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In the last two decades of the 20th century, we witnessed a dramatic growth in social inequalities within and among countries. This has had a most negative impact on the health and quality of life of large sectors of the populations in the developed and underdeveloped world. This volume analyzes the reasons for this increase in inequalities and its consequences for the well-being of populations. Scholars from a variety of disciplines and countries analyze the different dimensions of this topic.

Advances in Medicine and Biology. Volume 170 begins by presenting the latest evidence that Alzheimer's disease-related proteins and their genes play a role in post-ischemic brain damage, and that an ischemic episode is an essential and leading provider of Alzheimer's disease development. The authors go on to review the pathophysiology, symptoms, epidemiology, analysis, and treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Important issues when appraising and interpreting studies on fertility awareness methods used for avoiding pregnancy are described, and correct clinical applications of fertility awareness methods for contraception are also discussed. The basic molecular pathology of human cancers is discussed, as well as rising technologies for tumour characterization and the role of molecular profiling in identifying potential targets for individualised treatment. Additionally, an overview of the various modalities for assessing the liver functional reserve in patients undergoing hepatic resection is provided. Lastly, data on the linearization of somatic growth plots in humans and rats is discussed, showing the existence of at least two ontogenetic transitions: juvenile and pubertal.

Environmental health is an area with significant developments and noteworthy challenges that expand into various disciplines: medicine and public health, sociology and communications, technology, policymaking, and legislation. Due to the massive amount of health-related issues, additional literature involving environmental health is required to improve the wellbeing of citizens worldwide. Environmental Exposures and Human Health Challenges provides interdisciplinary insights into concepts and theories related to environmental exposures and human health impacts via the air, water, soil, heavy metal exposure, and other chemical toxins. The book also addresses inequalities and environmental injustices in relation to environmental exposures and health impacts. Covering topics such as health policies, pollution effects, and heavy metal exposure, this publication is designed for public health professionals, preventive medicine specialists, clinicians, data scientists, environmentalists, academicians, practitioners, researchers, and students.

From 1962 to 1971, the U.S. military sprayed herbicides over Vietnam to strip the thick jungle canopy that could conceal opposition forces, to destroy crops that those forces might depend on, and to clear tall grasses and bushes from the perimeters of US base camps and outlying fire-support bases. Mixtures of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T), picloram, and cacodylic acid made up the bulk of the herbicides sprayed. The main chemical mixture sprayed was Agent Orange, a 50:50 mixture of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T. At the time of the spraying, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), the most toxic form of dioxin, was an unintended contaminant generated during the production of 2,4,5-T and so was present in Agent Orange and some other formulations sprayed in Vietnam. Because of complaints from returning Vietnam veterans about their own health and that of their children combined with emerging toxicologic evidence of adverse effects of phenoxy herbicides and TCDD, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine was asked to perform a comprehensive evaluation of scientific and medical information regarding the health effects of exposure to Agent Orange, other herbicides used in Vietnam, and the various components of those herbicides, including TCDD. Updated evaluations were conducted every two years to review newly available literature and draw conclusions from the overall evidence. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 11 (2018) examines peer-reviewed scientific reports concerning associations between various health outcomes and exposure to TCDD and other chemicals in the herbicides used in Vietnam that were published between September 30, 2014, and December 31, 2017, and integrates this information with the previously established evidence database.

This book examines the toxicological and health implications of environmental epigenetics and provides knowledge through an interdisciplinary approach. Included in this volume are chapters outlining various environmental risk factors such as phthalates and dietary components, life states such as pregnancy and ageing, hormonal and metabolic considerations and specific disease risks such as cancer cardiovascular diseases and other non-communicable diseases.Environmental Epigenetics imparts integrative knowledge of the science of epigenetics and the issues raised in environmental epidemiology.This book is intended to serve both as a reference compendium on environmental epigenetics for scientists in academia, industry and laboratories and as a textbook for graduate level environmental health courses.Environmental Epigenetics imparts integrative knowledge of the science of epigenetics and the issues raised in environmental epidemiology.This book is intended to serve both as a reference compendium on environmental epigenetics for scientists in academia, industry and laboratories and as a textbook for graduate level environmental health courses.

The study of migrant populations poses unique challenges owing to the mobility of these groups, which may be further complicated by cultural, educational, and linguistic diversity as well as the legal status of their members. These barriers limit the usefulness of both traditional survey sampling methods and routine public health surveillance systems. Since nearly 1 in 7 people in the world is a migrant, appropriate methodological approaches must be designed and implemented to capture health data from populations. This effort is particularly important because migrant populations, in comparison to other populations, typically suffer disparities related to limited access to health care, greater exposure to infectious diseases, more occupational injuries, and fewer positive outcomes for mental health and other health conditions.This path-breaking handbook is the first to engage with the many unique issues that arise in the study of migrant communities. It offers a comprehensive description of quantitative and qualitative methodologies useful in work with migrant populations. By providing information and practical tools, the editors fill existing gaps in research methods and enhance opportunities to address the health and social disparities migrant populations face in the United States and around the world.

This unique text is the first to provide an introduction to the theory and practice of the major theories of psychotherapy and, at the same time, illustrate how these approaches are dealing with the ever-increasing diversity of today's clients. Frew and Spiegler have assembled the leading contemporary authorities on each theory to offer an insider's perspective that includes exposure to the style and language used by adherents of the approach, which is not available in any other text. The history of each approach and the latest, cutting-edge theory and practice are integrated with an emphasis on an awareness of the needs of diverse non-majority clients, creating a comprehensive, practical, and invaluable text for any counseling theories course.The major psychotherapeutic approaches are presented in roughly the chronological order in which they were developed, and each chapter follows the same basic format to ensure consistency throughout the text. Along with traditional theories, there are chapters on reality therapy, feminist therapy, and narrative therapy, and the chapter on ethics includes multicultural and feminist perspectives. Each chapter includes: the origin and evolution of the theory theoretical foundations and how the theory is manifested in practice an evaluation of the evidence for the theory's success, limitations, blind spots, and challenges'The Author's Journey,'in which authors describe what lead them to adopt their approach and how their own practice has evolved over time multicultural competencies and their importance in the context of the theory. Resources are available online for instructors to supplement the material in the text and include a test bank and PowerPoint lecture slides.

Winner of the 2011 BMA book awards: medicine categoryIn the five decades since its first publication, Hunter's Diseases of Occupations has remained the pre-eminent text on diseases caused by work, universally recognized as the most authoritative source of information in the field. It is an important guide for doctors in all disciplines who may

Today's consumer can send a company a DNA sample and receive a detailed set of genetic test results in return all without ever visiting a health care provider. Although knowing one's personal risk for serious disease may lead some individuals to make more informed health choices, an ever-growing set of questions remains: Are predictive genetic tests meaningful? Can the results be harmful as well as helpful? In what ways can genetic information be used by health care providers to predict disease risk and optimize medical management within concerned families? Most important, how might the landscape of genetic testing affect the care of children's health?Although there are no easy answers, the Handbook of Genomics and the Family details in one authoritative volume the challenges entailed by the latest genetic advances and offers insights into the potential translation of this knowledge in pediatric and family practice and public health. This timely and comprehensive reference introduces readers to the study of how genes, singly and in combination with each other and the environment, affect health and behavior; summarizes current findings on genetics and genomics in disease etiology and prevention; and provides family-focused perspectives relating to genetic counseling and education.Key features of the Handbook include:- In-depth background in genetics and genomics in relationship to disease etiology and epidemiology.- Integrative frameworks for understanding genetics and genomics in the context of families.- Considerations for communicating genetic and genomic information.- Individual chapters on genetic and familial risks for specific diseases and conditions, including cancer, obesity, and Type 1 diabetes among children and adolescents.- Training, ethics, and other emerging issues and controversies.- Contemporary policies on genetic testing in children and families.The Handbook of Genomicsand the Family is essential reading for clinical child and pediatric psychologists and psychiatrists, pediatricians and nurses, clinical geneticists and genetic counselors, and public health specialists as advances in genetics lead the way to more personalized models of health.

Complex chemical mixtures impact our health every day. In the United States, and also in Central and Eastern Europe, there are a number of locations where complex chemical mixtures have been released to environmental media. Although exposure to mixtures is common, minimal information exists to quantify these exposures, or to determine their impact on human or ecological receptors. These proceedings present some of the most current research conducted to quantify complex mixtures in the environment and investigate their potential impact on human health. Many of the manuscripts reported in these proceedings represent the most up-to-date measurements of population exposures in Central and Eastern Europe. These studies are of value to health and environmental professionals around the world as they develop strategies for assessing exposures, remediating contaminated environments, and improving public health.

This is the leading international professional reference text that also serves as a bench book, describing all aspects of the pathology of brain tumours - genetics, molecular biology, epidemiology, morphology, immunohistochemistry, diagnostic criteria and prognosis. Beautifully illustrated in colour throughout and comprehensively referenc

The assessment of cancer risk is a complex process that requires the examination of etiological agents, real-world environments, and individual rates of exposure. This reference offers practical approaches to determine cancer risk in individuals, groups of exposed persons, and the general public in relation to individual genetic and acquired suscep

Compiling significant advances from more than a decade of research, this text presents breakthroughs in the prevention, treatment, and control of cancer-exploring the origin, function, and behavior of cancerous cells and promoting the development of effective therapeutics for common malignancies of the breast, lung, prostate, and gastrointestinal t

This book details advances in research regarding cilia, mucus, and mucociliary clearance, examining changes in mucus expression and goblet cell metaplasia, and assessing the ability of the mucociliary system to respond to abnormalities. Recognizes that cilia and dynein arms play pivotal roles in developing mammalian embryos!Examines the rol

Carcinogens, like chemicals with other toxic hazards, often produce adverse effects only in specific organs or tissues. The factors determining whether a chemical induces cancer in an organ range from simple toxicokinetics to complex phenomena such as expression or lack of expression of specific genes.; This volume examines the site-specific factor