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Biosensors have emerged recently as an interesting field of research owing to a plethora of applications in our daily lives, including food and process control, environmental monitoring, defence, and clinical diagnostics. This book focuses on the state-of-the-art of biosensor research and development for specialists and non-specialists. It introduces the fundamentals of the subject with relevant characteristics of transducer elements, as well as biochemical recognition molecules. Different techniques for biomolecule immobilisation, the interaction of biomolecules with the sensor surface, and the interfacial properties are treated comprehensively with respect to their impact on the performance of a biosensor. This book presents the current trends and developments in different nanomaterials and polymers involved in biosensor fabrication. The relative advantages and challenges of biosensor fabrication, along with the emerging paradigms and techniques that facilitate molecular-level detection in nanosensor devices, are discussed in depth.