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This monograph explores the use of mathematical modeling and control theory in a variety of contemporary challenges in mathematical biology and environmental sciences. Emphasizing an approach of learning by doing, the authors focus on a set of significant case studies emerging from real-world problems and illustrate how mathematical techniques and computational experiments can be employed in the search for sustainable solutions.The following topics are extensively discussed:Eradicability and control of a paradigmatic epidemic model, with a view to the existence of endemic states, their stability, and the existence of travelling wavesA spatially structured epidemic model concerning malaria as an example of vector-borne epidemicsOptimal harvesting problems for space-structured and age-structured population dynamicsControlling epidemics in agriculture due to pest insectsThe role of predators as a possible biocontrol agent of epidemics in agricultureControl by taxation of the environmental pollution produced by human activitiesThe originality of this text is in its leitmotif – regional control – along the principle of “Think Globally, Act Locally.” Indeed, for example, in many real spatially structured ecosystems, it is practically impossible to control the relevant system by global interventions in the whole habitat.Proofs are given whenever they may serve as a guide to the introduction of new concepts. Each chapter includes a comprehensive description of the numerical methods used for the computational experiments, and MATLAB© codes for many of the numerical simulations are available for download. Several challenging open problems are also provided to stimulate future research.This text is aimed at mathematicians, engineers, and other scientists working in areas such as biology, medicine, and economics. Graduate and advanced undergraduate students of a quantitative subject related to the analysis and applications of dynamical systems and their control will also find it to be a valuable resource.

Over the course of his distinguished career, Jörg Eschmeier made a number of fundamental contributions to the development of operator theory and related topics. The chapters in this volume, compiled in his memory, are written by distinguished mathematicians and pay tribute to his many significant and lasting achievements.

The goal of the 2019 conference on Stochastic Processes and Algebraic Structures held in SPAS2019, Västerås, Sweden, from September 30th to October 2nd 2019 was to showcase the frontiers of research in several important topics of mathematics, mathematical statistics, and its applications. The conference has been organized along the following tracks: 1. Stochastic processes and modern statistical methods in theory and practice, 2. Engineering Mathematics, 3. Algebraic Structures and applications. This book highlights the latest advances in algebraic structures and applications focused on mathematical notions, methods, structures, concepts, problems, algorithms, and computational methods for the natural sciences, engineering, and modern technology. In particular, the book features mathematical methods and models from non-commutative and non-associative algebras and rings associated to generalizations of differential calculus, quantumdeformations of algebras, Lie algebras, Lie superalgebras, color Lie algebras, Hom-algebras and their n-ary generalizations, semi-groups and group algebras, non-commutative and non-associative algebras and computational algebra interplay with q-special functions and q-analysis, topology, dynamical systems, representation theory, operator theory and functional analysis, applications of algebraic structures in coding theory, information analysis, geometry and probability theory. The book gathers selected, high-quality contributed chapters from several large research communities working on modern algebraic structures and their applications. The chapters cover both theory and applications, and are illustrated with a wealth of ideas, theorems, notions, proofs, examples, open problems, and results on the interplay of algebraic structures with other parts of Mathematics. The applications help readers grasp the material, and encourage them to develop new mathematical methods and concepts in their future research. Presenting new methods and results, reviews of cutting-edge research, open problems, and directions for future research, will serve as a source of inspiration for a broad range of researchers and students.

This textbook introduces the language and the techniques of the theory of dynamical systems of finite dimension for an audience of physicists, engineers, and mathematicians at the beginning of graduation. Author addresses geometric, measure, and computational aspects of the theory of dynamical systems. Some freedom is used in the more formal aspects, using only proofs when there is an algorithmic advantage or because a result is simple and powerful. The first part is an introductory course on dynamical systems theory. It can be taught at the master's level during one semester, not requiring specialized mathematical training. In the second part, the author describes some applications of the theory of dynamical systems. Topics often appear in modern dynamical systems and complexity theories, such as singular perturbation theory, delayed equations, cellular automata, fractal sets, maps of the complex plane, and stochastic iterations of function systems are briefly explored for advanced students. The author also explores applications in mechanics, electromagnetism, celestial mechanics, nonlinear control theory, and macroeconomy. A set of problems consolidating the knowledge of the different subjects, including more elaborated exercises, are provided for all chapters.

The book serves as a primary textbook of partial differential equations (PDEs), with due attention to their importance to various physical and engineering phenomena. The book focuses on maintaining a balance between the mathematical expressions used and the significance they hold in the context of some physical problem. The book has wider outreach as it covers topics relevant to many different applications of ordinary differential equations (ODEs), PDEs, Fourier series, integral transforms, and applications. It also discusses applications of analytical and geometric methods to solve some fundamental PDE models of physical phenomena such as transport of mass, momentum, and energy.As far as possible, historical notes are added for most important developments in science and engineering. Both the presentation and treatment of topics are fashioned to meet the expectations of interested readers working in any branch of science and technology. Senior undergraduates in mathematics and engineering are the targeted student readership, and the topical focus with applications to real-world examples will promote higher-level mathematical understanding for undergraduates in sciences and engineering.

​Analysis at Large is dedicated to Jean Bourgain whose research has deeply influenced the mathematics discipline, particularly in analysis and its interconnections with other fields. In this volume, the contributions made by renowned experts present both research and surveys on a wide spectrum of subjects, each of which pay tribute to a true mathematical pioneer. Examples of topics discussed in this book include Bourgain's discretized sum-product theorem, his work in nonlinear dispersive equations, the slicing problem by Bourgain, harmonious sets, the joint spectral radius, equidistribution of affine random walks, Cartan covers and doubling Bernstein type inequalities, a weighted Prékopa-Leindler inequality and sumsets with quasicubes, the fractal uncertainty principle for the Walsh-Fourier transform, the continuous formulation of shallow neural networks as Wasserstein-type gradient flows, logarithmic quantum dynamical bounds for arithmetically defined ergodic Schrödinger operators, polynomial equations in subgroups, trace sets of restricted continued fraction semigroups, exponential sums, twisted multiplicativity and moments, the ternary Goldbach problem, as well as the multiplicative group generated by two primes in Z/QZ.It is hoped that this volume will inspire further research in the areas of analysis treated in this book and also provide direction and guidance for upcoming developments in this essential subject of mathematics.

This book grew out of the Random Transformations and Invariance in Stochastic Dynamics conference held in Verona from the 25th to the 28th of March 2019 in honour of Sergio Albeverio. It presents the new area of studies concerning invariance and symmetry properties of finite and infinite dimensional stochastic differential equations.This area constitutes a natural, much needed, extension of the theory of classical ordinary and partial differential equations, where the reduction theory based on symmetry and invariance of such classical equations has historically proved to be very important both for theoretical and numerical studies and has given rise to important applications.The purpose of the present book is to present the state of the art of the studies on stochastic systems from this point of view, present some of the underlying fundamental ideas and methods involved, and to outline the main lines for future developments. The main focus is on bridging the gap between deterministic and stochastic approaches, with the goal of contributing to the elaboration of a unified theory that will have a great impact both from the theoretical point of view and the point of view of applications. The reader is a mathematician or a theoretical physicist. The main discipline is stochastic analysis with profound ideas coming from Mathematical Physics and Lie's Group Geometry. While the audience consists essentially of academicians, the reader can also be a practitioner with Ph.D., who is interested in efficient stochastic modelling.

This book covers different aspects of umbral calculus and of its more recent developments. It discusses the technical details in depth, including its relevant applications. The book has therefore manyfold scopes to introduce a mathematical tool, not widespread known as it should be; to present a complete account of the relevant capabilities through the use of different examples of applications; to provide a formal bridge between different fields of research in pure and applied.

This book, following the three published volumes of the book, provides the main purpose to collect research papers and review papers to provide an overview of the main issues, results, and open questions in the cutting-edge research on the fields of modeling, optimization, and dynamics and their applications to biology, economy, energy, industry, physics, psychology and finance. Assuming the scientific relevance of the presenting innovative applications as well as merging issues in these areas, the purpose of this book is to collect papers of the world experts in mathematics, economics, and other applied sciences that is seminal to the future research developments. The majority of the papers presented in this book is authored by the participants in The Joint Meeting 6th International Conference on Dynamics, Games, and Science – DGSVI – JOLATE and in the 21st ICABR Conference. The scientific scope of the conferences is focused on the fields ofmodeling, optimization, and dynamics and their applications to biology, economy, energy, industry, physics, psychology, and finance. Assuming the scientific relevance of the presenting innovative applications as well as merging issues in these areas, the purpose of the conference is to bring together some of the world experts in mathematics, economics, and other applied sciences that reinforce ongoing projects and establish future works and collaborations.

This book presents a printed testimony for the fact that George Andrews, one of the world's leading experts in partitions and q-series for the last several decades, has passed the milestone age of 80. To honor George Andrews on this occasion, the conference “Combinatory Analysis 2018” was organized at the Pennsylvania State University from June 21 to 24, 2018. This volume comprises the original articles from the Special Issue “Combinatory Analysis 2018 – In Honor of George Andrews'80th Birthday” resulting from the conference and published in Annals of Combinatorics. In addition to the 37 articles of the Andrews 80 Special Issue, the book includes two new papers. These research contributions explore new grounds and present new achievements, research trends, and problems in the area. The volume is complemented by three special personal contributions: “The Worlds of George Andrews, a daughter's take” by Amy Alznauer, “My association and collaboration with George Andrews” by Krishna Alladi, and “Ramanujan, his Lost Notebook, its importance” by Bruce Berndt. Another aspect which gives this Andrews volume a truly unique character is the “Photos” collection. In addition to pictures taken at “Combinatory Analysis 2018”, the editors selected a variety of photos, many of them not available elsewhere: “Andrews in Austria”, “Andrews in China”, “Andrews in Florida”, “Andrews in Illinois”, and “Andrews in India”. This volume will be of interest to researchers, PhD students, and interested practitioners working in the area of Combinatory Analysis, q-Series, and related fields.

The contributions to this volume are devoted to a discussion of state-of-the-art research and treatment of problems of a wide spectrum of areas in complex analysis ranging from pure to applied and interdisciplinary mathematical research. Topics covered include: holomorphic approximation, hypercomplex analysis, special functions of complex variables, automorphic groups, zeros of the Riemann zeta function, Gaussian multiplicative chaos, non-constant frequency decompositions, minimal kernels, one-component inner functions, power moment problems, complex dynamics, biholomorphic cryptosystems, fermionic and bosonic operators. The book will appeal to graduate students and research mathematicians as well as to physicists, engineers, and scientists, whose work is related to the topics covered.

Relationships of the theory of integrable systems with various branches of mathematics are extremely deep and diverse. On the other hand, the most fundamental exactly integrable systems often have applications in theoretical physics. Therefore, many mathematicians and physicists are interested in integrable models.The book is intelligible to graduate and PhD students and can serve as an introduction to separate sections of the theory of classical integrable systems for scientists with algebraic inclinations. For the young, the book can serve as a starting point in the study of various aspects of integrability, while professional algebraists will be able to use some examples of algebraic structures, which appear in the theory of integrable systems, for wide-ranging generalizations.The statements are formulated in the simplest possible form. However, some ways of generalization are indicated. In the proofs, only essential points are mentioned, while for technical details, references are provided. The focus is on carefully selected examples. In addition, the book proposes many unsolved problems of various levels of complexity. A deeper understanding of every chapter of the book may require the study of more rigorous and specialized literature.

The book consists of articles based on the XXXVIII Białowieża Workshop on Geometric Methods in Physics, 2019. The series of Białowieża workshops, attended by a community of experts at the crossroads of mathematics and physics, is a major annual event in the field. The works in this book, based on presentations given at the workshop, are previously unpublished, at the cutting edge of current research, typically grounded in geometry and analysis, with applications to classical and quantum physics.For the past eight years, the Białowieża Workshops have been complemented by a School on Geometry and Physics, comprising series of advanced lectures for graduate students and early-career researchers. The extended abstracts of the five lecture series that were given in the eighth school are included. The unique character of the Workshop-and-School series draws on the venue, a famous historical, cultural and environmental site in the Białowieża forest, a UNESCO World Heritage Centre in the east of Poland: lectures are given in the Nature and Forest Museum and local traditions are interwoven with the scientific activities.The chapter “Toeplitz Extensions in Noncommutative Topology and Mathematical Physics” is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.

This book explores the rich and elegant interplay between the two main currents of mathematics, the continuous and the discrete. Such fundamental notions in discrete mathematics as induction, recursion, combinatorics, number theory, discrete probability, and the algorithmic point of view as a unifying principle are continually explored as they interact with traditional calculus.

This book provides a self-contained introduction to convex geometry in Euclidean space. After covering the basic concepts and results, it develops Brunn–Minkowski theory, with an exposition of mixed volumes, the Brunn–Minkowski inequality, and some of its consequences, including the isoperimetric inequality. Further central topics are then treated, such as surface area measures, projection functions, zonoids, and geometric valuations. Finally, an introduction to integral-geometric formulas in Euclidean space is provided. The numerous exercises and the supplementary material at the end of each section form an essential part of the book. Convexity is an elementary and natural concept. It plays a key role in many mathematical fields, including functional analysis, optimization, probability theory, and stochastic geometry. Paving the way to the more advanced and specialized literature, the material will be accessible to students in the third year and can be covered in one semester.

This textbook provides a gentle introduction to intersection homology and perverse sheaves, where concrete examples and geometric applications motivate concepts throughout. By giving a taste of the main ideas in the field, the author welcomes new readers to this exciting area at the crossroads of topology, algebraic geometry, analysis, and differential equations. Those looking to delve further into the abstract theory will find ample references to facilitate navigation of both classic and recent literature. Beginning with an introduction to intersection homology from a geometric and topological viewpoint, the text goes on to develop the sheaf-theoretical perspective. Then algebraic geometry comes to the fore: a brief discussion of constructibility opens onto an in-depth exploration of perverse sheaves. Highlights from the following chapters include a detailed account of the proof of the Beilinson–Bernstein–Deligne–Gabber (BBDG) decomposition theorem, applications of perverse sheaves to hypersurface singularities, and a discussion of Hodge-theoretic aspects of intersection homology via Saito's deep theory of mixed Hodge modules. An epilogue offers a succinct summary of the literature surrounding some recent applications.Intersection Homology & Perverse Sheaves is suitable for graduate students with a basic background in topology and algebraic geometry. By building context and familiarity with examples, the text offers an ideal starting point for those entering the field. This classroom-tested approach opens the door to further study and to current research.

Marking a distinct departure from the perspectives of frame theory and discrete transforms, this book provides a comprehensive mathematical and algorithmic introduction to wavelet theory. As such, it can be used as either a textbook or reference guide.As a textbook for graduate mathematics students and beginning researchers, it offers detailed information on the basic theory of framelets and wavelets, complemented by self-contained elementary proofs, illustrative examples/figures, and supplementary exercises.Further, as an advanced reference guide for experienced researchers and practitioners in mathematics, physics, and engineering, the book addresses in detail a wide range of basic and advanced topics (such as multiwavelets/multiframelets in Sobolev spaces and directional framelets) in wavelet theory, together with systematic mathematical analysis, concrete algorithms, and recent developments in and applications of framelets and wavelets.Lastly, the book can also be used to teach on or study selected special topics in approximation theory, Fourier analysis, applied harmonic analysis, functional analysis, and wavelet-based signal/image processing.

Kniha se skládá z esejisticky pojatých kapitol z historie a filosofie matematiky a fyziky. Čtenář v ní nalezne množství poznatků, úvah i spekulací, které se dotýkají tématu nekonečna. Výklad je doplněný řadou citátů, které autorovy úvahy potvrzují i zpochybňují, aby tak ilustrovaly spletitou cestu poznání.

This textbook is an introduction to the theory and applications of finite tight frames, an area that has developed rapidly in the last decade. Stimulating much of this growth are the applications of finite frames to diverse fields such as signal processing, quantum information theory, multivariate orthogonal polynomials, and remote sensing. The first book entirely devoted to finite frames, it features extensive exercises and MATLAB examples for classroom use, important examples, and numerous illustrations. The book provides an overview of the field of finite tight frames and discusses future research directions in the field. The book is well suited as a textbook for a graduate course or seminar involving finite frames. The self-contained, user-friendly presentation also makes the work useful as a self-study resource or reference for graduate students, instructors, researchers, and practitioners in pure and applied mathematics, engineering, mathematical physics, and signal processing.

The theory of hypernumbers and extrafunctions is further development in distribution theory inspired by contemporary physics and influenced by problems in mathematical physics. It makes more functions differentiable and provides new kinds of derivatives and hyperderivatives aimed at solving more differential and operator equations than ever before possible. In the book, extrafunctions are extended to hyperfunctionals and hyperoperators in infinite-dimensional vector spaces. Due to its development, many problems in contemporary physics, as well as in modern linear and nonlinear analysis have an infinite-dimensional nature, and the infinite-dimensional theory of extrafunctions, hyperfunctionals and hyperoperators provides new tools for solving many of these problems. The book describes new mathematical structures such as hyperderivatives and hyperintegrals of real and complex functions, hyperprobability and hyperexpectation of random processes and some others, essentially increasing power of functional analysis and probability applications. It presents the key parts of calculus – number systems, function spaces, the differential calculus and the integral calculus – in the setting of hypernumbers, extrafunctions, hyperfunctionals and hyperoperators in finite-dimensional and infinite-dimensional vector spaces. In addition, functional algebra, which employs algebraic operations with extrafunctions, hyperfunctionals and hyperoperators is developed. New relations between hyperdifferentiation and continuity of functions and operators are explicated. As differentiation and integration are special cases of hyperdifferentiation and hyperintegration, respectively, hypercalculus includes calculus as its part or subtheory. It is possible to use this book for enhancing traditional courses of calculus for undergraduates, as well as for teaching separate courses for graduate and undergraduate students at colleges and universities. To achieve these goals, exposition in the book goes from simple topics to more and more advanced topics, while proof of some statements are left as exercises for the students.

This book presents current research on Ulam stability for functional equations and inequalities. Contributions from renowned scientists emphasize fundamental and new results, methods and techniques. Detailed examples are given to theories to further understanding at the graduate level for students in mathematics, physics, and engineering.Key topics covered in this book include: Quasi means Approximate isometries Functional equations in hypergroups Stability of functional equations Fischer-Muszély equation Haar meager sets and Haar null sets Dynamical systems Functional equations in probability theory Stochastic convex ordering Dhombres functional equation Nonstandard analysis and Ulam stability This book is dedicated in memory of Stanisław Marcin Ulam, who posed the fundamental problem concerning approximate homomorphisms of groups in 1940; which has provided the stimulus for studies in the stability of functional equations and inequalities.

This is a textbook on proof writing in the area of analysis, balancing a survey of the core concepts of mathematical proof with a tight, rigorous examination of the specific tools needed for an understanding of analysis. Instead of the standard'transition'approach to teaching proofs, wherein students are taught fundamentals of logic, given some common proof strategies such as mathematical induction, and presented with a series of well-written proofs to mimic, this textbook teaches what a student needs to be thinking about when trying to construct a proof. Covering the fundamentals of analysis sufficient for a typical beginning Real Analysis course, it never loses sight of the fact that its primary focus is about proof writing skills.This book aims to give the student precise training in the writing of proofs by explaining exactly what elements make up a correct proof, how one goes about constructing an acceptable proof, and, by learning to recognize a correct proof, how to avoid writing incorrect proofs. To this end, all proofs presented in this text are preceded by detailed explanations describing the thought process one goes through when constructing the proof. Over 150 example proofs, templates, and axioms are presented alongside full-color diagrams to elucidate the topics at hand.

The fame of the Polish school at Lvov rests with the diverse and fundamental contributions of Polish mathematicians working there during the interwar years. In particular, despite material hardship and without a notable mathematical tradition, the school made major contributions to what is now called functional analysis. The results and names of Banach, Kac, Kuratowski, Mazur, Nikodym, Orlicz, Schauder, Sierpiński, Steinhaus, and Ulam, among others, now appear in all the standard textbooks. The vibrant joie de vivre and singular ambience of Lvov's once scintillating social scene are evocatively recaptured in personal recollections. The heyday of the famous Scottish Café—unquestionably the most mathematically productive cafeteria of all time—and its precious Scottish Book of highly influential problems are described in detail, revealing the special synergy of scholarship and camaraderie that permanently elevated Polish mathematics from utter obscurity to global prominence. This chronicle of the Lvov school—its legacy and the tumultuous historical events which defined its lifespan—will appeal equally to mathematicians, historians, or general readers seeking a cultural and institutional overview of key aspects of twentieth-century Polish mathematics not described anywhere else in the extant English-language literature.

This book provides an introduction to combinatorics, finite calculus, formal series, recurrences, and approximations of sums. Readers will find not only coverage of the basic elements of the subjects but also deep insights into a range of less common topics rarely considered within a single book, such as counting with occupancy constraints, a clear distinction between algebraic and analytical properties of formal power series, an introduction to discrete dynamical systems with a thorough description of Sarkovskii's theorem, symbolic calculus, and a complete description of the Euler-Maclaurin formulas and their applications. Although several books touch on one or more of these aspects, precious few cover all of them. The authors, both pure mathematicians, have attempted to develop methods that will allow the student to formulate a given problem in a precise mathematical framework. The aim is to equip readers with a sound strategy for classifying and solving problems by pursuing a mathematically rigorous yet user-friendly approach. This is particularly useful in combinatorics, a field where, all too often, exercises are solved by means of ad hoc tricks. The book contains more than 400 examples and about 300 problems, and the reader will be able to find the proof of every result. To further assist students and teachers, important matters and comments are highlighted, and parts that can be omitted, at least during a first and perhaps second reading, are identified.

A Comprehensive Course in Analysis by Poincaré Prize winner Barry Simon is a five-volume set that can serve as a graduate-level analysis textbook with a lot of additional bonus information, including hundreds of problems and numerous notes that extend the text and provide important historical background. Depth and breadth of exposition make this set a valuable reference source for almost all areas of classical analysis. Part 2B provides a comprehensive look at a number of subjects of complex analysis not included in Part 2A. Presented in this volume are the theory of conformal metrics (including the Poincaré metric, the Ahlfors-Robinson proof of Picard's theorem, and Bell's proof of the Painlevé smoothness theorem), topics in analytic number theory (including Jacobi's two- and four-square theorems, the Dirichlet prime progression theorem, the prime number theorem, and the Hardy-Littlewood asymptotics for the number of partitions), the theory of Fuchsian differential equations, asymptotic methods (including Euler's method, stationary phase, the saddle-point method, and the WKB method), univalent functions (including an introduction to SLE), and Nevanlinna theory. The chapters on Fuchsian differential equations and on asymptotic methods can be viewed as a minicourse on the theory of special functions.

A Comprehensive Course in Analysis by Poincaré Prize winner Barry Simon is a five-volume set that can serve as a graduate-level analysis textbook with a lot of additional bonus information, including hundreds of problems and numerous notes that extend the text and provide important historical background. Depth and breadth of exposition make this set a valuable reference source for almost all areas of classical analysis. Part 3 returns to the themes of Part 1 by discussing pointwise limits (going beyond the usual focus on the Hardy-Littlewood maximal function by including ergodic theorems and martingale convergence), harmonic functions and potential theory, frames and wavelets, $H^p$ spaces (including bounded mean oscillation (BMO)) and, in the final chapter, lots of inequalities, including Sobolev spaces, Calderon-Zygmund estimates, and hypercontractive semigroups.

「数学とは何か」「数学の起源とは」から現代数学の全体像，数学と他分野との連関までをカバーする，初学者でもアクセスしやすい総合事典。プリンストン大学出版局刊行の大著「The Princeton Companion to Mathematics」の全訳。ティモシー・ガワーズ，テレンス・タオ，マイケル・アティヤほか多数のフィールズ賞受賞者を含む一流の数学者・数学史家がやさしく読みやすいスタイルで数学の諸相を紹介する。「ピタゴラス」「ゲーデル」など96人の数学者の評伝付き。

The second edition of this monograph describes the set-theoretic approach for the control and analysis of dynamic systems, both from a theoretical and practical standpoint. This approach is linked to fundamental control problems, such as Lyapunov stability analysis and stabilization, optimal control, control under constraints, persistent disturbance rejection, and uncertain systems analysis and synthesis. Completely self-contained, this book provides a solid foundation of mathematical techniques and applications, extensive references to the relevant literature, and numerous avenues for further theoretical study.All the material from the first edition has been updated to reflect the most recent developments in the field, and a new chapter on switching systems has been added. Each chapter contains examples, case studies, and exercises to allow for a better understanding of theoretical concepts by practical application. The mathematical language is kept to the minimum level necessary for the adequate formulation and statement of the main concepts, yet allowing for a detailed exposition of the numerical algorithms for the solution of the proposed problems.Set-Theoretic Methods in Control will appeal to both researchers and practitioners in control engineering and applied mathematics. It is also well-suited as a textbook for graduate students in these areas.Praise for the First Edition'This is an excellent book, full of new ideas and collecting a lot of diverse material related to set-theoretic methods. It can be recommended to a wide control community audience.'- B. T. Polyak, Mathematical Reviews'This book is an outstanding monograph of a recent research trend in control. It reflects the vast experience of the authors as well as their noticeable contributions to the development of this field...[It] is highly recommended to PhD students and researchers working in control engineering or applied mathematics. The material can also be used for graduate courses in these areas.'- Octavian Pastravanu, Zentralblatt MATH

This textbook is designed for a one year course covering the fundamentals of partial differential equations, geared towards advanced undergraduates and beginning graduate students in mathematics, science, engineering, and elsewhere. The exposition carefully balances solution techniques, mathematical rigor, and significant applications, all illustrated by numerous examples. Extensive exercise sets appear at the end of almost every subsection, and include straightforward computational problems to develop and reinforce new techniques and results, details on theoretical developments and proofs, challenging projects both computational and conceptual, and supplementary material that motivates the student to delve further into the subject. No previous experience with the subject of partial differential equations or Fourier theory is assumed, the main prerequisites being undergraduate calculus, both one- and multi-variable, ordinary differential equations, and basic linear algebra. While the classical topics of separation of variables, Fourier analysis, boundary value problems, Green's functions, and special functions continue to form the core of an introductory course, the inclusion of nonlinear equations, shock wave dynamics, symmetry and similarity, the Maximum Principle, financial models, dispersion and solutions, Huygens'Principle, quantum mechanical systems, and more make this text well attuned to recent developments and trends in this active field of contemporary research. Numerical approximation schemes are an important component of any introductory course, and the text covers the two most basic approaches: finite differences and finite elements.

Approach your problems from the right It isn't that they can't see the solution. end and begin with the answers. Then, It is that they can't see the problem. one day, perhaps you will find the final G.K. Chesterton, The Scandal of Fa­ question. ther Brown'The point of a Pin'.'The Hermit Clad in Crane Feathers'in R. Van Gulik's The Chinese Maze Murders. Growing specialization and diversification have brought a host of mono­ graphs and textbooks on increasingly specialized topics. However, the'tree'of knowledge of mathematics and related fields does not grow only by putting forth new branches. It also happens, quite often in fact, that branches which were thought to be completely disparate are suddenly seen to be related. Further, the kind and level of sophistication of mathematics applied in various sciences has changed drastically in recent years: measure theory is used (non-trivially) in regional and theoretical economics; algebraic geometry interacts with physics; the Minkowsky lemma, cod­ ing theory and the structure of water meet one another in packing and covering theory; quantum fields, crystal defects and mathematical pro­ gramming profit from homotopy theory; Lie algebras are relevant to filtering; and prediction and electrical engineering can use Stein spaces.

1. People were already interested in prime numbers in ancient times, and the first result concerning the distribution of primes appears in Euclid's Elemen­ ta, where we find a proof of their infinitude, now regarded as canonical. One feels that Euclid's argument has its place in The Book, often quoted by the late Paul ErdOs, where the ultimate forms of mathematical arguments are preserved. Proofs of most other results on prime number distribution seem to be still far away from their optimal form and the aim of this book is to present the development of methods with which such problems were attacked in the course of time. This is not a historical book since we refrain from giving biographical details of the people who have played a role in this development and we do not discuss the questions concerning why each particular person became in­ terested in primes, because, usually, exact answers to them are impossible to obtain. Our idea is to present the development of the theory of the distribu­ tion of prime numbers in the period starting in antiquity and concluding at the end of the first decade of the 20th century. We shall also present some later developments, mostly in short comments, although the reader will find certain exceptions to that rule. The period of the last 80 years was full of new ideas (we mention only the applications of trigonometrical sums or the advent of various sieve methods) and certainly demands a separate book.

An arrangement of hyperplanes is a finite collection of codimension one affine subspaces in a finite dimensional vector space. Arrangements have emerged independently as important objects in various fields of mathematics such as combinatorics, braids, configuration spaces, representation theory, reflection groups, singularity theory, and in computer science and physics. This book is the first comprehensive study of the subject. It treats arrangements with methods from combinatorics, algebra, algebraic geometry, topology, and group actions. It emphasizes general techniques which illuminate the connections among the different aspects of the subject. Its main purpose is to lay the foundations of the theory. Consequently, it is essentially self-contained and proofs are provided. Nevertheless, there are several new results here. In particular, many theorems that were previously known only for central arrangements are proved here for the first time in completegenerality. The text provides the advanced graduate student entry into a vital and active area of research. The working mathematician will findthe book useful as a source of basic results of the theory, open problems, and a comprehensive bibliography of the subject.

The main concern in all scientific work must be the human being himsel[ This, one should never forget among all those diagrams and equations. Albert Einstein This volume is part of a comprehensive presentation of nonlinear functional analysis, the basic content of which has been outlined in the Preface of Part I. A Table of Contents for all five volumes may also be found in Part I. The Part IV and the following Part V contain applications to mathematical present physics. Our goals are the following: (i) A detailed motivation of the basic equations in important disciplines of theoretical physics. (ii) A discussion of particular problems which have played a significant role in the development of physics, and through which important mathe­ matical and physical insight may be gained. (iii) A combination of classical and modern ideas. (iv) An attempt to build a bridge between the language and thoughts of physicists and mathematicians. Weshall always try to advance as soon as possible to theheart ofthe problern under consideration and to concentrate on the basic ideas.

This volume is a collection of manscripts mainly originating from talks and lectures given at the Workshop on Recent Trends in Complex Methods for Par­ tial Differential Equations held from July 6 to 10, 1998 at the Middle East Technical University in Ankara, Turkey, sponsored by The Scientific and Tech­ nical Research Council of Turkey and the Middle East Technical University. This workshop is a continuation oftwo workshops from 1988 and 1993 at the In­ ternational Centre for Theoretical Physics in Trieste, Italy entitled Functional analytic Methods in Complex Analysis and Applications to Partial Differential Equations. Since classical complex analysis of one and several variables has a long tra­ dition it is of high level. But most of its basic problems are solved nowadays so that within the last few decades it has lost more and more attention. The area of complex and functional analytic methods in partial differential equations, however, is still a growing and flourishing field, in particular as these methods are not only applied. Whithin the framework of holomorphic functions but are also combined with properties of generalized analytic functions. This can be seen by the many books which recently were published in this field and also by the proceedings in this ISAAC series and the ISAAC congresses and workshops.

This book provides a comprehensive and timely report in the area of non-additive measures and integrals. It is based on a panel session on fuzzy measures, fuzzy integrals and aggregation operators held during the 9th International Conference on Modeling Decisions for Artificial Intelligence (MDAI 2012) in Girona, Spain, November 21-23, 2012. The book complements the MDAI 2012 proceedings book, published in Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS) in 2012. The individual chapters, written by key researchers in the field, cover fundamental concepts and important definitions (e.g. the Sugeno integral, definition of entropy for non-additive measures) as well some important applications (e.g. to economics and game theory) of non-additive measures and integrals. The book addresses students, researchers and practitioners working at the forefront of their field.

This volume is dedicated to A.C. Zaanen, one of the pioneers of functional analysis, and eminent expert in modern integration theory and the theory of vector lattices, on the occasion of his 80th birthday. The book opens with biographical notes, including Zaanen's curriculum vitae and list of publications. It contains a selection of original research papers which cover a broad spectrum of topics about operators and semigroups of operators on Banach lattices, analysis in function spaces and integration theory. Special attention is paid to the spectral theory of operators on Banach lattices; in particular, to the one of positive operators. Classes of integral operators arising in systems theory, optimization and best approximation problems, and evolution equations are also discussed. The book will appeal to a wide range of readers engaged in pure and applied mathematics.

The present book is intended to be a systematic text on topological vector spaces and presupposes familiarity with the elements of general topology and linear algebra. The author has found it unnecessary to rederive these results, since they are equally basic for many other areas of mathematics, and every beginning graduate student is likely to have made their acquaintance. Simi­ larly, the elementary facts on Hilbert and Banach spaces are widely known and are not discussed in detail in this book, which is :plainly addressed to those readers who have attained and wish to get beyond the introductory level. The book has its origin in courses given by the author at Washington State University, the University of Michigan, and the University of Ttibingen in the years 1958-1963. At that time there existed no reasonably ccmplete text on topological vector spaces in English, and there seemed to be a genuine need for a book on this subject. This situation changed in 1963 with the appearance of the book by Kelley, Namioka et al. [1] which, through its many elegant proofs, has had some influence on the final draft of this manuscript. Yet the two books appear to be sufficiently different in spirit and subject matter to justify the publication of this manuscript; in particular, the present book includes a discussion of topological tensor products, nuclear spaces, ordered topological vector spaces, and an appendix on positive operators.

The Motivation. With intensified use of mathematical ideas, the methods and techniques of the various sciences and those for the solution of practical problems demand of the mathematician not only greater readi­ ness for extra-mathematical applications but also more comprehensive orientations within mathematics. In applications, it is frequently less important to draw the most far-reaching conclusions from a single mathe­ matical idea than to cover a subject or problem area tentatively by a proper'variety'of mathematical theories. To do this the mathematician must be familiar with the shared as weIl as specific features of differ­ ent mathematical approaches, and must have experience with their inter­ connections. The Atiyah-Singer Index Formula,'one of the deepest and hardest results in mathematics','probably has wider ramifications in topology and analysis than any other single result'(F. Hirzebruch) and offers perhaps a particularly fitting example for such an introduction to'Mathematics': In spi te of i ts difficulty and immensely rich interrela­ tions, the realm of the Index Formula can be delimited, and thus its ideas and methods can be made accessible to students in their middle • semesters. In fact, the Atiyah-Singer Index Formula has become progressively'easier'and'more transparent'over the years. The discovery of deeper and more comprehensive applications (see Chapter 111. 4) brought with it, not only a vigorous exploration of its methods particularly in the many­ facetted and always new presentations of the material by M. F.

Mathematics is playing an ever more important role in the physical and biological sciences, provoking a blurring of boundaries between scientific disciplines and a resurgence of interest in the modern as well as the clas­ sical techniques of applied mathematics. This renewal of interest, both in research and teaching, had led to the establishment of the series: Texts in Applied Mathematics (TAM). The development of new courses is a natural consequence of a high level of excitement on the research frontier as newer techniques, such as numerical and symbolic computer systems, dynamical systems, and chaos, mix with and reinforce the traditional methods of applied mathematics. Thus, the purpose of this textbook series is to meet the current and future needs of these advances and encourage the teaching of new courses. TAM will publish textbooks suitable for use in advanced undergraduate and beginning graduate courses, and will complement the Applied Math­ ematical Sciences (AMS) series, which will focus on advanced textbooks and research level monographs. Preface As in Part I, this book concentrates on understanding the behavior of dif­ ferential equations, rather than on solving the equations. Part I focused on differential equations in one dimension; this volume attempts to understand differential equations in n dimensions. The existence and uniqueness theory carries over with almost no changes.

The book is devoted to the structural analysis of vector and random (or both) valued countably additive measures, and used for integral representations of random fields. The spaces can be Banach or Frechet types. Special attention is given to Bochner's boundedness principle and Grothendieck's representation unifying and simplyfying stochastic integrations. Several stationary aspects, extensions and random currents as well as related multilinear forms are analyzed, whilst numerous new procedures and results are included, and many research areas are opened up which also display the geometric aspects in multi dimensions.

In recent years there has been a large amount of work on invariant subspaces, motivated by interest in the structure of non-self-adjoint of the results have been obtained in operators on Hilbert space. Some the context of certain general studies: the theory of the characteristic operator function, initiated by Livsic; the study of triangular models by Brodskii and co-workers; and the unitary dilation theory of Sz.­ Nagy and Foia!? Other theorems have proofs and interest independent of any particular structure theory. Since the leading workers in each of the structure theories have written excellent expositions of their work, (cf. Sz.-Nagy-Foia!? [1], Brodskii [1], and Gohberg-Krein [1], [2]), in this book we have concentrated on results independent of these theories. We hope that we have given a reasonably complete survey of such results and suggest that readers consult the above references for additional information. The table of contents indicates the material covered. We have restricted ourselves to operators on separable Hilbert space, in spite of the fact that most of the theorems are valid in all Hilbert spaces and many hold in Banach spaces as well. We felt that this restriction was sensible since it eases the exposition and since the separable-Hilbert­ space case of each of the theorems is generally the most interesting and potentially the most useful case.

During the last few years, the theory of operator algebras, particularly non-self-adjoint operator algebras, has evolved dramatically, experiencing both international growth and interfacing with other important areas. The present volume presents a survey of some of the latest developments in the field in a form that is detailed enough to be accessible to advanced graduate students as well as researchers in the field. Among the topics treated are: operator spaces, Hilbert modules, limit algebras, reflexive algebras and subspaces, relations to basis theory, C• algebraic quantum groups, endomorphisms of operator algebras, conditional expectations and projection maps, and applications, particularly to wavelet theory. The volume also features an historical paper offering a new approach to the Pythagoreans'discovery of irrational numbers.

A theory is the more impressive, the simpler are its premises, the more distinct are the things it connects, and the broader is its range of applicability. Albert Einstein There are two different ways of teaching mathematics, namely, (i) the systematic way, and (ii) the application-oriented way. More precisely, by (i), I mean a systematic presentation of the material governed by the desire for mathematical perfection and completeness of the results. In contrast to (i), approach (ii) starts out from the question'What are the most important applications?'and then tries to answer this question as quickly as possible. Here, one walks directly on the main road and does not wander into all the nice and interesting side roads. The present book is based on the second approach. It is addressed to undergraduate and beginning graduate students of mathematics, physics, and engineering who want to learn how functional analysis elegantly solves mathematical problems that are related to our real world and that have played an important role in the history of mathematics. The reader should sense that the theory is being developed, not simply for its own sake, but for the effective solution of concrete problems. viii Preface This introduction to functional analysis is divided into the following two parts: Part I: Applications to mathematical physics (the present AMS Vol. 108); Part II: Main principles and their applications (AMS Vol. 109).

Approach your problems from the right end It isn't that they can't see the solution. It is and begin with the answers. Then one day, that they can't see the problem. perhaps you will find the final question. G. K. Chesterton. The Scandal of Father'The Hermit Oad in Crane Feathers'in R. Brown'The point of a Pin'. van Gulik's The Chinese Maze Murders. Growing specialization and diversification have brought a host of monographs and textbooks on increasingly specialized topics. However, the'tree'of knowledge of mathematics and related fields does not grow only by putting forth new branches. It also happens, quite often in fact, that branches which were thought to be completely disparate are suddenly seen to be related. Further, the kind and level of sophistication of mathematics applied in various sciences has changed drastically in recent years: measure theory is used (non-trivially) in regional and theoretical economics; algebraic geometry interacts with physics; the Minkowsky lemma, coding theory and the structure of water meet one another in packing and covering theory; quantum fields, crystal defects and mathematical programming profit from homotopy theory; Lie algebras are relevant to filtering; and prediction and electrical engineering can use Stein spaces. And in addition to this there are such new emerging subdisciplines as'experimental mathematics','CFD','completely integrable systems','chaos, synergetics and large-scale order', which are almost impossible to fit into the existing classification schemes. They draw upon widely different sections of mathematics.

Paul Halmos will celebrate his 75th birthday on the 3rd of March 1991. This volume, from colleagues, is an expression of affection for the man and respect for his contributions as scholar, writer, and teacher. It contains articles about Paul, about the times in which he worked and the places he has been, and about mathematics. Paul has furthered his profession in many ways and this collection reflects that diversity. Articles about Paul are not biographical, but rather tell about his ideas, his philosophy, and his style. Articles about the times and places in which Paul has worked describe people, events, and ways in which Paul has influenced students and colleagues over the past 50 years. Articles about mathematics are about all kinds of mathematics, including operator theory and Paul's research in the subject. This volume represents a slice of mathematical life and it shows how many parts of mathematics Paul has touched. It is fitting that this volume has been produced with the support and cooperation of Springer-Verlag. For over 35 years, Paul has contributed to mathematics publishing as founder and editor of many outstanding series.

A collection of matrices is said to be triangularizable if there is an invertible matrix S such that S1 AS is upper triangular for every A in the collection. This generalization of commutativity is the subject of many classical theorems due to Engel, Kolchin, Kaplansky, McCoy and others. The concept has been extended to collections of bounded linear operators on Banach spaces: such a collection is defined to be triangularizable if there is a maximal chain of subspaces of the Banach space, each of which is invariant under every member of the collection. Most of the classical results have been generalized to compact operators, and there are also recent theorems in the finite-dimensional case. This book is the first comprehensive treatment of triangularizability in both the finite and infinite-dimensional cases. It contains numerous very recent results and new proofs of many of the classical theorems. It provides a thorough background for research in both the linear-algebraic and operator-theoretic aspects of triangularizability and related areas. More generally, the book will be useful to anyone interested in matrices or operators, as many of the results are linked to other topics such as spectral mapping theorems, properties of spectral radii and traces, and the structure of semigroups and algebras of operators. It is essentially self-contained modulo solid courses in linear algebra (for the first half) and functional analysis (for the second half), and is therefore suitable as a text or reference for a graduate course.

To date, the theoretical development of q-calculus has rested on a non-uniform basis. Generally, the bulky Gasper-Rahman notation was used, but the published works on q-calculus looked different depending on where and by whom they were written. This confusion of tongues not only complicated the theoretical development but also contributed to q-calculus remaining a neglected mathematical field. This book overcomes these problems by introducing a new and interesting notation for q-calculus based on logarithms.For instance, q-hypergeometric functions are now visually clear and easy to trace back to their hypergeometric parents. With this new notation it is also easy to see the connection between q-hypergeometric functions and the q-gamma function, something that until now has been overlooked.The book covers many topics on q-calculus, including special functions, combinatorics, and q-difference equations. Apart from a thorough review of the historical development of q-calculus, this book also presents the domains of modern physics for which q-calculus is applicable, such as particle physics and supersymmetry, to name just a few.​

The main theme of the book is the study, from the standpoint of s-numbers, of integral operators of Hardy type and related Sobolev embeddings. In the theory of s-numbers the idea is to attach to every bounded linear map between Banach spaces a monotone decreasing sequence of non-negative numbers with a view to the classification of operators according to the way in which these numbers approach a limit: approximation numbers provide an especially important example of such numbers. The asymptotic behavior of the s-numbers of Hardy operators acting between Lebesgue spaces is determined here in a wide variety of cases. The proof methods involve the geometry of Banach spaces and generalized trigonometric functions; there are connections with the theory of the p-Laplacian.

This text consists of a sequence of problems which develop a variety of aspects in the field of semigroupsof operators. Many of the problems are not found easily in other books. Written in the Socratic/Moore method, this is a problem book without the answers presented. To get the most out of the content requires high motivation from the reader to work out the exercises. The reader is given the opportunity to discover important developments of the subject and to quickly arrive at the point of independent research. The compactness of the volume and the reputation of the author lends this consider set of problems to be a'classic'in the making. This text is highly recommended for us as supplementary material for 3 graduate level courses.