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Die Arbeit widmet sich der Untersuchung der Auslegung der Meinungsfreiheit im Internet durch die Volksrepublik China und deren Einfluss auf die Auslegung dieses Menschenrechts im völkerrechtlichen Diskurs. Der Arbeit lag das Anliegen zugrunde, das Thema juristisch neutral und ohne Kritik an anderen Rechtsordnungen zu beleuchten. Es scheint wichtiger denn je, Verständnis für andere Rechtsordnungen und deren Adaption in vielen Staaten der Welt zu entwickeln, um den völkerrechtlichen Diskurs auf der Grundlage des geltenden Rechts zu führen. Dazu soll diese Arbeit einen Beitrag leisten.

What is free speech? How is it under threat? And why should it be defended at all costs? In this succinct and insightful book, author Jamie Whyte contends that free speech brings fundamental benefits to society – it promotes the growth of knowledge and provides an essential bulwark against tyranny. He argues against new attempts to constrain free speech – particularly in social media – and critiques the rationale of politicians and activists who seek to limit it. And he proposes a key test – a limiting principle – which legislators and judges should apply against any proposed curtailment of free speech. Being offensive, for example, wouldn't pass this test – because important new ideas are often offensive to people whose worldview they challenge. Whyte also issues a rallying cry: Those who prize free speech must once again come to its defence – as he outlines exactly Why Free Speech Matters.

Is the government ever justified in restricting offensive speech? This question has become particularly important in relation to communications which offend religious sensibilities. It is often argued that insulting a person's beliefs is tantamount to disrespecting the believer; that insults are a form of hatred or intolerance; that the right to religious freedom includes a more specific right not to be insulted in one's beliefs; that religious minorities have a particularly strong claim to be protected from offence; and that censorship of offensive speech is necessary for the prevention of social disorder and violence. None of those arguments is convincing. Drawing on law and philosophy, this book argues that there is no moral right to be protected from offence and that, while freedom of religion is an important right that grounds negative and positive obligations for the state, it is unpersuasive to interpret constitutional and human rights provisions as including a right not to be caused offence. Rather, we have good reasons to think of public discourse as a space for the expression of all viewpoints about the ethical life, including those which some will find offensive. This is necessary to sustain a society's capacity for self-reflection and change.

This book examines the risks to freedom of expression, particularly in relation to the internet, as a result of regulation introduced in response to terrorist threats. The work explores the challenges of maintaining security in the fight against traditional terrorism while protecting fundamental freedoms, particularly online freedom of expression. The topics discussed include the clash between freedom of speech and national security; the multijurisdictional nature of the internet and the implications for national sovereignty and transnational legal structures; how to determine legitimate and illegitimate association online; and the implications for privacy and data protection. The book presents a theoretical analysis combined with empirical research to demonstrate the difficulty of combatting internet use by terror organizations or individuals and the range of remedies that might be drawn from national and international law. The work will be essential reading for students, researchers and policy makers in the areas of Constitutional law; Criminal Law, European and International law, Information and Technology law and Security Studies.

What balance should be struck between freedom of expression, asan essential right and value of any democratic society, and other constitutionalrights when facing falsehood and extreme speech? Howare Europe and legislators around the world reacting to the rise ofonline disinformation and hate speech, in the wake of mounting evidenceof adverse effects on democratic processes? What is the mosteffective approach to address and tackle harmful practices over theInternet, if any? These are some of the pivotal questions that thisbook seeks to explore. The potentially global scale and the unprecedentedvelocity of the dissemination of false and extreme contentraise concerns that are specific to our digital age. It is the Authors'belief that the answers to such questions plunge their roots in theorigins of contemporary constitutionalism, with the paradigm ofthe constitutional traditions of Europe and the United States. Specifically, the right to freedom of expression, its development andsubsequent application to the digital dimension constitute the startingground of the analyses here proposed.

This book demonstrates the difficulties the law is likely to encounter in regulating the expressive activities of the state, particularly with regard to the stigmatization of vulnerable groups and minorities.Freedom of speech is indispensable to a democratic society, enabling it to operate with a healthy level of debate and discussion. Historically, legal scholars have underappreciated the power of stigmatization, instead focusing on anti-discrimination law, and the implicit assumption that the state is permitted to communicate freely with little fear of legal consequences. Whilst integral to a democratic society, the freedom of a state to express itself can however also be corrosive, allowing influential figures and organizations the possibility to stigmatize vulnerable groups within society. The book takes this idea and, uniquely weaving legal analysis with extant psychological and sociological research, shows that current legal approaches to stigmatization are limited. Starting with a deep insight into what constitutes state expressions and how they can become stigmatizing, the book then goes on to look into the capacity the law currently has to limit these expressions and asks even if it could, should it?This fascinating study of an increasingly topical subject will be of interest to any legal scholar working in the field of freedom of expression and discrimination law.

In welchem Verhältnis stehen Meinungsfreiheit und Urheberrecht? Darf zur Verwirklichung der Meinungsfreiheit auf urheberrechtlich geschützte Werke zurückgegriffen werden? Sind die Schrankenregelungen der §§ 44a ff. UrhG, wie der BGH in seiner Gies-Adler-Entscheidung meint, abschließend oder sind auch Nutzungen darüber hinaus möglich? Auf diese Fragen gibt die vorliegende Arbeit Antworten und leistet einen Beitrag dazu, Fälle, die an der Schnittstelle von Urheberrecht und Meinungsfreiheit angesiedelt sind, verfassungsrechtlich unbedenklichen sowie sach- und interessengerechten Lösungen zuzuführen. Hierzu entwickelt sie Parameter, die im Rahmen einer Interessenabwägung jenseits der Schranken heranzuziehen sind.

The Internet's importance for freedom of expression and other rights comes in part from the ability it bestows on users to create and share information, rather than just receive it. Within the context of existing freedom of expression guarantees, this book critically evaluates the goal of bridging the'digital divide'– the gap between those who have access to the Internet and those who do not. Central to this analysis is the examination of two questions: first, is there a right to access the Internet, and if so, what does that right look like and how far does it extend? Second, if there is a right to access the Internet, is there a legal obligation on States to overcome the digital divide?Through examination of this debate's history, analysis of case law in the European Court of Human Rights and Inter-American Court of Human Rights, and a case study of one digital inclusion programme in Jalisco, Mexico, this book concludes that there is indeed currently a legal right to Internet access, but one that it is very limited in scope. The 2012 Joint Declaration on Freedom of Expression and the Internet is aspirational in nature, rather than a representative summary of current protections afforded by the international human rights legal framework. This book establishes a critical foundation from which some of these aspirations could be advanced in the future. The digital divide is not just a human rights challenge nor will it be overcome through human rights law alone. Nevertheless, human rights law could and should do more than it has thus far.

This book examines the changes in the governance of human expression as a result of the development of the Internet. It tells the story of the emergence of a global regime that almost completely lacks institutions, and develops a concept of ‘expression governance'that focusses on the governance practices of key actors in Europe and North America. The book illuminates the increased disciplinary capacity of the Internet infrastructure that has become apparent to the public following Edward Snowden's leaks in 2013, and provides a theoretical frame within which such changes can be understood. It argues that the Internet has developed a ‘global default'of permissible speech that exists pervasively across the globe but beyond the control of any one actor. It then demonstrates why the emergence of such a ‘global default'of speech is crucial to global conflict in the international relations of the Internet. The book concludes with an elaboration of the regulatory practices and theatricalperformances that enable a global regime as well as the three key narratives that are embedded within it.

Private companies exert considerable control over the flow of information on the internet. Whether users are finding information with a search engine, communicating on a social networking site or accessing the internet through an ISP, access to participation can be blocked, channelled, edited or personalised. Such gatekeepers are powerful forces in facilitating or hindering freedom of expression online. This is problematic for a human rights system which has historically treated human rights as a government responsibility, and this is compounded by the largely light-touch regulatory approach to the internet in the West. Regulating Speech in Cyberspace explores how these gatekeepers operate at the intersection of three fields of study: regulation (more broadly, law), corporate social responsibility and human rights. It proposes an alternative corporate governance model for speech regulation, one that acts as a template for the increasingly common use of non-state-based models of governance for human rights.

La libertad de expresión y de opinión es un derecho clave para poder ejercer el derecho a proteger y promover los derechos humanos que está protegido por la Declaración sobre los defensores de los derechos humanos, adoptada en 1998 por las Naciones Unidas. Existe un Relator Especial de Naciones Unidas sobre la situación de los defensores de los derechos humanos, que garantiza su protección. Al proteger la libertad de expresión y de opinión no sólo se protege un derecho individual, sino que ello revierte en una protección colectiva de la posibilidad de denunciar las violaciones de los derechos humanos, de realizar una actividad de crítica y debate, de permitir la expresión de aquellas ideas que incluso molestan o de admitir la disidencia. La libertad de expresión y de opinión permite llevar a cabo una actividad de protección y promoción de los derechos humanos, que genera que el periodista, en ocasiones, se convierta en un defensor de los derechos humanos o human rights defender. La contribución que realizan los defensores de los derechos humanos y particularmente, los periodistas, nos permite no sólo estar informados, sino también pensar y actuar sobre los derechos humanos. En este contexto, para comprender la configuración del derecho a promover y proteger los derechos humanos, ha resultado necesario realizar una investigación sobre el sistema de protección de la libertad de expresión en los distintos sistemas universales, regionales y supranacionales de protección de los derechos humanos. De este modo, se ha observado que existe una protección jurídica multinivel también del derecho a promover y proteger los derechos humanos a través de la protección de la libertad de expresión y de opinión, entendida no sólo como un derecho individual, sino como un derecho con una dimensión social, que posibilita la defensa y realización de los derechos humanos.

Les Éditions Anthemis vous proposent un outil complet pour comprendre la liberté d'expression.La communication est partout, sur tous les supports, de la parole à Twitter, en passant par le dessin, la photo ou la vidéo. L'expression est libre, mais quelle est cette liberté et quelles sont ses limites? Qu'est-ce que la vie privée, l'image, l'honneur, la présomption d'innocence, la dignité humaine, la discrimination, le racisme, le sexisme, la violence, la protection des mineurs, l'objectivité ou la publicité? L'ouvrage'La liberté d'expression. Pour quoi, pour quoi, jusqu'où?'explore les règles de contenu applicables à tout qui s'exprime (journaliste professionnel ou non, artiste, publicitaire, blogueur, facebookeur, youtubeur…), qu'il soit un enfant de 13 ans ou un dirigeant d'entreprise, qu'il soit célèbre ou anonyme, qu'il communique un fait, une idée ou une opinion, quels que soient le sujet (politique, culture, sport…) et le mode de diffusion (affichage, presse écrite, cinéma, radio, télévision, Internet, réseaux sociaux…). Nourri de nombreux exemples réels ou fictifs, l'ouvrage se veut résolument pratique et didactique, au profit du plus large public. Il vise à promouvoir une vraie liberté d'expression pour tous et à développer une véritable éducation aux médias afin de nourrir l'esprit critique de chacun.Un ouvrage écrit par des professionnels, pour des professionnels.À PROPOS DES ÉDITIONS ANTHEMISAnthemis est une maison d'édition spécialisée dans l'édition professionnelle, soucieuse de mettre à la disposition du plus grand nombre de praticiens des ouvrages de qualité. Elle s'adresse à tous les professionnels qui ont besoin d'une information fiable en droit, en économie ou en médecine.

This book considers the issue of free speech in transitional democracies focusing on the socio-legal developments in the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland. In showing how these Central and Eastern European countries have engaged with free speech models imported from the Council of Europe / EU and the USA, the book offers valuable insights into the ways States have responded to challenges associated with transformation from communism to Western democracy.The book first explores freedom of expression in European and American law looking particularly at hate speech, historical revisionism, and pornography. It subsequently enquires into the role and perspectives of those European (mandatory) and US-American (persuasive) models for the constitutional debate in Central and Eastern Europe. The study offers an original interpretation of the'European'model of freedom of expression, beyond the mechanisms of the Council of Europe. It encompasses the relevant aspects of EU law (judgments of the Court of Justice and the harmonised EU instruments) as mandatory standards for courts and legislators, including those in transitional countries of Central and Eastern Europe. The book argues for de-criminalisation of historical revisionism and pornography, and illuminates topics such as genocide denial, the rise of Prague and Budapest as Europe's porno-capitals, anti-Semitism and anti-Gypsyism, religious obscurantism and homophobia, virulent Islamophobia, and the glorification of terrorism.The research methodology in this study combines a descriptive case law assessment (comparative constitutional, public international, and EU law) with a normative critique stemming from post-structuralist scrutiny, rhetoric, postmodern legal movements, legal history, history of ideas, and art criticism. This book will be of interest to students and scholars of, comparative constitutional law, law and society, human rights and European law as well as political philosophers.

The essays in this volume consider issues at the intersection of freedom of expression and racial, cultural, and gender diversity. The claims of those whose cultures and beliefs differ from our own are no longer the exclusive province of diplomats, as the Danish newspaper that published cartoons ridiculing Mohammed quickly learned. Negotiating the claims of freedom of expression as they come into open conflict with a wide diversity of viewpoints, both domestically and internationally, has become an increasingly complex task. The present volume seeks both to provide fresh insight into the philosophical grounds for limiting government restriction of expression and to address current tensions between freedom of expression and pluralism. The suppression of ideas by government is no doubt as old as government itself. Ideas help to keep governments in power, and opposing ideas can help them to lose it. As well, through most of the history of the world, the belief that some know b- ter than others what is true, what is right, and what is valuable has been sufficiently widespread to make it seem natural for those betters to dictate for the rest what they should believe. Just as clerics did not hesitate to dictate to their congregations, Christians did not hesitate to impose their beliefs on non-Christians in order to save their souls.

Despite widespread admiration for the First Amendment's protection of speech, this iconic feature of American legal thought has never been adequately theorized. Existing theories of speech proceed on the basis of legal doctrine and judicial decisionmaking, social and political philosophy, or legal and intellectual history. But these are not the disciplines one would most naturally turn to in analyzing speech. Meaning in Law: A Theory of Speech takes a new and different approach. This book develops a general legal theory of speech on the basis of linguistic theory and the philosophy of language. The opening chapters retrace the main conceptual stages in the expression of meaning: from natural meaning, through symbolism, to signification. Later chapters analyze symbolic speech (communication by nonlinguistic means) as the key to developing an intention-based theory of speech. The essential elements of the theory are (1) nonnatural meaning, (2) the signaling of intent, (3) the recognition of intent, and (4) establishing a convention. A final chapter applies these insights to the case law of symbolic speech and resolves some basic confusions in the legal literature. This analysis proceeds by way of an original distinction between actual conduct (in the real world) and the'ideal conduct'described in a statute. The former may be described both as communicative and noncommunicative, while the latter has already been conceptualized as either communicative or noncommunicative. This distinction clears up a major legal quandary: how conduct that counts as communication may nevertheless be regulated or prohibited, without running afoul of the First Amendment's protection of speech.

Cet ouvrage traite de la liberté d'expression, de ses limites et de ses perspectives face aux crimes internationaux : génocides, crimes contre l'humanité, crimes de guerre et autres violations du droit international humanitaire. Il met ensuite en évidence le rôle des médias écrits et radiophoniques dans le génocide du Rwanda en 1994, à travers l'analyse du jugement du 3 décembre 2003, rendu par le Tribunal pénal international pour le Rwanda dans l'affaire dite des Médias, et confirmé en novembre 2007 à Arusha.

This book takes a multidisciplinary approach to the issues surrounding freedom of expression, looking at the current legal position in a number of European countries as well as engaging with the wider debates on the topic amongst sociologists, political scientists and economists. In the book Vincenzo Zeno-Zencovich addresses recent developments which have had a bearing on the debate including the changes in communication brought about by the internet, and the growing role of the European Union and the Council of Europe.

In modern liberal democracies, rights-based judicial intervention in the policy choices of elected bodies has always been controversial. For some, such judicial intervention has trivialized and impoverished democratic politics. For others judges have contributed to a dynamic and healthy dialogue between the different spheres of the constitution, removed from pressures imposed on elected representatives to respond to popular sentiment. This book provides a critical evaluation of ongoing debates surrounding the judicial role in protecting fundamental human rights, focusing in particular on legislative/executive abridgment of a core freedom in western society - namely, liberty of expression. A range of types of expression are considered, including expression related to electoral processes, political expression in general and sexually explicit forms of expression.