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This book covers the use of nanomedicine in the delivery of neuroprotective agents, including pharmacological drugs, stem cells, neurotrophic factors, monoclonal antibodies and enzymes to induce greater beneficial effects in neurologic diseases. Thus, the main purpose of the book is to explore the delivery of drugs either alone or in combination with stem cells to enhance neuroprotection in neurological diseases. Brain pathology associated with acute trauma such as head injury and brain blast injury can also be managed using novel treatment strategies. In addition, emphasis is made that standard patterns of brain pathology may be complicated with multiple comorbidity factors where one agent alone is not sufficient to induce brain protection. Enzymes and antibodies may help in combination and enhance the efficacy when administered through nanotechnology. Progress in Nanomedicine in Neurologic Diseases will encourage further research in the field of neuroprotection, brain injury, neurodegenerative diseases, neuropharmacology, neuropathology, and neurology. Students and researchers along with policy makers, teachers and health care professionals may also benefit from the findings of the book for enhanced patients care.

Neuropalliative Care, Part Two, Volume 191 covers a type of care that is given when there is no cure for the neurological disorder and the patient is in distress. It provides a scholarly background of neuropalliative care, from historic underpinnings to its practice in various geographical regions, along with best practices for specific neurological disorders. It covers the work of multi or interdisciplinary teams whose care is intended to make the patient as comfortable as possible and includes partners and families in treatment plans. - Summarizes research in neuropalliative care - Identifies current practices in different geographic regions - Provides best practices for specific neurological disorders and patient populations - Includes advanced care planning

This book aids the practitioner in understanding the difference between spasticity and muscle stiffness, weighing old and new treatment options, and developing an appropriate treatment algorithm for a given patient. Spasticity is a common and disabling condition after neurologic injury such as stroke, spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, traumatic brain injury and cerebral palsy. Current treatments for spasticity may exacerbate other problems. Hence, there is a great need to develop a comprehensive understanding of the pathophysiology of spasticity and muscle stiffness, its assessment, and the various treatment options available to obtain the best results to restore joint alignment, movement, and function. This book is organized into two sections: Part I of the book deals with the pathophysiology and assessment of spasticity and muscle stiffness, and Part II of the book explains the rationale, framework, considerations, and evidence for various treatments for both spasticity and muscle stiffness. This comprehensive approach will enable physiatrists, neurologists, internists, and physical and occupational therapists to achieve the best possible outcomes for their patients.

Written by over seventy scientists and clinicians worldwide from China, USA, Germany, Canada, Japan and other countries, this monograph, with nearly 450 figures and tables, covers a wide range of advanced progress in acupuncture research, from experimental research to clinical applications. In addition to exploring the histopathological basis for acupuncture and mathematical simulation of acupoint response to stimulation, initiation and transduction of acupuncture signals and cellular mechanisms during acupuncture effects as well as chemical and physical characteristics of moxibustion on acupoints are broadly discussed. The topics also include novel data on acupuncture effect with advanced imaging techniques, a unique understanding of meridian-viscera correlation, specific interactions between meridians and neurosensory organs within the system of homeostatic regulation and the acupuncture-induced influences on autonomic function. Several chapters introduce specific approaches with dryneedling, silver needling and stainless needling for certain diseases, such as myofascitis, supportive care for breast cancer and chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy as well as perioperative care of surgical patients. Moreover, this book discusses recent research on acupuncture therapy and potential mechanisms for a number of severe and refractory neurological disorders, including hyperactivity of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, orofacial pain, chronic pain, itch, multiple sclerosis, autism spectrum disorders, cerebral palsy, depressive disorders, Alzheimer's disease and ischemic brain injury. The vast amount of information offered in this book provides a comprehensive perspective on advanced acupuncture research to not only acupuncturists, but also to neuroscientists, neurologists, and other clinicians. For medical students and graduate and undergraduate students majoring in biology, physiology and neuroscience, this book offers an advanced course in learning about the mechanism-driven advances in alternative and complementary medicine.

Neural Repair and Regeneration after Spinal Cord Injury and Spine Trauma provides readers with a comprehensive overview on the most up-to-date strategies to repair and regenerate the injured spinal cord following SCI and spine trauma. With contributions by international authors, chapters put regenerative approaches in context, allowing the reader to understand the challenges and future directions of regenerative therapies. Recent clinical trial advancements are thoroughly discussed, with the impact of trial findings addressed. Additionally, major ongoing clinical trials are included with thoughts from experts in the field. Recent clinical practice guidelines for the management of traumatic spinal cord injury are featured throughout. These guidelines are quickly being adopted as the standard of care worldwide, and the comprehensive information found within this book will place these recommendations in context with current knowledge surrounding spinal cord injury and spine trauma. Contains contributions by international authors Covers recent clinical trial advancements and findings and updates on ongoing trials Presents an overview of clinical practice guidelines for the management of traumatic spinal cord injury featured Provides the reader with insights regarding the translation of research from bench to bedside and the skills needed to understand the translational pathway using real-life examples

This book aims to give the state-of-the-art of intraoperative brain function mapping for resection of brain tumors in awake conditions, and to become a reference for acquiring the fundamental expertise necessary to select the right intraoperative task at the right time of the surgery. The chapters, all focused on a specific brain function, are divided in 4 parts: sensori-motor and visuo-spatial functions, language functions, higher-order functions, and prospects. Each chapter follows the same outline, including a brief review of the current knowledge about the networks sustaining the function in healthy subjects, the description of the intraoperative tasks designed to monitor the function, a review of the literature describing the deficits in that function after surgery, and a critical appraisal of the benefit provided by intraoperative mapping of that function.

This book summarises the entire field of adult neuro-urology in a concise, well-illustrated, and practical style. Contents include epidemiology, lower urinary tract anatomy and physiology. This is followed by coverage of the pathophysiology of various types of voiding dysfunctions and a clinical section focusing on practical evaluation and treatment. A range of treatments from behavioral, pharmacological, intra vesical, tissue engineering and surgical are explained and reviewed. Other topics such as complications, sexual function, fertility, maternity aspects, and prognostic factors round off the book. •Each topic is covered in detail and well illustrated. •The reader will gain a full understanding of every aspect of adult neuro-urology. •Facilitates improved clinical knowledge and practice.Provides an essential and complete reference tool for students and established urologists, neurologists, physiotherapists and nurses, and technicians involved in the care of patients with neurogenic bladder dysfunction.

Every cortical area receives input from the thalamus and projects to the thalamus. The cortex and thalamus, therefore, are inseparable partners for sensation, action, and cognition. Exploring Thalamocortical Interactions provides readers with foundational knowledge needed to understand the cellular and circuit properties of thalamocortical networks, and then goes on to consider new ideas and hypotheses, some of which are quite speculative. Some of the major themes emphasized throughout the book include: · the need for a proper classification of thalamocortical and corticothalamic circuits · the role of spike timing for thalamocortical and corticothalamic communication and the mechanisms for modulating spike timing · the organization and function of corticothalamic feedback projections · the role of higher order thalamic nuclei in cortico-cortical communication and cortical functioning · attentional modulation of thalamocortical interactions · a rethinking of efference copies and distinguishing neural signals as sensory versus motor Exploring Thalamocortical Interactions combines foundational knowledge from decades of research with fresh ideas and hypotheses on how the thalamus and cortex work together for sensation, action, and cognition.

The Human Hypothalamus: Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Volume 181 in the Handbook of Clinical Neurology series, provides comprehensive summaries of recent research on the brain and nervous system as they relate to clinical neurology. This volume identifies the neurobiology and neurophysiology of disorders relating to the hypothalamus and provides treatment information for these disorders. Disorders covered include neuropsychiatric, neurodegenerative, periodic, and autoimmune disorders. Coverage includes Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, epilepsy, sleep, pain, depression, anxiety, OCD, PTSD, schizophrenia, autism, aggressions, addiction, and more. - Summarizes research on how the hypothalamus relates to neurological disorders - Contains neuropsychiatric, neurodegenerative, periodic and autonomic disorders - Includes the neurobiology of, and treatment for, each disorder - Covers depression, anxiety, OCD, PTSD, schizophrenia, autism, aggression, addiction, and more - Provides coverage of sleep and pain

This practical text provides knowledge of the basic neuroscience of sleep and sleep disorders as they interrelate with various neurologic conditions.Chapters in the first section cover neural networks involved in normal sleep processes, including dreams and memory. Also discussed are how these neural networks interact in various sleep stages and sleep disorders, such as sleep related movement disorders. The book's second section explores the pathophysiology of sleep disorders in the spectrum of neurologic conditions in both adults and children. This includes sleep changes in patients with dementia, seizures, headaches, and stroke, and other common neurologic disorders. Sleep Neurology fills an important gap in the sleep medicine literature by providing the underpinnings of sleep disorders and will be of great value to students, residents, and clinicians.

This book provides essential insights into the current state of knowledge regarding the main aspects of cluster headache and trigeminal autonomic cephalgias. The first chapters focus on classification and clinical features, together with familial and genetic aspects. Relevant animal models and the putative role of key nervous structures as the hypothalamus, brainstem, diencephalon and sphenopalatine ganglion are reviewed. Evidence gained from key molecules such as CGRP in animals and human headache models are discussed. The book subsequently presents information on the various aspects of the pathophysiology of trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias for example regarding the implication of the trigeminovascular system and the facial autonomic reflexes of the brainstem. Further, it shares insights from imaging studies including functional magnetic resonance imaging and more advanced techniques, as well as brain stimulation procedures. Further chapters describe the current state of knowledge concerning drug treatment and the various neurostimulation procedures. Trigeminal neuralgia is also presented, due its close relationship with some short-term trigeminal autonomic cephalgias: a great deal can be learned from a better understanding of their differences and similarities. The same approach is then applied to cluster headache and migraine.All chapters were written by respected experts in their fields, ensuring the book will provide an excellent source of up-to-date information and perspectives on trigeminal autonomic cephalgias and related disorders. As such, it will be of considerable value for students, clinicians and pain researchers alike.

Headache syndromes rank amongst the most common presenting symptoms in general practice and neurology, affecting up to 15% of the adult population. Part of the Oxford Textbooks in Clinical Neurology series, the Oxford Textbook of Headache Syndromes provides clinicians with a definitive resource for diagnosing and managing patients with primary and secondary forms of headaches, either as isolated complaints or as part of a more complex syndrome. Split into 7 key sections with 59 chapters, this comprehensive work discusses the scientific basis and practical management of headache syndromes in a logical format. Each chapter is written by international experts in neurology who share their research and extensive experience by providing a wealth of practical advice for use in clinical situations. In addition, all content is up-to-date and chapters incorporate discussions on the latest International Classification of Headache Disorders 3rd edition when relevant.

Originally published in 1991. This book brings together the ideas of an international group of experts on clinical and experimental epilepsy. These authors consider how antiepileptic drugs may act on elements of neuronal networks to reduce seizure incidence and severity. The book addresses such topics as the four general classes of anticonvulsant drug mechanisms, major epilepsy models, the proposed mechanisms of action of major antiepileptic drugs, and the clinical use of antiepileptic drugs in the treatment of various forms of human epilepsy. This volume is special for its focus on the neuronal network approach to epilepsy, as well as for its comprehensive review and integration of human and animal data. Neurologists, pharmacologists, psychiatrists, and other investigators actively working on epilepsy research will find this book to be a useful, thought-provoking reference volume.

This book introduce neurourology as an emerging interdisciplinary area that covers the basic and clinical studies of the neural control on the normal lower urinary tract and the lower/upper urinary tract dysfunction due to neuropathy disorders. It systematically describes all aspects of neurourology from the epidemiology of the neurogenic bladder; to the pathology and pathophysiology of the lower urinary tract; to the diagnosis and treatment of the neurogenic bladder by conservative therapies or surgeries. This book provides a useful resource for medical doctors, nurses and students in the field of neurourological conditions. All the topics are written by internationally recognized specialists in their field.

This comprehensive, up-to-date guide to the rehabilitation care of persons with spinal cord injuries and disorders draws on the ever-expanding scientific and clinical evidence base to provide clinicians with the knowledge needed in order to make optimal management decisions during the acute, subacute, and chronic phases. The second edition re-organized contents as more clinically practical use, consisting of 48 chapters. Also, new chapters such as kinesiology and kinematics of functional anatomy of the extremities are added as well. Readers will also find chapters on the basics of functional anatomy, neurological classification and evaluation, injuries specifically in children and the elderly, and psychological issues. The book will be an invaluable aid to assessment and medical care for physicians and other professional personnel in multiple specialties, including physiatrists, neurosurgeons, orthopedic surgeons, internists, critical care physicians, urologists, neurologists, psychologists, and social workers.

This comprehensive, up-to-date guide to the rehabilitation care of persons with spinal cord injuries and disorders draws on the ever-expanding scientific and clinical evidence base to provide clinicians with all the knowledge needed in order to make optimal management decisions during the acute, subacute, and chronic phases. A wealth of information is presented on the diverse medical consequences and complications encountered in these patients and on the appropriate rehabilitative measures in each circumstance. The coverage encompasses all forms of spinal cord injury and all affected organ systems. Readers will also find chapters on the basics of functional anatomy, neurological classification and evaluation, injuries specifically in children and the elderly, and psychological issues. The book will be an invaluable aid to assessment and medical care for physicians and other professional personnel in multiple specialties, including physiatrists, neurosurgeons, orthopedic surgeons, internists, critical care physicians, urologists, neurologists, psychologists, and social workers.

In this comprehensive, clinically directed, reference for the diagnosis and treatment of persons with spinal cord injury and related disorders, editors of the two leading texts on spinal cord injury (SCI) medicine have joined together to develop a singular premier resource for professionals in the field. Spinal Cord Medicine, Third Edition draws on the expertise of seasoned editors and experienced chapter authors to produce one collaborative volume with the most up-to-date medical, clinical, and rehabilitative knowledge in spinal cord injury management across the spectrum of care.This jointly configured third edition builds on the foundation of both prior texts to reflect the breadth and depth of the specialty. Containing 60 state-of-the-art chapters, the book is divided into sections covering introduction and assessment, acute injury management and surgical considerations, medical management, neurological and musculoskeletal care, rehabilitation, recent research advances, system-based practice, and special topics. New and expanded content focuses on the significant changes in the epidemiology of traumatic injury, the classification of SCI, and the latest medical treatments of multiple medical complications. In addition, chapters discuss new surgical considerations in acute and chronic SCI and the many advances in technology that impact rehabilitation and patients'overall quality of life.With chapters authored by respected leaders in spinal cord medicine, including those experienced in spinal cord injury medicine, physical medicine and rehabilitation, neurology, neurosurgery, therapists, and researchers, this third edition goes beyond either of the prior volumes to combine the best of both and create a new unified reference that defines the current standard of care for the field.Key Features:Covers all aspects of spinal cord injury and disease with updates on epidemiology of spinal cord injury, the classification of spinal cord injury, newer methods of surgical intervention post-injury, updates to medications, advances in rehabilitation, and changes in technologyBrings together two leading references to create a singular evidence-based resource that defines the current standard of care for spinal cord medicinePresents the most current medical, clinical, and rehabilitation intelligenceChapters written by experts across the spectrum of specialists involved in the care of persons with spinal cord injuryIncludes access to the downloadable ebook

The fourth edition of this text constitutes a continuation of 20 years of coverage of traumatic brain injury, and broadens the discussion of acquired brain injury. Within TBI, the paradigm shift from an injury occurring at a point in time to a disease entity of a chronic nature is changing the discussion of diagnosis, management, treatment and outcome assessment. Disease specification that differentiates TBIs by the mechanism of injury, the exact nature of the injury, the extent of injury, presence of co-morbidities and their exact nature, gender, age, race, and genome are emerging as crucial. Disease differentiation has impacted diagnosis, treatment and outcome.

Neurotrauma and Critical Care of the Brain, 2nd edition by renowned neurosurgeons Jack Jallo and Christopher Loftus incorporates salient components of the highly praised first edition. The updated text reflects cutting-edge discussion on traumatic brain injury management in a neurocritical care setting. Contributions from top experts in neurosurgery, neurology, critical care, cardiac and pulmonary care, and trauma surgery provide a concise review of a complex and evolving field.The book lays a solid foundation with discussion of TBI classification, pathophysiology, key blood biomarkers, noninvasive neuromonitoring in severe TBI patients, multimodality monitoring in neurocritical care, and brain imaging modalities. From the prehospital setting to intensive care, top experts share clinical pearls and core guidelines on the management of mild, moderate, and severe TBI and complications. Chapters new to this edition include concomitant injuries, orbital/facial fractures, vascular injuries, spine fractures, autonomic dysfunction, and temperature management.Key HighlightsSpecialized topics include wartime penetrating injuries, cardiovascular complications of TBI, venous thromboembolism prophylaxis, ethical considerations, TBI costs in the U.S. and the financial return on helmetsManagement of pediatric brain injuries in the NICU with illustrative casesNearly 200 high quality illustrations facilitate understanding of complex anatomy and techniquesSummary tables provide a handy overview of injury type, causes, characteristics, and recommended imaging modalitiesThis remarkable resource is essential reading for neurosurgeons, neurologists, trauma physicians, critical care and rehabilitation medicine specialists, and residents in these specialties. Paired with Neurotrauma and Critical Care of the Spine, 2nd edition, this dynamic duo is the most up-to-date neurocritical care reference available today.

This book sheds new light on central pain, a field that is largely obscured by lack of knowledge among pain professionals at all levels, including high-end pain centers. As a matter of fact, central pain, classified as a form of neuropathic pain, remains too often a scourge for those affected due to the ignorance of pain therapists worldwide and enduring misconceptions at the academic level. By weighing up the relevant evidence, the authors aim to remedy the situation by providing clear-cut, no-nonsense, unbiased and directly applicable clinical information. The clinically sound guidelines presented here are based on the authors'twenty years of treating patients and conducting research in the field. The book will be an invaluable guide for neurologists, neurosurgeons, anesthesiologists, pain therapists as well as physiotherapists.

This book is aimed to bring the reader into the heart of the action of any health professional consulted for a patient with a neurogenic bladder (NB). Extensive textbooks of the NB exist but there is a lack of an actual practical guide for diagnosis and management of patients suffering from NB. This book provides a single source of information on consultation in neurourology. The text covers both urinary incontinence and retention resulting from NB dysfunction. The book also discusses complications of NB which include urinary tract infections, hydronephrosis, renal failure or autonomic dysreflexia. Sections address these clinical issues faced by physicians. This book provides a useful guide with comprehensive and practical instructions for all practitioners dealing with NB in their day-to-day clinical practice. It will serve as a valuable resource for those with a special interest in NB. The book reviews new data about diagnostic and management options. It also provides a conciseyet comprehensive summary of the current NB guidelines from different societies. All chapters include the most up to date scientific and clinical information with the relevant level of clinical evidence and grade of recommendation.

For a woman of reproductive age, any medical appointment is a pre-conception visit and an opportunity to address pre-existing conditions that affect pregnancy and the maternal-fetal dyad. However, many neurologic conditions are rarely seen in pregnancy, and limited experience and knowledge may prevent the team from developing a shared approach to these complex conditions during pregnancy. Neurological Diseases and Pregnancy: A Coordinated Care Model for Best Management brings together experts across the disciplines of maternal fetal medicine, neurology, obstetrics, family planning, genetics, anesthesia, psychiatry, neurosurgery, and lactation to provide a multi-disciplinary, comprehensive, protocol-driven guide on best care for patients with neurologic disease before, during and after pregnancy. Each chapter provides a detailed care map on each unique disorder, and discusses the use of neurological medications during pregnancy and in lactation. Through this multi-disciplinary approach clinicians can navigate the complexities of preconception and pregnancy care, and help to optimize outcomes for the mother-infant dyad. Beyond pregnancy care, this volume further serves as a resource on best care for the life-course of women affected by neurologic disease including pre-pregnancy planning, genetic counseling, contraception, and sexuality in neurologic disease, as well as post-partum depression and menopausal neurologic changes.

This clinically focused book aims to cover for the first time all of the neurological aspects relevant to the diagnosis and treatment of spinal cord disease. Furthermore, innovative neurorestorative therapeutic strategies - aiming for repair of the damaged spinal cord and/or reorganization of the remaining nervous system - with significant potential for translation into clinical routine are presented. The book covers a comprehensive list of topics, including epidemiology, neuroanatomy, etiology of compressive and non-compressive spinal cord injury, imaging, neurophysiology, neurological sequelae, and complications with emphasis on dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system. Both clinically established and preclinical therapies are discussed in detail. The book is suited for trainees and practicing clinicians including neurologists, spine surgeons, rehabilitation specialists, neuroradiologists, and occupational/physical therapists; it will also be of value to neuroscientists involved in research into spinal cord disease.

Since publication of the first edition, Spasticity: Diagnosis and Management has been the defining reference and go-to source for physicians, therapists, and other healthcare providers who care for patients with spasticity. For this new updated edition, Dr. Brashear and a diverse team of specialists have come together to integrate new research, clinical trials, measurement tools, therapies, and other recent advances that reflect this evolving field. The book is organized into four sections, each of which covers a broad scope of material. The first is a general overview of spasticity and its effects on movement in patients. Other chapters cover epidemiology and ancillary findings commonly associated with spasticity. Part II details assessment tools and measurements, treatment goals, and how to aim for realistic outcomes. Part III outlines various treatment modalities, including heavily updated chapters on the use of botulinum toxin in the upper and lower extremities, guidance techniques for injections, intrathecal baclofen, neuromodulation, surgery, physical therapy, and more. The last section, which contains several new chapters, discusses evaluation of outcomes and management of patients with stroke, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injuries, multiple sclerosis, cerebral palsy, and cancer, followed by chapters on spasticity management in long-term care facilities and economic considerations. This book remains the most comprehensive guide to diagnosis and management of spasticity in adults and children, and the revised second edition will continue to serve as an invaluable resource for professionals in any discipline who strive to provide quality care to spasticity patients. Key Features: Revised edition of the premier clinical reference on spasticity Incorporates the latest advances in assessment and treatment Contains six entirely new chapters highlighting key topics including Tardieu scale and other measurement tools, ultrasound guidance for botulinum toxin management, spasticity in special populations, emerging therapies, and economic impact More than 200 figures and 70 tables accompany the updated text

Astrocytes can be defined as the glia inhabiting the nervous system with the main function in the maintenance of nervous tissue homeostasis. Classified into several types according to their morphological appearance, many of astrocytes form a reticular structure known as astroglial syncytium, owing to their coupling via intercellular channels organized into gap junctions. Not only do astrocytes establish such homocellular contacts, but they also engage in intimate heterocellular interactions with neurons, most notably at synaptic sites. As synaptic structures house the very core of information transfer and processing in the nervous system, astroglial perisynaptic positioning assures that these glial cells can nourish neurons and establish bidirectional communication with them, functions outlined in the concepts of the astrocytic cradle and multi-partite synapse, respectively. Astrocytes possess a rich assortment of ligand receptors, ion and water channels, and ion and ligand transporters, which collectively contribute to astrocytic control of homeostasis and excitability. Astroglia control glutamate and adenosine homeostasis to exert modulatory actions affecting the real-time operation of synapses. Fluctuations of intracellular calcium can lead to the release of various chemical transmitters from astrocytes through a process termed gliotransmission. Sodium fluctuations are closely associated to those of calcium with both dynamic events interfacing signaling and metabolism. Astrocytes appear fully integrated into the brain cellular circuitry, being an indispensable part of neural networks.

The editors of this comprehensive third edition of the Textbook of the Neurogenic Bladder have assembled an impressive team of world specialists to develop an essential resource for physicians, continence specialists, and other health care professionals involved in the diagnosis and management of patients who have lost normal bladder function.The b

The neurology of sex and bladder disorders requires specialized knowledge and represents a challenge for clinical neurologists focused on the neurological condition. Sex and bladder disorders are often related to more general neurological disorders like Parkinson's disease and multiple sclerosis, and often the sex and bladder disorders are passed to specialists in urology. Neurology of Sexual and Bladder Disorders: Handbook of Clinical Neurology is a focused, yet comprehensive overview that provides complete tutorial reference to the science, diagnosis and treatment of sex and bladder disorders from a neurologic perspective. - Comprehensive coverage of the neurology of sex and bladder disorders - Details the latest techniques for the study, diagnosis and treatment of sex and bladder dysfunction from a neurological perspective - A focused reference for clinical practitioners and neurology research communities

This book is dedicated to Dr. Philip A. Schwartzkroin. The book has a novel format because it is not intended to be a set of reviews. Instead, it is an effort to explore important topics in the epilepsy research field. Because articles are written by leaders in the field who have years of experience and individuals with diverse expertise, articles are likely to have a long-lasting impact and be relevant for both epileptologists and neuroscientists. Authors address topics that are important, unresolved questions in the field of epilepsy research, drawing on available data from both the bench and the clinic to support their points. A given topic is addressed by one or more authors, each writing from his/her own unique perspective. For all of the individuals who have been trained or worked with Philip Schwartzkroin in the past and/or have appreciated his contributions to the epilepsy field, this volume is an excellent way to celebrate his achievements and look to the ways they have moved the field forward and continue to stimulate its growth.

It is only natural for someone in pain to attend to the body part that hurts. Yet this book tells the story of persistent pain having negative effects on brain function. The contributors, all leading experts in their respective fields of pain electrophysiology, brain imaging, and animal models of pain, strive to synthesize compelling and, in some ways, connected hypotheses with regard to pain-related changes in the brain. Together, they contribute their clinical, academic, and theoretical expertise in a comprehensive overview that attempts to define the broader philosophical context of pain (disentangling sensical from nonsensical claims), list the changes known to take place in the brains of individuals with chronic pain and animal models of pain, address the possible causes and mechanisms underlying these changes, and detail the techniques and analytical methods at our disposal to'visualize'and study these changes. - Philosophical and social concepts of pain; testimonials of chronic-pain patients - Clinical data from pain patients'brains - Advances in noninvasive brain imaging for pain patients - Combining theoretical and empirical approaches to the analysis of pain-related brain function - Manipulation of brain function in animal models - Emerging neurotechnology principles for pain diagnostics and therapeutics

Proceedings of the 11th European Society for Neurochemistry Meeting held in Groningen, The Netherlandes, June 15-20, 1996

Neurological Rehabilitation is the latest volume in the definitive Handbook of Clinical Neurology series. It is the first time that this increasing important subject has been included in the series and this reflects the growing interest and quality of scientific data on topics around neural recovery and the practical applications of new research. The volume will appeal to clinicians from both neurological and rehabilitation backgrounds and contains topics of interest to all members of the multidisciplinary clinical team as well as the neuroscience community. The volume is divided into five key sections. The first is a summary of current research on neural repair, recovery and plasticity. The authors have kept the topics readable for a non-scientific audience and focused on the aspects of basic neuroscience that should be most relevant to clinical practice. The next section covers the basic principles of neurorehabilitation, including excellent chapters on learning and skill acquisition, outcome measurement and functional neuroimaging. The key clinical section comes next and includes updates and reviews on the management of the main neurological disabling physical problems, such as spasticity, pain, sexual functioning and dysphagia. Cognitive, emotional and behavioural problems are just as important and are covered in the next section, with excellent chapters, for example, on memory and management of executive dysfunction. The final part draws the sections on symptom management together by discussing the individual diseases that are most commonly seen in neurorehabilitation and providing an overview of the management of the disability associated with those disorders. The volume is a definitive review of current neurorehabilitation practice and will be valuable to a wide range of clinicians and scientists working in this rapidly developing field. - A volume in the Handbook of Clinical Neurology series, which has an unparalleled reputation as the world's most comprehensive source of information in neurology - International list of contributors including the leading workers in the field - Describes the advances which have occurred in clinical neurology and the neurosciences, their impact on the understanding of neurological disorders and on patient care

Das vorliegende Buch behandelt umfassend und fachübergreifend die urologische Rehabilitation von Patienten, deren neurologische Grund- oder Sekundärerkrankung zu einer Schädigung der Harnblase und/oder der Geschlechtsorgane geführt hat. Die pathophysiologischen Auswirkungen dieser Erkrankungen auf Blasen- und Sexualfunktion, die diagnostischen Möglichkeiten unter besonderer Berücksichtigung urodynamischer Untersuchungsverfahren, die medikamentösen und operativen Therapiewege werden ausführlich dargestellt und kommentiert. Auch den neurogenen Störungen bei Kindern sind mehrere Beiträge gewidmet. Dieses Buch ist in erster Linie für Ärzte gedacht, die in ihrer praktischen Arbeit mit diesen Störungen zu tun haben, aber auch Wissenschaftler können auf zahlreiche aktuelle Daten zurückgreifen.

Dieser Buchtitel ist Teil des Digitalisierungsprojekts Springer Book Archives mit Publikationen, die seit den Anfängen des Verlags von 1842 erschienen sind. Der Verlag stellt mit diesem Archiv Quellen für die historische wie auch die disziplingeschichtliche Forschung zur Verfügung, die jeweils im historischen Kontext betrachtet werden müssen. Dieser Titel erschien in der Zeit vor 1945 und wird daher in seiner zeittypischen politisch-ideologischen Ausrichtung vom Verlag nicht beworben.

The endothelial cells of the cerebral vasculature constitute, together with perivascular elements (astrocytes, pcricytes, basement membrane), the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which strictly limits and specifically controls the exchanges between the blood and the cerebral extracellular spacc.The existence of such a physical, enzymatic, and active barrier isolating the central nervous system has broad physiological, biological, pharmacological, and patho­ logical consequences, most of which are not yet fully elucidated. The Cerebral Vascular Biology conference (CVB'95) was organized and held at the'Carre des Sciences'in Paris on July I 0-12, 1995. Like the CVB'92 conference held in Duluth, Minnesota, three years ago, the objectives were to provide a forum for presentation of the most recent progresses and to stimulate discussions in the ticld of the biology, physiology. and pathology of the blood-brain barrier. The Paris conference gathered more than!50 participants. including investigators in basic neuroscience, physicians. and stu­ dents, who actively contributed to the scientific program by their oral or poster presentations. This volume contains a collection of short articles that summarize most of the new data that were presented at the conference. Six thematic parts focus on physiological transports. drug delivery, multidrug resistance P-glycoprotein, signal transduction at the BBB. interactions between the immune system and the cerebral endothelial cells, and the blood-brain barrier-related pathologies in the central nervous system. In addition, two introductory articles present new insights in the rapidly evolving topics of cerebral angiogenesis and gene transfer to the brain.

Dieses umfassende Grundlagenwerk beschreibt die weitreichenden Ergebnisse der modernen Kopfschmerzforschung und macht die heutigen wissenschaftlichen Standards für die praktische Kopfschmerzbehandlung zugänglich.Die Kopfschmerzerkrankungen gehören zu den häufigsten Gründen für eine Inanspruchnahme des Gesundheitswesens. In Deutschland werden jährlich 3 Mrd. Analgetika-Einzeldosierungen eingenommen, die meisten davon wegen Kopfschmerzen. Die Erforschung von Kopfschmerzursachen und die Entwicklung von effektiven Therapiemethoden ist paradoxerweise in Deutschland ein immer noch weitgehend skotomisiertes Gebiet der Medizin. Eine spezielle Ausbildung in Kopfschmerztherapie wird an den meisten Universitäten nicht angeboten. Auch in der ärztlichen Weiterbildung wird das Thema bisher fast vollständig übergangen. Die Folge: Kopfschmerzpatienten als größte Gruppe chronischer Schmerzpatienten sind in Deutschland extrem unterversorgt, und viele Menschen haben das Vertrauen zur wissenschaftlichen Medizin verloren.Das vorliegende Werk schafft Voraussetzungen für eine Veränderung der Defizite in der Versorgung von Patienten mit chronischen Kopfschmerzen. Es zeichnet auf der Grundlage neuer nationaler und internationaler epidemiologischer Studien ein klares Bild über die Häufigkeit der verschiedenen Kopfschmerzerkrankungen und die tatsächliche Versorgungslage. Eingehend werden die neuen internationalen Entwicklungen der Kopfschmerzdiagnostik, insbesondere die IHS-Klassifikation und die Klassifikation gemäß ICD-10, erklärt. Die praxisrelevanten modernen Erkenntnisse über die Ursachen und Entstehungsprozesse chronischer Schmerzen werden erläutert und mit vielen auschlußreichen Abbildungen verständlich gemacht. Die wichtigsten Merkmale der heutigen Kopfschmerztherapie sind Differenziertheit und Effektivität. Das gesamte moderne Wissen für eine zeitgemäße, ganzheitliche Kopfschmerzbehandlung wird beschrieben. Studenten, Ärzte, Apotheker,Psychologen, Kostenträger, Gesundheitspolitiker und Grundlagenwissenschaftler erhalten ein umfassendes, systematisch aufgebautes, übersichtlich gegliedertes und prägnant formuliertes Werk an die Hand, welches eine schnelle Orientierung über die Möglichkeiten der modernen Kopfschmerztherapie gestattet.

'CNS neuroprotection'was a common subject of papers, symposia, and reviews during the previous'decade of the brain.'Indeed, in recent years, experimental study of putative neuroprotective agents prompted clinical trials of numerous drug candidates in acute and chronic human neurodegenerative conditions. While the outcomes of these trials have not been as successful as initially hoped, these were early explorations, and the pipeline of relevant ideas continues to grow in strength and depth. We predict that early in this new millennium, crippling disorders such as stroke and Alzheimer's disease will be treated effectively by therapeutic neuroprotective strategies. This volume of the Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology titled eNS Neuroprotection provides a pharmacological perspective on currently promis­ ing neuroprotective approaches, and a clinical perspective on the challenges involved in establishing the efficacy of these approaches through appropriate clinical trials. Section I,'Mechanistic Approaches to CNS Neuroprotection,'reviews major injury mechanisms that have formed the basis for many past and present clinical trials conducted around the world. Dr. KIM and colleagues, Washington University School of Medicine, review the status of blocking excitotoxicity as an approach to CNS neuroprotection. Dr. WANG, Pfizer Global Research and Development,Ann Arbor Laboratories, outlines evidence supporting a contri­ bution of apoptosis to pathological neuronal or glial cell loss. Drs. BECKER and HALLENBECK, University of Washington and the National Institute on Neuro­ logical Diseases and Stroke, respectively, argue that inhibiting inflammatory pathways in the brain can be neuroprotective. Dr.

In Band 2 werden nach Definition, Einteilung und Chemie Pharmakologie (Pharmakokinetik, Neurobiochemie, Wirkmechanismus) sowie Klinik (Indikationen, Dosierung, unerwünschte Wirkungen, Interaktionen, Kontrolluntersuchungen, Behandlungsrichtlinien) der Benzodiazepin-Tranquilizer, der Benzodiazepin-Hypnotika, der Nicht-Benzodiazepin-Tranquilizer, der chemisch neuartigen Hypnotika, der Aminpräkursoren sowie der Phytotherapeutika dargestellt. Weiters findet sich ein Ausblick über Tranquilizer mit neuartigen Wirkmechanismen.'... Dieses hervorragend konzipierte und umfassend informierende Buch sei... besonders Allgemeinmedizinern, Internisten und anderen fachfremden Kollegen empfohlen.” (Psychopharmakotherapie)

As a core part of the central nervous system, the spinal cord has a distinctive role in the etiology and exacerbation of common and less common neurologic disorders. This issue of Neurologic Clinics will look at the spinal cord's involvement in disorders arising generally in the CNS, as well as disorders based within the cord itself. Articles include: Spinal cord: A review of functional neuroanatomy; Infections of spinal cord; Multiple sclerosis and spinal cord; Transverse myelitis; Neuromyelitis optica; Vascular disorders of spinal cord; Spine and spinal cord trauma; Imaging of spinal cord: General principles; Toxic, nutritional, and metabolic deficiencies of spinal cord; Spinal cord: Motor neuron diseases; Spinal cord tumors: New views and future directions; Spinal cord and spasticity: A mechanistic view; Cervical spondylosis and stenosis; Autonomic nervous system disorders and spinal cord; Stiff person syndrome: What is new?; Sleep disorders in patients with spinal cord injury.

Professor Caplan has extensively edited the book to shape and organize the contents into a succinct presentation by experts of the basic science and clinical aspects of the topic. The text has been divided into sections: The Brain.- Macroscopic and microscopic molecular aspects of brain ischemia, including pathophysiology, pathology, biochemistry, and clinical measurement.- Blood Vessels.- Their constitution and the pathology and physiology of the endothelium and arterial wall.- Blood Flow.- Its physics, control, rheology, and pathophysiology.- Blood.- The role of the cellular and serological constituents in coagulation and fibrinolysis. - Heart.- Sources of embolism and cardiac changes caused by brain ischemia.- And Epidemiology, Databases, and Trials. Prefatory remarks by Professor Caplan introduce each section. At the end of each section he relates the basic concepts to patient problems in the clinic, integrates the various contributions in the section, and covers other areas not discussed by the individual contributors.

During the past three decades, the cerebral vasculature and its role in blood-brain transport has been an increasingly active area of investigation and learning, particularly from an anatomical and physiological point of view. However, much less is known at the molecular and cellular level about the blood-brain barrier especially regarding the macromolecules responsible for transport, the roles played by vascular wall components (endothelial cell, pericyte, smooth muscle, basement membrane), and the mechanisms regulating brain vascular-specific protein expression and their molecular alterations during development and disease. Fundamental questions still unanswered include: What are the molecular constituents of brain endothelial cell tight junctions? What are the membrane proteins responsible for transport of specific substrates? What are the molecular signals that cause glucose transporter gene expression to be 20 to 100 times greater in brain endothelial cells in vivo than in vitro? What roles do pericytes, smooth muscle cells and basement membrane have in establishing or maintaining blood-brain transport characteristics? Are brain vascular transport systems responsible for edema following injury? Are transporter systems regulated via receptor-mediated events? Do hormones or neuromodulators regulate transporter expression? What is the molecular mechanism by which plasma proteins enter the extravascular space? Are transporters asymmetrically distributed between the luminal and abluminal endothelial cell membranes? Can prodrugs or pharmacologic agents be designed as substrate analogs and be delivered to the central nervous system via existing transporters or receptors? Can new and beneficial transporters be introduced into the brain vasculature?