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This book provides a systematic overview of recent German case law on the fair, reasonable, and non-discriminatory (FRAND) licensing of standard-essential patents (SEP). Principal SEP/FRAND concepts are demonstrated and analysed, such as willingness to license, the FRAND offer, reaction duties and the counteroffer, FRAND-compliance of royalties, portfolio transfers, confidentiality disputes and damages. Global forward-looking topics are also considered in relation to German developments, including alternative dispute resolution and anti-suit/anti-anti-suit injunctions. Key Features:Provides clear and detailed analysis on the latest developments in German FRAND/SEP case law, giving readers access to case law which has not previously been available in English.Contextualises German SEP/FRAND case law from an international perspectiveExamines the competing approaches to SEP/FRAND issues in prominent jurisdictionsPresents insightful commentary on how thought leaders and decision-makers perceive the future of SEP/FRAND licensingThis book is essential for legal practitioners in competition law and patent law, particularly judges seeking a readily accessible source of information on this evolving body of law. It is also beneficial to scholars of competition and antitrust law and intellectual property law.

This book explores the distinction between private and public aspects in competition law and focuses on how the concept of competition is incorporated into the legal framework.Distinguishing between antitrust regulations and competition-related legal rules in private law, such as unfair competition and contract laws, the book also differentiates between the utilitarian and deontological principles that underpin competition regulation. This historical and philosophical approach is used to compare two influential jurisdictions: England and Spain. These legal systems have had a significant impact on the development of legal rules in Common law and Civilian (Latin American) countries, respectively. Through this lens, the book further analyses the concept of'competition'and its value in each legal tradition. This understanding, in turn, helps clarify the scope of competition regulation within antitrust and private law and how the two fields coexist. Additionally, the book examines the role of property law theory in the context of competition regulation.The book will be of interest to students and scholars in the field of competition law, tort law, and legal history.

This book explores the distinction between private and public aspects in competition law and focuses on how the concept of competition is incorporated into the legal framework.Distinguishing between antitrust regulations and competition-related legal rules in private law, such as unfair competition and contract laws, the book also differentiates between the utilitarian and deontological principles that underpin competition regulation. This historical and philosophical approach is used to compare two influential jurisdictions: England and Spain. These legal systems have had a significant impact on the development of legal rules in Common law and Civilian (Latin American) countries, respectively. Through this lens, the book further analyses the concept of'competition'and its value in each legal tradition. This understanding, in turn, helps clarify the scope of competition regulation within antitrust and private law and how the two fields coexist. Additionally, the book examines the role of property law theory in the context of competition regulation.The book will be of interest to students and scholars in the field of competition law, tort law, and legal history.

A serious look at competition problems in tech markets and whether antitrust law can help address them.In recent years, the astronomical rise of tech giants like Amazon, Apple, Meta, and Microsoft has been criticized as anticompetitive, and many have wondered if antitrust law can help protect workers and consumers. In Tech Monopoly, Herbert Hovenkamp explores competition problems in a wide range of high-tech firms—from those that sell purely digital products, such as video streaming, search, software, or email services, to others that sell more traditional “tactile” products, such as hardware, clothing, groceries, or rides. He offers a realistic look at the powers and limitations of antitrust law in tech markets with an assessment that is as comprehensive as it is accessible.After a general introduction to antitrust law, Tech Monopoly considers how competitive harm should be assessed in these markets, as well as some features that make these markets unique, including “two-sided” structures. Then Hovenkamp looks at the role of large digital platforms, including Amazon, Alphabet, Apple, Meta, and Microsoft, and considers whether their size alone is an antitrust problem or if the concern should be limited to market power. Finally, the author addresses the very difficult problem of remedies. Should we “break up” big tech, and if so, how? What kind of breakup of these firms would make users or others better off? And if breakups are not the only possible antitrust fix, are there more effective and less disruptive alternatives?Offering simple explanations of the complex economics of digital platform markets, Tech Monopoly is an important read for anyone who wishes to understand how antitrust law works and whether it can help defend competition in the formidable era of big tech.

O presente livro se estrutura em quatro partes principais. A'Parte I'traz temas introdutórios, análise de guias e métodos de análise em fusão. A'Parte II'apresenta uma série de estudos acerca da jurisprudência nacional englobando as teorias de dano e eficiências, remédios estudos setoriais e estudos de caso. A'Parte III'oferece um panorama internacional a partir dos estudos de casos notáveis e suas implicações concorrenciais e jurisprudenciais. Finalmente, a'Parte IV'explora as fronteiras do debate em relação às fusões não horizontais. A seguir, são detalhados os escopos de cada Parte. A Parte I é dividida em três seções e tem o propósito de fazer um aprofundamento do estudo teórico das relações verticais e sua metodologia de análise adotada no Brasil e em outras jurisdições. São apresentados dois artigos na primeira seção, introdutória, com o primeiro e segundo artigos explorando os bastidores da formulação do Guia V a partir da perspectiva de quem atuou diretamente na sua elaboração – o primeiro, abordando a perspectiva da Superintendência-Geral do CADE e o segundo o contexto da elaboração. Em seguida, o terceiro artigo realiza uma análise histórica e jurisprudencial da atuação. Na sequência, a segunda seção apresenta um panorama dos Guias de Análise de Fusões Verticais das principais jurisdições no mundo sobre o tema. Os artigos desta seção abordam as principais discussões, critérios de análise e referenciais teóricos e práticos adotados atualmente na análise de fusões verticais pelas autoridades da Europa, Inglaterra e Estados Unidos da América. A terceira e última seção desta parte inicial da obra volta-se aos métodos e indicadores quantitativos utilizados na análise em fusões verticais. Em seu primeiro artigo, é apresentada a avaliação procedimental sob a perspectiva econômica e, no artigo seguinte, os indicadores quantitativos adotados na análise de efeitos sobre a pressão de elevação de preços decorrentes de uma fusão vertical. A Parte II do livro, estruturada em três seções, inicia com uma investigação da jurisprudência nacional, por teorias de danos de destaque, e os ganhos de eficiência potenciais dessas operações. A segunda seção se dedica aos remédios sugeridos. A terceira traz estudos de casos e setores nacionais. A Parte III explora como as fusões verticais são percebidas, avaliadas e controladas em diferentes jurisdições. O objetivo é entender os padrões emergentes e identificar as melhores práticas que podem ser adaptadas ou aprendidas.

ÍNDICE DE ABREVIATURAS I. DOCTRINA Novedad y actividad inventiva en patentes de invención, Diego Chijane Desequilibrios de poder en los mercados digitales: plataformas y dependencia, Carmen Estevan de Quesada La adopción de medidas razonables para mantener secreta la información como requisito para la existencia de un secreto empresarial, Rafael García Pérez Derechos de propiedad intelectual y Big Data: una propuesta para un justo equilibrio entre los intereses legítimos de las empresas y el intercambio de datos a la luz de la Ley de Datos de la UE, Francesca Giordanelli Transparencia y publicidad de la declaración de infracciones antitrust y de las resoluciones en los procesos de indemnización por daños, Francisco Marcos Los excesos regulatorios de la reforma de la Ley 12/2013 sobre el funcionamiento de la cadena alimentaria, Pilar Martín Aresti Infracción de patente y medidas cautelares de cesación: ¿«algo más» que infracción para concederlas o «algo menos» que infracción para denegarlas?, José Massaguer Colusión algorítmica. La nueva era de los acuerdos y prácticas restrictivas, Patricio Pozo Vintimilla y Pablo Carrasco Torrontegui O direito de prioridade e os critérios de determinação da identidade do(s) requerente(s) de uma patente europeia, nacional ou via PCT alicerçada num primeiro pedido, João Paulo Remédio Marques El concepto de artista intérprete o ejecutante del artículo 105 TRLPI, Concepción Saiz García II. DOCTRINA BREVE The Wayback Machine: origen, retos y utilización como fuente de prueba en materia de propiedad industrial, Marta Cantos Pardo Iniciativas legales y nuevos acuerdos transformativos: problemas y soluciones para facilitar el acceso abierto a las publicaciones científicas, Asunción Esteve Pardo Los programas de cumplimiento normativo como instrumentos para la mejora de la competencia, María Gómez Santos Nuevo tratamiento de las ventas celebradas fuera de los establecimientos mercantiles en la Ley de Competencia Desleal, Elisabet González Pons Sobre el procedimiento de reconocimiento de las DOP /IGP. Novedades introducidas por el Reglamento (UE) 2021/2117. Luces y Sombras, Ángel Martínez y Trinidad Vázquez Tecnologías de control de la reproducción: implicaciones sobre la protección de la innovación vegetal, Eduardo Miranda Ribera Biosimilares y biobetters: patentabilidad, acceso y efectos en el mercado del medicamento, Andrés Trujillo Jiménez III. COMENTARIOS DE JURISPRUDENCIA El carácter distintivo de los signos figurativos como marca [Comentario a la Decisión de la Cuarta Sala de Apelación de la EUIPO de 19 de mayo de 2021], Manuel José Botana Agra Diseño industrial y estampado de prendas de vestir [Comentario a la Sentencia del Tribunal Supremo (Sala de lo Civil) núm. 608/2021, de 16 de septiembre de 2021, caso cachirulo-brachirulo], Ángel García Vidal Sobre la posibilidad de descompilar programas de ordenador para corregir errores [Comentario de la STJUE (Sala Quinta), de 6 de octubre de 2021, asunto C-13/20, Top System vs. Estado Belga], José Luis González San Juan La protección de las denominaciones de origen y las indicaciones geográficas frente a los signos distintivos que identifican servicios [Comentario a la Sentencia C-783/19 (Sala Quinta), Comité Interprofessionnel du Vin de Champagne vs. GB, de 9 septiembre 2021 (caso Champanillo)], Luis Alberto Marco Arcalá IV. RECENSIONES

O livro que temos o prazer de apresentar é fruto de um notável trabalho coletivo de acadêmicos que empreendem uma ampla reflexão acerca do impacto da atual lei de defesa da concorrência, após o seu primeiro quinquênio de vigência. O objetivo do livro é justamente o de suscitar uma ampla e profunda reflexão sobre a evolução da defesa da concorrência no país, apontando os êxitos alcançados e os aperfeiçoamentos que necessitam ser implementados. O livro foi divido em seis partes, sendo a primeira composta de artigos que efetivam a análise histórica da defesa da concorrência no Brasil, com ênfase na reflexão sobre a efetividade do conteúdo e execução de suas normas, bem como do desempenho de seu arcabouço institucional. A segunda parte é integrada por artigos que exploram a relação da defesa da concorrência com outras políticas públicas. Os artigos abordam instigantes temais, como, por exemplo, a aplicação da concorrência em setores econômicos objeto de regulação econômica; a harmonização do antitruste com o direito de propriedade intelectual e o bem-estar do consumidor como objetivo central do direito da concorrência. Há ainda artigos dedicados A segunda parte é integrada por artigos que exploram a relação da defesa da concorrência com outras políticas públicas. A terceira e quarta partes abordam a percepção do Cade pelas diversas mídias e analisam importantes aspectos institucionais. A quinta parte versa sobre o controle de concentrações, matéria que foi objeto das mais incisivas modificações na atual lei de defesa da concorrência.

In practice and jurisprudence in European competition law, it is especially difficult to define the boundaries of patent abuse as an offence. In this thoroughly researched book, the author answers the question of when and how an application for a blocking patent can amount to an abuse of a dominant position under Article 102 TFEU. Drawing on legal literature and European Union (EU) case law, the presentation analyses a constellation of blocking patenting strategies and proposes potential remedies where abuse is involved. With detailed descriptions of the characteristics of potentially abusive and non-abusive behaviour regarding applications for blocking patents, the book provides the following and more: a comprehensive analysis of the case law of the EU courts on the abuse of a dominant position in cases which involve intellectual property rights; insights on how patenting strategies affect competition with a particular focus on the application of blocking patents; an overview of the developments in doctrine and practice which led to the current understanding of the seemingly conflictual goals of competition and intellectual property law; and insights on the difficulties of defining relevant markets and establishing whether an undertaking holds a dominant position. The book illustrates the mechanisms of blocking patenting strategies with examples from the pharmaceutical industry because blocking strategies have particular relevance in applying for patents in that context. A test scheme for analysing the application of a blocking patent under Article 102 TFEU is included. Additionally, the book provides an outlook on the topic of patents and shortages of supply in light of the COVID pandemic. Practitioners and policymakers requiring an understanding of the conceptual framework of the abuse concept within EU competition law and how it relates to patent strategies will welcome this invaluable book. They will not only be able to set the conduct of applying for blocking patents into the Article 102 TFEU context but also have decisive tools to approach questions on the intersection of patent law and competition law in the EU.

An approach to reinvigorating economic competition that doesn't break up corporate giants, but compels them to share their technology, data, and knowledge “Bessen is a master of unpacking the nuances of a complex array of interrelated trends to build a coherent story of how the promise of the democratized Internet ended up under the control of just a few. Read The New Goliaths to see how the forest came to have only room for a few tall trees with the rest of us in the undergrowth.”—Joshua Gans, coauthor of Prediction Machines: The Simple Economics of Artificial Intelligence Historically, competition has powered progress under capitalism. Companies with productive new products rise to the top, but sooner or later, competitors come along with better innovations and disrupt the threat of monopoly. Dominant firms like Walmart, Amazon, and Google argue that this process of “creative destruction” prevents them from becoming too powerful or entrenched. But the threat of competition has sharply decreased over the past twenty years, and today's corporate giants have come to power by using proprietary information technologies to create a tilted playing field. This development has increased economic inequality and social division, slowed innovation, and allowed dominant firms to evade government regulation. In the face of increasing calls to break up the largest companies, James Bessen argues that a better way to restore competitive balance and dynamism is to encourage or compel these companies to share technology, data, and knowledge.

Die Arbeit bewegt sich in einem zentralen Spannungsfeld des Lauterkeitsrechts: War ein technisches Erzeugnis zeitweise patentgeschützt, versuchen Hersteller nach Ablauf des Patentschutzes eine Imitation des Produkts durch ihre Konkurrenz im Wege des lauterkeitsrechtlichen Nachahmungsschutzes zu verhindern. Praktisch verlängert oder ersetzt dies den bestehenden Sonderrechtsschutz von Gebrauchsgegenständen wie Baumaterialien. Der Bundesgerichtshof setzt sich mit dieser Konstellation des zeitlichen Nacheinanders – der Kollision der verschiedenen Schutzregime des Patentrechts und des Schutzes nach § 4 Nr. 3 UWG in den Entscheidungen »Exzenterzähne« (2015) und »Bodendübel« (2016) auseinander. Die Arbeit untersucht die dazu ergangene Kritik des Schrifttums. Zudem wird ein Vergleich mit US-amerikanischem Recht sowie eine rechtsökonomische Analyse herangezogen. Im Ergebnis können daraus Richtlinien für die Anwendung des lauterkeitsrechtlichen Nachahmungsschutzes aufgestellt werden.

Seit dem Beginn des 21. Jahrhunderts überziehen sich die internationalen IT-Konzerne weltweit mit Unterlassungsklagen, auch um ihre Konkurrenten im Wettbewerb zu behindern. Dieses »patent wars« genannte Phänomen wurde erst dadurch möglich, dass die patentgestützte Standardisierung das Rückgrat der digitalen Revolution darstellt und entsprechend massiv ausgebaut wurde. Das Kartellrecht entwickelte bislang nur zögerlich Antworten auf die Fragen, die sich daraus ergeben, dass Patente als Werkzeug zur Wettbewerbsbehinderung und -verhinderung missbraucht werden. Die Ursprünge dieser Entwicklung liegen in der kartellrechtlichen Zwangslizenz, dessen Entwicklungslinien in der vorliegenden Arbeit nachgezeichnet werden. Zudem werden der kartellrechtliche Zwangslizenzeinwand und die ökonomischen Faktoren, die dazu führen, dass dieser angeordnet werden muss, untersucht. Dabei werden die unterschiedlichen Herangehensweisen der deutschen, europäischen und US-amerikanischen Judikatur beleuchtet.

In recent years, market definition has come under attack as an analytical tool of competition law. Scholars have increasingly questioned its usefulness and feasibility. That criticism comes into sharper relief in dynamic, innovation-driven markets, which do not correspond to the static markets on which the concept of the relevant market was modelled. This book explores that controversy from a comparative legal perspective, taking into account both EU competition and US antitrust law. It examines the manifold ways in which courts and competition authorities in the EU and US have factored innovation-related considerations into market delineation, covering: innovative product markets, product differentiation, future markets, issues going beyond market definition proper – such as innovation competition, innovation markets and potential competition –, intellectual property rights, innovative aftermarkets and multi-sided platforms. This book finds that going forward, the role of market definition in dynamic contexts needs to focus on its function of market characterisation rather than on the assessment of market power.

A proposal for moving from price-centric to innovation-centric competition policy, reviewing theory and available evidence on economic incentives for innovation.Competition policy and antitrust enforcement have traditionally focused on prices rather than innovation. Economic theory shows the ways that price competition benefits consumers, and courts, antitrust agencies, and economists have developed tools for the quantitative evaluation of price impacts. Antitrust law does not preclude interventions to encourage innovation, but over time the interpretation of the laws has raised obstacles to enforcement policies for innovation. In this book, economist Richard Gilbert proposes a shift from price-centric to innovation-centric competition policy. Antitrust enforcement should be concerned with protecting incentives for innovation and preserving opportunities for dynamic, rather than static, competition. In a high-technology economy, Gilbert argues, innovation matters.

Conventional wisdom holds that robust enforcement of intellectual property (IP) right suppress competition and innovation by shielding incumbents against the entry threats posed by smaller innovators. That assumption has driven mostly successful efforts to weaken US patent protections for over a decade. This book challenges that assumption. In Innovators, Firms, and Markets, Jonathan M. Barnett confronts the reigning policy consensus by analyzing the relationship between IP rights, firm organization, and market structure. Integrating tools and concepts from IP and antitrust law, institutional economics, and political science, real-world understandings of technology markets, and empirical insights from the economic history of the US patent system, Barnett provides a novel framework for IP policy analysis. His cohesive framework explains how robust enforcement of IP rights enables entrepreneurial firms, which are rich in ideas but poor in capital, to secure outside investment and form the cooperative relationships needed to transform a breakthrough innovation into a marketable product. The history of the US patent system and firms'lobbying tendencies show that weakening patent protections removes a critical tool for entrants to challenge incumbents that enjoy difficult-to-match commercialization and financing capacities. Counterintuitively, the book demonstrates that weak IP rights are often the best entry barrier the state can provide to protect entrenched incumbents against disruptive innovators. By challenging common assumptions and offering a powerful integrated framework for understanding how innovation happens and the law's role in that process, Barnett's Innovators, Firms, and Markets provides important insights into how IP law shapes our economy.

This book brings together perspectives of development economics and law to tackle the relationship between competition law enforcement and economic development. It addresses the question of whether, and how, competition law enforcement helps to promote economic growth and development. This question is highly pertinent for developing countries largely because many developing countries have only adopted competition law in recent years: about thirty jurisdictions had in place a competition law in the early 1980s, and there are now more than 130 competition law regimes across the world, of which many are developing countries. The book proposes a customized approach to competition law enforcement for developing countries, set against the background of the academic and policy debate concerning convergence of competition law. The implicit premise of convergence is that there may exist one, or a few, correct approaches to competition law enforcement, which in most cases emanate from developed jurisdictions, that are applicable to all. This book rejects this assumption and argues that developing countries ought to tailor competition law enforcement to their own economic and political circumstances. In particular, it suggests how competition law enforcement can better incorporate development concerns without causing undue dilution of its traditional focus on protecting consumer welfare. It proposes ways in which approaches to competition law enforcement need to be adjusted to reflect the special economic characteristics of developing country economies and the more limited enforcement capacity of developing country competition authorities. Finally, it also addresses the long-running debate concerning the desirability and viability of industrial policy for developing countries. The author would like to acknowledge the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong for its generous support. The work in this book was fully supported by a grant from the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong (Project No. HKU 742412H).

This book is a very useful reference guide on how de jure and de facto standards are being developed and how these standards compete against each other. The book also looks at how FRAND commitments are being determined across countries, how these disputes have played out, especially in Asia, and how they can be better dealt with in future globally. The book gives a broad overview of the business model of dominant SEP patentees and analyzes some standards for FRAND licensing of SEPs which are converging in major Asian jurisdictions. It highlights the need for ex ante regulation in the FRAND licensing of SEPs and suggests how we can reconcile conflicts which may arise from different legal standards.This book provides detailed and comprehensive analysis of recent SEP cases with an emphasis on Asia and will interest anyone who wishes to have more insight into the legal, policy, industrial and economic implications of such issues.

The Latin American countries, both individually and as a community, are poised to become increasingly important in the international recognition and enforcement of competition law. Recent policy developments in the region are particularly instructive on cross-border mergers and international cartel investigations. Although this book's focus is on Latin America, its in-depth exploration of areas such as information exchange among competition authorities, compliance, settlements and remedies are of great value and interest to competition lawyers and policymakers worldwide. Including numerous recent cases and best practice indicators, the contributors - competition authority officials, practitioners, academics and economists - cover such topics and issues as the following: • antitrust compliance programs; • competition advocacy; • bid rigging in public procurement; • predatory pricing; • use of indirect evidence in investigations; • shareholders'damages claims; • relation between antitrust and intellectual property; and • merger control. There are country-specific chapters on particular developments in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Mexico and Paraguay. Highlighting the importance of international competition regulatory cooperation, this insightful book offers both practical guidance and food for thought to lawyers at national competition authorities, corporate counsel, and other competition law practitioners and academics.

Markets run on information. Buyers make decisions by relying on their knowledge of the products available, and sellers decide what to produce based on their understanding of what buyers want. But the distribution of market information has changed, as consumers increasingly turn to sources that act as intermediaries for information—companies like Yelp and Google. Antitrust Law in the New Economy considers a wide range of problems that arise around one aspect of information in the marketplace: its quality.Sellers now have the ability and motivation to distort the truth about their products when they make data available to intermediaries. And intermediaries, in turn, have their own incentives to skew the facts they provide to buyers, both to benefit advertisers and to gain advantages over their competition. Consumer protection law is poorly suited for these problems in the information economy. Antitrust law, designed to regulate powerful firms and prevent collusion among producers, is a better choice. But the current application of antitrust law pays little attention to information quality.Mark Patterson discusses a range of ways in which data can be manipulated for competitive advantage and exploitation of consumers (as happened in the LIBOR scandal), and he considers novel issues like “confusopoly” and sellers'use of consumers'personal information in direct selling. Antitrust law can and should be adapted for the information economy, Patterson argues, and he shows how courts can apply antitrust to address today's problems.

In today's highly concentrated marketplaces, social and cultural values--such as the lifestyle connotations that manufacturers and sellers confer upon their goods--often shape consumers'prior beliefs and attitudes and affect the weight given to new information by consumers who make purchasing decisions in the marketplace. Such consumer goods present the largely unexplored problem of contemporary market regulatory theory according to which an increased amount of product differentiation has rendered everyday purchasing decisions such as the choice between an iPhone or a Samsung Galaxy Note as much a matter of personal identity rather than merely one of tangible product attributes. The basic challenge for market regulators and courts in such an environment is to make markets work effectively by providing a more efficient exchange of information about consumer preferences relating to tangible product features, functions, and quality. This book demonstrates that improved legal policy can assist consumers and increase market efficiency. It acknowledges that once particular beliefs held by consumers have become culturally or socially entrenched, they are very difficult to change. What is more, changing such beliefs is no longer simply a matter of educating people through the provision of additional information. Developing a novel framework through a detailed analysis of case law relating to consumer goods markets, this book delivers an accessible introduction to the law and economics of consumer decision-making, and a forceful critique of contemporary market regulatory policy.

Patent assertion entities (commonly known as'patent trolls') hurt competition and innovation. This book, the first to analyze the most salient issues related to patent assertion entities around the world, integrates economic theory with economic and legal reality to examine how the entities function and their impact on competition. It also offers legal and policy solutions that might be used to combat them. Edited by D. Daniel Sokol, the volume collects chapters from an array of leading scholars who describe patent assertion entities in the United States, Europe, Korea, Taiwan, Japan, and China, while offering empirical accounts of the entities'economic consequences and their use of litigation as a means of legal extortion against many of the most innovative companies in the world, from startups to multinationals. It should be read by anyone interested in how patent assertion entities operate and how they might be stopped.

特許による技術の専有と競争との折り合いをどうつけるか，共同研究が競争制限的な共同行為となるのをどう防ぐか，プラットフォーム間での価格競争をどう確保するか──技術革新が著しい時代に特有の問題に，いかに対応するべきかを経済学的考察から探る。

Aufgrund der geringen Intensität des Wettbewerbs im pharmazeutischen Sektor führte die Europäische Kommission hierzu eine Untersuchung durch, zu dem sie im Juli 2009 den Abschlussbericht veröffentlichte. In diesem wurde darauf hingewiesen, dass es bestimmte Verhaltensweisen von Originalpräparateherstellern gibt, die den Markteintritt konkurrierender Pharmaunternehmen verzögern bzw. verhindern können. Sie reichen von der Patentanmeldung über die gerichtliche Geltendmachung von Patentstreitigkeiten bis hin zu deren Beilegung durch Abschluss von Patentvergleichsvereinbarungen. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht, ob diese patentbezogenen Strategien gegen das europäische Kartellrecht verstoßen.

The role of intellectual property rights in merger control procedures has not received the attention it warrants. Most research has focused on the assessment of intellectual property rights in anticompetitive conducts rather than on how a firm can monopolise a market by accumulating such assets. This is despite the fact that access to such assets, whether used or unused, is often a key factor, if not the only one, motivating mergers. This book, the first to address trademarks and brands from the perspective of merger control procedure, studies the legal issues of the topic. It provides a comprehensive response to the question of how European and Swiss competition authorities should consider trademarks and brands when assessing a merger. The author's thorough and critical approach addresses topics such as: - the in-depth assessment of the legal and economic foundations of both trademarks and brands, and merger control; - why trademarks and brands may be relevant to the assessment of mergers, including the distinction between trademarks and brands, the origin of the brands'strength according to marketing sciences, and how and why brands may provide market power to their holder; - the conditions under which the assignment or licence of a trademark may qualify as a concentration under the definition of the European Union Merger Regulation or of the Swiss Cartel Act; - the role played by trademarks and brands in the substantive assessment of a merger, including the definition of the relevant markets, different types of mergers, and the invocation of the failing firm defence; - the provision of detailed guidelines describing the possible influence of trademarks and brands on the outcome of the merger assessment; and - the importance of trademarks and brands in the design and assessment of remedies. At every stage of the study, special attention is given to the decisions of both the European Commission and the Swiss Competition Commission. As the first detailed analysis of the role of trademarks and brands in the assessment of mergers, this book constitutes a deep and illuminating answer to the uncertainties regarding the outcomes of the assessment of mergers that derive from the'more economic approach'prevailing in European Union Law. It cannot fail but capture the interest of practitioners, businesspeople and academics whose work involves competition and intellectual property.

More than any other area of regulation, antitrust economics shapes law and policy in the United States, the Americas, Europe, and Asia. In a number of different areas of antitrust, advances in theory and empirical work have caused a fundamental reevaluation and shift of some of the assumptions behind antitrust policy. This reevaluation has profound implications for the future of the field. The Oxford Handbook of International Antitrust Economics has collected chapters from many of the leading figures in antitrust. In doing so, this two volume Handbook provides an important reference guide for scholars, teachers, and practitioners. However, it is more than a merely reference guide. Rather, it has a number of different goals. First, it takes stock of the current state of scholarship across a number of different antitrust topics. In doing so, it relies primarily upon the economics scholarship. In some situations, though, there is also coverage of legal scholarship, case law developments, and legal policies. The second goal of the Handbook is to provide some ideas about future directions of antitrust scholarship and policy. Antitrust economics has evolved over the last 60 years. It has both shaped policy and been shaped by policy. The Oxford Handbook of International Antitrust Economics will serve as a policy and research guide of next steps to consider when shaping the future of the field of antitrust.

Die kartellrechtliche Zwangslizenz nimmt einen zentralen Platz in der Debatte um das Spannungsverhältnis von Immaterialgüter- und Kartellrecht ein. Das Kartellrecht steht vor der Herausforderung, Voraussetzungen zu formulieren, unter denen die Ausübung des Immaterialgüterrechts in Form einer Lizenzverweigerung missbräuchlich ist und Wettbewerbern eine Zwangslizenz zur Förderung von Folge- und abgeleiteten Innovationen erteilt werden kann.Vor dem Hintergrund der Debatte um den more economic approach unternimmt die Arbeit eine interdisziplinäre und rechtsvergleichende Analyse der kartellrechtlichen Zwangslizenz. Zunächst werden die wettbewerbspolitischen Grundlagen sowie Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Ökonomisierung der europäischen Missbrauchsaufsicht erörtert. Anschließend entwickelt die Arbeit unter Heranziehung ökonomischer Erkenntnisse Kriterien für die Bewertung der Zwangslizenz, anhand derer abschließend die Entscheidungspraxis in der EU, Deutschland und den USA bewertet wird.

Niamh Dunne undertakes a systematic exploration of the relationship between competition law and economic regulation as legal mechanisms of market control. Beginning from a theoretical assessment of these legal instruments as discrete mechanisms, the author goes on to address numerous facets of the substantive interrelationship between competition law and economic regulation. She considers, amongst other aspects, the concept of regulatory competition law; deregulation, liberalisation and'regulation for competition'; the concurrent application of competition law in regulated markets; and relevant institutional aspects including market study procedures, the distribution of enforcement powers between competition agencies and sector regulators, and certain legal powers that demonstrate a'hybridised'quality lying between competition law and economic regulation. Throughout her assessment, Dunne identifies and explores recurrent considerations that inform and shape the optimal relationship between these legal mechanisms within any jurisdiction.

The waging of 舖patent wars舗 èˆ'in which the focal point is the assertion of patents that are essential to the implementation of technical standards (舖essential patents舗 or 舖SEPs舗) èˆ'is among the prominent features of today舗s litigation landscape. In line with this development, competition authorities strive to ensure that the market power obtained by holding SEPs is not abused to the detriment of effective competition. It has indeed been shown that a single SEP is sufficient to block third parties from implementing the standard to which it relates, thus effectively excluding competitors from the market.

Competition and the State analyzes the role of the state across a number of dimensions as it relates to competition law and policy across a number of dimensions. This book re-conceptualizes the interaction between competition law and government activities in light of the profound transformation of the conception of state action in recent years by looking to the challenges of privatization, new public management, and public-private partnerships. It then asks whether there is a substantive legal framework that might be put in place to address competition issues as they relate to the role of the state. Various chapters also provide case studies of national experiences. The volume also examines one of the most highly controversial policy issues within the competition and regulatory sphere—the role of competition law and policy in the financial sector. This book, the third in the Global Competition Law and Economics series, provides a number of viewpoints of what competition law and policy mean both in theory and practice in a development context.

This volume contains papers presented at the 17th Annual EU Competition Law and Policy Workshop, organized by Philip Lowe and Mel Marquis and held at the European University Institute on 13-14 July 2012. From a variety of angles the book explores the themes of competition, regulation and certain public policies; their interactions; and, in some cases, their mutual tensions. The authors of the various chapters consider legal and economic issues relating to network industries, industrial, environmental and trade policies, and intellectual property and innovation policies, among others. Comparative views and the views of judges from different jurisdictions are provided, and techniques for mediating among different policy objectives and frameworks are discussed.Authors contributing to this book include:Rafael Allendesalazar, Robert D Anderson, Marco Boccaccio, Ginevra Bruzzone, Cristina Caffarra, Alexandre de Streel, Ian Forrester, Douglas Ginsburg, Geert Goeteyn, Calvin Goldman, Daniel Haar, Küllike Jürimäe, Suzanne Kingston, Lars Kjølbye, Paul Lugard, Mel Marquis, Veljko Milutinovic, Giorgio Monti, Anna Caroline Müller, Rosa Perna, Anthony Pygram, Philip Lowe, Pierre Régibeau and Jon Stern.

Scientific and technological innovations are forcing patent law into the spotlight and revealing its many glaring inadequacies. Take, for example, the patent case that almost shut down the BlackBerry, or the growing phenomenon of patent trolling, in which patents are acquired for the sole purpose of entrapping companies whose products relate to them. And patents on genes have everyone up in arms—and our courts confused.Robin Feldman explains why patents are causing so much trouble. The problem lies in our assumption that patents set clear boundaries for rights to an invention. In reality, they do no such thing. The very nature of inventions makes them impossible to describe unambiguously for all time. When something is so new that we do not understand yet how it works, what it is capable of doing, or how it could be applied—as is often the case in biotechnology—description is necessarily slippery.Instead of hoping for clear boundaries, and moaning when we don't get them, Rethinking Patent Law urges lawmakers to focus on what the law can do well: craft rules that anticipate the bargaining that will occur as rights unfold. By steering clear of laws that distort the bargaining process, lawmakers can help courts answer difficult questions, such as whether genes, software, and business methods constitute patentable subject matter, whether patents in the life sciences should control inventions that have yet to be discovered, and how to resolve the battles between pharmaceutical companies and generics.

For decades, the debate about the tension between IP and antitrust law has revolved around the question to what extent antitrust should accept that IP laws may bar competition in order to stimulate innovation. The rise of IP rights in recent years has highlighted the problem that IP may also impede innovation, if research for new technologies or the marketing of new products requires access to protected prior innovation. How this'cumulative innovation'is actually accounted for under IP and antitrust laws in the EU and the US, and how it could alternatively be dealt with, are the central questions addressed in this unique study by lawyer and economist Thorsten Käseberg.Taking an integrated view of both IP and antitrust rules – in particular on refusals to deal based on IP – the book assesses policy levers under European and US patent, copyright and trade secrecy laws, such as the bar for and scope of protection as well as research exemptions, compulsory licensing regimes and misuse doctrines. It analyses what the allocation of tasks is and should be between these IP levers and antitrust rules, in particular the law on abuse of dominance (Article 102 TFEU) and monopolisation (Section 2 Sherman Act), while particular attention is paid to the essential facilities doctrine, including pricing methodologies for access to IP.Many recent decisions and judgments are put into a coherent analytical framework, such as IMS Health, AstraZeneca, GlaxoSmithKline (in the EU), Apple (France), Orange Book Standard (Germany), Trinko, Rambus, NYMEX, eBay (US), Microsoft and IBM/T3 (both EU and US). Further topics covered include: IP protection for software, interoperability information and databases; industry-specific tailoring of IP; antitrust innovation market analysis; and the WTO law on the IP/antitrust interface.

Creation without Restraint: Promoting Liberty and Rivalry in Innovation analyzes the current state of competition (antitrust) and intellectual property laws, and proposes realistic reforms that will encourage innovation. As with antitrust and a reform process that aligned injury requirements in lawsuits with the incentive to compete, this book proposes similar reforms for patent and copyright law, and considers both the uses and limitations of antitrust as a vehicle for intellectual property law reform.

Competition policies have long been based on a scholarly tradition focused on static models and static analysis of industrial organisation. However, recent developments in industrial organisation literature have led to significant advances, moving beyond traditional static models and a preoccupation with price competition, to consider the organisation of industries in a dynamic context. This is especially important in the field of information and communication technology (ICT) network industries where competition centres on network effects, innovation and intellectual property rights, and where the key driver of consumer benefit is technological progress. Consequently, when an antitrust intervention is contemplated, a number of considerations that arise out of the specific nature of the ICT sector have to be taken into account to ensure improved consumer welfare. This book considers the adequacy of existing EU competition policy in the area of the ICT industries in the light of the findings of modern economic theory. Particular attention is given to the implications of these dynamic markets for the competitive assessment and treatment of the most common competitive harms in this area, such as non-price predatory practices, tying and bundling, co-operative standard setting, platform joint ventures and co-operative R&D.

In Antitrust Law and Intellectual Property Rights: Cases and Materials, Christopher R. Leslie describes how patents, copyrights, and trademarks confer exclusionary rights on their owners, and how firms sometimes exercise this exclusionary power in ways that exceed the legitimate bounds of their intellectual property rights. Leslie explains that while substantive intellectual property law defines the scope of the exclusionary rights, antitrust law often provides the most important consequences when owners of intellectual property misuse their rights in a way that harms consumers or illegitimately excludes competitors. Antitrust law defines the limits of what intellectual property owners can do with their IP rights. In this book, Leslie explores what conduct firms can and cannot engage in while acquiring and exploiting their intellectual property rights, and surveys those aspects of antitrust law that are necessary for both antitrust practitioners and intellectual property attorneys to understand. This book is ideal for an advanced antitrust course in a JD program. In addition to building on basic antitrust concepts, it fills in a gap that is often missing in basic antitrust courses yet critical for an intellectual property lawyer: the intersection of intellectual property and antitrust law. The relationship between intellectual property and antitrust is particularly valuable as an increasing number of law schools offer specializations and LLMs in intellectual property. This book also provides meaningful material for both undergraduate and graduate business schools programs because it explains how antitrust law limits the marshalling of intellectual property rights.

Antitrust is'a blunt instrument aimed at the wrong problem'. So say the authors of this provocative and contentious book, both of them well-known for providing antitrust support and training in many developing economies and for serving as antitrust experts on behalf of private parties targeted by antitrust authorities. Drawing on their wide experience, they describe how antitrust/competition rules in developing economies curtails innovation and entrepreneurship under what the U.S. Supreme Court has blasted as the'chilling effects of false positives'. Moreover, they point out, entrenched interest groups in developing countries quickly discover that soliciting preferential treatment from the state, which leads to state-sponsored non-tariff barriers, is more attractive than private cartelization, not least because it is perfectly legal and thus beyond the reach of antitrust law enforcement efforts. What the authors offer is a thoroughgoing analysis clearly demonstrating that, whatever economic path developing countries pursue, imposing Western-style antitrust regimes will engender uncertainty, chill economic behaviour, and foster an unhealthy climate for business. They employ the influential error-cost methodology to appraise the performance of competition policy and to show how such a policy creates irresolvable tensions in fragile economies with weak institutions - economies characterized by informal rules of business practice, long-standing symbiotic business-state relationships, and unpredictable state action. They mount a powerful critique of the arguments of neo-institutionalists (who fail to recognize the vulnerable nature of emerging market economies) and competition'advocates'(who presume to stand ready and vigilant to enforce competition policy on state entities). But competition policy in developing economies is not an irremediable mistake. Such regimes need not adhere to an inappropriate Western model, the authors maintain, to find cheaper and more effective ways to foster competition. As a detailed and insightful description and framework defining the limits to antitrust in developing (and especially least-developed) countries, this study promises to extend the debate that should precede any consideration of globally extending competition policy in its current version. Crafters of policies and rules in competition law and administration cannot fail to gain in depth of understanding from this new approach to the subject.

In recent years, innovation has been threatened by the United States legal system. Much of the blame can be attributed to the antitrust and intellectual property laws. Innovation for the 21st Century seeks to reverse this trend, offering ten revolutionary proposals, from pharmaceuticals to peer-to-peer software, to help foster innovation. Michael A. Carrier illustrates the benefits of improving the patent system and incorporating innovation into copyright and antitrust law. He also dips into a rich business literature to import ideas on'disruptive innovation'and'user innovation.'And he replaces the 20th-century view that the IP and antitrust laws are in conflict with a new 21st-century framework that treats them as collaborators. Innovation for the 21st Century: Harnessing the Power of Intellectual Property and Antitrust Law provides a comprehensive framework for the patent, copyright, and antitrust laws to promote innovation.

This is the twelfth in a series on EU Competition Law and Policy produced by the Robert Schuman Centre of the European University Institute in Florence. The volume reproduces the written contributions and transcripts in connection with a roundtable debate which examined the EU's enforcement policy as regards the abuse of a dominant position under Article 82 EC. The workshop participants included: senior enforcement officials and policy makers from the European Commission, from the national competition authorities of certain EU Member States and from the US Department of Justice and Federal Trade Commission; and renowned international academics, legal practitioners and professional economists. In an intense, intimate environment, this group of experts debated a number of legal and economic issues structured according to three broad lines of discussion: 1) comparisons of the concept of monopolization under Section 2 of the Sherman Act with that of abuse of dominance under Article 82 EC; 2) a reformed approach to exclusionary unilateral conduct; and 3) exploitative unilateral conduct and related remedies.

Imagine a high impact, low profile, nonpartisan government institution located across the street from the White House. Imagine that it plays a central role in shaping our technology industries, in overseeing globalization, and in holding the federal government responsible for its commercial activities. Imagine that only Congress and the Supreme Court can correct its mistakes. Such an institution exists. The United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit was born in the early 1980s as part of the drive to liberalize and reinvigorate the American economy. Over the past twenty-five years, it has earned its nickname as the'patent court'by revolutionizing American patent law, but it also oversees international trade law and government business law. Taken together, its docket covers the rules guiding innovation, globalization, and much of government. Are these rules impelling the economy forward or holding it back? Are the policies we have the policies we want? How are we faring, as the economy transitions from the industrial age to the information age? What responsibility does the Federal Circuit bear in shaping America's current economic policies in these three critical areas? The Secret Circuit demystifies this Court's work and answers these questions.

This comprehensive research Handbook brings together cutting-edge legal and economic analysis into antitrust issues by leading experts from Europe, the USA, Canada, Mexico and South America. The Handbook of Research in Trans-Atlantic Antitrust covers a wide-range of areas including: the meaning of consumer welfaremergers in monopsony marketsunilateral effectsprivate and criminal enforcementimplementing competition policy in regulated sectors• abuse of intellectual property rightscompetition remediesinternational enforcement cooperationcomplainants'rightsdominant firm pricingtying and bundling.The Handbook also includes discursive consideration of the similarities and differences among the various regimes on either side of the Atlantic, as well as a look to future trends and applications in regional and global contexts.Offering a comparative view of pressing antitrust issues, this Handbook will be of great interest to academics, lawyers, practitioners and officials.

Cybersecurity is a leading national problem for which the market may fail to produce a solution. The ultimate source of the problem is that computer owners lack adequate incentives to invest in security because they bear fully the costs of their security precautions but share the benefits with their network partners. In a world of positive transaction costs, individuals often select less than optimal security levels. The problem is compounded because the insecure networks extend far beyond the regulatory jurisdiction of any one nation or even coalition of nations. Originally published in 2006, this book brings together the views of leading law and economics scholars on the nature of the cybersecurity problem and possible solutions to it. Many of these solutions are market based, but they need some help, either from government or industry groups, or both. Indeed, the cybersecurity problem prefigures a host of twenty-first-century problems created by information technology and the globalization of markets.