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This textbook is intended to be accessible to any second-year undergraduate in mathematics who has attended courses on basic real analysis and linear algebra. It is meant to help students to appreciate the diverse specialized mathematics courses offered at their universities. Special emphasis is on similarities between mathematical fields and ways to compare them. The organizing principle is the concept of a mathematical structure which plays an important role in all areas of mathematics. The mathematical content used to explain the structural ideas covers in particular material that is typically taught in algebra and geometry courses. The discussion of ways to compare mathematical fields also provides introductions to categories and sheaves, whose ever-increasing role in modern mathematics suggests a more prominent role in teaching. The book is the English translation of the second edition of “Mathematische Strukturen” (Springer, 2024) written in German. The translation was done with the help of artificial intelligence. A subsequent human revision was done primarily in terms of content.

The first edition of this book presented simple proofs of the Atiyah-Singer Index Theorem for Dirac operators on compact Riemannian manifolds and its generalizations (due to the authors and J.-M. Bismut), using an explicit geometric construction of the heat kernel of a generalized Dirac operator; the new edition makes this popular book available to students and researchers in an attractive softcover. The first four chapters could be used as the text for a graduate course on the applications of linear elliptic operators in differential geometry and the only prerequisites are a familiarity with basic differential geometry. The next four chapters discuss the equivariant index theorem, and include a useful introduction to equivariant differential forms. The last two chapters give a proof, in the spirit of the book, of Bismut's Local Family Index Theorem for Dirac operators.

This book contains chapters on a range of topics in mathematics and mathematical physics, including semigroups, algebras, operator theory and quantum mechanics, most of them have been presented at the International Conference on Semigroup, Algebras, and Operator Theory (ICSAOT-22), held at Cochin, Kerala, India, from 28–31 March 2022. It highlights the significance of semigroup theory in different areas of mathematics and delves into various themes that demonstrate the subject's diverse nature and practical applications. One of the key features of the book is its focus on the relationship between geometric algebra and quantum mechanics. The book offers both theoretical and numerical approximation results, presenting a comprehensive overview of the subject. It covers a variety of topics, ranging from C∗-algebraic models to numerical solutions for partial differential equations. The content of the book is suitable for active researchers and graduate students who are just beginning their studies in the field. It offers insights and practical applications that would be valuable to anyone interested in the mathematical foundations of physics and related fields. Overall, this book provides an excellent resource for anyone seeking to deepen their understanding of the intersections between mathematics and physics.