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This volume includes twelve chapters that detail recent advances in health and disease. Chapter One details the future perspective of cyclophosphamide and cyclophosphamide-like cytostatics. Chapter Two discusses several approaches and modalities for designing postoperative analgesia's side, efficacy, and safety. Chapter Three describes evidence linking endocrine pancreas endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) development, as well as ER stress as a viable and promising target to prevent or treat T2DM. Chapter Four presents Ichnocarpus frutescens and its role in alpha-glucosidase inhibition. Chapter Five describes the methodologies assessing human circadian clock and the potential utility of noninvasive biosignal measuring systems for maintaining proper human circadian clock regulation. Chapter Six discusses the distinctive presentation and management of cases of penoscrotal hypoplasia. Chapter Seven explains alpha-glucosidase inhibitors'effects on the structure and function of gut microbiota. Chapter Eight evaluates the impact of intraoperative bupivacaine injection on pain relief after tonsillectomy. Chapter Nine presents one of the cases of renal hypoplasia and the review that highlights renal hypoplasia cases. Chapter Ten discusses bluetongue disease, its characteristics, and its means of control. Chapter Eleven presents the diagnostic value of C16 in forensic practice for fire-related cases. Lastly, Chapter Twelve explains the pulmonary abnormality of hypoplasia.

The 56th volume of the'Journal of Nano Research'presents readers with the collection of peer-reviewed papers by the results of the research from the field of synthesis and the use of various nanomaterials and nanostructures. We hope that this volume of the journal will be useful and interesting for a wide range of engineers, scientists, and students whose activity is related with the creation and using of nanomaterials and nanotechnologies in different branches of human activity.