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This book offers an interdisciplinary approach that covers linguistics and jurisprudence, shows the interconnectedness of law and language, singles out major theories related to the emergence of the concept of trust and discusses them from the perspective of legal linguistics. Contemporary globalizing processes change the contours of different spheres of life. Against the backdrop of ongoing changes, an overall tendency emerges of the unifying and harmonizing legal systems. The dominance of American and English law firms fuels a broader worldwide circulation of Anglo-American legal concepts and instruments. Increasing contacts of non-trust jurisdictions with trustees and trust assets promote the use of trusts and trust-like devices in civil law jurisdictions. As a result, the interest towards the entrusting relationships increases. The research in this book is based on the methods of descriptive and structural-semantic analyses. Emphasis is put on the interinfluence of the West Germanic languages and the laws of the Germanic tribes, the Salian Franks and the Anglo-Saxons. The book consults selected Franconian manuscripts, lex salica and lex ripuaria, and dictionaries for the study and interpretation of the trust-related lexical units. The results of the research shed a new light on the origin of the common law trust and its predecessor use. The book is intended for legal linguists, lawyers, legal practitioners, legal historians and for researchers and students in the fields of trust law, legal linguistics, and legal history.

This book brings together leading scholars from the next generation of UK criminal lawyers to celebrate the work of GR Sullivan, Emeritus Professor at University College London, in the year of his retirement from writing Simester and Sullivan's Criminal Law: Theory and Doctrine. The contributors examine many of the areas in which GR (Bob) Sullivan's own writing has been influential, ranging from general doctrines such as causation and culpability, across specific offences like theft and fraud, through defences including necessity and insanity; before turning, finally, to matters affecting the criminal process, notably challenges to the doctrine of precedent in criminal law. Taken together, the essays are a powerful tribute to Bob's standing and influence upon modern criminal law. At the same time, individually they make sophisticated contributions to our understanding of some pressing issues in contemporary criminal law. The essays illustrate the increasing importance of theoretical argument in modern criminal law, as well as the manner in which doctrinal debates have become interwoven with arguments about criminalisation norms. The resulting collection is thus a tribute also to the character of modern academic criminal law, a character that Bob and the writers of his generation did so much to develop.

This book reviews and assesses the status quo concerning the rule of law in China in 2017 and predicts its future development in such fields as legislation, judicial reform, civil, commercial and economic law, social law, safeguarding of human rights, criminality, Internet finance, the securities market, pilot free trade zones, administrative public interest litigation, regulation of investment management business, and AI. The book consists of a series of reports on the assessment of rule of law carried out by the Innovation Project Team on the Rule of Law Index at the Institute of Law, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. Drawing on data from web portals and using the methods of browsing websites and verifying results through phone calls, the book includes assessment reports on the government transparency of 54 departments under the State Council and the governments of 31 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government), 49 larger cities, and 100 counties (cities and districts). In addition, reports are provided on the judicial transparency of the Supreme People's Court, 31 higher people's courts, and the intermediate people's courts of 49 larger cities, the procuratorial transparency of the Supreme People's Procuratorate and people's procuratorates of 31 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government) and 49 larger cities, as well as the maritime judicial transparency of 10 maritime courts in the country. The book also includes reports on disclosure of information and transparency in the public security organs of four municipalities directly under the Central Government and 27 provincial (autonomous regional) capitals. Given its scope, the book offers a valuable asset for legal scholars, lawyers, judges, prosecutors, graduate and undergraduate students, and all those who are interested in Chinese law and the country's rule of law index.

This book engages in a theological critique of the legal frameworks and theoretical approaches of Australia, the US and England to create a peaceful coexistence of difference which supports both religious freedom and equality.It develops a new framework for reconciling religious freedom and discrimination in Western liberal democracies and presents a unique approach to practically supporting both religious freedom and equality as fundamentally important objectives which promote more compassionate and cohesive communities. The book applies the idea of peaceful coexistence of difference by assuming the dignity and goodwill of different people and perspectives, and proceeds upon shared virtues such as love which are affirmed by all.

¿Cuál es el papel adecuado de los tribunales en un Estado de Derecho? ¿Pueden reemplazar o'corregir'las decisiones de las legislaturas, integradas por personas elegidas por el voto de las mayorías? ¿Deberían compartir con el Congreso la potestad de interpretar las leyes? Dicho de otro modo, ¿quién debería tener la última palabra en la'traducción'de la Constitución y las leyes a la vida cotidiana? En este libro de extraordinaria influencia, que renovó de raíz el pensamiento jurídico contemporáneo, Mark Tushnet despliega los efectos positivos de un papel más'débil'por parte del Poder Judicial, un sistema en el que los legisladores y los funcionarios del Poder Ejecutivo participen abiertamente en la interpretación constitucional. Postula, además, una concepción más'fuerte'de los derechos sociales y económicos, que deberían quedar bajo la custodia activa de todas las ramas de gobierno (en primer lugar, las ramas políticas). Fundador de la corriente de los estudios críticos del derecho en los años setenta, rara avis en el derecho norteamericano –como jurista de izquierda que ocupa un lugar central en la discusión constitucional contemporánea–, Tushnet pone a prueba su propuesta comparando el derecho de los Estados Unidos con los de Australia, Canadá o el Reino Unido, y demuestra que un'control de constitucionalidad débil', como el que aplican esos países, puede ser compatible con el autogobierno democrático y la garantía del cumplimiento efectivo de los derechos para todas las personas. Mientras en la región se multiplican los conflictos entre poderes ejecutivos y judiciales –y su solvencia y legitimidad para tomar decisiones–, Siglo XXI acerca a los lectores de lengua castellana una obra clave para enriquecer y matizar esas discusiones, que en el fondo hablan de la fortaleza o debilidad de nuestras democracias.

This accessible text explains how Russian law works in all its principal areas. It elucidates the main concepts and frameworks behind Russian law, and uses original legal sources and case law to explain how it operates in practice. The contributors, all of whom are leading experts on Russian law, employ original research to further knowledge of the Russian legal profession, legal culture, judiciary and court systems, providing a scholarly and practical account of Russian law for students and scholars alike. It is essential reading for anyone seeking a deeper understanding of the subject.

Befindet sich ein Gut in der Verfügungsgewalt eines Nichtberechtigten, gewährt die Rechtsordnung dem Berechtigten primär einen Anspruch auf Übertragung des Gutes, beispielsweise in Gestalt von § 985 BGB. Um dem Nichtberechtigten auch den Vorteil zu entziehen, den er durch die Nutzung des Gutes erlangt hat, bedarf es eines ergänzenden Anspruchs auf Nutzungsausgleich. De lege lata ordnet das BGB zu diesem Zweck an unterschiedlichen Stellen eine Verpflichtung zur Herausgabe oder Vergütung von Nutzungen i.S.v. § 100 BGB an. Ausgehend von einer kritischen Analyse des geltenden Rechts und einer rechtsvergleichenden Umschau geht Erik Röder der Frage nach, unter welchen Voraussetzungen ein Anspruch auf Nutzungsausgleich gewährt und wie er inhaltlich ausgestaltet sein sollte. Auf dieser Grundlage entwickelt er einen Vorschlag für ein rationales Nutzungsausgleichssystem.

This book reconsiders the use of food metaphors and the relationship between law and food in an interdisciplinary perspective to examine how food related topics can be used to describe or identify rules, norms, or prescriptions of all kinds. The links between law and food are as old as the concept of law. Many authors have been using such links in creative ways to express specific features of law. This is because the language of food and cooking offers legal thinkers and teachers mouth-watering metaphors, comparing rules to recipes, and their combination to culinary processes. This collection focuses on this relationship between law and food and takes us far beyond their mere interaction, to explore different ways of using these two apparently so diverse elements to describe different phenomena of the legal reality. The authors use the link between food and law to describe different aspects of the legal landscape in different areas and jurisdictions. Bringing together metaphors and indirect correlations between law and food, the book explores different models of approaching legal issues and considering different legal challenges from a completely new perspective, in line with the multidisciplinary approach that leads comparative legal studies today and, to a certain extent, revisiting and enriching it. With contributions in English and French, the book will be of interest to academics and researchers working in the areas of law and food, law and language, and comparative legal studies.

Dieser Open Access Band bietet sowohl deutsch- als auch italienischsprachige Beiträge zu wesentlichen Bereichen des gewerblichen Rechtsschutzes und des Urheberrechts aus der Sicht des deutschen, italienischen und österreichischen Rechts sowie zum TRIPS-Abkommen samt einem Blick auf das vorläufig in Kraft getretene Handelsabkommen zwischen Kanada und der Europäischen Union (CETA). Ein Schwerpunkt ist Schadenersatzansprüchen aus der Verletzung von Immaterialgüterrechten gewidmet, wobei die bei grenzüberschreitenden Sachverhalten auftretenden Fragen der internationalen Gerichtszuständigkeit und des Kollisionsrechts speziell behandelt werden. Darüber hinaus werden Bezüge zum italienischen Verfassungsrecht sowie zum europäischen Wettbewerbsrecht hergestellt und auch wirtschaftsstrafrechtliche Aspekte angesprochen. Schließlich wird ein Ausblick auf die zukünftige Entwicklung des internationalen Immaterialgüterrechts in der Europäischen Union gegeben. Ausgangspunkt für das Buch bildete der vom Internationalen Forum für Wirtschaftsrecht getragene 1. Bozner Wirtschaftsrechtstag, bei dem besonderes Augenmerk auf die Berührung des deutschsprachigen Rechts- und Wirtschaftsraumes mit dem italienischen gelegt wird.

H. Patrick Glenn (1940–2014), Professor of Law and former Director of the Institute of Comparative Law at McGill University, was a key figure in the global discourse on comparative law. This collection is intended to honor Professor Glenn's intellectual legacy by engaging critically with his ideas, especially focusing on his visions of a'cosmopolitan state'and of law conceptualized as'tradition'. The book explores the intellectual history of comparative law as a discipline, its attempts to push the objects of its study beyond the positive law of the nation-state, and both its potential and the challenges it must confront in the face of the complex phenomena of globalization and the internationalization of law. An international group of leading scholars in comparative law, legal philosophy, legal sociology, and legal history takes stock of the field of comparative law and where it is headed.

This book provides law-based governance which is one of the basic policies that underpins our endeavors to uphold and develop socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era. Law is the key to governing the country，and the rule of law is an important support for the national governance system and governance capacity. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC，China has implemented the four-pronged comprehensive strategy and created an unprecedented new situation for law-based governance. Further progress has been made in ensuring China's legislation is sound，law enforcement is strict， the administration of justice is impartial，and the law is observed by everyone. China's efforts to build a country， government，and society based on the rule of law have been mutually reinforcing； the system of distinctively Chinese socialist rule of law has been steadily improved； public awareness of the rule of law has risen markedly. In recent years， China has adhered to the correct handling of the relationship between deepening reform and law-based governance，ensuring that major reforms are justified by law and providing solid guarantees of the rule of law for reform and opening-up. China has adhered to combine law-based governance of the country and rule-based governance over the party and exercised law-based governance at every point in the process and over every dimension of full and rigorous governance over the party and has made remarkable achievements in the construction of a clean and honest government and the struggle against corruption.

This book comprehensively discusses the main features of the Chinese patent law system, which not only legally ‘transplants'international treaties into the Chinese context, but also maintains China's legal culture and promotes domestic economic growth. This is the basis for encouraging creativity and improving patent law protection in China. The book approaches the evolution of the Chinese patent system through the ancient Chinese philosopher Confucius's classic principle, offering readers a fresh new way to understand and analyze Chinese patent law reforms, while also outlining how Confucian insights could be used to improve the enforcement of patent law and overall intellectual property protection awareness in China. It examines ancient Chinese innovation history, explores intellectual property from a Confucian perspective, and discusses the roots of Chinese patent law, as well as the past three amendments and the trends in the ongoing fourth amendment. In addition to helping readers grasp the mentality behind the Chinese approach to patent law and patent protection, the book provides an alternative research methodology and philosophical approach by demonstrating Confucian analysis, which provides a more dynamic way to justify intellectual property in the academic world. Lastly, it suggests future strategies for local industries in the legal, cultural and sociological sectors in China, which provide benefits for domestic and overseas patent holders alike. The book offers a valuable asset for graduate students and researchers on China and intellectual property law, as well as general readers interested in Asian culture and the philosophy of law.

This book discusses the relation between morality and politics, and morality and law, a field that has been studied for more than two thousand years The law is a part of human culture, and this touches upon a dynamic reality that is connected to the relation between nature and freedom, nature and culture. If such relations are not clearly understood, as is the case today, the relation between morality and law cannot be properly comprehended either. The relationship between morality and criminal law must constantly evolve to meet the needs of changing times and circumstances. Social changes and new situations require new answers. And since the relationship involves criminal law, legal philosophy and legal history, interdisciplinary approaches are always needed. Featuring fifteen original contributions by legal scholars from various European and American universities, the book does not pretend to solve the complexity of the relation between morality and criminal law, but instead expresses criticism, offers some proposals and stimulates further thought. The book tackles the topic from an interdisciplinary perspective (criminal law, constitutional law, legal philosophy and legal history, among others). As such, it appeals not only to scholars and students, but also to lawyers, policymakers, historians, theologians, philosophers and general readers who are interested in the legal, social, political and philosophical issues of our time.

Im Herbst 2017 ist Jürgen Basedow als Direktor am Hamburger Max-Planck-Institut für ausländisches und internationales Privatrecht in den Ruhestand getreten. Dies war Anlass für das Institut und seine Schülerinnen und Schüler, unter dem Motto'Mehr Freiheit wagen'einen Leitgedanken seines Schaffens ( Basedow: Mehr Freiheit wagen - Über Deregulierung und Wettbewerb, Tübingen 2002) im Rahmen eines Symposiums aufzugreifen und für seine breit gefächerten Forschungsgebiete neu zu hinterfragen. Der Band umfasst neben einem Einführungsreferat und den Geleit- und Schlussworten Beiträge aus der'Basedow-Schule'zum Bürgerlichen Recht und Versicherungsrecht, zum Arbeits- und Wirtschaftsrecht, zum Kollisions- und Verfahrensrecht sowie zu den Grundlagen des Rechts und zur Rechtsvergleichung.

Die Märkte für außerbörslich (OTC) gehandelte Finanzderivate haben durch die Steigerung von Nahrungsmittelpreisen, die Beeinflussung der fiskalischen Situation von Staaten und den Aufbau systemischer Risiken erhebliche negative Auswirkungen. Die Demokratisierung dieser Märkte ist deshalb eine der wichtigsten Aufgaben des globalen Rechts. Die International Swaps and Derivatives Association (ISDA) prägt als private Institution die rechtliche Infrastruktur dieser Märkte. Johan Horst untersucht die Rechtspraxis der ISDA und zeigt auf, dass das ISDA-Regime eigene Formen legislativer Tätigkeit, der Rechtsdurchsetzung und der Adjudikation ausgebildet hat. Aufgrund der massiven Auswirkungen der Tätigkeit der ISDA bedarf es einer normativen Rückbindung durch die Begründung transnationaler Responsivitätspflichten, die dogmatisch in der Horizontalwirkung der Menschenrechte, Drittwirkungsverboten transnationaler Vertragsnetzwerke sowie einer dezentralen Politisierung transnationalen Rechts verankert werden können.

Das Buch untersucht das menschenrechtliche Verbot der Diskriminierung aufgrund der Rasse einschließlich der Schutzvorschriften gegen Hassrede und beleuchtet umfassend die relevanten Entscheidungen unterschiedlicher nationaler und internationaler Gerichte. Es folgt dabei einem interdisziplinären und rechtsvergleichenden Ansatz, der sozial- und kulturwissenschaftliche Theorien und Befunde einbezieht, um rechtsdogmatische Fragen im Bereich des Antidiskriminierungsrechts zu erörtern. Die Entscheidungen ausländischer Gerichte werden schlaglichtartig dargestellt, soweit sie für die Analyse relevant sind.Zugrunde liegt die Frage, was heute unter Rassismus zu verstehen ist und ob Phänomene wie Ausländer- und Fremdenfeindlichkeit sowie Rechtsextremismus darunter fallen. Insbesondere Rasse als Rechtsbegriff wird ausführlich besprochen. Zentrale Bezugspunkte für die folgende Auseinandersetzung mit dem „Recht gegen rassische Diskriminierung“ sind die Europäische Rasserichtlinie (Richtlinie2000/43/EG), die Antirassismuskonventionen der Vereinten Nationen und die Europäische Menschenrechtskonvention (EMRK). Das deutsche Grundgesetz wendet sich in Art. 3 Abs. 3 S. 1 GG gegen Rassismus, aber eine umfangreiche Dogmatik, die dem heutigen Phänomen des Rassismus gerecht werden kann, fehlt. Das vorliegende Werk leistet mithilfe eines menschenrechtsinformierten und differenzierten Verständnisses von Rassismus hierzu einen wichtigen Beitrag. Damit soll die These begründet werden, dass nur ein strukturelles Verständnis von Rassismus das Recht gegen Rassismus wirksam werden lässt.

Transnational tendencies have led to a pluralistic legal environment in which emerging and established legal actors, regulatory levels and types of legal norms co-exist, compete and interact in complex ways. This challenges and changes not only how legal norms are created, applied and enforced but also when these actors, norms and processes are considered legitimate. The book investigates how states and non-state actors interact in transnational settings and pays attention to the understudied question of what effect transnational tendencies have on the legitimacy of legal actors, norms and processes. It seeks to confront three fundamental questions: Has legitimacy significantly changed? Who creates norms and with which consequences for legal procedures and norms? The book considers the question of legitimacy from a broad range of legal perspectives, including environmental law, human rights law and commercial law. It maps out the contours of legitimacy today with an emphasis on the reactions of central actors like states and courts to transnational tendencies. The book thereby provides a conceptually powerful structure within which to further debate the complexity of transnational tendencies in law and proposes innovative approaches to problem solving while designing pathways for further reflection on the development of law in a transnational context.

This open access edited book captures the complexities and conflicts arising at the interface of intellectual property rights (IPR) and competition law. To do so, it discusses four specific themes: (a) policies governing functioning of standard setting organizations (SSOs), transparency and incentivising future innovation; (b) issue of royalties for standard essential patents (SEPs) and related disputes; (c) due process principles, procedural fairness and best practices in competition law; and (d) coherence of patent policies and consonance with competition law to support innovation in new technologies. Many countries have formulated policies and re-oriented their economies to foster technological innovation as it is seen as a major source of economic growth. At the same time, there have been tensions between patent laws and competition laws, despite the fact that both are intended to enhance consumer welfare. In this regard, licensing of SEPs has been debated extensively, although in most instances, innovators and implementers successfully negotiate licensing of SEPs. However, there have been instances where disagreements on royalty base and royalty rates, terms of licensing, bundling of patents in licenses, pooling of licenses have arisen, and this has resulted in a surge of litigation in various jurisdictions and also drawn the attention of competition/anti-trust regulators. Further, a lingering lack of consensus among scholars, industry experts and regulators regarding solutions and techniques that are apposite in these matters across jurisdictions has added to the confusion. This book looks at the processes adopted by the competition/anti-trust regulators to apply the principles of due process and procedural fairness in investigating abuse of dominance cases against innovators.

Das Werk behandelt erstmals umfassend das Zivilprozessrecht der Volksrepublik China in deutscher Sprache. Berücksichtigt werden nicht nur die gesetzlichen Regelungen, sondern auch einschlägige justizielle Interpretationen des Obersten Volksgerichts und die Rechtsprechung der Untergerichte. Die Autoren sind ausgewiesene Kenner des chinesischen Rechts aus Wissenschaft und Praxis. Nach eingehenden Beiträgen zu den Prozessvoraussetzungen, dem Erkenntnis- und Vollstreckungsverfahren sowie den Besonderheiten in Verfahren mit Auslandsbezug enthält der Anhang des Bandes das Zivilprozessgesetz in der Fassung von 2017, die Erläuterungen des Obersten Volksgerichts zum Zivilprozessgesetz aus 2015 sowie weitere wichtige Justizauslegungen, jeweils im chinesischen Original und in deutscher Übersetzung. Ein einleitendes Kapitel zu der Entwicklung des Zivilprozessrechts, den Verfahrensgrundsätzen und der Gerichtsverfassung in China mit einem Fokus auf der Zivilrechtsprechungspraxis rundet die Arbeit ab.

This book is open access under a CC BY 4.0 license.With technology standards becoming increasingly common, particularly in the information and communications technology (ICT) sector, the complexities and contradictions at the interface of intellectual property law and competition law have emerged strongly. This book talks about how the regulatory agencies and courts in the United States, European Union and India are dealing with the rising allegations of anti-competitive behaviour by standard essential patent (SEP) holders. It also discusses the role of standards setting organizations / standards developing organizations (SSO/SDO) and the various players involved in implementing the standards that influence practices and internal dynamics in the ICT sector. This book includes discussions on fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory (FRAND) licensing terms and the complexities that arise when both licensors and licensees of SEPs differ on what they mean by “fair”, “reasonable” and “non-discriminatory” terms. It also addresses topics such as the appropriate royalty base, calculation of FRAND rates and concerns related to FRAND commitments and the role of Federal Trade Commission (FTC) in collaborative standard setting process. This book provides a wide range of valuable information and is a useful tool for graduate students, academics and researchers.

This open access book presents twelve unique studies on mediation from researchers in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden, respectively. Each study highlights important aspects of mediation, including the role of children in family mediation, the evolution and ambivalent application of restorative justice in the Nordic countries, the confusion of roles in court-connected mediation, and the challenges in dispute systems. Over the past 20-30 years, mediation has gained in popularity in many countries around the world and is often heralded as a suitable and cost-effective mode of conflict resolution. However, as the studies in this volumes show, mediation also has a number of potential drawbacks. Parties'self-determination may be jeopardized, affected third parties are involved in an inadequate way, and the legal regulations may be flawed. The publication can inspire research, help professionals and policymakers in the field and be used as a textbook.

The Yearbook of International Sports Arbitration is the first academic publication aiming to offer comprehensive coverage, on a yearly basis, of the most recent and salient developments regarding international sports arbitration, through a combination of general articles and case notes. The present volume covers decisions rendered by the Court of arbitration for Sport (CAS) and national courts in 2016. It is a must-have for sports lawyers and arbitrators, as well as researchers engaged in this field. It provides in-depth articles on burning issues raised by international sports arbitration, and independent commentaries by esteemed academics and seasoned practitioners on the most important decisions of the year by the CAS and national courts.Dr. Antoine Duval is Senior Researcher for International and European Sports Law at the T.M.C. Asser Instituut in The Hague. He holds a Ph.D. on the interaction between Lex Sportiva and EU Law from the European University Institute in Florence.Prof. Antonio Rigozzi teaches international arbitration and sports law at the University of Neuchâtel, Switzerland, and is the partner in charge of the sports arbitration practice at Lévy Kaufmann-Kohler, a Geneva-based law firm specializing in international arbitration.

Internationale Institutionen agieren und regieren mehr denn je durch Informationen und Wissen. Dabei geraten ihre Informationsbeziehungen zu Staaten und Individuen in den Fokus politischer und rechtlicher Auseinandersetzungen. Das institutionelle Völkerrecht birgt daher ein bislang nicht systematisch erfasstes Regelungs- und Forschungsfeld: das Informationsverwaltungsrecht internationaler Institutionen. Michael Riegner entfaltet dessen dogmatische Strukturen, allgemeine Prinzipien und interdisziplinäre Kontexte exemplarisch anhand des Rechts internationaler Entwicklungsinstitutionen. Er schlägt einen rechtswissenschaftlichen Zugriff auf Global Governance vor, der das internationale Verwaltungsrecht nicht nur rechtssetzungs- und gerichtsbezogen, sondern auch informationsbasiert konzeptioniert. Die Arbeit wurde mit dem Promotionspreis der Juristischen Fakultät der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin - Bibliotheksgesellschaft - e.V. 2017 ausgezeichnet.

Die individuelle Erstellung oder Anpassung von Softwarelösungen ist für Auftraggeber wie Auftragnehmer zumeist mit erheblichen wirtschaftlichen Risiken verbunden. Darüber hinaus wirft die rechtliche Behandlung solcher komplexen Langzeitprojekte zivilrechtliche Fragestellungen auf, für die weder das Bürgerliche Gesetzbuch (BGB) noch das spanische Zivilgesetzbuch, der Código Civil, ausdrückliche Regelungen enthält. Anhand konkreter Interessenkonflikte, wie sie in der Praxis immer wieder vorkommen, untersucht der Autor, zu welchen Lösungen Rechtsprechung und Rechtslehre auf spanischer Seite einerseits und auf deutscher Seite andererseits gelangen. Bei dem Rechtsvergleich wird von solchen Fallkonstellationen ausgegangen, bei denen die Vertragschließenden jeweils eine deutsche und eine spanische Firma sind. Dieses Buch versteht sich nicht nur als wissenschaftlicher Beitrag zur deutsch-spanischen Privatrechtsvergleichung, es wendet sich darüber hinaus auch an deutschsprachige Rechtsanwender, um diesen einen vertiefenden Einblick in die Behandlung von Software-Erstellungsverträgen nach spanischem Recht zu vermitteln.

The recognition and enforcement of legitimate expectations by courts has been a striking feature of English law since R v North and East Devon Health Authority; ex parte Coughlan [2001] 3 QB 213. Although the substantive form of legitimate expectation adopted in Coughlan was quickly accepted by English courts and received a generally favourable response from public law scholars, the doctrine of that case has largely been rejected in other common law jurisdictions. The central principles of Coughlan have been rejected by courts in common law jurisdictions outside the UK for a range of reasons, such as incompatibility with local constitutional doctrine, or because they mark an undesirable drift towards merits review. The sceptical and critical reception to Coughlan outside England is a striking contrast to the reception the case received within the UK. This book provides a detailed scholarly analysis of these issues and considers the doctrine of legitimate expectations both in England and elsewhere in the common law world.

This book is open access under a CC BY-NC 4.0 license.It explores the diverse phenomena which are challenging the international law of the sea today, using the unique perspective of a simultaneous analysis of the national, individual and common interests at stake. This perspective, which all the contributors bear in mind when treating their own topic, also constitutes a useful element in the effort to bring today's legal complexity and fragmentation to a homogenous vision of the sustainable use of the marine environment and of its resources, and also of the international and national response to maritime crimes.The volume analyzes the relevant legal frameworks and recent developments, focusing on the competing interests which have influenced State jurisdiction and other regulatory processes. An analysis of the competing interests and their developments allows us to identify actors and relevant legal and institutional contexts, retracing how and when these elements have changed over time.

By their very nature, Special Economic Zones encompass various elements studied in the academic disciplines of economics, political science and law. While their objectives are determined by economics, and their structures, implications and limits by law, their implementation requires a certain combination and cooperation of political forces, something which has been the subject of political science enquiries. A conference held at Kyushu University in Fukuoka convened scholars from all these disciplines to put Special Economic Zones into perspective. The papers presented highlighted functions and structures, historical aspects, the political dimension and foreign equivalents of deregulation, the interplay of such zones, and constitutional considerations. Freedom of contract and competition law, plus the effects that these economy-boosting tools may have on labour and innovation are also dealt with.

Diese Studie beschreibt umfassend den Inhalt der Eigentumsgarantie des Unionsrechts. Sie leitet diese Ergebnisse methodisch aus einem'Streitgespräch der Gerichte'zwischen EuGH, EGMR, deutschem BVerfG, italienischem Corte Constituzionale und irischem Supreme Court her. Damit wird erstmals ein Konzept vorgelegt, das der Formel der „gemeinsamen Verfassungstraditionen der Mitgliedstaaten“ aus der Grundrechtsdogmatik des EuGH klare Konturen verleiht. Diese kontextuelle „Auslegungsmethode“ für Unionsgrundrechte weist über die Anwendung am Beispiel des Eigentums hinaus.

This book is a collection of studies of drug policies in several Latin American countries. The chapters analyze the specific histories of drug policies in each country, as well as related phenomena and case studies throughout the region. It presents conceptual reflections on the origins of prohibition and the “War on Drugs,” including the topic of human rights and cognitive freedom. Further, the collection reflects on the pioneering role of some Latin American countries in changing paradigms of international drug policy. Each case study provides an analysis of where each state is now in terms of policy reform within the context of its history and current socio-political circumstances. Concurrently, local movements, initiatives, and backlash against the reformist debate within the hemisphere are examined. The recent changes regarding the regulation of marijuana in the United States and their possible impact on Latin America are also addressed. This work is an important, up-to-date and well-researched reference for all who are interested in drug policy from a Latin American perspective.

This edited book focuses on the most controversial aspects of assistance benefits as mandated by the Brazilian Constitution of 1988 - and the challenges that have merged since the approval, in 1993, of the Federal Act 8.742, also known as Organic Law of Social Assistance. This collection of essays allows the reader to understand some important changes in social assistance policies in Brazil in recent years, having the General Theory of Social Security and the Human Rights as references. The tensions between economic principles and affirmative policies for the less advantaged parts of the society are also covered, showing how different interpretations of key concepts - like need, poverty or family - may have an important role on the exercise of fundamental rights.

This book is open access under a CC BY 4.0 license.This book addresses the peculiarities of the current presidential election system not yet addressed in other publications. It argues that any rules for electing a President that may have a chance to replace the current ones should provide an equal representation of states as equal members of the Union, and of the nation as a whole. This book analyzes the National Popular Vote plan and shows that this plan may violate the Supreme Court decisions on the equality of votes cast in statewide popular elections held to choose state electors. That is, the National Popular Vote plan may violate the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. The book proposes a new election system in which the will of the states and the will of the nation as a whole are determined by direct popular elections for President and Vice President in the 50 states and in D.C. This system a) would elect President a candidate who is the choice of boththe nation as a whole and of the states as equal members of the Union, b) would let the current system elect a President only if the nation as a whole and the states as equal members of the Union fail to agree on a common candidate, and c) would encourage the candidates to campaign nationwide. The second edition has been updated to include a proposal on how to make established non-major party presidential candidates and independent candidates welcome participants in national televised presidential debates with the major-party candidates.

This book analyses the governance foundations of innovation, brands, inventions, secrets and expression, which are the keys to a century based on knowledge. They are reflected in legal rights that have been fermenting over centuries of national policy deliberations on intellectual property rights, constantly in flux in the face of new advances in science, but overall a trend towards greater protectionism. As countries are challenged by the strictures of international agreements, often extorted through imbalanced power relationships, they seek their own national means for beneficial differentiation from the new global norms, whilst complying with international obligations. This book deals with the outcomes of regional governance of intellectual property, which often creates ripples in the search for harmony in the laws that form the basis for the future of intellectual property. The work has contributions that come from developing and developed nations, showing a common theme of the struggle to find the balance in an area of law that often does not provide clearcut solutions to real world environments. There are many intellectual property struggles illustrated in this work: patent at the boundaries of nature and invention, the need for drug development, which is driven by profit based on the patent monopoly; copyright, the expression of original thought, seeking to maximise exposure facilitated by the internet, but a system that facilitates rampant copying; trade marks, supporting company branding, seeks to exploit global branding through naming domains names; and other areas concomitant to the globalisation of intellectual property governance, such as foreign direct investment. This book holds up a mirror to the issues of world governance of intellectual property rights in this century, asking whether the direction we are currently following is in the best interest of global citizens, and showing the divergence that constraints are stimulating on a national level.

The book is a comprehensive narration of the use of expertise in international criminal trials offering reflection on standards concerning the quality and presentation of expert evidence. It analyzes and critiques the rules governing expert evidence in international criminal trials and the strategies employed by counsel and courts relying upon expert evidence and challenges that courts face determining its reliability. In particular, the author considers how the procedural and evidentiary architecture of international criminal courts and tribunals influences the courts'ability to meaningfully incorporate expert evidence into the rational fact-finding process. The book provides analysis of the unique properties of expert evidence as compared with other forms of evidence and the challenges that these properties present for fact-finding in international criminal trials. It draws conclusions about the extent to which particularized evidentiary rules for expert evidence in international criminal trials is wanting. Based on comparative analyses of relevant national practices, the book proposes procedural improvements to address some of the challenges associated with the use of expertise in international criminal trials.

This unique publication offers a complete history of Roman law, from its early beginnings through to its resurgence in Europe where it was widely applied until the eighteenth century. Besides a detailed overview of the sources of Roman law, the book also includes sections on private and criminal law and procedure, with special attention given to those aspects of Roman law that have particular importance to today's lawyer. The last three chapters of the book offer an overview of the history of Roman law from the early Middle Ages to modern times and illustrate the way in which Roman law furnished the basis of contemporary civil law systems. In this part, special attention is given to the factors that warranted the revival and subsequent reception of Roman law as the ‘common law'of Continental Europe. Combining the perspectives of legal history with those of social and political history, the book can be profitably read by students and scholars, as well as by general readers with an interest in ancient and early European legal history.The civil law tradition is the oldest legal tradition in the world today, embracing many legal systems currently in force in Continental Europe, Latin America and other parts of the world. Despite the considerable differences in the substantive laws of civil law countries, a fundamental unity exists between them. The most obvious element of unity is the fact that the civil law systems are all derived from the same sources and their legal institutions are classified in accordance with a commonly accepted scheme existing prior to their own development, which they adopted and adapted at some stage in their history. Roman law is both in point of time and range of influence the first catalyst in the evolution of the civil law tradition.

This book is about the International Criminal Court (ICC), a new and highly distinctive criminal justice institution with the ability to prosecute the highest-level government officials, including heads of state, even in countries that have not accepted its jurisdiction. The book explores the historical development of international criminal law and the formal legal structure created by the Rome Statute, against the background of the Court's search for objectivity in a political global environment. The book reviews the operations of the Court in practice and the Court's position in the power politics of the international system. It discusses and clarifies all stages of an international criminal proceeding from the opening of the investigation to sentencing, reparations, and final appeals in the context of its restorative justice mission. Making appropriate comparisons and contrasts between the international criminal justice system and domestic and national systems, the book fills a gap in international criminal justice study.

Die Regulierung neuartiger Technologien erfolgt typischerweise unter der Bedingung, daß Erfahrungswissen über mögliche Schadensabläufe (noch) nicht vorhanden ist. Exemplarisch wird die Regulierung der absichtlichen Freisetzung gentechnisch veränderter Organismen in die Umwelt in Deutschland und den USA dargestellt, insbesondere ihre Steuerung durch das Verfassungsrecht.

The ability to shape one's own destiny-to make decisions on the basis of one's own ideals and goals-is a uniquely human characteristic. It is shared by the groups that human beings fonn-peoples, nations, and other communities--each bound by a common destiny. The very existence of different individuals and groups that have this characteristic virtually guarantees that there will be conflicts among them. And yet it is also human to want to find common ground with others. When individuals or groups emphasize their differences, the result is conflict; when they find common ground, cooperation becomes possible. However, even when it appears that cooperative efforts have resolved the sources of conflict, not all conflict will disappear. Conflict is a natural part of all human interaction. Both conflict and cooperation exist simultaneously. All social phenomena can ultimately be reduced to the question of how these two human characteristics are reconciled and allowed to coexist on the same plane.

Translated and updated from the seminal Spanish text on legal decisions affecting gender and sexuality in Latin America, this English edition is the only law text to focus specifically on the rights of lesbians, gays, bisexuals and the transgender population in addition to women's rights more broadly. The volume provides close analysis of some of the most important decisions made by Latin American national courts, as well as those made by international legal bodies, that affect the rights and interests of these groups. Specially selected for their depth of argument and value as exemplars, the studies of good legal practice chart the path of the region's normative values of justice as they have evolved away from a partial, and patriarchal, exercise of the law. They show how cases with vastly differing contexts such as, property rights and domestic violence have resulted in a mixed body of Latin American law. Some decisions are protective of women's and minority rights. Some assess the wider social impacts of case law in which recognition of the discrete legal identities within households challenges established precepts, including religious ones. Other cases have been chosen as cautionary examples of bad decision-making and for the poverty of their legal debate. Updated to include the latest relevant jurisprudence from across the continent, this book is an informed, cohesive and comprehensive guide to understanding women's and gender-based rights in Latin America.​

Traditional legal borders are increasingly contested in the present day. This book explores the nature, implications, and future of legal'borders'- geographic and intellectual - in the twenty-first century's dramatically changing global context.

Dieser Buchtitel ist Teil des Digitalisierungsprojekts Springer Book Archives mit Publikationen, die seit den Anfängen des Verlags von 1842 erschienen sind. Der Verlag stellt mit diesem Archiv Quellen für die historische wie auch die disziplingeschichtliche Forschung zur Verfügung, die jeweils im historischen Kontext betrachtet werden müssen. Dieser Titel erschien in der Zeit vor 1945 und wird daher in seiner zeittypischen politisch-ideologischen Ausrichtung vom Verlag nicht beworben.

This book presents the results of research project financed by the Hague Institute for the Internationalization of Law (HiiL) and carried out at the Tilburg Law and Economics Center (TILEC) of Tilburg University. The project team shows that globalization, instead of threatening national legal systems, put them in a new role and gives them continuing relevance. First of all, once one takes a more functional view of the law, based on law and economics and comparative law literature, harmonization or unification of national legal systems is no longer a foregone conclusion. Secondly, fundamental constitutional principles continue to bear in the era of multi-level and transnational governance: they become governance principles, divorced from specific institutional settings. Finally, looking beyond regulatory competition and comparative law, legal emulation provides a rich and fruitful model to explain the interplay between legal systems. This book explores these three themes, both at a theoretical level and in the light of specific examples.

Anhand des Maastricht-Urteils ist ein grundlegender Justizkonflikt zwischen Bundesverfassungsgericht und Europäischem Gerichtshof über die letztverantwortliche Kontrolle der Gemeinschaftskompetenzen festzustellen. Während das Bundesverfassungsgericht für sich in Anspruch nimmt, am Maßstab des deutschen Übertragungsaktes zu überprüfen, ob Gemeinschaftsrecht sich im Rahmen der eingeräumten Kompetenzen hält, besteht der Europäische Gerichtshof auf ein Auslegungs- und Verwerfungsmonopol in Bezug auf Gemeinschaftsrecht. Der Autor untersucht die Standpunkte beider Gerichte auf ihre innere Schlüssigkeit; er zeichnet die Begründungen nach, untersucht ihre Prämissen und stellt ihre Folgerichtigkeit fest. Der Anspruch des Bundesverfassungsgerichts auf Kompetenzkontrolle dient dem Schutz des Demokratieprinzips. Für den Europäischen Gerichtshof ist dagegen die Sicherung der Funktions- und Handlungsfähigkeit der Gemeinschaft der höchste Wert.

Dieser Buchtitel ist Teil des Digitalisierungsprojekts Springer Book Archives mit Publikationen, die seit den Anfängen des Verlags von 1842 erschienen sind. Der Verlag stellt mit diesem Archiv Quellen für die historische wie auch die disziplingeschichtliche Forschung zur Verfügung, die jeweils im historischen Kontext betrachtet werden müssen. Dieser Titel erschien in der Zeit vor 1945 und wird daher in seiner zeittypischen politisch-ideologischen Ausrichtung vom Verlag nicht beworben.

Dieser Buchtitel ist Teil des Digitalisierungsprojekts Springer Book Archives mit Publikationen, die seit den Anfängen des Verlags von 1842 erschienen sind. Der Verlag stellt mit diesem Archiv Quellen für die historische wie auch die disziplingeschichtliche Forschung zur Verfügung, die jeweils im historischen Kontext betrachtet werden müssen. Dieser Titel erschien in der Zeit vor 1945 und wird daher in seiner zeittypischen politisch-ideologischen Ausrichtung vom Verlag nicht beworben.

Dieser Buchtitel ist Teil des Digitalisierungsprojekts Springer Book Archives mit Publikationen, die seit den Anfängen des Verlags von 1842 erschienen sind. Der Verlag stellt mit diesem Archiv Quellen für die historische wie auch die disziplingeschichtliche Forschung zur Verfügung, die jeweils im historischen Kontext betrachtet werden müssen. Dieser Titel erschien in der Zeit vor 1945 und wird daher in seiner zeittypischen politisch-ideologischen Ausrichtung vom Verlag nicht beworben.

Globalisierung der Märkte und rapider technischer Fortschritt machen es, gerade im Bereich der Hochtechnologie, unerlässlich, dass die Produkte verschiedener Marktteilnehmer interoperabel sind. Industriestandards sichern diese Interoperabilität, indem sie eine gemeinsame technologische Basis definieren. Sind Teile eines Standards patentgeschützt, kann indes das Zusammentreffen von Standard und Patent den Wettbewerb massiv gefährden und die Verbraucher schädigen. Denn der Patentinhaber kann die übrigen Marktteilnehmer unter Druck setzen, weil sie auf die Nutzung des Standards und damit des Patents angewiesen sind. Eine zunehmende Zahl einschlägiger Fälle zeigt, dass diese Gefahr real ist. Die Rechtsgemeinschaft sucht aber noch nach einer angemessenen Antwort. Eine solche Antwort entwirft das vorliegende Werk soweit es um die Anwendung des europäischen Wettbewerbsrechts geht. Die Arbeit unternimmt eine ökonomische (insbesondere spieltheoretische) und empirische Fundamentalanalyse des Standardisierungswesens sowie eine eingehende Betrachtung der US-Rechtslage. Auf dieser Basis und vor dem Hintergrund der konzis erörterten Fundamentalwertungen des europäischen Wettbewerbsrechts entwickelt das Werk detaillierte Regeln für die Rechtsanwendung. Hierbei wird auch deutlich, wo das europäische Wettbewerbsrecht gegenwärtig an seine Grenzen stößt und Reformbedarf besteht. ​