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Cancer is a term that describes a constellation of diseases that affect a large proportion of the global population. By 2020, it is estimated there will be 15 million new cancer cases worldwide and a corresponding 12 million cancer-related deaths. There are many efficacious treatments for cancer with both curative and palliative intents, which regardless of efficacy, can result in distressing symptoms including pain, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, and reduced function. Compounded with very similar symptoms from the disease itself, toxicities can ultimately lead to diminished quality of life (QOL). In recent years, the use of biomarkers in cancer research and practice has become a widely discussed topic of exploration for researchers and clinicians alike. A biomarker is a biological property that can be measured and used as a tool in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of specific illnesses, including cancer. In this book, the authors synthesize existing biomarker research in the literature related to cancer and the potential effect it may have on future treatment, drug metabolism, symptom burden, radiation response, susceptibility to radiation related toxicities, and prognosis.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic, progressive metabolic disease characterized by chronic hyperglycemia. Although its main physiological abnormalities are insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion, the specific underlying determinants of these metabolic defects remain uncertain. There are complex interactions between genetic, epigenetic, environmental and behavioral factors that contribute to the development of diabetes. Non-pharmacological and pharmacological interventions have been used for diabetic management. Over the past few years, research has started to focus on the use of novel adjuvant drugs as antioxidants and anti-inflammatory drugs for better management, as it was revealed that both oxidative stress and inflammation play a critical role in the disease pathogenesis. Thus, the development of antidiabetic drugs that can reverse insulin resistance is a potential therapeutic target. Although antidiabetic drugs may be effective in improving glycemic control, they do not appear to be effective in entirely preventing the progression of pancreatic ß-cells damage mediated by chronic hyperglycemia-induced decline in intracellular antioxidants. Therefore, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory therapy should be considered as an adjunct to the commonly used oral antidiabetics