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It is a well-known fact that children's growth depends on the quality of their nutrition. However, the mechanisms of fetal and child growth and their interactions with nutrition have not yet been fully elucidated and still pose a challenge to those engaged in the field. Exchanging concepts and knowledge among professionals of various disciplines thus remains very important. This second'Yearbook'provides an update on the research published between 2013 and 2015. An international team of experts presents papers that shed light on the mechanisms of interaction between nutrition and growth, and provide insight to the readers. Each paper is briefly summarized and supplemented with editorial comments which evaluate the clinical importance of each article and discuss its application.This'Yearbook'is an important tool for practicing physicians, including pediatricians, subspecialists in pediatric gastroenterology, metabolism and nutrition, and endocrinology. Nutritionists and dieticians, as well as other health professionals involved in the care of children, will also find this to be a useful resource.

Adequate nutrition is a crucial component for child growth. Under- or malnutrition may not only affect present and future growth, but also a child's ability to develop skills. Tremendous efforts are being made to try and understand the mechanisms leading to stunted growth, proper diet composition, and an appropriate rehabilitation diet for children suffering from under- or malnutrition in all age groups during the growth period. In this publication, specialists in nutrition and growth present some of the best studies from peer-reviewed journals published between July 2015 and June 2016. Each paper is briefly summarized and supplemented with editorial comments which evaluate the clinical importance of each article and discuss its application. This'Yearbook'is an important tool for practicing physicians, including pediatricians, subspecialists in pediatric gastroenterology, metabolism and nutrition, and endocrinology. Nutritionists and dieticians, as well as other health professionals involved in the care of children, will also find this to be a useful resource.

There is no other time in life when the provision of adequate and balanced nutrition is of greater importance than during infancy and childhood. During this dynamic phase of life, sufficient amounts and an appropriate composition of supplied substrates are of key importance for growth, functional outcomes, and the metabolic programming of long-term health and wellbeing. This condensed volume was compiled with the aim of providing concise information to readers who seek quick guidance on the practice of nutrition of infants, children, and adolescents. After the great success of the first two editions, the editors prepared this thoroughly revised and updated third edition with a truly international perspective to address challenges in both affluent and challenged populations around the world. This book of outstanding quality will be useful to many healthcare professionals around the world, and it will contribute to further enhancing the quality of feeding of healthy infants and children, as well as enhancing the standards of nutritional care in sick children.

Acute pancreatitis (AP) is one of the most common disorders of the gastrointestinal tract to result in hospitalization. Although most patients with AP will experience an uneventful disease course, those that develop moderate-to-severe AP can be challenging to manage. Rapid recognition, accurate diagnosis and prediction of severity, together with appropriate treatment, are therefore key in achieving the best outcomes for patients and for preventing subsequent episodes of AP. Written by two pancreatologists with extensive experience of managing patients with AP as well as in clinical research,'Fast Facts: Acute and Recurrent Pancreatitis'provides a comprehensive, evidence-based guide to: - The pathophysiology and etiology of AP - Fundamentals of diagnosis - Predicting the likely severity of an episode of AP - Monitoring and managing complications in the early and later stages of disease - Preventing recurrence This book will be of interest to all those who may be involved in the care of patients with AP, including internal medicine specialists, gastroenterologists, intensive care specialists, surgeons and endoscopists.

Neuropathic pain involving the face can be very severe and disabling; often, it is hard to control with conventional means and requires use of unconventional interventions on various parts of the trigeminal nociceptive pathways. For the last 60 years, neuromodulation has been used specifically for the treatment of intractable pain in different parts of the human body, including the face and head region. Despite such a long history and existence of many neuromodulation targets, there has not been a dedicated book that would summarize the entire spectrum of neuromodulation approaches that have been – and still are – used for treatment of facial pain. This book begins with dedicated chapters on classification of facial pain and anatomy of facial pain pathways and then dives into specific applications of neuromodulation starting from the periphery all the way to cerebral centers of pain processing, covering both invasive and non-invasive approaches. Written by experts from all over the world, the book offers an up-to-date comprehensive summary of neuromodulation techniques and modalities, providing the readers with a practical guide on clinical details of patient selection, modulation parameters, procedural details, and expected outcomes that may be used in daily clinical practice dealing with most difficult facial pain conditions.

The outstanding feature of this publication is that it illustrates in detail the broad range of pancreatic lesions most likely to be encountered on fine needle aspiration of the pancreas, incorporating ancillary testing and differential diagnoses. Detailed descriptions of the cytological features of nonneoplastic entities, ductal and nonductal primary neoplasms, nonneoplastic and neoplastic cystic lesions, and secondary tumors and mesenchymal lesions are included. A multidisciplinary authorship has created a well-rounded presentation of the clinical, imaging, and histopathological features of each lesion. A chapter on specimen processing provides guidance on cytological preparation of samples from solid and cystic lesions. This monograph is written for cytotechnologists, general pathologists, and cytopathologists who work with pancreatic fine needle aspiration in their practice. It is also a useful guide to pancreatic cytology for advanced endoscopists, surgeons, and oncologists who evaluate, manage, and treat patients with pancreatic masses.

In many areas of medicine physicians still face the great challenge of finding therapies that will meet the patients'needs. In dermatology the challenge has arisen on multiple fronts through advances in the understanding of the immunopathogenesis of many inflammatory and malignant cutaneous disorders. Breakthroughs, combined with significant developments in targeted immunotherapy, have resulted in improved outcomes as these newer therapies are being used for both approved indications and as off-label therapies for various chronic inflammatory skin disorders and many forms of skin cancer. In the expectation that by truly understanding the safety profile of these targeted therapies patients'outcomes will be significantly improved, this book offers insights into topics such as adverse reactions, infectious complications and the perioperative use of biologics in psoriasis, immunogenicity of biologic therapies, paradoxical reactions, safety of biologics used to treat autoimmune bullous diseases and primary cutaneous lymphomas, adverse reactions and skin manifestations of therapies targeting melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer and other neoplastic diseases. Eminent researchers with extensive clinical experience have contributed to this publication, providing an in-depth overview of the latest knowledge in this field.

In daily medical practice, physicians often use scores, classifications and schematic diagnostic paths to make clear and comprehensive decisions. Treatment algorithms have also proven to be effective. However, it has become increasingly difficult or even impossible to have all scores, schemata and algorithms at hand, and a search on the internet can be very time consuming. Gastrix solves this problem: unlike classic gastroenterology and hepatology textbooks, it summarizes all necessary information in the form of a pocket-sized book. Gastroenterologists will thus have all relevant information easily available at all times.

The intestinal microbiome is especially important during the first thousand days of life. Exposure to microbes in utero significantly impacts fetal development, in part through epigenetic processes and in part through hormonal influences which cause a change in the mother's intestinal microbiome. The nature of delivery and perinatal antibiotic treatment, as well as diet (especially in the postpartum period), can also influence initial microbial colonization and the development of appropriate intestinal defense mechanisms. These, in turn, can affect the expression of allergy, autoimmune disease, and brain function, among other things, later in life. The first part of this publication focuses on the development of the human microbiome in utero and the importance of normal colonization of the newborn gut in immune development and disease prevention. The second section deals with the normal development of gut microbiota and with clinical conditions associated with dysbiosis. The final chapters cover various aspects of human milk evolution and oligosaccharides.

The gut not only represents the largest endocrine organ of the human body but is also profoundly involved in the control of metabolism through peptide hormones. Therefore, gastrointestinal hormones are acting via autocrine, paracrine, and classical endocrine pathways and regulate e.g. digestion, hunger, and satiety. Furthermore, they are important regulators of body weight, growth, and glucose metabolism, as well as of mood and behavior. Physicians and scientists in the field of pediatric endocrinology and diabetes, as well as in pediatric gastroenterology, require an extensive understanding of the origin of enteroendocrine cells, factors controlling their differentiation, hormone gene expression, secretion, function and, finally, the complex interaction with other organs, especially the central nervous system. In order to meet these needs, experts in the field have written up-to-date, comprehensive, and illustrated reviews presenting the current knowledge in the field of gastrointestinal endocrinology with a pediatric view. Those reviews comprise this latest volume of Endocrine Development.

The introduction of anti-tumour necrosis factor (TNF) antibodies into the treatment of patients with IBD about fifteen years ago has dramatically improved the quality of life for patients with severe Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. But despite the fact this therapeutic approach has been around for quite some time, there has been no comprehensive overview to date. The book at hand aims to amend this shortcoming, presenting for the first time a thorough overview on TNF action, mechanisms of anti-TNF therapy, treatment strategies, side effects, monitoring, biosimilars and related issues. Including state-of-the-art information and research results, this publication will be a valuable source of information and guide clinicians to the optimal treatment decision, improving the quality of life of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Moreover, rheumatologists or even dermatologists might also find this book of interest.

The functionality of adult tissue stem cells from various organ systems declines during aging. This publication summarizes novel molecular mechanisms responsible for the development of aging-associated deficiencies as discussed by leading experts during the 5th Else Kröner-Fresenius Symposium. It is the first book that explicitly focuses on molecular mechanisms of stem cell aging and its consequences for disease and cancer development including both cell-intrinsic mechanisms as well as aging-induced alterations in the stem cell niche and the systemic environment. Cutting-edge information on stem cells, aging, cancer, and disease make this publication of special interest to basic researchers in the respective fields. Further, it is also intended for medical doctors in the fields of geriatrics, internal medicine, and cancer as it provides a novel understanding of the evolution of tissue dysfunction, diseases and cancer as a consequence of aging.

This publication presents evidence about the magnitude and severe consequences of comorbidity of mental and physical illnesses from a personal and societal perspective. Leading experts address the huge burden of co-morbidity to the affected individual as well as the public health aspects, the costs to society and interaction with factors stemming from the context of socioeconomic developments. The authors discuss the clinical challenge of managing cardiovascular illnesses, cancer, infectious diseases and other physical illness when they occur with a range of mental and behavioral disorders, including substance abuse, eating disorders and anxiety. Also covered are the organization of health services, the training of different categories of health personnel and the multidisciplinary engagement necessary to prevent and manage comorbidity effectively. The book is essential reading for general practitioners, internists, public health specialists, psychiatrists, cardiologists, oncologists, medical educationalists and other health care professionals.

The introduction of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) revolutionized gallstone surgery because of the reduced operative trauma, quicker recovery time and diminished postoperative pain. More than 80% of all elective cholecystectomies are now performed laparoscopically. This new procedure, however, is the first in surgical history to have been declared the best option without the prior back-up of comparative scientific data. This volume brings together leading specialists to evaluate 5 years'experience with LC and to determine whether this procedure can now really be considered the standard treatment for symptomatic gallstones. Following a short historical sketch and discussion of the pathogenesis of gallstone disease, the advantages and disadvantages of conventional open and laparoscopic procedures are considered and international results are compared. The place of conservative treatments using drug therapy and lithotripsy are included to provide complete coverage.

This volume provides a detailed and comprehensive review of current knowledge concerning all aspects of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The opening chapters on its pathogenesis and epidemiology include discussions of Helicobacter pylori as an etiological agent, and Barrett's esophagus. The bulk of the volume is taken up with critical reviews of all the contemporary approaches to GERD - both medical and surgical (open and laparoscopic) - and presents the early results from laparoscopic trials throughout the world. The book concludes with detailed descriptions from expert practitioners of the various alternative laparoscopic fundoplication techniques. This timely publication will be of interest not only to gastroenterologists and gastrointestinal surgeons, but to all doctors and general practitioners who must advise and prescribe treatment for patients with this common, distressing, but remediable complaint.

This timely publication describes several newly identified functions of melatonin and discusses the findings in terms of melatonin's actions on the neuroendocrine axis, the immune system, the gastrointestinal tract, and the pulmonary and cardiovascular systems in organisms ranging from unicellular animals to humans. Containing the most recent experimental data on the receptors which mediate the effects of the pineal hormone melatonin, this volume shows that melatonin receptors are more widely distributed than originally thought and exhibit wide species variations in terms of their distribution and density. In addition, multiple subtypes of melatonin receptors are identified. These findings indicate that melatonin is a ubiquitously-acting molecule which mediates a variety of physiologically important actions.

Over the past two decades, intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) has been used for a variety of malignant tumors and has contributed significantly to improve local tumor control. Based on the 31st San Francisco Cancer Symposium and the 6th International Intraoperative Radiation Therapy Symposium in 1996, this book presents the most recent information available on the use of IORT in cancer treatment. A brief historical overview of the development of IORT is followed by discussions of its biological, physical and technical aspects. The main part of the book is devoted to the clinical applications of IORT and the results of its use in the management of cancers of the brain, head and neck, gastrointestinal tract, breast, bone, lung, urinary tract and gynecological region, and of sarcomas. A further topic considered is the quality of life of patients undergoing IORT. The findings presented indicate that IORT provides a major contribution to the control of locally advanced cancer and, in many instances, can improve long-term survival. This book is recommended reading for all clinical practitioners of oncology - surgeons, radiation oncologists and medical oncologists - as well as for radiobiologists, physicists and engineers interested in the technical development of this form of treatment.

The term ‘carcinoid'entered medical literature over 100 years ago to describe a peculiar intestinal epithelial neoplasm. Since then, a large body of literature has expanded the concept of carcinoid, later replaced by the term ‘NeuroEndocrine Tumor'(NET), defining a wide spectrum of peculiar tumors, potentially affecting all organs and tissues, originating from neuroendocrine cells, sharing, but, at the same time, keeping, pathognomonic pathological, radiological and clinical features. This book provides an authoritative overview of the epidemiological, clinical, genetic, molecular and pathological characteristics of NETs and highlights the most relevant controversial issues in the classification, diagnosis and therapy. Furthermore the new frontiers in the field of medical therapies are presented, through a multidisciplinary and translational approach. Considering the fact that NETs have been recently demonstrated less rare as considered so far,'Neuroendocrine Tumors: A Multidisciplinary Approach'is a must read for endocrinologists, gastroenterologists, endocrine surgeons, as well as pathologists, nuclear medicine physicians and radiologists focused on NET.

This volume provides a state-of-the-art overview of the role of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) in the pathophysiology of inflammatory diseases. Our knowledge about PLA2 has increased tremendously in the last two decades and investigations of the enzyme have revealed a whole family of different gene products. A rough distinction can be made between intracellular and secretory PLA2. The involvement of PLA2 in various life-threatening inflammatory diseases as well as in carcinomas is documented by many contributions to this volume. Recently developed transgenic and knockout mouse models are a powerful new tool for PLA2 research. A number of specific inhibitors of the various PLA2s offer new therapeutic approaches to control unwanted acute and chronic inflammatory responses and to intervene in malignant diseases. Due to the enzyme's important role in these pathophysiological processes, this update of PLA2 research will interest basic scientists, physicians, oncologists, ICU specialists and surgeons.

There is no other time in life when the provision of adequate and balanced nutrition is of greater importance than during infancy and childhood. During this dynamic phase characterized by rapid growth, development and developmental plasticity, a sufficient amount and appropriate composition of nutrients both in health and disease are of key importance for growth, functional outcomes such as cognition and immune response, and the metabolic programming of long-term health and well-being. This compact reference text provides concise information to readers who seek quick guidance on practical issues in the nutrition of infants, children and adolescents. After the success of the first edition, which sold more than 50'000 copies in several languages, the editors prepared this thoroughly revised and updated second edition which focuses again on nutritional challenges in both affluent and poor populations around the world. Serving as a practical reference guide, this book will contribute to further improving the quality of feeding of healthy infants and children, as well as enhancing the standards of nutritional care in sick children.