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What does compliance with judgments of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) look like in states on the spectrum of democratisation? This work provides an in-depth investigation of three such states—Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia— in the wider context of the growing'implementation crisis'in Europe, and does so through a combined lens of theoretical insights and rich empirical data. The book offers a detailed analysis of the domestic contexts varying from democratising to increasingly authoritarian tendencies, which shape the states'compliance behaviour, and discusses why and how such states comply with human rights judgments. It puts particular focus on ‘contested'compliance as a new form of compliance behaviour involving states'acting in ‘bad faith'and argues for a revival of the concept of partial compliance. The wider impact that ECtHR judgments have in states on the spectrum of democratisation is also explored.

This open access edited book investigates European social rights in practice from socio-legal perspectives. It brings together fourteen socio-legal scholars, representing Nordic and Western European countries, who analyse different aspects pertaining to European social rights, namely the regulation of social rights, encounters between welfare professionals and citizens, and citizens'mobilisation of social rights. These three different aspects form the structure for the sections in the anthology, each analysing transformations related to regulation, encounters and rights mobilisation. The book contributes to the existing literature as it focuses on interdependent transformations on macro, meso and micro levels which are key for understanding processes and contexts related to European social rights in practice. It speaks particularly to academics in sociology of law and/or regulation.

In clear and concise words, this Handbook offers a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of the European Convention and the European Court of Human Rights and its case-law. Numerous cross-references guide the reader through the various topics. Various summaries condense the different principles of the Court's case-law. The Handbook has been written largely for practitioners such as lawyers, judges and persons in administrative functions, but will also be invaluable to university teachers and academic researchers. Meticulously compiled, authoritative and practical, it is a must-have resource for anyone concerned with the protection of human rights in Europe. The author served as a Judge at the Court for nine years, three of them as Section President. He is a retired Professor for International and European Law at the University of Zurich in Switzerland. With a Foreword by Judge Robert Spano, President of the European Court of Human Rights.

It is beyond question that States have positive obligations under the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) to prevent and address harm and risks of harm. However, given the difficulties of determining and delimiting the role of the State, the conditions under which positive obligations may apply can be unclear. The search for balance between intrusion and restraint by the State—between protection and freedom from interference—further complicates the question of state responsibility for breach of positive obligations. Vladislava Stoyanova directly addresses these challenges in Positive Obligations under the European Convention on Human Rights. By systematising the case law of the European Court of Human Rights, the book provides key insights into the elements crucial for ascertaining state responsibility for omissions - state knowledge, causation, and reasonableness. It outlines different kinds of positive human rights obligations and identifies the circumstances under which they can be breached. Stoyanova reflects upon what is at stake for political communities when the triggering, content, and scope of positive obligations has been determined. She offers serious evaluation of the dangers of ECHR obligations whose scope might be too expansive or intrusive, as well as the conceptual hurdles of applying positive human rights obligations extraterritorially. The definitive resource on ECHR positive obligations, this book is essential reading for academics, legal practitioners, and policymakers working across the diverse fields in which positive human rights obligations may apply. This is an open access title available under the terms of a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International licence. It is free to read at Oxford Scholarship Online and offered as a free PDF download from OUP and selected open access locations.

This innovative book explores the complex interplay between intellectual property for biotechnological innovations and human rights. Examining the clash between the drive to incentivise innovations that can fulfil human needs and the desire to grant global access to healthcare technologies, it presents thoughtful solutions to the challenges of protecting the human rights of all parties impacted by biotechnological patents and other relevant IP rights.After laying out the essential biotechnological innovations of the last 40 years, the authors conduct an in-depth analysis of European exclusive rights relating to biotechnology and healthcare, with particular attention to five key European jurisdictions - France, Germany, Italy, Poland and the UK. Delving into complex legal and ethical disputes over the rights to privacy, integrity, autonomy, health and science, the book argues for a more balanced patent system, protecting both human rights and intellectual property.This book will be a thought-provoking read for legal scholars, practitioners and policy-makers in the fields of biotechnology, pharmaceutical law, human rights law and intellectual property law. With its in-depth discussion of cutting-edge advances in biotechnology and the laws related to it, it will also prove enlightening for scholars and students interested in engaging with the field for the first time.

Although the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) mentions taxation only once – and in a context that, rather than conferring rights, limits their application – references to public prerogatives pertinent to taxation are present in several of the ECHR's articles, giving rise to an implied normative framework that has influenced the tax jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). Especially given the enormous impact of the famous Yukos cases, the ECtHR has made it abundantly clear that tax policies of State Signatories must be regularly stress-tested against the requirements of the Convention. This book is the first to critically analyse over 500 of the ECtHR's important ‘tax cases', which create a human rights code of conduct for ECHR State Signatories in matters involving taxation. Adopting a method by which relevant articles of the ECHR are each addressed by a detailed analysis of successful and non-successful tax cases flowing from it, the book provides the following invaluable knowledge base and guidance on the ECHR's relevance to taxation: the ECHR's legal concept ‘margin of appreciation'and the ECtHR's supervisory jurisdiction in taxation matters; the legal avenues to impugn tax measures on the basis of Article 1 of Protocol 1 ECHR and other Articles of the ECHR; the lines of defence hampering judicial activism in the tax arena; the concept of ‘emergency'in tax policy; the effects of tax penalty classification and retrospectivity; the right to a fair trial in tax disputes; and the extent tax policy may hamper the right to privacy and other fundamental human rights. In its elaboration of the nexus between taxation and human rights, this book contributes a crucial element to the ongoing debate focusing on the tax-related jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights. With its practice-oriented tax policy rulebook drawn from the judgments of the ECtHR, tax practitioners and in-house counsel will approach any case with full awareness of its human rights implications and constitutional consequences.

This book imagines how Europe might re-organise and re-group after the COVID-19 crisis by assessing its effectiveness when responding to it. For this purpose, it directs its focus on: i) sovereignty challenges; ii) technological challenges and iii) governance challenges. These three challenges do not present hermetic legal problems, they intersect and connect on many levels. The book shows this by examining the relationship between public and private power, and illustrating how the rise of technocratic authority is deeply connected to the choice of technological solutions. It illustrates how constitutional decisions taken during states of emergency give rise to private governance challenges related to cybersecurity and data protection. Experts from the fields of EU governance, data protection, and technology explore these questions to provide answers to how the EU might develop in the future.

Within the framework of the human rights treaty system of the European Social Charter, the collective complaints procedure was created in 1995 as an optional quasi-jurisdictional monitoring mechanism specific for the protection of social rights. In recent years, the importance and use of this procedure has increased considerably, in the context of a number of serious economic and social crises which are impacting negatively on the effective enjoyment of social rights in Europe. The present monograph explores and clarifies the specific features of the collective complaints procedure, intended as a sui generis instrument for the protection of social rights in the light of its evolutive application by the European Committee of Social Rights (the monitoring body of the European Social Charter) and its real impact on the state and conditions of social rights in the European countries concerned. The analysis particularly dwells on the collective nature of the mechanism, and its implications from the standpoint of the admissibility of complaints, on the adversarial character of the procedure and on the particularities of the follow-up to findings of violation adopted by the European Committee of Social Rights (ECSR). The crucial issues concerning the legal value and effects of the ECSR's decisions on the merits of collective complaints, on the one hand, and the effectiveness of the collective complaints procedure as a means for the protection of social rights, on the other hand, are also addressed. Lastly, the book proposes some reflections on the supposed limitations on the effectiveness of a procedure which is conceived to deal not with individual situations of human rights violations but with violations characterized by elements of'collective importance'for many subjects.

Both global and regional human rights treaties have established international institutions offering recourse if a State party fails to comply with its obligations under the treaty. Many of these institutions have jurisdiction to consider complaints brought by individuals claiming that a State party has violated the rights enumerated in the treaty. However, these same institutions appear no longer merely to confine themselves to considering individual petitions. Due to the growing number of complaints, they have become increasingly preoccupied with managing their workload. The present volume focuses attention on two international institutions, one regional (the European Commission on Human Rights), and one global (the Human Rights Committee). It thoroughly examines the admissibility conditions of both the Commission and the Court by means of their case law and discusses possible changes which might reduce this case load. Chapter 2 discusses the procedural aspects of both systems, in particular, the division of labour and the various stages of the proceedings. Chapters 3-9 explore the case law of both organs concerning admissibility conditions, and such topics as competence ratione personae (including standing, the victim requirement and State responsibility), competence ratione temporis, competence ratione materiae, inadmissibility pendente lite and the exhaustion of local remedies.

This authoritative commentary drafted by scholars of the Academic Network on the European Social Charter and Social Rights (ANESC) is aimed at academic researchers studying social and economic rights in Europe and legal practitioners, civil society organisations, trade unions and state representatives engaging with the procedures of the European Committee of Social Rights. The text is composed of contributions from a large number of experts, bringing together senior and young scholars across different countries and legal traditions with expertise in social and economic rights and a commitment to enhancing the European system for regulating these rights. The commentary offers 106 chapters, organised into eight volumes, some of which are focused on the substantive obligations of State Parties to the European Social Charter and the practice of the European Committee of Social Rights and others on the procedures that state representatives, international bodies and applicants must follow to engage with the Charter system. Volume 1, entitled Cross-Cutting Themes, provides readers with descriptive and analytical accounts of the birth and evolution of the Charter system, the rules governing its interactions with domestic authorities, a number of thematic areas and concepts that elucidate the spirit of the treaty, and the differences and synergies between the European Social Charter and other European and international regulatory frameworks. This volume lays the groundwork for the article-by-article commentary on the European Social Charter that will be presented in the subsequent seven volumes, providing crucial context and highlighting the conceptual and operational links between the various Charter provisions. This first volume is edited by Stefano Angeleri (Queen's University Belfast) and Carole Nivard (Université de Rouen).

This book looks at how the European Court of Human Rights has addressed the question of immigration. As immigration in Europe has increased, so has its criminalisation. This is a multi-faceted phenomenon, with criminal justice and harsh use of immigration measures becoming more and more entwined. This book asks: how has the European Court of Human Rights responded? Drawing on case law from across the spectrum of rights, it will show how effective it has been in countering detention and deportation, if at all. This makes an original contribution to growing focus on'crimmigration'.

This collection offers the reader an exposition and critical analysis of certain human rights, such as the right to information and to personality. Some human rights issues of legal and also of political significance, including the protection of human rights pending the settlement of related political issues, are also examined. There is an emphasis on novel or debatable aspects which have hitherto been insufficiently explored, such as the scope of civil servants'freedom of speech, the expulsion of settlers from occupied territories, and whether the test of state responsibility for violations of human rights is objective or subjective. Most of the topics are examined in the context of the European Convention on Human Rights and, where relevant, reference is made to U.S. Supreme Court case law and international law. The book is intended for lawyers having a special interest in human rights.

It is commonly believed that, in the police practices of arrest without judicial warrant and detention without charge, England and Turkey stand at opposite ends of the compliance spectrum among nations signatory to the European Convention on Human Rights. This is the first book to examine the extent to which such belief is warranted. Beginning with a detailed comparison of the arrest and detention standards set by the Convention and the corresponding provisions of Turkish and English law, the author then proceeds to investigate actual police practice in both countries. He reviews and analyzes the existing research in England and Wales on how the status of suspects in practice compares with the status of suspects in law. To determine this in Turkey, where no such research existed before this book, he offers the results of his own field work in 21 Turkish police stations and three gendarmeries in various cities and towns, as well as in two Turkish anti-terrorist departments. This is the first publication of any research into how Turkish police apply law to practice. He goes on to examine the adequacy and effectiveness of remedies in both countries, and to make recommendations, not only for reform in England and Turkey, but to the Convention organs with respect to gaps and weaknesses in their case law. For criminal justice and law enforcement authorities, this is a valuable guide to ensuring compliance with the extensive and developed standards established by the case law of the Convention, and to handling allegations of breaches of the Convention by the police. In addition, Arrest and Detention Powers in Turkish and English Law and Practice in the Light of the European Convention on Human Rights is a penetrating analysis of `law in books'versus `law in action', and as such has relevance to anyone concerned with the enforcement of human rights law.

Rechtsvergleichende Argumentation ist in den Urteilsbegründungen des EGMR gängige Praxis – mit dem europäischen Konsens hat der Gerichtshof sogar eine eigene Rechtsfigur für die rechtsvergleichende Auslegung und Anwendung der EMRK etabliert. Diese Arbeit fragt nach der Rolle internationalen Soft Laws in diesem Zusammenhang. Im Wege einer umfangreichen empirischen Urteilsuntersuchung ermittelt sie am Beispiel rechtsunverbindlicher Europaratsdokumente, in welchen Anwendungsbereichen und methodischen Zusammenhängen der EGMR Soft Law berücksichtigt, und welchen Stellenwert es hier jeweils einnimmt. Dabei wird vor allem dessen Bedeutung bei der Ermittlung eines europäischen Konsenses in den Blick genommen. Anschließend ordnet die Autorin die Rechtsfigur des europäischen Konsenses in die Grundlagen rechtsvergleichender Methodik ein und unterbreitet unter Berücksichtigung der im Rahmen der empirischen Untersuchung gewonnenen Erkenntnisse Vorschläge für eine strukturierte Konsens-Ermittlung.

Die Europäische Konvention zum Schutze der Menschenrechte und Grundfreiheiten (EMRK) schützt in Artikel 8 das Privat- und Familienleben. Wie in zahlreichen anderen Rechtsgebieten hat diese Bestimmung auch für das Ausländerrecht zentrale und prägende Bedeutung erlangt. In diesem Sinne anerkennen die Konventionsorgane seit den Anfängen ihrer Rechtsprechung, daß die EMRK den Staaten zwar die Freiheit läßt, über Einreise und Aufenthalt von Ausländerinnen und Ausländern frei zu entscheiden, daß dieser Freiheit aber durch Artikel 8 EMRK gewisse Grenzen gesetzt werden. Das weitgehende Fehlen klarer Rechtsprechungslinien sowie die einzelfallorientierte Entscheidpraxis haben indes dazu geführt, daß die Art und Weise der Grenzziehung unklar ist. Dieser Umstand ist nicht nur der Rechtssicherheit in höchstem Maße abträglich, sondern hat auch dazu geführt, daß den innerstaatlichen Gerichten verläßliche Leitlinien für die Handhabung von Artikel 8 EMRK in fremdenrechtlichen Fällen fehlen. Auf der Grundlage einer rechtsvergleichenden Darstellung der fremdenrechtlichen Entscheidpraxis zu Artikel 8 EMRK - der Konventionsorgane, des schweizerischen Bundesgerichtes, der österreichischen Gerichtshöfe des öffentlichen Rechtes sowie des französischen Conseil d'État - unterzieht die Autorin die bisherige Rechtsprechung einer eingehenden und kritischen Analyse. Aus den Erkenntnissen dieser Untersuchung werden schließlich Leitlinien für eine dogmatisch-methodisch kohärente, den verschiedenen Interessen und Konstellationen gerechter werdende und die Möglichkeiten von Art. 8 EMRK ausschöpfende Entscheidfindung erarbeitet.

The years of 2019 and 2020 offered the opportunity to commemorate four anniversaries: On 4 November 2020, it was 70 years ago that the ECHR, was signed. Ten years later, the ECtHR began its work. The Council of Europe had its 70th anniversary on 5 May 2019. Finally, the European Commission for Democracy through Law (Venice Commission) established in 1990, could celebrate its 30th birthday. These jubilees offer a good reason to take a look at how these institutions have contributed to making human rights and the rule of law a matter of common interest in Europe, and what their present condition is. This volume contains the contributions on this topic held at the Walter-Hallstein Symposium on 5 and 6 March 2020. With contributions by Veronika Bílková, Thomas Giegerich, Rainer Hofmann, Stefan Kadelbach, Wilfried Loth, Angelika Nußberger, Paulo Pinto de Albuquerque and Stefanie Schmahl.

This volume conducts an in-depth analysis of the ECtHR's case law in the area of migration and asylum, exploring the role of the Court in this area of law. Each chapter deals with the case law on one specific ECHR article that is relevant for migrants, asylum seekers and refugees. In addition, the volume is enriched by two additional studies which deal with issues that are treated in a transversal manner, namely vulnerability and the margin of appreciation. The volume systematises the case law on aliens'rights under the ECHR, offering readers the chance to familiarise themselves with or gain deeper insight into the main principles the Strasbourg court applies in its case law regarding aliens.

This insightful book considers how the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) is faced with numerous challenges which emanate from authoritarian and populist tendencies arising across its member states. It argues that it is now time to reassess how the ECHR responds to such challenges to the protection of human rights in the light of its historical origins.Written by a group of established and emerging experts from diverse backgrounds, this book offers a fresh perspective on the questions and challenges facing the ECHR, bringing together different, and thus far isolated, strands of academic and political debate. Contributions combine historiographical insights with explorations of the current and pressing need for the ECHR to find a role for itself, especially in an environment where there is increased scepticism towards the idea of human rights protection. In particular, the critical conception of the Convention as an'alarm bell mechanism'is examined and assessed in relation to its original goal to prevent authoritarian backsliding.The European Court of Human Rights: Current Challenges in Historical Perspective will be an important source of reference to academic researchers and students with an interest in human rights, international law and the law and politics of international organisations. It will also appeal to policymakers and legal practitioners due to its examination of pertinent legal and political issues that challenge international organisations.

Quiet Diplomacy in Action is the first comprehensive account of the work of Max van der Stoel as High Commissioner on National Minorities for the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE). Because Van der Stoel worked discreetly, until now very little has been written about his activities. This book takes the reader behind the scenes to explain why the post of High Commissioner was created, what his mandate is, how he worked in practice, and what recurrent themes and issues he encountered. Quiet Diplomacy in Action also gives a detailed summary of the High Commissioner's activities in the more than fifteen countries that he was involved with between 1993 and 2001. Major documents relating to national minorities in the OSCE context are included in an annex. As Michael Ignatieff writes in the Foreword: `Everyone talks about conflict prevention. One of the few senior figures that actually does it is the OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities'. This book, written in co-operation with Mr. Van der Stoel, gives a unique insight into conflict prevention, minority rights, and the challenge of resolving inter-ethnic tensions. It should be considered a primary resource for all those interested in these subjects.

The European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) has evolved from an international agreement into an highly integrated legal community with an ever more pervasive effect on domestic law and individuals. The supranational authority of the European Court of Human Rights bypasses the nation state in a growing number of other areas. Understanding the evolution of the ECHR and its Court may help in explaining and contextualising growing resistance against the Court, and in developing possible responses. Examining the Convention system through the prism of supranationality, Cedric Marti offers a fresh, comprehensive and interdisciplinary perspective on the expanding adjudicatory powers of the Court, including law-making. Marti addresses the growing literature of institutional studies on human rights enforcement to ascertain the particularities of the ECHR and its relationship to domestic legal systems. This study will be of great value to both scholars of international law and human rights practitioners.

The European Convention on Human Rights is now crucial to decisions to be taken by the military and their political leaders in ‘hard power'situations – that is, classical international and non-international armed conflict, belligerent occupation, peacekeeping and peace-enforcing and anti-terrorism and anti-piracy operations, but also hybrid warfare, cyber-attack and targeted assassination. Guidance is needed, therefore, on how Convention law relates to these decisions. That guidance is precisely what this book aims to offer. It focuses primarily on States'accountability under the Convention, but also shows that human rights law, used creatively, can actually help States achieve their objectives.

The European Court of Human Rights, by Angelika Nussberger is the first title in a new series, The Elements of International Law. Providing a fresh, objective, and non-argumentative approach to the discipline of international law, this series is an accessible go-to source for practicing international lawyers, judges and arbitrators, government and military officers, scholars, teachers, and students. In this volume, Professor Nussberger explores the Court's uniqueness as an international adjudicatory body in the light of its history, structure, and procedure, as well as its key doctrines and case law. This book also shows the role played by the Court in the development of modern international law and human rights law. Tracing the history of the Court from its political context in the 1940s to the present day, Nussberger engages with pressing questions about its origins and internal workings. What was the best model for such an international organization? How should it evolve within more and more diverse legal cultures? How does a case move among different decision-making bodies? These questions help frame the six parts of the book, whilst the final section reflects on the past successes and failures of the Court, shedding light on possible future directions.

Die extraterritoriale Anwendbarkeit der deutschen Grundrechte und Menschenrechte der EMRK beschäftigten spätestens seit vermehrten multinationalen Militäreinsätzen die zuständigen Gerichte. Zudem eröffnen Auslieferungs- und Abschiebungskonstellationen sowie digitale Möglichkeiten der Telekommunikationsüberwachung oder Satellitensteuerung neue Fragestellungen im grenzüberschreitenden Grund- und Menschenrechtsschutz. Einer Antwort auf die Frage der Reichweite des Grundgesetzes sowie der EMRK nähert sich die Arbeit durch eine Analyse der bestehenden Judikatur deutscher Gerichte sowie des EGMR. Anhand dieser Rechtsprechungsanalyse entwickelt die Arbeit ein dogmatisches Grundkonzept als Vorschlag für eine einheitliche Herangehensweise an extraterritoriale Grund- bzw. Menschenrechtsbindung.

Die Peoples'Rights aus dem afrikanischen Menschenrechtsschutzsystem sind bislang eine Unbekannte, die allenfalls unter dem Blickwinkel des Kulturrelativismus wahrgenommen wird. Gruppenrechte als Menschenrechte scheinen angesichts des Primats der Individualrechte undenkbar. Indes offenbart die erstmalige Gesamtschau von der Ideengeschichte (innerhalb und jenseits des Nationalstaates), dem theoretischen Diskurs zu kollektiven Rechtspositionen und der Praxis des internationalen Menschenrechtsschutzes ein anderes Bild. Julia Kriesel unternimmt eine rechtsvergleichende Analyse des afrikanischen, amerikanischen und europäischen Menschenrechtssystems und zeigt, dass der Schutz von Gruppen durch Menschenrechte (unabhängig von der rechtspositivistischen Ausgangssituation) längst Realität ist. Hervor tritt eine Verflechtung von Individual- und Gruppenschutz mit einem (teilweise neuen) umfassenden Menschenrechtsverständnis.

Die Menschenwürde begegnet uns in einer wachsenden Zahl an Judikaten des EGMR und in sehr unterschiedlichen Kontexten, jedoch ohne in einem Konventionsartikel zu figurieren, ohne Definition einer noch umfassenderen, systematischen und materiellen Grundlegung in der EMRK. Dabei bildet die Würde-Rechtsprechung einen Kernbestandteil einer europäischen Rechtszivilisation. Pascal Ronc untersucht, in welchen Konstellationen und mit welchen Funktionen die Menschenwürde in der Argumentation des EGMR eingebracht wird. Diese Analyse wird mit einer methodenkritischen Reflexion über das Vorgehen des Gerichtshofes verbunden. Auf diesem Fundament synthetisiert der Autor Elemente einer umfassenderen, kohärenten Theorie der Menschenwürde in der EMRK. Normstruktur, Normativität, grundrechtsdogmatische Funktionen und der materielle Gehalt der Menschenwürde werden differenziert herausgearbeitet. Abschluss der Arbeit bildet eine konstruktive Diskussion über Weiterentwicklungspotenziale der Theorieelemente der Menschenwürde auf gesamteuropäischer Ebene; sie liefert so einen aktuellen grundrechtsdogmatischen Beitrag über den Würde-Schutz in Europa.

Die Individualsanktionen des Sicherheitsrates der Vereinten Nationen stehen schon seit Jahren in der Kritik, insbesondere wegen der schweren Grundrechtseingriffe und den damit einhergehenden Beschränkungen der Verfahrensrechte der Betroffenen. Die vorliegende Publikation befasst sich mit dem Verhältnis dieser Sanktionen zu den prozessualen Gewährleistungen der EMRK, da sich zuletzt der EGMR intensiv mit ihnen befassen musste. Die Pflichtenkollision, die sich für die Mitgliedstaaten aus der Umsetzung der Sanktionen und der Bindung an die EMRK ergibt, wird umfassend untersucht und auf der Grundlage des Subsidiaritätsgrundsatzes eine Lösung für die Einrichtung einer gerichtlichen Kontrolle der nationalen Umsetzungsakte dieser Sanktionen erarbeitet. Dabei wird die Rechtsprechung des EGMR und die Rolle des Art. 103 UN-Charta kritisch hinterfragt.

This volume focuses on the recent challenge posed by right-wing populism to democratic consolidation in Europe and particularly explores the legal dimensions of this challenge. Part One attempts to define political populism and explains why it poses a challenge to democratic political order in Europe. Part Two examines the theoretical underpinnings of the populist challenge to human rights and democracy in Europe. Part Three applies this theory to concrete examples and considers case studies including an old EU Member State, two newer EU Member States and a non-EU Member State party to the ECHR. The aim is to examin the consequences of the present populist challenge in Europe that has been marked with excessively nationalist policies in some states party to the ECHR. It is explored how the Convention rights have been undermined, but also what the limitations are of the ECHR acting as a safety-net for democratic consolidation in Europe.

Should prisoners have voting rights? Should terminally ill patients have a right to assisted suicide? Should same-sex couples have a right to marry and adopt? The book examines how such questions can be resolved within the framework of the European Convention of Human Rights.'European consensus'is a tool of interpretation used by the European Court of Human Rights as a means to identify evolution in the laws and practices of national legal systems when addressing morally sensitive or politically controversial human rights questions. If European consensus exists, the Court can establish new human rights standards that will be binding across European states. The chapters of the book are structured around three themes: a) conceptualisation of European consensus, its modus operandi and its effects; b) critical evaluation of its legitimacy and of its outputs; c) comparison with similar methods of judicial interpretation in other legal systems.

This book undertakes a critical analysis of international human rights law through the lens of queer theory. It pursues two main aims: first, to make use of queer theory to illustrate that the field of human rights law is underpinned by several assumptions that determine a conception of the subject that is gendered and sexual in specific ways. This gives rise to multiple legal and social consequences, some of which challenge the very idea of universality of human rights. Second, the book proposes that human rights law can actually benefit from a better understanding of queer critiques, since queer insights can help it to overcome heteronormative beliefs currently held. In order to achieve these main aims, the book focuses on the case law of the European Court of Human Rights, the leading legal authority in the field of international human rights law. The use of queer theory as the theoretical approach for these tasks serves to deconstruct several aspects of the Court's jurisprudence dealing with gender, sexuality, and kinship, to later suggest potential paths to reconstruct such features in a queer(er) and more universal manner.

This book is published open access under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license.This book analyzes issues in human rights law from a variety of perspectives by eminent European and Asian professors of constitutional law, international public law, and European Union law. As a result, their contributions collected here illustrate the phenomenon of cross-fertilization not only in Europe (the EU and its member states and the Council of Europe), but also between Europe and Asia. Furthermore, it reveals the influence that national and foreign law, EU law and the European Convention on Human Rights, and European and Asian law exert over one another. The various chapters cover general fundamental rights and human rights issues in Europe and Asia as well as specific topics regarding the principles of nondiscrimination, women's rights, the right to freedom of speech in Japan, and China's Development Banks in Asia. Protection of human rights should be guaranteed in theinternational community, and research based on a comparative law approach is useful for the protection of human rights at a higher level. As the product of academic cooperation between ten professors of Japanese, Taiwanese, German, Italian, and Belgian nationalities, this work responds to such needs.

The Inter-State Application under the European Convention on Human Rights provides the first comprehensive monograph about the State-to-State human rights enforcement mechanism. The functions of the mechanism include also dispute settlement aspects, which are related to the compulsory jurisdiction of the Strasbourg Court. The study provides a full account of the development of the Inter-State Application under Article 33 ECHR and puts its case law in the relevant historical and institutional context. The analysis concludes with detailed reform considerations which are situated within the discussion about the role of the European Court of Human Rights. The focus lies on the possibility to address and improve systemic human rights deficits beyond the single case. The Court's growing inter-State docket evidences the need for legal certainty. See inside the book.

La Corte Suprema degli Stati Uniti e la Corte europea dei diritti dell'uomo rivestono un ruolo centrale nella protezione dei diritti fondamentali negli Stati Uniti e in Europa. Lo svolgimento di tale delicata funzione espone talvolta a critiche entrambe le Corti e le pone al centro di un vivo dibattito relativo alla natura e ai limiti del ruolo contro-maggioritario del potere giudiziario. Il volume approfondisce l'impatto delle due Corti nello sviluppo della giurisprudenza sulla libertà religiosa e sui conflitti di valori, oltre ad esaminare casi'sensibili'riguardanti l'aborto, il matrimonio di coppie dello stesso sesso, il fine vita.

Delays in implementing the Court's judgments, lack of political will in certain states parties, attempts to discredit the Court… In ratifying the European Convention on Human Rights, the signatory states accept the Court's jurisdiction and authority and “undertake to abide by the final judgment of the Court in any case to which they are parties” (Article 46 of the Convention). While certain member states have made real progress in implementing the judgments of the European Court of Human Rights, some others face serious structural and political problems forming real “pockets of resistance” that delay or prevent the execution of judgments. The Committee of Ministers is still supervising the execution of some 10 000 judgments, although they are not all at the same stage of implementation. This publication highlights the difficulties in implementing certain judgments encountered in the 10 countries which have the highest number of non-implemented judgments against them (Italy, the Russian Federation, Turkey, Ukraine, Romania, Hungary, Greece, Bulgaria, the Republic of Moldova and Poland). It also analyses judgments whose execution raises complex political issues.

Individualrechte aus dem EU-Recht müssen gerade gegenüber den Mitgliedstaaten der EU wirksam durchsetzbar sein. Philipp Tamme untersucht, inwieweit der Europäische Gerichtshof für Menschenrechte hierzu beitragen kann. Anhand der in Straßburg bislang entschiedenen Fälle werden die Ursachen für Rechtsschutzdefizite auf nationaler und europäischer Ebene analysiert sowie die formellen und materiellen Voraussetzungen für eine erfolgreiche konventionsrechtliche Sanktionierung von Unionsrechtsverstößen herausgearbeitet. Ausgehend von den allgemeinen Grundlagen wird im Einzelnen die Durchsetzung von Verfahrensrechten, Rechten aus EU-Richtlinien, Freizügigkeitsrechten und politischen Rechten behandelt. Hieran knüpfen jeweils weitergehende Vorschläge an, die auf eine rechtsstaatsorientierte Optimierung des Individualrechtsschutzes im europäischen Mehrebenenverbund abzielen. Die Arbeit wurde als hervorragende Promotionsleistung mit dem Förderpreis des Kieler Doctores Iuris e.V. ausgezeichnet.

In her manuscript Elisa Ravasi examines how the ECtHR responds to the growing challenges of overlapping legal systems. She focuses, in particular, on the relationship between the ECHR and EU law. First, she systematically analyses 10 years of ECtHR jurisprudence on the principle of equivalent protection and develops an innovative analysis scheme for its application. Afterwards, she examines the equivalency of the human rights protection provided by the ECJ in light of the minimum standards of the ECHR in three specific fields (naming law, ne bis in idem and equality of arms). Finally, she considers whether the presumption of equivalent protection of the ECtHR in favour of the EU is still justified.

Article 2 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) in its current form is incomplete and outdated. Due to significant development at a legislative and judicial level, the right to life spans beyond what is enumerated within Article 2. With the belief that Article 2 is still relevant, this book investigates how the right to life can be better protected within Europe. It advocates for the modernisation of Article 2 through codifying legislative and judicial developments relevant to this provision in the form of guidelines. It also considers the improvements that can be made by the Council of Europe (CoE) bodies – the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), the Committee of Ministers (CoM), the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE) and the CoE Commissioner for Human Rights – to encourage adherence to Article 2 and promote effective remedies to prevent future violations. It uses the experience from four internal European conflicts – the Basque conflict, the Chechen conflict, the Northern Ireland Troubles and the Turkish-Kurdish conflict – to illustrate its points.

Der regionale Menschenrechtsschutz hat sich zu einer einflussreichen dritten Schutzebene zwischen nationalem Grundrechtsschutz und internationalem Menschenrechtsschutz entwickelt. Die Arbeit widmet sich zunächst in einem primär rechtshistorischen Zugriff den Grundlagen des Grund- und Menschenrechtsschutzes und zeichnet die Entwicklungsstränge hin zur Europäischen und Interamerikanischen Menschenrechtskonvention nach. Daran anknüpfend nimmt die Untersuchung das geltende Recht in den Blick und skizziert rechtsvergleichend die beiden Menschenrechtsschutzsysteme. Den Kern der Arbeit bildet sodann der Versuch einer normativen Einordnung und Erfassung des Konventionsrechts angesichts seines Entwicklungsstandes, seiner Funktion und seiner Auswirkungen auf das Verfassungs- und Völkerrecht. Der Charakterisierungsversuch mündet in der Einsicht, dass die Konventionssysteme eine genuin eigene, ergänzende Form des Menschenrechtsschutzes bilden, die mit herkömmlichen Beschreibungsversuchen nicht mehr zutreffend erfasst werden kann.

Il libro raccoglie le più significative opinioni concorrenti e dissenzienti stese da Paulo Pinto de Albuquerque durante la prima metà del suo mandato come giudice presso la Corte europea dei diritti dell'uomo di Strasburgo (2011-2015). Curato e introdotto da Davide Galliani, con una prefazione di Paola Bilancia, il libro offre al lettore la possibilità di osservare i diritti umani in una particolare e innovativa prospettiva europea. Dalla legalità all'ergastolo, dai crimini contro l'umanità alla tortura, dalla dignità umana alla pornografia minorile, dall'immigrazione ai diritti sociali, dall'equo processo all'istruzione, dalla legittima difesa al ne bis in idem, dall'adozione alla violenza domestica. Questi alcuni dei temi affrontati nel libro. Il lettore – studenti, studiosi e operatori del diritto (giudici, avvocati) – potrà confrontarsi con delle opinioni molto documentate, leggendo le quali è possibile farsi una chiara idea sulle condizioni di salute dei diritti umani in Europa, nella giurisprudenza della Corte di Strasburgo e nel sistema di protezione della Convenzione europea. Paulo Pinto de Albuquerque è giudice della Corte europea dei diritti dell'uomo di Strasburgo dal 2011. E'professore ordinario di diritto penale nella Facoltà di Giurisprudenza dell'Università Cattolica di Lisbona. Ha insegnato in diverse Università in Europa, negli Stati Uniti e in Cina. E'membro di associazioni internazionali di studiosi di diritto internazionale e diritto penale.

This book brings together researchers from the fields of international human rights law, EU law and constitutional law to reflect on the tug-of-war over the positioning of the centre of gravity of human rights protection in Europe. It addresses both the position of the Convention system vis-à-vis the Contracting States, and its positioning with respect to fundamental rights protection in the European Union. The first part of the book focuses on interactions in this triangle from an institutional and constitutional point of view and reflects on how the key actors are trying to define their relationship with one another in a never-ending process. Having thus set the scene, the second part takes a critical look at the tools that have been developed at European level for navigating these complex relationships, in order to identify whether they are capable of responding effectively to the complexities of emerging realities in the triangular relationship between the EHCR, EU law and national law.Chapter 10 of this book is freely available as a downloadable Open Access PDF at http://www.taylorfrancis.com under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives (CC-BY-NC-ND) 3.0 license.

The European system of human rights protection faces institutional and political pressures which threaten its very survival. These institional pressures stem from the backlog of applications before the European Court of Human Rights, the large number of its judgments that remain unimplemented, and the political pressures that arise from sustained attacks on the Court's legitimacy and authority, notably from politicians and jurists in the United Kingdom. This book addresses the theme which lies at the heart of these pressures: the role of national parliaments in the implementation of judgments of the Court. It combines theoretical and empirical insights into the role of parliaments in securing domestic compliance with the Court's decisions, and provides detailed investigation of five European states with differing records of human rights compliance and parliamentary mobilisation: Ukraine, Romania, the United Kingdom, Germany, and the Netherlands. How far are parliaments engaged in implementation, and how far should they be? Do parliaments advance or hinder human rights compliance? Is it ever justifiable for parliaments to defy judgments of the Court? And how significant is the role played by the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe? Drawing on the fields of international law, international relations, political science, and political philosophy, the book argues that adverse human rights judgments not only confer obligations on parliamentarians but also create opportunities for them to develop influential interpretations of human rights and enhance their own democratic legitimacy. It makes an authoritative contribution to debate about the future of the European and other supranational human rights mechanisms and the broader relationship between democracy, human rights, and legitimate authority.

The book gives insight into the structures and developments of the fundamental rights protection in Europe which is effective at the levels of the national Constitutions, the European Convention of Human Rights and, for the EU member States of the EU Fundamental Rights Charter. The contributions of renowned academics from various European countries demonstrate the functional interconnection of these protection systems which result in an increasing convergence. Basic questions are reflected, such as human dignity as foundation of fundamental rights or positive action as a specific form of equality as well as the concept of rights convergence. In this latter contribution the forms of direct reception of a different legal order and of the functional transfer of principles and concepts are analyzed. Particular reference is made to the EU Charter, the United Kingdom Human Rights Act as well as to France and Germany. It becomes obvious how important interpretation is for the harmonization ofnational and conventional fundamental rights protection. Traditional institutional approaches like the dualist transformation concept in Germany are functionally set aside in the harmonization process through constitutional interpretation. Specific studies are dedicated to the field of the EU Fundamental Rights Charter and to the European impacts on the national fundamental rights protection in selected countries such as the “new democracies” Poland, Romania and Kosovo as well as more traditional systems such as Spain, Italy, the Nordic countries or Turkey.

What positive impact has the European Convention on Human Rights had upon states parties to the Convention? The examples presented in this publication show that the effects of the Convention and its case law extend to all areas of life. They include, but are not limited to, individuals'access to justice, the prohibition of discrimination, property rights, family law issues such as custody rights, the prevention and punishment of acts of torture, the protection of victims of domestic violence, the privacy of individuals in their correspondence and sexual relations, and the protection of religious freedoms and freedoms of expression and association. This publication contains selected examples from all 47 states parties to the Convention that illustrate how the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms has been strengthened at the domestic level thanks to the Convention and the Strasbourg Court's case law.

Der Europäische Gerichtshofs für Menschenrechte (EGMR) wendet das Piloturteilsverfahren an, um bei einem strukturellen Problem in der Rechtsordnung eines Mitgliedstaates das Auftreten massenhafter Parallelverfahren durch die Anordnung von Abhilfemaßnahmen mit Wirkung über den Einzelfall zu verhindern. Obwohl das Verfahren inzwischen fester Bestandteil der Straßburger Spruchpraxis ist, stellt die Loslösung von der Einzelfallbetrachtung ein Novum im Konventionssystem dar, das eine Reihe ungelöster Rechtsfragen aufwirft. Die ersten beiden Teile der Arbeit beschreiben daher den rechtspolitischen Hintergrund, die Entwicklung und Charakteristika des Verfahrens. Der dritte Teil setzt sich mit der Kompetenz des EGMR zur Anordnung von Abhilfemaßnahmen mit Wirkung über den Einzelfall auseinander. Unter Berücksichtigung ausgewählter Staatenpraxis wird ferner die Verbindlichkeit der Anordnungen in den Piloturteilen untersucht. Der vierte und letzte Teil zeigt, welche Rückschlüsse sich aus der Analyse des Piloturteilsverfahrens auf die generelle Verbindlichkeit der Auslegungsentscheidungen des EGMR und ihre Bedeutung im europäischen Grundrechtssystem ziehen lassen.

Die horizontale Wirkung von Grundrechten gehört in den verschiedenen EU-Mitgliedstaaten schon seit Langem zu den zentralen Themen des Privatrechts. Die EU-Charta der Grundrechte hat dieser Frage inzwischen eine genuin europäische Perspektive hinzugefügt. Entscheidender Ansatzpunkt sind die Kompetenzen, die dem europäischen Gesetzgeber im Bereich des Privatrechts zukommen. Wirkungen europäischer Grundrechte im Verhältnis zwischen Privaten sind vorgezeichnet, soweit ihr Verhältnis durch Regelungen des europäischen Gesetzgebers geprägt ist. Diesem spezifisch europäischen Ansatz der Grundrechtswirkung unter Privaten stehen bislang aber nur nationale Antworten auf die Frage gegenüber, wie solche Wirkungen aussehen können. In der Suche nach einer einheitlichen europäischen Perspektive werden in diesem Band wichtige nationale, supranationale und internationale Aspekte dieses zentralen Themas des Privatrechts beleuchtet.Mit Beiträgen von:Anne-Sophie Choné Grimaldi, Aurelia Colombi Ciacchi, Sabine Corneloup, Edoardo Ferrante, Bettina Heiderhoff, Rafaël Jafferali, Hans D. Jarass, Sudabeh Kamanabrou, Sebastian Lohsse, Stefan Perner, David Ramos Muñoz, Reiner Schulze

In this book various perspectives on fundamental rights in the fields of public and private international law are innovatively covered. Published on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the T.M.C. Asser Instituut in The Hague, the collection reflects the breadth and scope of the Institute's research activities in the fields of public international law, EU law, private international law and international and European sports law. It does so by shedding more light on topical issues – such as drone warfare, the fight against terrorism, the international trade environment nexus and forced arbitration – that can be related to the theme of fundamental rights, which runs through all these four areas of research.Points of divergence and areas of common ground are uncovered in contributions from both staff members and distinguished external authors, having long-standing academic relations with the Institute.The Editors of this book are all staff members of the T.M.C. Asser Instituut, each of them representing one of the areas of research the Institute covers.

In Europe and the Americas: Transatlantic Approaches to Human Rights, leading scholars of different disciplines offer new insight into transatlantic approaches to human rights. At a time when global challenges (economic crises, poverty, terrorism, mass migration and climate change) have a profound impact on the universal development of human rights and democracy, a common transatlantic understanding of human rights may prove instrumental in meeting these challenges. Through conceptual discussions, by analysing different human rights topics in different periods and regions (Europe, the United States and Latin America), and by focusing on a diverse range of actors, from policy makers and judicial institutions to academics and civil society, the authors identify key developments of human rights within a transatlantic framework.