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The call for establishing a right to bank holds valid premises, yet this right has never been contemplated before. The book argues that introducing a right to bank under international law can offer a new route to ensure that the banking sector acts as a force for good like ethical banks currently do.The right to bank aims to address the fundamental issues that customers can experience while dealing with banks, introducing the paradigm: “get access; be respected; trust the system”. The right to bank is a right for everyone: in the transition from a financial crisis to a climate crisis, it empowers individuals to play an active role in the financial system through ethical and sustainable decision-making. It also stimulates financial institutions and governments to reflect about the fundamental role they play and to act wisely in furthering the ecological transition.The book therefore presents a proposal for establishing a right to bank, explaining the issues that this right aims to address, the benefits linked to its adoption, and the intended change it can trigger. Within this context, the author also presents the 10 Principles of Banking Social Responsibility, a new framework that the author decided to create in order to give concrete traction to the positive transition that the banking sector crucially needs to embrace in this challenging historical moment. This innovative work will be valuable for lawmakers, banking and finance professionals and researchers, governments and NGOs, including UN bodies.

Human and technical factors play a major role in the safety of aviation. From the competency of the airline pilot to the design and manufacture of aircraft, as well as how the aircraft is operated, there are compelling factors that a State must consider in implementing its safety management system. These elements are well regulated, in Annex 1 (Personnel Licensing); Annex 2 (Rules of the Air); Annex 6 (Operations of Aircraft) and Annex 8 (Airworthiness of Aircraft) to the Convention on International Civil Aviation (Chicago Convention) respectively. The overall philosophy of these Annexes is embodied in the broader principles contained in Annex 19 (Safety Management Systems). This book contains commentaries on the relevant Standards of these Annexes that require legal and policy analysis. It begins with a treaty interpretation of the Chicago Convention and the Annexes as well as their amendment processes and goes on to critically analyze the role of the International Civil Aviation Organization in that context. It then lays out the provisions of the four Annexes and offers legal and policy commentaries on Standards therein which are not self-explanatory, where applicable, relevant, and necessary. A significant feature of the book is its conclusion which asks questions and offers point by point suggestions in response that States could benefit from in ensuring the safety of international civil aviation. There has been no previous book published containing critical analyses and commentaries on Annexes 2, 6, 8, and 19 to the Chicago Convention in one repository of literature. This book will be of interest and use to aeronautical authorities; academics; students of international law and air law; legal practitioners and regulators worldwide.

The claim for non-material damages under Article 82(1) of the GDPR is the crucial lever for private enforcement of data protection law. It is still highly controversial when non-material damage actually exists and in what amount the injuring party has to pay compensation. In order to answer this question, the author interprets'non-material damage'using the methods of interpretation of European Union law. She also examines how the right to compensation can be enforced collectively. Finally, the author assesses from a legal policy perspective whether the claim for damages fits into the European Union's overall approach to economic activities involving personal data.

This book is an essential guide for practitioners of international law and management, exploring the between energy law, public international law, and environmental law. From the perspective of international law to the development of public international law and the legislation that governs it, this book provides a comprehensive analysis of the complexities surrounding international energy law. Various sources of energy and their types, including fossil fuels, nuclear energy, and alternative renewable energies such as solar, wind, and biomass are discussed. Discovering the environmental effects of all sources and the role of alternative renewable energies on the course of sustainable development and examination of the principles of permanent sovereignty over natural resources, and necessity of communication during environmental emergencies, and their relationship with international energy law are discussed. With insights into energy economics, energy diplomacy, energy policy, energy management, and dispute settlement under the Energy Charter Treaty, this book provides a holistic view of energy law and management.

Air law is the law pertaining to the use of airspace. Over the years, it has progressed through the evolution of public and private international law, drawing principles of other branches of law such as contract law; tort law, and criminal law. At the base of air law are basic principles set out in the Convention on International Civil Aviation, popularly called the Chicago Convention which established The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) – a specialized agency of the United Nations. ICAO conducts its triennial Assembly on matters of importance to international civil aviation. At this Assembly, Resolutions are adopted which recommend and request action by the member States of ICAO; The Council of ICAO; and the ICAO Secretariat. These Resolutions are discretionary for the States while being generally considered mandatory for the ICAO Council and the ICAO Secretariat. These two entities endeavor to implement parts of the Resolutions which require their actions. There have been no accepted legal definitions of these Resolutions, nor have there been any pronouncements of their legal legitimacy as coercive and actionable principles at law, except for some academic opinions to the effect that such Resolutions are the mere outcome of political compromises which carry no legal legitimacy. This book examines Resolutions which address some critical areas adopted by the 41st Assembly of ICAO and their relevance to the progress of air law as well as their functions as a tool of management. This is the first book to scrutinise the legal legitimacy of ICAO resolutions. It gives the reader a comprehensive understanding of the nature of a United Nations resolution. It is a key reading and reference work for aviation lawyers and regulators; academics; students of international law and air law; airlines and airline associations; airports associations; climate change platforms; and NGOs.

This book provides a novel approach to the study of international law and higher education. The book examines the issue of the recognition of academic qualifications through the prism of public international law, contending that such recognition depends in part on the credibility of the institution awarding the qualification. This book is the first study to be written from a public international law perspective on this topic. The first part of the book explores the relevant principles of public international law in relation to the recognition of academic qualifications. The second part contains regional treaties and the first ever global treaty prepared by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) on the recognition of qualifications concerning higher education.

إذا أمعنا النظر في القانون الدولي الخاص لوجدنا أن أهميته تزداد كلما قربت المسافات وتطورت وسائل الاتصال والمواصلات، حيث يهدف هذا القانون خاصة في أحد فروعه الأساسية التي تتعلق بتنازع الاختصاص القضائي الدولي، إلى تحديد المحكمة المختصة بنظر تلك المنازعات الخاصة الدولية معتمدا في ذلك على مجموعة من الأسس، حيث إنه يؤسس تحديد هذه المحكمة تارة على اعتبارات متعلقة بضرورة توفير الحماية القضائية للمواطنين، وتارة أخرى يؤسس تحديد هذه المحكمة على اعتبارات متعلقة بفكرة المحكمة الملائمة أو فكرة سيادة الدولة إضافة إلى غيرها من الاعتبارات الأخرى

يؤكد الفقه الحديث أن مشكلة تنازع القوانين قد نشأت في رحاب مركز الأجانب وينتقد الفصل بينهما، فمشكلة تنازع القوانين ليست وليدة اليوم بل تضرب بجذورها في أعماق التاريخ، ويمكننا تفهم أصول المبادئ والقواعد المعمول بها في مختلف النظم القانونية المعاصرة والتي استمدت من الأفكار التي نمت عبر التطور التاريخى لنظرية تنازع القوانين، وليس النظام القانونى المصرى بمعزل عن هذا التطور، خصوصاً إذا لاحظنا أن فكرة تنازع القوانين ذاتها قد ثارت وولدت في مصر الفرعونية، وقبل أن تعرفها المدنيات الأخرى في أواخر القرن الثانى عشر الميلادى بيد أنه لا توجد مجموعة أو تقنين مستقل لقواعد القانون الدولى

ان المعاقين ذهنيا بطئ النمو بصفة عامة وقابلين للتعرض للاصابة بالامراض، ومن مظاهره الجسيمة صغر الحجم والوزن ونقص حجم وزن المخ وتشوه ويرتبط ذلك بضعف التآزر الحركي واضطراب المهارات الحركية وضعف في البصر والسمع. وفيما يتعلق بالناحية الحسية فقد وجد كيرك أن المعاقين ذهنيا من فئة التدهور العقلي البسيط لديهم كثير من الاعاقات البصرية والسمعية اكثر مما يوجد لدى العاديين. ويتضح من ذلك وجود فروق بين المتخلف عقليا والعادي في النمو الجسمي والحركي والحسي، ولكن يجب الاشارة إلي أن الفرق بينهما فرق في الدرجة بحيث نتسطيع القول بأن المعاقين ذهنيا يصلون في نموهم الجسمي والحركي والحسي إلي مستوى قريب من مستوى العاديين. وفي هذا الكتاب نتعرض لشرح وافي عن المعاقين وبخاصة الإعاقة الذهنية ودور كل من المؤسسات البحثية والتعليمية والحكومات وجمعيات المجتمع المدني في تسيير حياة ذوي الاحتياجات الخاصة ومحاولات دمجهم في المجتمع.

يتناول الكتاب: جريمة غسيل الأموال - جريمة غسل الأموال في إطار الفقه الوضعي - عوامل تنامي جريمة غسيل الأموال - طرق المكافحة في جريمة غسيل الأموال - اجراءات الرقابة المصرفية للحد من عمليات غسيل الأموال تداعيات عمليات غسيل الأموال على السوق النقدية والمالية - الجهود الدولية والعربية لمواجهة ظاهرة غسيل الأموال

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 is a guide to the minimal standards of promoting human rights in Malaysia, which are enshrined under the Part II of its Federal Constitution. To place the contents of this book within a historical framework, the author summarizes several of the early theoretical perspectives and debates circulated in the West and East that were applied for an understanding of the term “rights” and “human rights”. Some of the concepts may seem overlapped with specific Malaysia's experience as Malaysian laws are coalition of both influences. The author does not negate the fact that Shariah, which are the laws of the land, and Western influences have given Malaysian human rights laws a distinct character.Along with the criticism about Malaysia's commitment towards eliminating gender inequality, however, one of the important issues among Shariah and legal scholars is to know whether the women legal protections in Malaysia underpinned by English common law and Shariah are harmonised with the Women's Convention. In Malaysia, the Shariah has absorbed the principles of common law which are not contradictory to Islamic principles. This book examines the important question of whether or not Shariah and international human rights of women are compatible and whether Malaysia can comply with international human rights law while they still adhere to Shariah, to mean specifically in this analysis as the law that is not un-Islamic. The traditional arguments on the subject are examined and responded from both international human rights of women and Islamic legal perspectives.

ويدور موضوع الكتاب بالأساس حول مصر والتحكيم الدولي في منازعات الاستثمار، وذلك من خلال دراسة نظرية وتطبيقية لمنازعات التحكيم التي تعد مصر طرفًا مدعى عليه فيها بالتركيز على ما صدر فيها من أحكام عن المركز الدولي لتسوية منازعات الاستثمار، في محاولة لمعرفة أسباب صدور الاحكام بالصورة التي صدرت عليها، حيث جاءت في أغلبها ضد مصر، وما إذا كانت هذه الأحكام الصادرة ضدها في منازعات الاستثمار ترجع لأسباب تتعلق بالإطار القانوني لعملية التحكيم، أو لأسباب تتعلق بهيئات التحكيم الصادرة عنها تلك الأحكام، أم إلى هيئة الدفاع التي تمثل الطرف المصري، أو إلى الظروف الاقتصادية والسياسية (التي تمثل المناخ الاستثماري) الذي تم في إطاره توقيع الاتفاقيات أو العقود الدولية التي تضمنت النص على التحكيم كوسيلة لفض المنازعات، أم إلى أسباب أخرى تتعلق بالمركز الذي ينظر نزاع التحكيم، أو إلى تلك الاسباب مجتمعة، وذلك بهدف الوصول إلى الآليات التي يمكن من خلالها تحسين موقف مصر في منازعات التحكيم في مجال الاستثمار مستقبلًا.

Within recent decades in Africa and Cameroon in particular, wars have provoked spill-over effects which have generated forced migrations as a result of a well-founded fear of being killed. As an old tradition, Cameroon has for decades remained a harbouring oasis within the melting sub-region for refugees from Nigeria and the Central African Republic. By 2010, the East Region of Cameroon hosted over 250,000 refugees from the Central Africa Republic, while the Far North Region hosted around 275,000 refugees from Nigeria. Faced with acute humanitarian crises in the two zones, the UNHCR, through her implementing partners, offered expensive humanitarian assistance to the refugees as outlined by the 1951 Refugee Convention and other related protocols. This book looks into the crises which provoked such forced migration and the legal international and regional bases for humanitarian assistance. It explores the sustainable measures which were taken by the UNHCR through her partners within the 21st century.