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It is a well-known fact that children's growth depends on the quality of their nutrition. However, the mechanisms of fetal and child growth and their interactions with nutrition have not yet been fully elucidated and still pose a challenge to those engaged in the field. Exchanging concepts and knowledge among professionals of various disciplines thus remains very important. This second'Yearbook'provides an update on the research published between 2013 and 2015. An international team of experts presents papers that shed light on the mechanisms of interaction between nutrition and growth, and provide insight to the readers. Each paper is briefly summarized and supplemented with editorial comments which evaluate the clinical importance of each article and discuss its application.This'Yearbook'is an important tool for practicing physicians, including pediatricians, subspecialists in pediatric gastroenterology, metabolism and nutrition, and endocrinology. Nutritionists and dieticians, as well as other health professionals involved in the care of children, will also find this to be a useful resource.

The scientific main programmes of these series of symposia changed from time to time following the international scientific trends. The main programmes of the First Symposium were: 1. Gastric and intestinal cytoprotection; 2. Hepatoprotection; 3. Pancreatic protection. For the second one: 1. Gastrointestinal mucosal'cytoprotection'; 2. Liver'cytoprotection'; 3. Pancreatic'cytoprotection'; 4. Free radicals and scavangers; 5. Computer approach to cytoprotec­ tion. For the third one: 1. Basic, central, peripheral and cellular mechanisms of gastrointestinaol cytoprotection; 2. Esophagal protection; 3. Gastric protection; 4. Small intestinal injury and protection; 5. Large bowel injury and protection; 6. Liver injury and protection; 7. Pancreas injury and protection. The main scientific programmes of the Fourth International Symposium on'Cell Injury and Protection in the Gastrointestinal Tract'are: 1. General mechanisms of gastrointestinal injury and protection; 2. Cell injury and protection in the stomach; 3. Cell injury and protection in the small intestine and in the large bowel; 4. Cell injury and protection in the liver and pancreas; 5. Cell injury and protection of the premalignant status and malignant diseases in the gastrointestinal tract. The presented papers are published in this book. The abstracts of this meeting were published in Digestive Diseases and Sciences, and we record appreciation of the Editor ofthatjoumal for their publication. Some of the papers published here have appeared in Inflammopharmacology 1996;4:331-398.

Campy/o/meler pylori was described for the first time in 1983. Up to now more than 100 papers have been published dealing with its microbiological properties and its clinical implications. The lime has come to survey the field, to evaluate the hith­ erto accumulated information, and 10 discuss the questions thai should be answered in the ruture. It was for these purposes that the First International Symposium on Campy/abaeter pylori was held. bringing together specialists from a variety of discipl ines, including basic scientists as well as clinicians. This book is based on papers given at the symposium. We are very grateful 10 Rohm-Pharma for undertaking to sponsor this meeting, and to Mrs. C. 1. Klein and her starr for the impeccable organisation which permillcd us to work in such a pleasant environment, In the interest of rapidity of publication, we have reduced the amount of editing to a minimum and have not, in any sense,'re­ fereed'the discussions, which were written by the contributors at the time of the question-and-answer session. They were also veiled by their authors at the proof stage, and we have done our best to retain their original spontaneous flavour. We hope, in this way. 10 have produced a satisfactory record of the events and an up-Io-dale overview of research on Campylobacrer pylori.

This volume reviews the most recent knowledge in the field of gastrointestinal motility in health and disease. The topics addressed include basic as well as clinical data concerning the motor functions of the entire gut: the lower oesophageal sphincter and the gastro-oesophageal reflux; the gastric emptying and the role of the pylorus; the motility of the biliary tract and its disorders; the cyclic motor activity of the gut and intestinal transit; the colonic and ano-rectal motility. There are also impOltant contributions in physiology and pharmacology relating to the neurohumoral regulation of the gut, and the function of digestive smooth muscle. Several papers explore the nature of the linkage between brain and gut. a link which has long been deduced by clinicians but not, until recently, systematically explored by scientists. The individual papers, selected from a large number of submissions, have been subject to'peer-review'by an inter­ national committee which includes both cliniCians and basic scientists. Therefore this book should serve as an up to date source of information for researchers concerned with basic sciences as well as for clinicians in gastroenterology, medicine and surgery. C. Roman v This volume is dedicated to the memory of two friends and colleagues: Professor Dr J. HELLEMANS Professor Dr H. MONGES Acknowledgments This was the 9th of this series of symposia held alternatively in Europe and North America, and the first to be held in France.

After an initial slow diffusion of minimal invasive approaches in liver surgery, laparoscopy has now been implemented worldwide. This process has been sped up after several papers showed the superiority of laparoscopy over the open approach with regard to short-term outcomes. Before, the adaptation and diffusion of LLS was much slower compared to other general surgical specialties. The challenge in controlling major hemorrhage, the risk of gas embolism, the steepness of the learning curve and the uncertainty about oncological outcomes were barriers for the implementation of LLS. Nowadays, laparoscopic liver resections (LLR) are considered safe and feasible. The same evolution is seen in the diffusion of robotic liver surgery (RLS). The first reported robotic liver resection was published in 2003. Introduction of RLS has remained very slow compared to other subspecialties. This could be attributed to the complexity of minimally invasive liver surgery and the steep learning curve to overcome. Furthermore, the absence of instruments for parenchyma transection appeared to be a barrier for many surgeons to start RLS. Nowadays, Robotic liver surgery is in it's pioneering phase and limited to a few high volume centers. Furthermore data regarding the implementation of RLS are still scarce and the reproducibility of the implementation is still debated. This textbook will offer readers a useful overview of RLS state of the art, collecting the contributions of renowned robotic liver surgeons from Europe, Asia and the Americas. The editors will collaborate with a professional medical illustrator specialized in minimal invasive liver surgery to offer readers a visual experience of the most important surgical steps.

This ‘Neuroendocrinology'special issue provides a collection of papers generated at the first consensus conference devoted to gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors. The conference was held in Frascati (Rome, Italy) in November 2005. The focus was on neuroendocrine tumors of foregut origin, stomach, duodenum and pancreas. A standard approach based on WHO tumors classification was adopted with 63 experts and practicing clinicians confronting their experience and evidence-based data to devise effective strategies for the management of patients with this neglected cancer disease. Papers are organized on an anatomical basis, specific issues are discussed and minimal consensus statements defined and highlighted for easy recognition. Topics include Classification and Epidemiology; Clinical presentation/Prognosis/Heredity; Diagnostic Procedures (imaging-lab tests); Pathology and Genetics; Surgical Therapy (curative and palliative); Loco-Regional Ablative Therapy; Liver Transplantation; Medical Therapy (biotherapy and chemotherapy); Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy and Follow-Up scheduling. Readers will be able to find specific answers to key questions for specific tumors, such as the follow-up for stomach type 1 carcinoids; the diagnostic procedure for gastrinoma or the algorithm for liver metastasis treatment in patients with pancreatic non-functioning neuroendocrine carcinomas.

This book is an introduction for students and young doctors at the beginning of their career in diagnostic ultrasonography. It also presents the latest in innovations and techniques in gastrointestinal ultrasonography. The reader will find basic aspects of ultrasonography as well as highly advanced technical and research papers. The first category will be easy to understand for most readers. The second category may require some preparation from the student. All advanced papers represent the frontiers of knowledge.The first few chapters deal with the basic principles of ultrasound and its use in tissue characterization. They are followed by chapters on the use of ultrasound for the characterization of tissue biomechanics and on novel techniques such as 3D ultrasound and hydrosonography. The clinical applications are outlined in the last few chapters of the book.

Adequate nutrition is a crucial component for child growth. Under- or malnutrition may not only affect present and future growth, but also a child's ability to develop skills. Tremendous efforts are being made to try and understand the mechanisms leading to stunted growth, proper diet composition, and an appropriate rehabilitation diet for children suffering from under- or malnutrition in all age groups during the growth period. In this publication, specialists in nutrition and growth present some of the best studies from peer-reviewed journals published between July 2015 and June 2016. Each paper is briefly summarized and supplemented with editorial comments which evaluate the clinical importance of each article and discuss its application. This'Yearbook'is an important tool for practicing physicians, including pediatricians, subspecialists in pediatric gastroenterology, metabolism and nutrition, and endocrinology. Nutritionists and dieticians, as well as other health professionals involved in the care of children, will also find this to be a useful resource.

This highly informative monograph offers a comprehensive and interdisciplinary reference guide for the management and treatment of the whole spectrum of painful tears in the anus and anal canal. Based upon a systematic review of all relevant papers on the topic since 1865, it addresses primary, acute and chronic anal fissures – providing a new definition of the last form – and secondary anal fissures in detail, particularly their medical history, etiology, signs and symptoms, medical findings, therapy and its evaluation, and differential diagnosis. The book also covers all available evidence-based therapeutic strategies. As such, it will appeal to a wide readership, from proctologists and surgeons to gynecologists, urologists, dermatologists and gastroenterologists.

Using a case-based approach, Colorectal Surgery: Clinical Care and Management provides practical, clinical and expert guidance to illustrate the best care and clinical management of patients requiring colorectal surgery for colorectal disease. Real-life cases illustrate the entire syllabus of GI/colorectal surgery, being specially selected to highlight topical or controversial aspects of colorectal care. Cases have a consistent approach throughout and as well as outlining the actual management of each individual case, also offer an honest appraisal of the chosen management route, its successes and areas that could have been managed differently. Pedagogic features such as learning and decision points boxes aid rapid understanding/learning, enabling the reader to improve their patient management. In full colour and containing over 100 outstanding clinical photos and slides to support the cases, each section also covers recent developments/ landmark papers/ scoring systems and a thorough discussion of clinical management based on the major society guidelines from NICE, ASCRS and ECCO. Reliable, well-written and perfect for consultation in the clinical setting, Colorectal Surgery: Modern Clinical Care and Management is the perfect tool for all members of the multi-disciplinary team managing patients suffering from colorectal disease, specifically GI surgeons, gastroenterologists, oncologists and general surgeons.

​This book describes the causes and clinical management of functional gastrointestinal disorders in a readily understandable way, with the aid of many clear illustrations. The concrete and practical advice provided will be most helpful in the clinical practice of both the general practitioner and the medical specialist. Functional disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, such as gastroesophageal reflux disease, functional dyspepsia, and irritable bowel syndrome, are very common and chronic conditions. Despite the recent publication of many scientific papers on their diagnosis and treatment, much remains unclear, and management is still considered challenging. This practice-oriented book will be an ideal source of reliable up-to-date guidance for all who care for these patients.

There has been an explosion of interest in esophageal High Resolution Manometry (HRM). Today, less than 15 years after publication of the first paper describing this technology, there are now more than 1300 HRM systems in use worldwide. This manual is designed for use by physicians, surgeons and physiologists that use HRM for clinical measurement of esophageal function. Contents are divided into four sections including: - Practical instructions including step-by-step instructions for the acquisition and analysis of HRM - A primer on esophageal physiology and motility disorders - A practical guide to HRM technology and application in clinical practice - An atlas including step-by-step guide to the acquisition and analysis of HRM studies and more than 100 examples of clinical findings demonstrating the'range of normal and abnormal findings'observed during HRM studies The editors are grateful to all those members of the HRM Working Group that contributed to this manual to share their knowledge and experience gained from the first ten years of work with this exciting new technology.

Once again the gastroenterologists of northwestern Canada have come out with a series of essays advancing important modem concepts. As indefatigable as ever, they bring together the latest in clinical-pathophysiological considera­ tions for the clinician. The topics run the gamut from the lovely liver to HIV infection, from the pathophysiology of bile flow to comments on antigens in colorectal cancer. It is always easy to publish a first volume, for enthusiasm is high and everyone is anxious to win a place. Bringing out a second volume, the carrying forward of a good idea, is so much harder. In many ways this second volume in the series marks the coming of age of Canadian gastroenterology, as 11 of the 21 contributors currently reside in Canada. Still, the contributions from the United Kingdom and the United States make this an Anglo-American festival. Reading the chapters will make you appreciate the care with which the contributors have garnered recent references to give up-to-date practical infor­ mation for us all. I enjoyed all that I read. My congratulations to Drs. Shaffer and Thomson for a job well done. Howard M. Spiro, M.D. New Haven, Connecticut ix Preface This book is based on papers presented at the third symposium on Recent Ad­ vances in Gastroenterology held by the Canadian Association of Gastroenter­ ology. The proposed audience for this volume is the internist and the general surgeon, as well as those in the specialties of gastroenterology and hepatology.

A series of international symposia on viral hepatitis and liver disease has been held triannially, and called the'Olympics'of this research field. Our book presents the results of the eighth of these'Olympiads'which for the first time, was held in Asia (May 1993, Tokyo). Due to the rapid progress in research on both basic and clinical aspects of viral hepatitis and liver disease, the state of the art in this field is continually being updated, and our book provides a broad and in-depth survey of current work. The major topics in our book include molecular biology of the five known hepatitis viruses (HAV, HBV, HCV, HDV, and HEV), clinical implications of genetic variants of HBV and HCV, interferon treatment of HCV-related liver disease, and worldwide epidemiology and control of viral hepatitis. New subjects not seen in previous books, such as genotypes of HCV, are also covered. Expanding knowledge about the heterogeneity of the HCV genome has revealed a great variety of genotypes as well as their association with host pathogenesis and their varying responsiveness to interferon therapy. The first promising results of efforts to develop a hepatitis C vaccine are also presented. Finally, compared with its predecessors, our book contains many more papers from Asian countries, where the prevalence of viral hepatitis and liver disease is the highest in the world.

The contents of this book represent papers which were presented at the Third International Meeting on'Side-Effects of Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Drugs'which was held under the auspices of the University of Verona, Institute of Pharmacology in Verona on 8-11 May 1991. This meeting was held in conjunction with the 13th European Workshop on Inflammation and although publications from this part of the meeting are not published here (they appear in Agents and Actions), we were fortunate in having a group of people interested in inflammation from varying backgrounds. The success of the third meeting followed previous meetings held in Cambridge and Verona respectively and continue a tradition which has now become well established. The meeting brought together physicians, scientists and those concerned with the production and use of anti-inflammatory drugs to a very stimulating conference to discuss basic issues affecting all aspects of side-effects of anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs as well as their detection and treatment. The meeting was held in the Auditorium of Glaxo Italy and we are very grateful to that company for use of their facilities as well as to the University of Verona, Institute of Pharmacology, for valuable secretarial and administrative help. The success of the conference would not have been possible without valuable financial assistance of the companies listed separately (under Acknowledgements) as well as to the organizers of the 13th European Workshop on Inflammation who collaborated with us.

An experienced pathologist, radiologist and clinician combine forces to review the recent literature on coloproctology and give a precis of the results. Their Highlights in Coloproctology are the ideal source for a clinician or researcher who wants a quick overview of the subject. The book highlights the papers that have had an impact on developments in the field and brings the reader up to date with modern references.

The study of disease entities as complex as Crohn's dis­ ease will increasingly require comprehensive knowledge of formerly unrelated areas of the medical sciences. To promote this broad approach, a conference was organized in which geneticists, morphologists, immunologists, and virologists participated as well as clinicians whose work is focused on Crohn's disease. Ample time was given to the presentation of major new findings in each of these areas, and comments were given by the participants in the various sections. This approach yielded many new ideas, because indiv iduals with very different backgrounds were able to address old problems from fresh angles. This volume, published in January, 1981, contains the papers presented dur ing the wor kshop held in June, 1980, in Noordwijk/Leiden, The Netherlands. In addition, we have in­ cluded the extensive discussions, edited by experts in the field, which followed each presentation. Finally, each main category is followed by a summary of the topic covered as well as many valuable conclusions concerning the significance of recent work and ideas for new directions in research. In the Preface, J.B. Kirsner gives a comprehensive review of the material, and in an Afterword A.J.Ch. Haex deals with a num­ ber of other aspects. We believe that this volume will be of value to a wide spectrum of scientists and clinicians and that it will help to establ ish the mul tid isciplinary approach to Crohn's dis­ ease as the one that should predominate in the future.

This book, Mechanisms in the Pathogenesis of Enteric Diseases 2, is an out­ come of the Second International Rushmore Conference on Mechanisms in the Pathogenesis of Enteric Diseases, held September 3D-October 3, 1998 in Rapid City, South Dakota, USA. Its chapters represent many of the reviews and papers presented at the conference. The meeting was organized by members of the North-Central Regional Research Committee'NC-62', a consortium of researchers of bovine and swine enteric diseases from land-grant institutions supported by the United States Department of Agriculture. The Rushmore Conferences were conceived as a forum for an interdiscipli­ nary discussion of mechanisms of infectious enteric diseases. It was intended that such a discussion would stimulate cross-pollination of ideas, and nurture synergistic collabora­ tions among scientists who might otherwise not interact. Enteric diseases are caused by widely divergent pathogens and parasites in broadly different settings, and affect multi­ ple organ systems. Some enteric diseases affect a single species, while others may affect multiple species, perhaps including human beings. Some enteric diseases were present in antiquity, while others have recently emerged. Knowledge regarding a particular disease or pathogen has frequently proven useful in understanding another disease or pathogen, because common themes in pathogenesis exist. As this knowledge base grows,strategies in the prevention and control of various enteric diseases often converge. Cross-discipli­ nary discussions and collaborations facilitate growth of this knowledge base, as well as development of tools for disease interdiction.

Colorectal cancer was the subject of the Third Symposium on Clinical Oncology organized by the Royal College of Radiolo­ gists, London, in February 1981. This publication of collected papers is based on the presentations at that meeting. The purpose of these symposia is to encourage a multidis­ ciplinary approach to our understanding and management of cancer. They bring together not only clinicians of different specialities, but also non-clinical scientists who also have made a significant contribution both to basic knowledge and to applications of direct clinical relevance. It is hoped that sym­ posia of this kind will be a stimulus to increasing collaborative research. Colorectal cancer is now one of the most important causes of cancer deaths. The incidence of the disease varies greatly throughout the world but is particularly common in North America, Canada, and Western Europe. The aetiology of colorectal cancer is reviewed and a clear description is given of the factors associated with its high incidence in affluent Western societies. There is still no evidence of a direct associa­ tion between dietary constituents and colorectal cancer, and so changes in our dietary habits that might help to reduce the incidence of this disease cannot be advised. While research VI Preface in this important field continues, improvements must be sought in techniques of early diagnosis, assessment and management.

It was with very much pleasure that I accepted the invitation to chair this workshop on Glucagon in Gastroenterology. Not least among the reasons for my accepting was the fact that it would get me out from behind my administrator's desk at the univer­ sity and enable me to spend what promised to be a few refreshing hours in a field where so much is apparently happening. Another reason for my accepting was the attractiveness of the format planned for the workshop. It was to be a working event. The programme had been carefully planned to ensure that all aspects of the subject were covered and a very tight schedule was drawn up for we had to deal with the whole field in just one day. There was to be a small, truly international, list of participants, and, apart from those presenting papers, only two or three specially invited observers were to be present. Above all, perhaps, was the fact that the meeting was to be a multi­ disciplinary one.

Digestive Disease Week-Japan (DDW-Japan) was held successfully in Yokohama April 15-18, 1998, under the management of Prof. Yoshiki Hiki, Chairman of the Steering Committee. DDW-Japan was carried out with the cooperation and participa­ tion of gastroenterological societies in Japan. Because the participat­ ing congresses each dealt with topics characteristic of particular fields, all participants could enjoy a rewarding experience and could gather relevant, up-to-date information about a wide variety of subjects in basic and clinical medicine. Prof. Rikiya Fujita, Chairman of the International Relations Com­ mittee, planned and conducted the International Symposium working together with researchers from foreign countries, thus making DDW­ Japan in 1998 a great success. The symposium provided a fascinating insight into the global situation, and the papers that were present­ ed are being published in this monograph, Recent Advances in Gastroenterology. As we all know, the world soon is going to enter the third millen­ nium. Therefore, treatments and medicines should not be limited to any single country or small area; instead, medical knowledge must be shared as a global resource, without regard to nationality, way of life, or social system. I hope that this monograph will playa useful role in the develop­ ment of gastroenterology all over the world, and I very much appre­ ciate the tremendous contribution of all authors for this publication.

The following papers were presented at an international symposium on the mechanisms and treatment of nausea and vomiting in man held in Oxford in 1984. I believe that this meeting was the first occasion on which representatives from such a wide variety of scientific and clinical specialities had come together to review and debate the spectrum of the vomiting phenomenon. An attempt was made to put before an invited international audience all the pertinent facts on the different facets of the topic and then to encourage extensive discussion of the contentious issues. The first day of the meeting was devoted to the basic science ap­ proach to the problem and the second day to the more clinical aspects. This format has been broadly retained in the layout of the book, with the addition of summary chapters reviewing each day's contributions and focusing upon areas of particular importance. Acknowledgement must here be made to the enormous input from the many participants who either spoke in the debate or rose and themselves gave small presenta­ tions in addition to those of the invited speakers. The meeting occurred at a time of increasing interest in the problem of nausea and vomiting, especially because of its importance in cancer chemotherapy and radiation therapy, and even in space travel.

The literature of medicine continues to expand at a remarkable pace. The number of papers and monographs published has increased dramatically in the past five years. Nowhere has this increase been as dramatic as in the field of acute and chronic hepatitis. Why then should there be still another book? Despite the sheer volume of words published, it is still difficult to find in anyone volume a compilation of all of the most significant work. Most mono­ graphs have considered either chronic or acute hepatitis, not both. Few works have addressed both the clinician and the basic scientist. This book addresses both of these audiences and considers both of these diseases. It was designed to provide an authoritative but concise assessment of our changing concepts of acute and chronic hepatitis. It covers what is currently known and, based on the most convincing research, believed about these diseases. To fulfill this ambitious goal, only authors with international reputations in their fields of expertise were invited to contribute. In the evolution of our current thoughts on the pathogenesis and manage­ ment of acute and chronic hepatitis, our ideas have changed several times. This book presents the facts as they are known today and, in areas where all the facts are not established, presents the well-founded opinions of those considered to be authorities. The authors present established and usually confirmed data and do not deal extensively with areas of speculation or unconfirmed material.

At the Mie International Symposium held in Japan in April 1994, leading scientists reviewed recent advances in the understanding of the contractile mechanism in smooth muscle. The present volume collects the papers presented at the symposium, summarizing the latest advances in smooth muscle function and emphasizing important components of the contraction-relaxation cycle. Topics include a discussion of the smooth muscle cell membrane, with emphasis on its ion channels; the regulation of cytosolic Ca2+ levels and the relationship to force in smooth muscle; aspects of the two key regulatory enzymes involved with myosin phosphorylation-dephosphorylation; the molecular basis for pharmacomechanical coupling in smooth muscle; developments in the basic contractile mechanisms involving the crossbridge cycle of tonic and phasic muscle; the role of myosin light chains; and many others. The approach is broad and presents contemporary opinions in pharmacology, physiology, and biochemistry as they relate to smooth muscle function. The book will appeal not only to those working in these disciplines, but to vascular clinicians, obstetric-gynecological physicians, and gastroenterologists as well.

In OCtober 1986, recognized authorities from a variety of disciplines met in Lisbon, Portugal, to review recent knowledge on eicosanoids - i. e., prostaglandins, throm­ boxane A, and leukotrienes - and their role in gastrointestinal diseases. 2 Briefly, in the stomach endogenous as well as exogenous prostaglandins may mediate cytoprotective actions in that they stimulate gastric mucus production, bicar­ bonate secretion and cellular regeneration while providing adequate mucosal blood flow. In contrast, thromboxane A2 by vasoconstriction may act as an ulcerogenic substance. Diarrheal states may be associated with prostaglandins of types E and F as they are capable to enhance intestinal water and electrolyte secretions. In chronic in­ flammatory bowel disease, mucosal synthesis of leukotrienes was found to be increased more markedly than that of prostaglandins suggesting that leukotrienes may have a major part in the pathogenesis of that disease. In this volume, which is an elaborated collection of the papers given on occasion of the above-mentioned symposium, the facts and problems associated with prostanoid substances are dealt with in four sections on 1. biochemistry, biology and pharmacology of eicosanoids, 2. physiologic and pathophysiologic aspects, 3. established therapeutic implications, and 4. treatment perspectives. We believe that the publication of these contributions by leading workers in the given fields provides a comprehensive and up-to-date appraisal of the role of eicosanoids in gastrointestinal diseases, and it is hoped that this volume will be of value to both basic scientists and practicing clinicians.

In recent years, there have been significant advances both in understanding the mechanisms involved in gastrointestinal mucosal injury and protection, as well as in the development of successful strategies for prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal injury. Nevertheless, many people worldwide still suffer from gastrointestinal damage. This book contains contributions by an international panel of researchers in the form of up-to-date reviews on the mechanisms of gastrointestinal injury and protection. These are complemented by papers discussing how these new findings about cell/tissue injury and cytoprotection/organoprotection can be applied to the prevention and treatment of tissue damage in the gastrointestinal tract. Moreover, the publication includes a special chapter on Andre Robert, who has discovered the phenomenon of gastric cytoprotection. This publication will be of great interest for both basic and clinical researchers in gastroenterology and pharmacology, reviewing the advances made so far and pointing towards future developments.

This volume contains the papers presented in the International Summer Course on'Cirrhosis, Hyperammonemia and Hepatic Encephalopathy,'which was one of the prestigious Summer Course, of the Complutense University of Madrid held in EI Escorial, Spain, during August 10-14, 1992. Liver cirrhosis is one of the main causes of death in western countries. In addition there is a series of liver dysfunctions including fulminant hepatic failure, Reye's syndrome and congenital defects of urea cycle enzymes that could lead to hepatic encephalopathy, coma and death. As a consequence of impaired liver function, the ability to detoxify ammonia by its incorporation into urea is diminshed, resulting in increased ammonia levels in blood and brain. Hyperammonemia is considered one of the main factors in the mediation of hepatic encephalopathy and the classical clinical treatments are directed towards reducing blood ammonia levels. A part of the book is therefore devoted to the study of certain aspects of ammonia metabolism such as the regulation of the urea cycle, the main mechanism of ammonia detoxification in mammals, which is located mainly in the liver. The metabolism of ammonia in other tissues, including brain, is also presented, as well as the effects of hyperammonemia on brain metabolism and function and on brain microtubules. The control of cerebral protein breakdown is reviewed. The classical and some recently proposed clinical treatments as well as nutritional considerations in the management of patients with liver failure are also discussed.

This volume contains the papers presented at the International Symposium on'Cirrhosis, Hyperammonemia and Hepatic Encephalopathy', held in Valencia, Spain, January 24th-27th, 1994. Liver cirrhosis and other hepatic dysfunctions such as fulminant hepatic failure and congenital defects of urea cycle enzymes can lead to hepatic encephalopathy, coma and death. Hepatic encephalopathy is one of the main causes of death in western countries. The ability to detoxify ammonia by its incorporation into urea is diminished by impaired liver function, resulting in increased ammonia levels in blood and brain. Hyperammonemia is considered one of the main factors in the mediation of hepatic encephalopathy and the classical clinical treatments are directed towards reducing blood ammonia levels. However, the molecular bases of the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy and the role of hyperammonemia in this process remain unclear and several hypotheses have been proposed. To clarify the mechanisms involved in hepatic encephalopathy and hyperammonemia suitable animal models are necessary. The animal models available and the ideal features of an animal model are presented in the initial part of the book.

Recent advances in gastroenterology and hepatology as well as new findings in biliary and pancreatic diseases are presented in the proceedings of the 86th annual congress of the Japanese Society of Gastroenterology. From the hundreds of papers delivered at the congress, 70 were selected for inclusion here. Opening with special lectures on gastroenterology in the new millennium, ulcerative colitis-pathophysiology and therapy, and life style-related diseases and gastroenterology, the volume is divided into sections reflecting the major concerns of researchers in the science of digestive diseases in Japan today: apoptosis in digestive organs, nitric oxide, transcription factors in digestive organs, antigen-presenting cells, pathology of inflammatory bowel disease, NSAID-induced gastric lesions, microcirculation in digestive diseases, hepatic regeneration, and hepatic fibrosis.

This essential book is a compendium of papers written by an international team of world-renowned experts, who cover topics in their respective areas of expertise. Presenting the most up-to-date knowledge of hepatocellular carcinoma, it covers all topics — including those more controversial ones — in this rapidly advancing field, from epidemiology to prevention, from molecular biology to gross pathology, from screening to atypical presentation, from diagnosis to treatment, and from assessment to choice of appropriate treatment. This volume is therefore an important contribution to the field of hepatocellular carcinoma.

In March 1973, a short paper was published in Nature, entitled „Image formation by induced local int- action; examples employing nuclear magnetic resonance. “ The author was Paul C. Lauterbur, a Prof- sor of Chemistry at the State University of New York at Stony Brook. In this seminal manuscript the - thor described a new imaging technique which moved the single dimension of NMR spectroscopy to the dual dimension of spatial orientation, thereby resulting in the foundation of modern magnetic re- nance (MR) imaging. Over the ensuing years, MR imaging has assumed an increasingly important role in clinical imaging. It distinguishes itself from other imaging modalities, such as ultrasound (US) or computed tomography (CT), by the unique ability to visualize specific tissue components in a non-- vasive manner. In the earlier days, diagnostic MR imaging was limited to cerebral and musculoskeletal diseases. - aging of other areas which are more prone to movement through breathing (abdominal) or pulsation motions (cardiac) became available more recently, with the introduction of faster sequences and the - velopment of more dedicated MR imaging coils. Currently, liver MRI is considered the cornerstone of abdominal imaging. In most centers, however, liver MRI is still employed largely as a problem solving modality, when US and CT have provided an unsatisfactory outcome.

Even though the knowledge of the pathogenesis of cancers and inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract has greatly increased in recent years, their clinical management remains a challenge. Detailing the clinical potential of new technologies and opportunities that may have a rapid impact on the everyday management of patients, this publication intends to bridge the gap between basic research and clinical application. The first three reviews focus on new technologies, namely proteome analysis, DNA methylation and DNA array analysis in the management of GI cancer patients. Subsequent papers describe recent advances in the diagnosis of colon cancer by molecular analysis and the lately unraveled genetic alterations underlying chronic inflammatory diseases of the colon and pancreas. Last but not least, ethical considerations associated with mass screening of GI patients and the role of patients in the development of diagnostic and prognostic studies are discussed. Reconciling new technologies with clinical research, this publication will be of great interest for those involved in the daily management of GI diseases.

The authors of this book developed the only clinical neurochemistry laboratory equipped routinely to assay all circulating neurotransmitters. These parameters have been measured in more than 20,000 normal, severely diseased, depressed, stressed and psychosomatic patients. The results obtained have been published in more than 100 scientific papers. The authors postulated the existence of at least three well-defined types of pathophysiologic profiles: (1) endogenous depression, (2) dysthymic depression, and (3) uncoping (maladapted) to stress. Being aware of them, clinicians can prescribe distinct neuropharmacological therapies. The first and third profiles are also registered in Th1 and Th2 autoimmune diseased patients, respectively. The first part of the book is devoted to the outline of these central neurocircuitry functions during the wake-sleep cycle in normal subjects as well as depressive states, uncoping stress, psychotics, bipolar disorders and panic attacks. Due to these neuroautonomic and neuroimmune interactions being noticed, various neuropharmacological therapeutic approaches can be referred to. In a second part the authors present treatments able to cure or help improve diseases presenting with a Th1 autoimmune profile as well as a Th2 autoimmune profile. (A Karger''Publishing Highlights 1890–2015''title.)

There are few areas in medical science where the information explosion exceeds the capacity for a busy clinician to keep up to date. One such area is Helicobacter pylori. Since the first paper identifying H. pylori was published in 1983, great progress has occurred concerning H. pylori and its causal relationship to gastritis, duodenal ulcer, gastric ulcer and gastric cancer. In a field which is moving so fast, a lot of new information is continuously reported at medical meetings, often published only in abstract form, without further appearing in peer-reviewed journals. Even gastroenterologists, unless actively involved in the field of H. pylori research themselves, find it difficult to keep abreast of the field. Although several volumes and monographs have appeared on H. pylori, this book is the only one entirely devoted to the clinical pharmacology and therapy of the Helicobacter infection. It is clear that the real-world indications for H. pylori treatment are being broadened, and it is impossible to turn back the tide of prescribing by primary care physicians or gastroenterologists. Some effective and safe eradication regimens are available today but several new ones, often simple variations of an old scheme, are being proposed as equally effective and safe. This volume, which covers the treatment of all the H. pylori-related digestive diseases as well as the management of treatment failure and reinfection, will be a valuable reference text for all those physicians who pursue the cure of this common human infection.

Dietary fibre is now recognized as a vital component of good daily nutrition, yet its properties and specific role in the digestive system are still being investigated. The involvement of government agencies, the food industry and health professionals - as well as public interest - make this global overview, Dietary Fibre - A Component of Food, an important contribution to the literature on the subject. The cooperation of experts from different research centers and their peer review of each other's papers enhance the value of the book, since it presents consolidated views and objective assessments on such key issues as fibre analysis and mineral bioavailability. The seventeen chapters are grouped into three sections. The background papers deal with biochemical and analytical characteristics: e.g. the physico-chemical properties of food polysaccharides and bacterial fermentation in the colon. The papers on physiological effects deal with the physiological function of dietary fibre throughout the gastrointestinal tract: its influence on protein, lipid and carbohydrate digestion and absorption and its role in bile acid metabolism and faecal bulking. The third section of papers focuses on the prevention and treatment of disease: gastrointestinal disorders, obesity, diabetes mellitus, and hyperlipidemias.

Although the incidence of Helicobacter infection has been declining for the past decades, it is still one of the most common infectious disease all over the world. Over 50,000 research articles have been published so far and lots of studies are on-going. Most of previously published books dealt with so many issues and it is somewhat hard for the reader to apply in real world clinical practice. Since clinicians do not have enough time to read the book from head to the end, this book presents algorithms, tables, and figures at the end of each chapter to provide a brief summary for clinicians, so that they can use this book as a reference in a short time in clinical practice. Readers will find up-to-date information and guidance on diagnosis and different types of treatments.

This book discusses in detail the pathological aspects associated with alterations in the gut microbiota and the pathogenesis of different disorders related to dysbiosis. The volume describes the impact of dysbiosis on organs other than the gut and brain, such as metabolic diseases, cancer, gynecologic disorders, aging, or pediatric pathologies. Additionally, it associates the mechanisms and metabolic signaling pathways related to gut microbiota homeostasis and alterations with their clinical impact, highlighting the importance of translational research on dysbiosis.The volume is divided into 12 chapters: the first two chapters present diagnostic methods and therapeutic options, including prebiotics and probiotics. The remaining ten chapters specifically focus on diseases of different organs. Moreover, the relevance of these findings to precision medicine will be discussed. The book provides biomedical professionals, basic researchers, and clinical practitioners, especially those specialized in Precision Medicine and Integrative Medicine, with information about the effects of dysbiosis on the physiopathology of various diseases. It also includes updated evidence on the impact of dysbiosis on numerous pathologies, such as metabolic diseases, cancer, gynecologic disorders, aging, or pediatric pathologies, going beyond gastrointestinal and central nervous system diseases typically covered in many publications.Furthermore, the book addresses the translational aspect of dysbiosis. It starts with the basic research knowledge on dysbiosis and disease and aims to provide a translational approach applicable to clinical practice. By combining the fundamental knowledge of biomedical researchers with the clinical applicability of healthcare practitioners, this book bridges the gap between theory and practice.

This book is an essential guide for practicing surgeons, equipping them with the necessary skills and expertise to lead medical practices and healthcare organizations. Acting as a roadmap, it engages surgeons in leadership development, enabling them to acquire the knowledge needed to advance within healthcare leadership. Specifically designed for surgeons interested in healthcare leadership, the book addresses a critical gap in the development of surgical professionals into influential and effective surgical leaders. This manual will prepare the surgeon for all aspects of surgical leadership; it prepares surgeons to excel in areas such as practice development, national reputation building, organizational leadership, and fostering a culture of positive change within institutions. In a field where relevant resources are scarce, this book provides a clear path for practicing surgeons to acquire the necessary skills and expertise for effective leadership. The text begins by focusing on self-leadership, covering topics such as defining one's practice type, navigating promotions across systems, and determining the scope of practice. The subsequent section delves into leading others, addressing critical areas like managing work environments, policy formulation, administration, and consensus-building. Finally, the book explores leading systems, emphasizing the importance of understanding local contexts, building efficient organizational structures, and optimizing healthcare delivery processes.

This book is an accessible, evidence-based, succinct and practical reference for those providing hands-on care to patients with acute pancreatitis. It represents the most updated results of clinical science and offers the frameworks that underpin the disease and its management. The first part of the book presents the latest clinical science and illustrates a clear indication of what is known, and what are the gaps in our understanding of the disease. The second part provides practical clinical management guidelines. The chapters are designed to bring recommendations, practical points to facilitate navigation, easy access of knowledge, and highlights key decision points and options.Acute Pancreatitis - A Practical Guide for Clinicians is relevant to not only clinicians involved in patient care but medical, nursing and dietitian students, surgical and gastroenterology researchers, companies and agencies. The book comprehensively covers acute pancreatitis, associating it with local pancreatic complications, systemic inflammation and organ failures, also providing management algorithms. This practical reference book is an introduction to disease management, indicating why topics addressed in each chapter are essential, providing valuable guidance for day-to-day treatment by professionals globally.

Colorectal surgery has been evolving rapidly over recent years and the COVID pandemic has necessitated a critical approach to all aspects of care. This book offers an up-to-date appraisal of the increasingly used neoadjuvant therapy. In many situations a multidisciplinary approach is taken to achieve high quality and successful outcomes. In addition, topics such as the management of the open abdomen, complex abdominal wall reconstruction, artificial intelligence and modern management of inflammatory bowel disease are covered. Written by experts in their field, this book is of interest to both trainees and practicing surgeons in coloproctology.

The fascinating—and often secret—history of the body's most fascinating system: the gut.The stomach is notoriously outspoken. It growls, gurgles, and grumbles while other organs remain silent, inconspicuous, and content. For centuries humans have puzzled over this rowdy, often overzealous organ, deliberating on the extent of its influence over cognition, mental wellbeing and emotions, and wondering how the gut became so central to our sense of self. Traveling from ancient Greece to Victorian England, eighteenth-century France to modern America, cultural historian Elsa Richardson leads us on a lively tour of the gut, exploring all the ways that we have imagined, theorized, and probed the mysteries of the gastroenterological system. We'll meet a wildly diverse cast of characters including Edwardian body builders, hunger-striking suffragettes, demons, medieval alchemists, and one poor teenage girl plagued by a remarkably vocal gut, all united by this singular organ. Engaging, eye-opening, and thought-provoking, Rumbles leaves no stone unturned, scrutinising religious tracts and etiquette guides, satirical cartoons and political pamphlets, in its quest to answer the millennia-old question: Are we really ruled by our stomachs?

Mayo Clinic Gastroenterology and Hepatology Board Review, Sixth Edition, has been thoroughly revised to review the core essential knowledge in gastroenterology, hepatology, and relevant related areas of radiology, pathology, endoscopy, and nutrition for physicians, trainees, gastroenterology fellows in training, medical residents, medical students, gastrointestinal assistants, nurses, allied health care personnel, and other persons caring for patients. This edition has been edited by a new team of Mayo Clinic gastroenterologists and hepatologists, under the stewardship of Dr. Stephen C. Hauser, the editor-in-chief of the previous fifth edition. The faculty who authored this edition are all Mayo Clinic physicians who spend their time caring for patients and teaching in an academic medical center. Accordingly, the emphasis of this edition is on clinical knowledge to enhance patient management. Case-based presentations and numerous board examination-type, single best-answer questions with annotated answers facilitate self-testing and studying. New to This Edition · New chapters on complications after Roux-en-Y surgery and endoscopy for the gastroenterology board examination · Features such as key facts and key definitions are included in each chapter · More figures and tables to support the text

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the hepatic manifestation of the obesity and metabolic syndrome epidemics, which this up-to-date book deals with comprehensively. The contents outline disease mechanisms, diagnostic tests, management, varying manifestations, and special populations. It covers the mechanistic pathways that contribute to NAFLD development, including the role of genetic variants and the gut microbiome. It elaborates on noninvasive diagnostic tests to screen for NAFLD, determine its severity, and monitor response to lifestyle intervention and pharmacologic treatment. This book helps clinicians diagnose and treat this common and potentially deadly disease. Key Features: Reviews current drugs in development and provides practical advice to clinicians on the diagnosis and management of fatty liver. Proves attractive to primary care providers who are on the front line of managing patients with NAFLD, to gastroenterologists and hepatologists who would benefit from updated data on how to risk-stratify patients and identify those who will be eligible for pharmacologic treatment, and other specialists such as cardiologists, endocrinologists, and nephrologists who will find this book to be a useful reference on the extrahepatic manifestations of NAFLD. Focuses on extrahepatic manifestations and new insights on the mechanistic drivers of the disease.

Common Liver Diseases and Transplantation: An Algorithmic Approach to Work Up and Management provides a review of liver diseases and transplantation that is comprehensive enough to provide an intellectual basis for the data, yet simple enough to be read and assimilate into clinical practice rapidly. Common Liver Diseases and Transplantation by Dr. Robert S. Brown Jr is written with an intended flow and structure. The early chapters are summaries on topics such as early and late liver disease, workup and diagnosis, and pre- and post-transplant problems. The chapters that follow are liver disease-specific and cover the liver diseases physicians will encounter in their patients. The in-depth chapters provide disease-specific epidemiology and outcomes, as well as diagnostic tables and more detailed algorithms and management approaches. With two decades worth of teaching liver disease both formally as well as in rounds and informal “chalk talks” with residents and fellows, Dr. Robert S. Brown Jr presents a way to think about clinical liver problems with a simple algorithmic method.Common Liver Diseases and Transplantation: An Algorithmic Approach to Work Up and Management will serve as a useful resource for gastroenterologists, fellows, medical students, internists, and internal medicine residents.

Interdisciplinary Rheumatology: Rheumatology and Gastroenterology is the first complete textbook to examine the myriad complications of rheumatic syndromes in the gastrointestinal tract. Each disease is summarized for a broad medical audience, with focus on the consequences of the disorder throughout the gut. The reader will formulate an understanding of the clinical, pharmacological, and nutritional aspects of the interface of these two specialties with expert contributors from a range of academic centers. Rheumatologists and gastroenterologists will be able to recognize, evaluate, and treat gastrointestinal symptoms of autoimmune diseases and collaborate in improving the experience and outcomes of these complex patients.

Over the last two decades, there have been major advances in imaging, endoscopy, and laparoscopy in the field of Gastrointestinal (GI) surgery. GI surgery is the newest sub-specialty branch of general surgery, where enhanced expertise and high-volume centres have made a difference in the outcomes of complex operations. Surgeons can now do difficult procedures with low morbidity and mortality rates, and greatly improved overall results. This volume provides detailed and up-to-date information on diseases of the appendix, colon, and rectum. It covers the anatomy, surgical and non-surgical approaches to different conditions, dedicated chapters on rectal and colon cancer, plus current and future surgical techniques. Written and edited by experts in the field, this book will be a valuable resource for specialist surgeons and trainees, general surgeons, researchers, and medical students.

This treatment manual provides cognitive behavioral therapists with the inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) specific knowledge and content they need to work with this patient population.Understanding the very real challenges of living with an IBD, and what sorts of catastrophic thoughts and maladaptive avoidance behaviors patients might have, can make therapy more focused, efficient, and effective. This manual encourages flexible, modular deployment of numerous empirically supported principles, techniques, and interventions, and includes five treatment protocols with hypothetical patients.This book is essential for therapists with training in cognitive behavioral therapy who are interested in expanding their practice competence to work with patients with GI disorders, including inflammatory bowel disease.

Pocket Guide to IBD, Second Edition is designed to provide quick clinical information for gastroenterologists, primary care physicians, physician assistants, and nurse practitioners who need to review symptoms, medications, and disease management, in order to decide effective diagnoses and treatments for their patients with IBD.Some of the topics covered are: Special populations, including pregnancy and children Vaccinations in the patient with IBD Treatment of the infliximab refractory patient Diagnosis and treatment of perianal disease Care of the post operative patient Dr. Marla Dubinsky and Dr. Sonia Friedman have created this go-to reference for one of the most popular topics among practicing gastroenterologists and other GI and primary care providers.Features: Comprehensive chapters in quick reference format Symptom-based guide for diagnosis and treatment Tables highlighting the full array of IBD medications Charts and figures detailing complete treatment algorithms The Pocket Guide to IBD, Second Edition is unique in its size, accessibility of information, thoroughness, and clarity of content. This clinical guide will be the quick reference to turn to when treating patients with IBD.

There is a tremendous interest in information on stents in the world of gastrointestinal endoscopy. Many physicians did not train in an era where these stents were available, but are now being called upon to place them. Self-Expanding Stents in Gastrointestinal Endoscopy looks to provide physicians with the necessary and unique all-in-one resource on stents.Self-Expanding Stents in Gastrointestinal Endoscopy by Dr. Douglas G. Adler covers the use of self-expanding stents. This book will cover the use of all available devices in all clinical contexts, with step-by-step instructions from experts in the field on how to use them and, just as importantly, what not to do when using these devices. Self-Expanding Stents in Gastrointestinal Endoscopy is illustrated with more than 150 color photographs, as well as many tables and diagrams.Benefits and Features: Soup-to-nuts format covers the use of all devices available on the market in all clinical situations All chapters authored by recognized experts in the world of stents who have independently published extensive research in gastrointestinal endoscopy Over 150 color photographs to guide readers from start to finish through all steps of learning about the procedures Self-Expanding Stents in Gastrointestinal Endoscopy brings attention to the use of self-expanding stents in benign and malignant diseases, the avoidance and management of complications, and the future of these devices.Self-Expanding Stents in Gastrointestinal Endoscopy is the perfect go-to book for all practicing gastroenterologists, fellows, and general and colorectal surgeons.