of vascular occlusive disorders of the retina, the choroid, the anterior segment of the eye, ophthalmic manifestations of carotid artery disease and the optic nerve. Ocular Vascular Occlusive Disorders, written by a distinguished world leader in the field, will be invaluable for general ophthalmologists, and particularly for retina specialists, neuro-ophthalmologists, and researchers.

From the introduction: “The purpose of the present book is to bring together in a coherent manner new knowledge gained from research over the past 50 years on the physiology of intraocular pressure, ocular blood flow and the relation of these fundamental parameters to early diagnosis and therapy of vascular diseases of the eye and brain. It will be evident to the reader that the presentation is influenced significantly by the author's own research. My justification is that by good fortune I have spent many years with superb collaboration helping solve outstanding problems of ocular physiology. This knowledge has increased understanding of the parameters underlying the onset of ischemia and the loss of autoregulation associated with common ocular disease and thereby led to new methods of diagnosis and therapy.”

The Handbook of Clinical Neurology Vol 102: Neuro-Ophthalmology provides a comprehensive discussion of the field of neuro-ophthalmology. The book is organized into four sections. Section 1 lays out fundamental concepts of the visual system and eye movements. It discusses the anatomy and physiology of the afferent visual system and the ocular motor system, and the neuro-ophthalmological examination. Section 2 deals with disorders of the afferent visual system, covering retinal disorders; abnormalities of the optic disc; lesions of the optic nerve; the optic chiasm; disorders of the optic tract, radiation, and occipital lobe; disorders of higher visual processing; and rehabilitative techniques. Section 3 discusses ocular motor abnormalities, including infranuclear ocular motor disorders; nuclear, internuclear, and supranuclear ocular motor disorders; nystagmus and saccadic intrusions; disorders of higher gaze control; and normal and abnormal lid function. Section 4 covers disorders of the pupil; neuro-ophthalmology of orbital disease; and functional neuro-ophthalmology. This book will be useful to early-stage physicians, as well as specialists interested in the latest developments in neuro-ophthalmology. - A comprehensive resource that explores the innovative methods used to understand the visual system - An in-depth study of how the brain processes vision, and the role certain functions such as eye movement play in visual diagnosis and memory - Clinical and laboratory methods of evaluation that are perfect for physicians and specialists in any stage of practice

This book presents 57 typical cases of neuro-ophthalmic diseases in the emergency room, which represent notoriously complex and difficult challenges for junior doctors. The physical manifestations of these neurologic disorders include visual loss, transient blurring, diplopia, headache, pupillary abnormality, and even cognition problems. Each case provides a wealth of information, including the case report, comments, diagnosis, management, prognosis and concise notes, as well as photographs and other images. As a case-based clinical reference work on neuro-ophthalmic diseases, the book offers readers essential, concretely applicable information and guidance.

This practical guide provides an algorithm for diagnosis and treatment, from ‘having some problem with vision', via diagnosis of cause and background, to treatment and eventually to rehabilitation.Following on from introductory sections devoted to the role of neuro-ophthalmology, recent developments in the field, and an overview of neuro-ophthalmological examinations, there are sections devoted to the different parts of the visual system, and finally a section on rehabilitation.Neuro-ophthalmology is aimed at ophthalmologists, neurologists, neurosurgeons, traumatologists, neuroradiologists, experts in cardiology and stroke, and trainees in these areas. It will also be of interest to neuro-rehabilitation specialists, neuropsychologists, and those working in typhlopedagogy and health informatics.

Neuro-ophthalmology, like in any field of medicine, has many areas where controversy exists in diagnosis and treatment. Controversies in Neuro-Ophthalmology provides a comprehensive overview on the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of neuro-ophthalmic disorders and specifically addresses areas where there is a general lack of consens

This book describes the abnormal eye movements encountered in the critical care unit in everyday practice and elaborates on the mechanism and clinical significance behind them. Beginning with a thorough grounding of the basic anatomy and physiology ocular motor system and how they move the eyeballs; chapters explore the pathological descriptions of all the signs that a practicing neurologist, ophthalmologist, or emergency medicine specialist might see in other ICU's, as well as the diagnostic and prognostic evidence to answer the consult questions. Further chapters describe the abnormal ocular movements seen in the Neuro-ICU, Eye Movements in the Critical Care Setting is a comprehensive resource on eye movement in the critical care setting, and a useful guide for the neurologist, ophthalmologist, and emergency medical specialist and residents alike.

A comprehensive book that reviews advances in ocular motor research on topics of general interest, rare, specialized or unique conditions, and pertinent basic neuroscience. A rare collection with contributions from basic neuroscientists, neurologists, and ophthalmologists. Includes dedicated chapters on mathematical models, pharmacotherapy, neuromodulation, motion perception, visual influence on eye movement, physiology of strabismus, and microsaccades. This book is dedicated to David Robinson - one of the pioneers of contemporary ocular motor and vestibular neuroscience.

Diagnosing a patient with unexplained ocular pain can be time-consuming and difficult, but taking an anatomic approach and excluding causes along the way can aid in the diagnosis. This book provides the reader with a systematic evaluation plan for these cases, written and edited by leaders in the field. A Case-Based Guide to Eye Pain is written for both ophthalmologists and neuro-ophthalmologists since there are not enough neuro-ophthalmologists to treat the number of patients with unexplained ocular pain and general ophthalmologists are having to take on the diagnosis and treatment of these patients. Organized in an easy-to-use manner, each case covers the following key elements: the chief complaint, history of the present illness, the examination, assessment and plan, follow-up, alternate perspective, summary points, and key references. Tables are also available to help the reader rapidly sort through cases that may apply to a sign, symptom, historical feature, diagnostic test or treatment option. This allows the practitioner who has a patient with a particular concern to use the tables to identify a case discussion. Additionally, A Case-based Guide to Eye Pain includes an appendices with the general approach to eye pain and anatomy of the trigeminal pathway and its relation to eye pain.

Orbit and Neuro-ophthalmic Imaging is explored in this important Neuroimaging Clinics issue. Articles include: Imaging indication, protocols, anatomy, and pitfalls; Orbital ultrasonography and optical coherence tomography – what radiologists need to know; Advanced imaging techniques for the retina and visual pathway; Imaging of optic neuropathy and chiasmatic disorder; Imaging of post-chiasmatic disorder and higher cortical visual dysfunction; Imaging of diseases of the ocular motor pathway; Imaging of orbital trauma and emergent non-traumatic conditions; Imaging of ocular prosthesis and orbital reconstruction flaps; Imaging of pediatric ophthalmologic conditions; and more!

This monograph has been written for clinicians who are involved in the management of the dizzy patient and for scientists with a particular interest in the multi-sensorimotor mechan­ isms that subserve spatial orientation, motion perception, and ocular motor and postural con­ trol. Special emphasis has been put on making the correct diagnosis, and detailed recommendations have been given for specific treatments. The second edition has resulted in an almost completely new book due to the dramatic expansion in the 1990s of our understanding of vestibular function and dis orders. A few rele­ vant examples include the novel concept of canalolithiasis, as opposed to cupulolithiasis, both of which are established causes of typical posterior and horizontal canal benign paroxysmal positioning vertigo; familial episodic ataxia land II have been identified as inherited chan­ nelopathies; otolithic syndromes were recognized as a variety separate from semicircular canal syndromes; several new central vestibular syndromes have been described, localized, and attributed to vestibular pathways and centres; a new classification based on the three major planes of action of the vestibulo-ocular reflex is available for central vestibular syn­ dromes; and the mystery of the location and function of the multisensory vestibular cortex is slowly being unravelled. This book differs from other clinical textbooks in that it is not divided into two parts: anatomy and physiology, on the one hand, and disorders, on the other.

There is perhaps no area of neuro-ophthalmology that is advancing more rapidly with respect to an understanding of its anatomy and physiology than the ocular motor system. For this reason, it is difficult not only to keep up with the latest information concerning the basic mechanisms involved in the control of eye movements but also to remain up to date regarding the pathophysiology of specific disorders of eye movement. The material in this book is derived from a two-day course on eye movements held in The Netherlands in 1986. The course was designed as an introduction to the normal ocular motor system and to disorders of eye movements and was aimed toward orthoptists, ophthalmolo­ gists, optometrists, neurologists, and neurosurgeons. The chapters in this book were compiled by a trio of experts in the field of eye movements and contain discussions of anatomy and physiology of the ocular motor system, techniques of examination of patients with diplopia, and pathophysiology of specific disorders of ocular motility. Many of the authors of these chapters are among the most active investigators of eye movements in the world today, and their comments thus reflect the latest information in the field. This text is both basic and com­ prehensive and thus has something for everyone, from the student just beginning a study of the ocular motor system to the seasoned'veteran'who wishes to know the latest information regarding central ocular motor control mechanisms. Neil R.

The eye has fascinated scientists from the earliest days of biological in­ vestigation. The diversity of its parts and the precision of their interaction make it a favorite model system for a variety of developmental studies. The eye is a particularly valuable experimental system not only because its tissues provide examples of fundamental processes, but also because it is a prominent and easily accessible structure at very early embryonic ages. In order to provide an open forum for investigators working on all aspects of ocular development, a series of symposia on ocular and visual devel­ opment was initiated in 1973. A major objective of the symposia has been to foster communication between the basic research worker and the clinical It is our feeling that much can be learned on both sides from community. this interaction. The idea for an informal meeting allowing maximum ex­ change of ideas originated with Dr. Leon Candeub, who supplied the nec­ essary driving force that made the series a reality. Each symposium has on a different aspect of ocular development. Speakers have concentrated been selected to approach related topics from different perspectives.

Amaurosis fugax, or'fleeting blindness,'has been known as a clinical entity for hundreds of years (1). Since 1859, we also have understood that the phenomenon frequently is related to atheroembolic disease and that it is considered a classic manifestation of ocular transient ischemic attacks and a potential precursor to stroke. However, many questions about this syndrome have remained unanswered until quite recently, when a great deal of new information and thought has been directed to the subject. Transient monocular blindness (TMB) is only one manifestation of a complicated syndrome of ocular, systemic, and cerebral diseases that may include some degree of monocular blindness. The duration of blindness varies from very brief (seconds) to complete and permanent. The per­ manent type is referred to as ocular infarction or ocular stroke. Retinal infarction is the most severe degree of monocular blindness and usually is due to embolic occlusion of the central retinal artery or one of its branches. Varying types of arterial emboli have been described, including thrombus, cholesterol, platelets, and fibrin.

During the past decade a significant international research effort has been directed towards understanding the composition and regulation of the preocular tear film. This effort has been motivated by the recognition that the tear film plays an essential role in maintaining corneal and conjunctival integrity, protecting against microbial challenge and preserving visual acuity. In addition, research has been stimulated by the knowledge that alteration or deficiency of the tear film, which occurs in countless individuals throughout the world, may lead to desiccation of the ocular surface, ulceration and perforation of the cornea, an increased incidence of infectious disease, and potentially, pronounced visual disability and blindness. 7 To promote further progress in this field of vision research, the International Conference on the Lacrimal Gland, Tear Film and Dry Eye Syndromes: Basic Science and Clinical Relevance was held in the Southampton Princess Resort in Bermuda from November 14 to 17, 1992. This meeting was designed to assess critically the current knowledge and'state of the art'research on the structure and function of lacrimal tissue and tears in both health and disease. The goal of this conference was to provide an international exchange of information that would be of value to basic scientists involved in eye research, to physicians in the ophthalmological community, and to pharmaceutical companies with an interest in the treatment of lacrimal gland, tear film or ocular surface disorders (e. g. Sjogren's syndrome).

'The classic step-by-step guide to learning how to perform the diagnostic neurologic examination – now in full colorRave reviews of earlier edition:“Without question the best book available on the neurologic examination.”--Four Stars from Doody•“Excellent. The information is detailed, pertinent, and excellently arranged. What is surprising is the incredibly complete, interesting, and worthwhile information it contains. The author is obviously an excellent clinician and teacher who has taught many years. One can easily detect that [DeMyer's] book contains the distilled best of his teaching experiences.”--Archive of Internal Medicine•“The book presents much more information than the title suggests; it has excellent parts on neuroanatomy and clinical neurosciences.”--Four Stars (Excellent) from Mayo Clinic Proceedings•For more than four decades, DeMyer's The Neurologic Examination has provided neurologists and psychiatrists in training with a uniquely clear and didactic way of learning the complicated technique of using the physical examination to diagnose neurologic illness. This trusted classic also reviews the anatomy and physiology necessary to interpret the examination, and it details the laboratory tests best suited for a particular clinical problem.Utilizing a proven-effective, learn-at-your-own-pace teaching approach, DeMyer's allows you to work through real-life clinical situations and rehearse the skills and procedures that make the neurologic examination productive for both patient and clinician. You will also learn how to tailor the exam for different clinical needs, including: The Unconscious Patient The Face and Head Vision The Peripheral Ocular Motor System The Central Ocular Motor System Cerebellar Dysfunction The Somatic Motor SystemThe Special SensesDeMyer's The Neurologic Examination features a new full-color presentation that includes the latest imaging modalities for assessing disease, questions and answers to help you monitor your progress, and content that reflects the knowledge and experience of outstanding teachers/clinicians.'

This new edition elucidates the radiation therapy protocols and procedures for the management of adult patients presenting with primary benign and malignant central nervous system tumors. With the development of new treatment strategies and rapid advancement of radiation technology, it is crucial for radiation oncologists to maintain and refine their knowledge and skills. Dedicated exclusively to adult CNS radiation oncology, this textbook explores CNS tumors ranging from the common to the esoteric as well as secondary cancers of metastatic origin. The first half of the book is organized anatomically: tumors of the brain, spinal cord, leptomeninges, optic pathway, ocular choroid, and skull base. The second half covers primary CNS lymphoma, rare CNS tumors, metastatic brain disease, vascular conditions of the CNS, radiation-associated complications, and radiation modalities. This new edition is updated throughout and includes several new chapters, including: palliative radiation therapy for leptomeningeal disease, preoperative treatment for brain metastases, advanced neuroimaging for brain tumors, and MR-LINAC for brain tumors. Each chapter provides guidance on treatment field design, target delineation, and normal critical structure tolerance constraints in the context of the disease being treated. Learning objectives, case studies, and Maintenance of Certification Self-Assessment Continuing Medical Education-style questions and answers are incorporated throughout the book. This is an ideal guide for radiation oncologists, residents, and fellows, but medical students may also find value in the text.

This book provides extensive data on the more common and many of the more rare congenital and hereditary syndromes that manifest in the nervous system and skin. Though often complex and multi-systemic, these disorders can frequently be diagnosed using a combination of simple visual inspection and sound clinical expertise. Drawing on fully referenced information from thousands of articles, the international editorial team has prepared a comprehensive overview that includes historical perspectives, clinical features, the pathogenesis, and diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. In addition, it addresses the biochemical, molecular, and genetic basis of the disorders. The book is divided into four main sections. Starting with general aspects of aetiology, diagnostics and therapy, the first part then covers the genetics, neuro-imaging, neuropathology, ocular manifestations and surgical management. The second part discusses developmental malformations, such as Sturge-Weber syndrome, Ataxia-Telangiectasia, Hypomelanosis of Ito and other rare syndromes, including haemangiomas. The focus of the third part is on tumour suppressor/DNA repair disorders, the most common of which is Neurofibromatosis 1. It also describes Neurofibromatosis 2, Schwannomatosis, Tuberous sclerosis, von Hippel-Lindau disease, Naevoid basal cell carcinoma and others. The book's fourth and final section covers defects in enzymes and structural proteins, which manifest as Cerebrotendinous xanthromatosis, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, Menkes syndrome, Refsum disease.

This book provides a practical guide in neuro-ophthalmology. It contains more than 80 carefully selected neuro-ophthalmic cases. It covers visual afferent (Part 1) and efferent disorders (Part 2): the various optic neuropathies, diplopia from ocular and neurologic pathogen, pupil and lid abnormality. Each case presents with neuro-ophthalmology examination format, followed by ancillary test, finial diagnose, treatment and prognosis. A short review or comment highlights the important points of these disorders, up to date progress and literature are addressed in part of them. The novel optical coherence tomography imaging technique is also introduced to interpretation some visual pathway disorders and for follow-up. The massive photographs and neuro-imaging will help the reader for easy following. As a case-based practical manual, this book is a clinical reference for general ophthalmologist, neurologist, senior ophthalmology resident, specialist and fellow, and physician who are interested in neuro-ophthalmology field.

This text is a comprehensive collection and discussion of scientific essays that define the pathogenesis of common forms of pediatric strabismus and nystagmus in terms of their common evolutionary mechanisms. The goal of this book is to assemble these essays, to provide a definitive source for current clinicians to use along with follow up comments to help direct future scientific research in the field of pediatric ophthalmology. This book includes 20 original essays written by Michael C. Brodsky which mechanistically explain and unify such enigmatic conditions such as infantile esotropia, latent nystagmus, primary oblique muscle overreaction action, dissociated vertical divergence, infantile nystagmus, and intermittent exotropia in terms of ancestral evolutionary reflexes which become expressed in different ways to generate these disorders. This collection of essays is poised to become a classic reference, providing the necessary neurological framework for contextualizing unique ocular motor disorder and understanding the evolutionary mechanisms responsible for their development in early childhood. Written with focused interest for pediatric ophthalmologists and neuro-ophthalmologists, this reference will also find audience with ophthalmologists, neurologists, evolutionary biologists, and neuroscientists.

Forensic neuropathology is an important specialty within forensic pathology. In addition to traumatic brain injury in the adult and child, forensic neuropathologists must also consider the role of natural disease within the forensic setting such as cerebrovascular disease, as well as neurotoxicology. Focusing on difficulties that arise in the medico-legal context, the chapters include techniques for the post-mortem examination of the brain and related structures. Forensic pathologists, neuropathologists, general pathologists, clinical forensic specialists as well as neuroscientists, neurologists and neurosurgeons will all find useful information. In addition, members of the legal profession have found this an important reference work.Chapters have been extensively revised and new content includes- Chronic traumatic encephalopathy-related pathology- Sudden unexplained death in epilepsy- Biomechanics of head injury- Updates on pathological aspects of head injury including infant head injury with ocular pathology- Clinical aspects of head injury and spinal injury including a new chapter on neuroradiologyReviews of the First EditionThis outstanding book is unique. Well-illustrated with high-quality colour photographs and line drawings, it reads well. Strongly recommended for trainees in histopathology, neuropathology, paediatric pathology, and forensic pathology, as well as for consultants practising in these fields.

The third edition of this successful book has been fully revised, expanded and updated to reflect the recent advances in vertigo and dizziness, especially with regard to current classifications and clinical trials. The book starts by covering the fundamentals of anatomy and physiology of the vestibular and the ocular motor systems. It provides guidance on how to take the patient history, laboratory and imaging analysis and principles of therapy exploring different therapeutic strategies. It then goes on to cover in detail the diagnosis and current treatment of peripheral, central and functional vestibular disorders as well as miscellaneous rare vestibular syndromes.Using a uniform chapter style to address the various diseases and adopting a reader-friendly educational format, this is an indispensable guide for clinicians who treat patients with vertigo, dizziness and balance disorders. Hundreds of patient videos are included for the diseases demonstrating typical patient histories and clinical findings. Chapters have also been expanded to discuss the current classification and therapies as well as new and ongoing clinical trials with ample new figures.Written by three top experts in the field, this book is aimed at a broad range of medical specialists, namely neurologists, ENT specialists, neuro-otologists, ophthalmologists, physiotherapists, general practitioners as well as residents and students. Via app: download the SN More Media app for free, scan a link with play button and access videos directly on your smartphone or tablet.

This book functions as a resource for providers who treat patients with neuro-ophthalmic conditions. Using an evidence-based approach to controversial management decisions, the material is presented in a digestible, case-based format. Divided into six sections, the book begins with an introduction to its framework, format, and purpose. Following this, sections two, three, and four discuss various optic neuropathies, ocular motility disorders, and transient visual symptoms. The concluding sections then address neuro-ophthalmic manifestations of pain, including migraine and post-concussive syndrome, and systemic diseases, such as giant cell arteritis. Each chapter focuses on cases that are historically complex, or which have undergone a recent shift in traditional management due to new scientific discoveries or newly available therapies. Controversies in Neuro-Ophthalmic Management presents essential, thorough information on management options and the data for their use to provide the best care for patients.

A highly praised, well written, and richly illustrated modern classic in neuro-ophthalmology now in an exciting new edition with video clips!Neuro-ophthalmology is an'overlap'specialty, encompassing all disorders that affect the parts of the central nervous system related to vision. Neuro-Ophthalmology Illustrated, Third Edition by world-renowned neuro-ophthalmologists and professors Valérie Biousse and Nancy J. Newman expands on the widely acclaimed prior editions, lauded with awards by the Association of American Publishers and the British Medical Association. The updated text reflects diagnostic advances such as optical coherence tomography and features new high-quality images and videos.The text starts with neuro-ophthalmic and funduscopic examinations, visual fields, commonly used ancillary testing methods, and an overview of visual loss. Subsequent chapters detail a wide array of conditions including retinal vascular diseases, optic neuropathies, disc edema, disorders of higher cortical function, abnormal visual perceptions, diplopia, orbital syndromes, cavernous sinus and orbital vascular disorders, nystagmus/other ocular oscillations, and disorders of the eyelid. Final chapters are dedicated to nonorganic neuro-ophthalmic symptoms and signs, diagnosis of headache and facial pain, neurologic and systemic disorders that commonly have neuro-ophthalmologic manifestations, and an approach to management of the visually impaired patient.Key HighlightsConcise text coupled with more than 600 high-quality images enhances understanding of complex conceptsEasily accessible within pertinent sections, 69 video clips cover a wide spectrum of topics such as examination techniques, normal eye movements, eye movement disorders, and pupil findingsClinical pearls, flow charts, boxes, tables, and a highly detailed index at the end of the text improve retention and assimilation of knowledgeThis book is essential reading for students, ophthalmology, neurology, and neurosurgery residents, as well as seasoned clinicians in these specialties. At once authoritative and easy to read, this resource provides readers with all the tools they need to diagnose and manage neuro-ophthalmologic disorders.

• Only comprehensive text on neuro-ophthalmology published from India. • Useful to practicing neurologists, neurosurgeons, ophthalmologists and trainees. • Very well illustrated and written in a lucid language incorporating up-to-date information. • Clinical examination methods like measurement of visual acuity, ophthalmoscopy, and visual field examination are included. • Topics of current interest like use of optical coherence therapy in neurological practice, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders, modern management of idiopathic intracranial hypertension, and thyroid ophthalmopathy included. • Complex topics like nuclear, infranuclear, and supranuclear ocular motor and gaze disorders including nystagmus discussed in detail. • A separate chapter on problem oriented neuro-ophthalmology-pearls and pitfalls.

Since its introduction 52 years ago, Leksell radiosurgery has become a widely applied technique for the management of a diverse group of vascular, neoplastic, and functional disorders. This publication presents an update on state-of-the-art radiosurgery technology, including outcomes, by the pioneers in the field. Experts have contributed chapters on various topics. They provide a history of the development of Leksell Gamma Knife and its evolution from frame-based to the inclusion of mask-based radiosurgery in the latest Gamma Knife model. For beginners, there is valuable information related to imaging, quality assurance, patient care, anesthesia, and regulatory requirements. Advance users will appreciate the summary of the long-term outcome of important indications. Additional chapters on cavernous malformation, orbital, uveal, and ocular disorders clarify the role of radiosurgery. This book is a concise overview for physicians interested in radiosurgery. It will be of great value to neurosurgeons, radiation oncologists, and medical physicists concerned with learning about the indications of radiosurgery.

An in-depth look at a rare disease Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a rare autoimmune disorder of the neuromuscular junction, characterized by muscle fatigability. Patients often initially present with ocular symptoms, but in most cases the disease spreads beyond the eye muscles to more generalized involvement of bulbar, facial, neck, proximal limb and respiratory muscles. With adequate treatment, most patients with MG are able to live productive lives with few or no symptoms, but a distinct subset of patients do not respond to conventional treatment. With new treatment options on the horizon, it is important that these patients are identified.'Fast Facts: Recognizing Refractory Myasthenia Gravis'takes an in-depth look at: ; the immune-mediated nature of MG; classification of MG by disease type and severity, and antibody status; clinical presentation and diagnostic work-up; conventional management options; how patients with treatment-refractory MG present; the assessment tools that can be used to identify non-responders. This informative resource will be of value to neurologists, neurology trainees and ophthalmologists caring for patients with this rare disease, as well as patients with MG who wish to have a deeper dialog with their doctor or patient group.

This issue of Neurologic Clinics, edited by Dr. Mazen M. Dimachkie and Dr. Richard J. Barohn, focuses on Neuromuscular Junction Disorders. Topics include--but are not limited to--History of myasthenia gravis and neuromuscular junction disorders; Practical immunology of the neuromuscular junction; Practical anatomy of the neuromuscular junction in health and disease; Generalized myasthenia gravis; Ocular myasthenia gravis; Diagnosis of myasthenia gravis; MuSK and myasthenia gravis due to other autoantibodies; Treatment of myasthenia gravis; Evidenced-based approach of thymectomy for myasthenia gravis; Myasthenia gravis and pregnancy; Congenital myasthenic syndromes; Botulism; Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome; and Measuring clinical treatment response in myasthenia gravis.

Fluid distribution during spaceflight and impact on brain and vision health is an emerging field of high-priority research in the NASA human space program. International Space Station astronauts have developed ocular refraction changes during prolonged spaceflight. Within this book, experts review current data related to fluid shifts during microgravity exposure and the impact of fluid shifts on astronaut health.This work also compares current astronaut health problems with Earth-based health conditions such as elevated intracranial pressure and glaucoma. Chapters include discussion of altered fluid distribution, including intracellular and extracellular fluid shifts, eye morphology and vision disturbances, and intraocular pressure. In addition, chapters will include a discussion of advanced non-invasive technologies to investigate the abovementioned fluid volume and pressure variables.As such, the book aims to bridge health professionals, researchers, and science professionals by a presentation of ophthalmology topics critical to future human space exploration, thus providing new perspectives to solve emerging brain and eye disease on Earth and in Space.

Conn's Translational Neuroscience provides a comprehensive overview reflecting the depth and breadth of the field of translational neuroscience, with input from a distinguished panel of basic and clinical investigators. Progress has continued in understanding the brain at the molecular, anatomic, and physiological levels in the years following the'Decade of the Brain,'with the results providing insight into the underlying basis of many neurological disease processes. This book alternates scientific and clinical chapters that explain the basic science underlying neurological processes and then relates that science to the understanding of neurological disorders and their treatment. Chapters cover disorders of the spinal cord, neuronal migration, the autonomic nervous system, the limbic system, ocular motility, and the basal ganglia, as well as demyelinating disorders, stroke, dementia and abnormalities of cognition, congenital chromosomal and genetic abnormalities, Parkinson's disease, nerve trauma, peripheral neuropathy, aphasias, sleep disorders, and myasthenia gravis. In addition to concise summaries of the most recent biochemical, physiological, anatomical, and behavioral advances, the chapters summarize current findings on neuronal gene expression and protein synthesis at the molecular level. Authoritative and comprehensive, Conn's Translational Neuroscience provides a fully up-to-date and readily accessible guide to brain functions at the cellular and molecular level, as well as a clear demonstration of their emerging diagnostic and therapeutic importance. - Provides a fully up-to-date and readily accessible guide to brain functions at the cellular and molecular level, while also clearly demonstrating their emerging diagnostic and therapeutic importance - Features contributions from leading global basic and clinical investigators in the field - Provides a great resource for researchers and practitioners interested in the basic science underlying neurological processes - Relates and translates the current science to the understanding of neurological disorders and their treatment

This issue of Neurologic Clinics, edited by Dr. Andrew Lee, will focus on Neuro-Ophthalmology. The topics covered in the issue include, but are not limited to new treatments for nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy; idiopathic intracranial hypertension; neuroimaging for the Horner Syndrome; OCT; erectile dysfunction agents and NAION; NMO; ocular myasthenia gravis; imaging for third nerve palsy; treatment of central retinal artery occlusion; and orbital disease, among others.

This book gives a clinical context to optical coherence tomography (OCT) findings, while considering the differential diagnosis and providing patient management guidance. Relevant anatomical and technical aspects are discussed, followed by a pragmatic illustration of the use of OCT for the clinical spectrum of multiple sclerosis and optic neuritis, and finishing with information on monitoring ocular side effects of recently approved disease-modifying treatments in multiple sclerosis. Optical Coherence Tomography in Multiple Sclerosis: Clinical Applications is aimed at clinical neurologists working with patients suffering from MS and general neurologists who see patients with visual symptoms in their daily practice. Ophthalmologists sharing clinical responsibilities with neurologists for patients under disease-modifying treatments will also find the book of interest.

The vertebrate eye has been, and continues to be, an object of interest and of inquiry for biologists, physicists, chemists, psychologists, and others. Quite apart from its important role in the development of ophthalmology and related medical disciplines, the vertebrate eye is an exemplar of the ingenuity of living systems in adapting to the diverse and changing environments in which vertebrates have evolved. The wonder is not so much that the visual system, like other body systems, has been able to adapt in this way, but rather that these adaptations have taken such a variety of forms. In a previous volume in this series (VII/I) Eakin expressed admiration for the diversity of invertebrate photoreceptors. A comparable situation exists for the vertebrate eye as a whole and one object of this volume is to present to the reader the nature of this diversity. One result of this diversification of ocular structures and properties is that the experimental biologist has available a number of systems for study that are unique or especially favorable for the investigation of particular questions in visual science or neurobiology. This volume includes some examples of progress made by the use of such specially selected vertebrate systems. It is our hope that this comparative approach will continue to reveal new and useful preparations for the examination of important questions.

Understanding the structure and function of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and recogniz­ ing its clinical relevance require a concert of scientific disciplines applied from a view­ point of integrative physiology rather than from only molecular or analytical approaches. It is this broad scope that is emphasized in this book. In my opinion, four original contributions define the field as it exists today. The first, a monograph by Broman,1 entitled The Permeability of the Cerebrospinal Vessels in Normal and Pathological Conditions, was the model for many subsequent clinical and 3 experimental studies on BBB pathology. Second, experiments by Davson, summarized in his book entitled Physiology of the Ocular and Cerebrospinal Fluids, indicated that passive entry of nonelectrolytes into brain from blood is governed largely by their lipid 4 solubility. This research supported the original suggestion by Gesell and Hertzman that cerebral membranes have the semipermeability properties of cell membranes. The modem era of the barrier was introduced with the 1965 paper by Crone,2 entitled'Facilitated transfer of glucose from blood to brain tissue.'This paper identified stereospecific, facilitated transport of glucose as part of a system of regulatory barrier properties at a time when only a barrier to passive diffusion had been contemplated. Finally, the 1967 paper by Reese and Kamovsky, 11 entitled'Fine structural localization of a blood-brain barrier to exogenous peroxidase,'sited the barrier at the continuous layer of cerebrovascular endothelial cells, which are connected by tight junctions.

'Due to the generous representation of the afferent visual system within the brain, neurological disease may disrupt vision as a presenting symptom or as a secondary effect of the disease. Conversely, early developmental disturbances of vision often disrupt ocular motor control systems, giving rise to complex disorders such as nystagmus, strabismus, and torticollis. The signs and symptoms of neurological disease are elusive by their very nature, presenting a confounding diagnostic challenge. Neurological medications and neurosurgical treatments can produce neuro-ophthalmological dysfunction that can be difficult to distinguish from disease progression. Affected patients may experience substantial delays in diagnosis, and are often subjected to extensive (and expensive) diagnostic testing. Scientific articles pertaining to specific disorders are scattered throughout medical subspecialty journals. These children continue to'fall through the cracks'of our medical education system. The increasing recognition that pediatric neuro-ophthalmology comprises a distinct set of diseases from those seen in adults has led to its emergence as a dedicated field of study.'Since the original publication of Pediatric Neuro-Ophthalmology nearly fourteen years ago, interest in the field has burgeoned. Pediatric ophthalmology and pediatric neurology subspecialty conferences often include symposia dedicated to recent advances in pediatric neuro-ophthalmology. Technical advances in neuroimaging have given rise to a more integrated mechanistic classification of neuro-ophthalmological disease in children. Our understanding of neurodevelopmental disorders of the visual system has expanded, longstanding monoliths have been dissembled into component parts, basic molecular mechanisms have taken center stage, and genetic underpinnings have become definitional. Evolutionary alterations can now be observed at the level of the gene, adding a new dimension to our understanding of diseasepathogenesis. New classifications now encompass clinically disparate conditions. Descriptive definitions have been supplanted by mechanistic ones, and clinical definitions superseded by genetic ones. Our concept of disease pathogenesis has been revised and in some cases overturned. Bearing witness to these remarkable advancements has compelled me to enhance and expand the first edition of Pediatric Neuro-Ophthalmology into this new and revised one.'In the first edition of this book, our goal was to present the clinical characteristics, diagnostic evaluation, and therapeutic options for the common neuro-ophthalmologic disorders of childhood. In so doing, we designed the book to be provide a narrative journey through the thought processes involved in the clinical management of these disorders. In this edition, I have retained the basic narrative format of original book, while expanding the exploration of these complex visual disorders in the context of the many new scientific advancements and discoveries that have come to light. These conditions are fun to diagnose, fascinating to understand, and gratifying to manage.'--from the Preface to the 2nd Edition.

The Eye in Systemic Disease, Second Edition presents an overview of the relationship of the eye and medicine. The book details the systemic aspects of diseases. The topics discussed include various eye conditions such as conjunctivitis, episcleritis, keratitis, keratoconjunctivitis sicca, and cataract. Endocrine, circulatory, rheumatological, neurological, pulmonary, and blood disorders are covered as well. Physicians and students of medicine and pathology will find the book very useful.

Continuing progress has been made in understanding the brain at the molecular, anatomic, and physiological levels in the years following the'Decade of the Brain,'with the results providing insight into the underlying basis of many neurological disease processes. In Neuroscience in Medicine, Third Edition, a distinguished panel of basic and clinical investigators, noted for their teaching excellence, provide thoroughly updated and revised chapters to reflect these remarkable advances. Designed specifically for medical students and allied health professionals, this up-to-date edition alternates scientific and clinical chapters that explain the basic science underlying neurological processes and then relate that science to the understanding of neurological disorders and their treatment. These popular and now expanded'clinical correlations'cover, in detail, disorders of the spinal cord, neuronal migration, the autonomic nervous system, the limbic system, ocular motility, and the basal ganglia, as well as demyelinating disorders, stroke, dementia and abnormalities of cognition, congenital chromosomal and genetic abnormalities, Parkinson's disease, nerve trauma, peripheral neuropathy, aphasias, sleep disorders and myasthenia gravis. In addition to concise summaries of the most recent biochemical, physiological, anatomical, and behavioral advances, the chapters summarize current findings on neuronal gene expression and protein synthesis at the molecular level. Authoritative and comprehensive, Neuroscience in Medicine, Third Edition provides a fully up-to-date and readily accessible guide to brain functions at the cellular and molecular level, as well as clearly demonstrating their emerging diagnostic and therapeutic importance.

Better understand your patients'complete medical profile and provide the best possible care! This one-of-a-kind reference provides a practical look at neurological disease and how it affects, and is affected by, other disease. It helps neurologists manage patients with co-existing medical conditions, and helps internists understand and treat the neurological manifestations of patients'primary diseases. A new emphasis on diagnosis and management-including advances in pharmacology, genetic-based therapies, and new imaging techniques-makes this 4th Edition more clinically valuable than ever!Focused content highlights the vital links between neurology and other medical specialties, promoting a better understanding of all disciplines, as well as enhancing patient care.Comprehensive coverage of advances in pharmacology, such as new antibiotics for infectious diseases, helps you successfully manage a full range of diseases and disorders.An interdisciplinary team of authors provides insight into the neurological aspects of the conditions you see in daily practice.Easy-to-read chapters apply equally well to neurologists and non-neurologists, providing essential knowledge that covers the full spectrum of medical care. Expanded chapters emphasize key diagnostic and therapeutic information, including appropriate testing and treatments for neurological disease.An emphasis on advances in pharmacology and new imaging techniques helps you better manage your patients and understand how new drugs or therapies will affect your patients and practice.New chapters on auditory and vestibular disease, ocular disease, and cutaneous disease provide a well-rounded look at the specialty. Updated illustrations make complex concepts easier to understand and apply.

Because of the huge clinical experience that has been accumulated in radiosurgery, it seems timely to explore and process out systematically pathological fundamentals on the effect of focused irradiation. The better understanding of radiobiology will enhance the outcomes of radiosurgical procedures. Renowned experts from all over the world discuss the baselines of pathology and radiobiology, medical physical principles, dose prescription guidelines, current radiosurgical techniques, advanced computer technology and recent imaging methods in radiosurgery. In this unique volume the most pioneering feature is the parallel discussion of clinical radiosurgical results with fundamental pathological findings following high-dose focused irradiation. Topics range from benign and malignant brain tumors, vascular malformations, functional disorders, ocular and spinal radiosurgery, interstitial brachytherapy to experimental efforts. This publication gives neurosurgeons, radiosurgeons, radiologists, pathologists, medical physicists, neurologists, oncologists, ophthalmologists, otolaryngologists as well as nuclear medicine and medical information technology experts an excellent understanding of the latest development of pathological fundamentals and new trends in radiosurgery.

All motor behavior is characterized by sensory inputs causing specific motor reactions. Because humans modify motor reactions voluntarily or through experience, this input-output relation is more complex in humans than in lower vertebrates. Eye movements provide a window on fundamental brain function, not only for topographic diagnosis of dysfunctions but also for the comprehension of normal brain function. This book highlights basic mechanical properties of eye movements, explains the neuronal basis of the vestibular-ocular reflex, saccadic eye movements, smooth-pursuit eye movements, and vergence eye movements, and deals with their pharmacological manipulation in disorders. Since precise measurement of motor reactions is essential for understanding the oculomotor system, one chapter critically discusses current registration methods, and another one considers the possibilities and limitations of modeling it by control theory methods. Its comprehensive characterization of eye movements and their relation to brain function makes this publication essential reading to ophthalmologists, neurologists, and clinical neuropsychologists.

Neurocutaneous syndromes unify a group of rare neurological disorders in which the initial identification depends on simple visual diagnosis. They include a large group of neurological disorders (neurofibromatosis type I, tuberous sclerosis complex, Sturge-Weber syndrome.Von Hippel Lindau syndrome, hypomelanosis of Ito, and others) which feature cutaneous and ocular lesions, brain malformations, central and peripheral brain tumours, mental retardation, seizures, and psychiatric problems. In the past few years our knowledge of neurocutaneous syndromes has increased substantially. Detailed information about the clinical features, natural history, and management of these complex multisystem disorders, and new data on the genetics of these conditions, has provided insight into their classification, pathophysiology, molecular biology, and genotype-phenotype correlations. The aim of this volume is to provide an updated developmental perspective on these multi-faceted conditions and to review their major clinical features, in particular their embryological basis, clinical molecular genetics, diagnostic protocols, and novel therapeutic approaches. This monograph provides the essential data about these rare conditions for child neurologists, paediatricians, dermatologists, and geneticists.

Regenerative medicine promises to be one of the great future frontiers. Critical to the success of this area is stem cell research, and cell- and gene-based therapy. In this book, a variety of outstanding authors discuss important aspects of these research areas. Important topics include new types of cell therapies and stem cell-based therapy for angiogenesis and cardiac repair. They also include cell-therapy approaches in neu- logic areas such as Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and stroke. A third area that is explored involves the development of cell-based systems for cartilage and bone repair, bladder repair, and kidney regeneration. A fourth area involves important work in the eye, specifically, optic nerve regeneration, retinal repair, and ocular surface regene- tion. The potential of using insulin-producing cells or islets is also examined in this book, as are strategies for cord blood transplantation for various hematologic disorders. Finally, important areas of research involving skin regeneration and wound healing are discussed. This book should provide an excellent overview of the important areas in regenerative medicine with respect to cell and gene therapy and hopefully will be a u- ful guide for scientists doing research in these areas.

'... this book is a gem that will be of great practical use to the consulting ophthalmologist and warrants a place next to the other available texts dealing with the eye in systemic disease.'American Journal of Ophthalmology...'succeeds in achieving its principal goal - crossing interdisciplinary boundaries - and, anyway, it fills a niche in the literature on Nephrology and Ophthalmology. Acta Clinica Belgica

The objective of this publication is to enhance mutual understanding and communication between ophthalmologists, molecular geneticists, genetic counselors and biomedical researchers. In the introductory chapter, current genetic paradigms and experimental genetic approaches relevant to the nature of hereditary disorders are discussed. The following contribution on the epidemiology of hereditary ocular disorders provides an excellent reference to geneticists as well as clinicians. Myopia is presented as an example of a complex clinical phenotype where genes and environment interact. Further molecular ophthalmogenetic topics, such as corneal dystrophies, cataract, glaucoma, opticus neuropathy, non-syndromic and syndromic pigmentary retinopathies, defects of vitamin A metabolism and macular dystrophies including age-related macular degeneration, are investigated in depth. The volume concludes with a survey of color vision deficiencies, a discussion of animal models and gene therapy, and a useful description of technical devices supporting patients who are losing sight.

Colour Atlas of Ophthalmology, Second Edition provides information pertinent to the fundamental aspects of ophthalmology. This book provides the correct diagnosis and treatment of many ocular disorders. Organized into 11 chapters, this edition begins with an overview of the process of assessment of a patient with eye disease, which includes taking a good history, examining the eyes with adequate illumination, and testing the visual function. This text then describes exophthalmos, which is the most common condition of the orbit and indicates the possibility of thyroid disease or a space-occupying lesion. Other chapters consider the common causes of ocular injuries, including injury from flying particles, sharp instruments, chemicals, and ocular injury associated with head injury. The final chapter deals with the common, therapeutic, and diagnostic ocular drugs. This book is a valuable resource for ophthalmologists, physicians, nurses, students, and all those paramedical personnel who have to deal with common eye disease.

This book provides a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of general information, along with an evaluation of diagnostic and therapeutic options for individuals suffering from otologic diseases. Covering fundamental sciences, clinical applications of otology treatments, and the latest research, it is designed to aid physicians in making well-informed decisions about patient care management. Divided into seven parts, the book addresses topics such as hearing reconstruction and its acoustic impact, cochlear implants, brainstem implants, genetic causes of hearing loss, including prevention and rehabilitation, sudden deafness, autoimmune inner ear disease, and the molecular basis of otosclerosis. Contributors also explore the contemporary clinical application of genetics and available testing for hearing loss. This volume will serve as an invaluable resource for otolaryngologists, head and neck surgeons, audiologists, neurologists, neurosurgeons, and residents, offering a comprehensive guide to enhance their understanding and practice.

Die 3. Auflage des Handbuchs bietet Klinikern, Laboratoriumsmedizinern, experimentell Forschenden sowie allen, die sich für den Liquor cerebrospinalis interessieren, in der täglichen Praxis eine schnelle und fundierte Orientierung über den aktuellen Wissensstand der Liquordiagnostik. Methoden und Indikationsstellungen zur Gewinnung des Liquor cerebrospinalis sowie die Analyseverfahren, Messparameter und Befundkonstellationen werden im Licht der neuesten Erkenntnisse ausführlich dargestellt. Das Buch ermöglicht eine umfassende Einsicht in methodische und interpretatorische Aspekte aller klinisch bedeutsamen Liquorparameter sowie in den Stellenwert der Liquordiagnostik heute. Neben den aktuellen Entwicklungen in Immunologie, Molekularbiologie und Proteinanalytik sowie der Standardisierung und Qualitätssicherung ist in der Neuauflage erstmals ein 50-seitiger Zytologieatlas mit exemplarischen Fallbeschreibungen Teil dieses Lehrbuches, welcher sich konzeptionell am stufenweisen Erfassen eines zytologischen Präparats orientiert und daher auch besonders für Einsteiger in die Liquorzytologie geeignet ist. Mit Unterstützung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Liquordiagnostik und Klinische Neurochemie e.V. (DGLN).