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This book focuses on scientific terminology and phraseology in research papers in the domains of new technologies which remain to be highly specialized means of communicating. It approaches scientific communication both from the theoretical and practical perspective with the use of corpus linguistics methodology. The current study is a holistic and comprehensive approach to message construction starting from the macrostructure of a research paper, via terminology and phraseology, ending with the pragmatic aspects, all of which contribute to communicating research results.The book will be an indispensable aid for language researchers and translators as well as anyone interested in scientific communication, particularly in technical and empirical domains.

This volume presents selected papers from the 5th International Cognitive Linguistics Conference within the area of discourse analysis. The topics addressed include pronominal anaphora in English and Russian narratives, the subtleties of the definite article in English and Spanish, the use of discourse particles in Dutch, and the function of prosody as a marker of text structure in spoken narratives. The papers illustrate the potential of the emerging cognitive linguistic paradigm to provide fresh, revealing insights in the study of discourse.

Gale Researcher Guide for: Neoclassicism and the Enlightenment in the Federalist and Anti-Federalist Papers is selected from Gale's academic platform Gale Researcher. These study guides provide peer-reviewed articles that allow students early success in finding scholarly materials and to gain the confidence and vocabulary needed to pursue deeper research.

Trotz der Vielfalt klassischer Wörterbücher und einer ständig steigenden Zahl internetbasierter lexikographischer Produkte bleiben manche Aspekte der Wörterbuchstrukturen nach wie vor ungeklärt, was noch insbesondere an der Internetlexikographie sichtbar ist. Der Sammelband enthält Beiträge der aus sieben Ländern kommenden Teilnehmerinnen und Teilnehmer des traditionellen Kolloquiums zur Lexikographie und Wörterbuchforschung (Maribor, 2016), die sich mit verschiedenen Aspekten der Wörterbuchstrukturen in Printwörterbüchern und in der Internetlexikographie auseinandersetzen. Die bestehende Theorie zu den Wörterbuchstrukturen wird kritisch überprüft und/oder ergänzt, das Letztere besonders im Hinblick auf die Internetlexikographie, in einigen Beiträgen wird auf methodisch-methodologische Aspekte der empirischen Sprachdatenermittlung in Relation zu Wörterbuchstrukturen eingegangen. Der Band trägt zur Förderung der theoretischen Wörterbuchforschung sowie zur Optimierung der praktischen Lexikographie bei.

Word choice is extremely important in academic, formal or creative writing. This handy word bank was chosen for maximum effectiveness and power. Select words, the definitions, and a comprehensive list of transition words are included all in effort to decrease your time word searching and increase thoughtful writing and consequently, grades!

'Until very recently, coherence (unlike cohesion) was widely held to be a ‘rather mystical notion'. However, taking account of new trends representing a considerable shift in orientation, this volume aims at helping relieve coherence of its mystifying aura. The general bibliography which concludes the book bears witness to this intriguing development and the rapidly changing scene in coherence research. Preceding this comprehensive up-to-date Bibliography on Coherence are 13 selected papers from the 1997 International Workshop on Coherence at the University of Augsburg, Germany. They share a number of theoretical and methodoligical assumptions and reflect a trend in text and discourse analysis to move away from reducing coherence to a product of (formally represented) cohesion and/or (semantically established) connectivity. Instead, they start from a user- and context-oriented interpretive understanding and rely on authentic data throughout in relating micro-linguistic to macro-linguistic issues. The first group of papers looks at the (re-)creation of coherence in, inter alia, reported speech, casual conversation, argumentative writing, news reports and conference contributions. The second group describes the negotation of coherence in oral examinations, text summaries and other situations that require special efforts on the part of the recipient to overcome misunderstandings and other disturbances. The third group discusses theoretical approaches to the description of coherence.'

A collection of papers in honor of Eva Hajicová, who represents the continuation of the Prague School tradition in the methodological context of formal and computational linguistics. Her broadly acknowledged contribution to syntax, topic-focus studies, discourse analysis and natural language processing is reflected in the papers by 30 authors, divided in five sections (Discourse, Meaning, Focus, Translation, Structure).

In der Reihe Lexicographica. Series Maior erscheinen schwerpunktmäßig Monographien und Sammelbände zur Lexikographie und Metalexikographie. Darüber hinaus werden Arbeiten aus dem weiteren Bereich der Lexikologie aufgenommen, sofern sie Ansätze bieten, die einen Beitrag zum Ausbau der theoretischen, methodischen und empirischen Grundlagen von Lexikographie und Metalexikographie leisten. In den seit 1984 erschienenen knapp 150 Bänden spiegeln sich anschaulich die Schwerpunkte und Entwicklungstendenzen der einschlägigen Forschung. Das Spektrum der behandelten Themen reicht von Problemen der Mikro- und Makrostruktur über typologische und wissenschaftsgeschichtliche Aspekte bis hin zur anwendungsorientierten lexikographischen Dokumentation.

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This volume features nine articles, covering various aspects of Maltese linguistics:Part I, mostly dedicated to the Maltese lexicon, opens with Bednarowicz's comparison of Maltese and Arabic adjectives. Fabri then categorizes various types of constructions involving the preposition ta'‘of'. The paper by Lucas and Spagnol discusses Maltese words containing an innovative final /n/.Part II deals with the syntax of Maltese: Azzopardi's paper focuses on a construction in Maltese which consists of a sequence of two or more finite verbs. Just and Čéplö present the first corpus based study of differential object indexing in Maltese.In Part III on morphosyntax, Turek analyzes Arabic prepositions in Classical/Modern Standard Arabic and Arabic dialects and contrasts them with their Maltese equivalents. Stolz and Vorholt then analyze the structural and functional similarities and differences of spatial interrogatives in Maltese and Spanish. Vorholt then investigates the adpositions of sixteen European languages including Maltese and examines the relationship between length and frequency.The volume is closed with Part IV on phonology and Avram's paper, in which the diachrony of voicing assimilation in consonant clusters is reconstructed.

YOUR GO-TO GUIDE FOR EFFORTLESS WRITING. This classic, easy-to-follow guide teaches you foundational skills to improve your writing and express yourself clearly in essays, emails, reports, and more.Knowing how to commuicate through clear, articulate writing is an essential skill in today's world. Whether it's a college application essay, class paper, or professional report, you need to be able to express your thoughts clearly and with appropriate context. This updated third edition of Writing Smart sets you up for success with step-by-step approaches for all types of writing, from essays to academic assignments to workplace emails. Get ready to build your confidence and improve your skills with writing that makes an impression.INCLUDES CHAPTERS COVERING:• Fundamental grammar rules and terms• How to construct sentences and choose the right words• The best ways to approach exam essays, research papers, professional emails, and more• Processes for editing and revising your own work to achieve the best possible result

This volume includes eleven papers pertaining to different areas of linguistics and organised into three sections. Part I contains diachronic studies which cover data from Middle English to Present-Day English and which explore phenomena such as the status of extender tags, the distribution of free adjuncts, post-auxiliary ellipsis, and the use of ‘ephemeral'concessive adverbial subordinators. Part II comprises studies on grammar and language processing dealing with topics such as the interaction between syntactic and structural complexity and verbal agreement with collective subjects, the influence of distributivity and concreteness on verbal agreement, the interaction of complexity and efficiency in pronoun omission in Indian English and Singapore English, and the methods and approaches used for grammar teaching in modern EFL/ESL textbooks. Finally, Part III revolves around lexis, discourse and pragmatics, with papers that discuss the development of the discoursal representation of social actors in Argentinian newspapers after the military dictatorship, the construction of women's gender identity through positive and negative emotions in women's magazines, and spelling-to-sound correspondence on Twitter.

This volume is a selection of papers presented at the 9th International Conference on Middle English held at Wyzsza Szkola Filologiczna (Philological School of Higher Education) in Wroclaw, Poland, from April 30 to May 3, 2015. The contributors cover a wide range of topics in the area of language and literature. The linguistic papers constitute the majority of contributions and focus on problems from phonology to grammar, semantics and pragmatics. The literary contributions discuss various aspects of Middle English texts.

'This book departs from the premise that context represents a complex relational configuration which can no longer be conceived as an analytic prime but rather requires a parts-whole perspective to capture its inherent dynamism. The edited volume presents a collection of papers which examine the connectedness between context, contextualization and entextualization. They address the questions how meaning and speech acts are situated in context, how both are influenced by context, how context influences speech acts and meaning, how context is imported into the discourse, and how context is entextualized in discourse. The papers cover institutional and non-institutional contexts, the language of Greek laws, political discourse, confrontational media discourse and task-oriented face-to-face and back-to-back interactions. They reflect current moves in pragmatics and discourse analysis to cross disciplinary and methodological boundaries by integrating relevant premises and insights, in particular cognition, adaptive action, negotiation of meaning, sequentiality, recipient design and genre.'

Current Projects in Historical Lexicography brings together seven papers by present and recent editors of historical dictionaries and lexical databases. The collection is introduced with an overview of the history of historical lexicography from the ancient world to the present day, with particular emphasis on the major nineteenth-century dictionaries of German, French, English, Dutch, Swedish, and Danish, and on their successors. In the first paper, Javier Martín Arista describes the present state of, and the prospects for, the Nerthus lexical database of Old English. The next two introduce specialized dictionaries of the language of medieval and early modern texts: Fernando Tejedo-Herrero's comprehensive dictionary of the language of the great thirteenth-century lawcode Siete Partidas, and Juhani Norri's Dictionary of Medical Vocabulary in English, 1375–1530. Marijke Mooijaart's paper discusses the online integration of the four historical dictionaries which cover Dutch from the earliest times to the twentieth century. The next two papers, Stefan Dollinger on the Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles and the Bank of Canadian English, and Maggie Scott on the Concise Scots Dictionary, describe projects to revise twentieth-century historical dictionaries as the language varieties which they register evolve. Finally, Jeremy Bergerson's paper presents a project for an etymologically rich historical dictionary of Afrikaans. An appendix to the volume comprises two previously unpublished short documents by Katherine Barber and John Considine which bear on the history of the Dictionary of Canadianisms revision project.The contributions to this volume offer a rare set of insights into ongoing lexicographical work, addressing both methodological issues such as inclusion criteria and the balance between diachronic and synchronic coverage, and practical issues such as publication media and funding.

Words and dictionaries from the British Isles in historical perspective brings together a wide range of current work on English-language lexicography and lexicology by a team of twelve contributors working in England, continental Europe, and North America.Fredric Dolezal's opening essay offers a provocative discussion of how the history of English lexicography has been, and might in the future be, written. The next four papers deal with the medieval and early modern periods: Carter Hailey investigates the dictionary evidence for individual lexical creativity in a discussion of Chaucer and the Middle English Dictionary; Gabriele Stein shows how early modern English dictionaries handled lexicological questions rather than simply listing words and equivalents; R. W. McConchie analyzes the biographical record of the lexicographer Richard Howlet, and Paola Tornaghi presents and discusses an unpublished source for the seventeenth-century lexicography of Old English. Three papers on the long eighteenth century follow: Noel Osselton's is an analysis of the “alphabet fatigue” which led many early lexicographers to treat words at the end of the alphabetical sequence more tersely than words at the beginning; Elisabetta Lonati's shows the engagement of John Harris's Lexicon technicum with one of the sources of its medical vocabulary; Charlotte Brewer's discusses the under-representation of eighteenth-century material in the Oxford English Dictionary. In the last three papers, Julie Coleman provides a groundbreaking analysis of Farmer and Henley's Slang and its analogues; Peter Gilliver draws on the Oxford English Dictionary archives to tell the story of an important editorial crisis; and Laura Pinnavaia discusses the syntactic flexibility of a set of idioms in a corpus of nineteenth- and twentieth-century prose. The volume as a whole offers new discoveries and important analytical and conceptual work, and is an essential text in the developing field of the history of lexicography.

In recent years, research on valency has led to important insights into the nature of language. Some of these findings are published in this volume for the first time with up-to-date accounts of language description and new reflections on language, above all for English and German. The volume also presents examples of contrastive analysis, which are of use for all those who deal professionally with these two languages. Furthermore, the articles in the psycholinguistic and computational linguistics section demonstrate the applicability and value of valency theory for these approaches and shed light on a fruitful cooperation between theoretical and descriptive linguistics and applied disciplines. The papers cover the following aspects of valency analysis: (i) theoretical aspects of the valency approach in relation to related theories of complementation (dependency syntax, FrameNet, case roles), (ii) descriptive aspects of valency and complementation, (iii) valency as a concept for the description of cognitive processes in syntactic processing, (iv) contrastive aspects of valency, above all for English and German, and (v) possible computational applications of the valency concept in fields such as automatic syntactic recognition or language processing. The volume combines papers of representatives from different linguistic schools on the topic of complementation. One of the aims is to show how concepts developed for the analysis of one language, in the case of valency often German, can be applied to other languages such as English.

This collective volume deals with the language of adventure tourism from different approaches, such as linguistics, semantics, and pragmatics. The papers selected delve into different languages (Spanish, English, and Italian), either with a monolingual or a bilingual approach. They revolve around several parts of speech (e.g., verbs, adjectives), distinct phraseological units (e.g., collocations, compounds), and other aspects (e.g., accessibility, natural language processing) by relying on a corpus-based or corpus-driven methodology. Given the complete analysis of the main features of this language, this volume enhances the understanding of current terminology and also offers techniques that can be replicated in the study of other areas of knowledge.

Five minutes a day is all it takes to begin learning Chinese!Chinese Characters Writing Practice Pad is the perfect guide for busy people who want to start learning Chinese or students looking for a fun way to review what they've learned. This interactive paper pad helps even those completely unfamiliar with the language learn and write 280 essential Chinese characters--in just a few minutes a day!Each tear-out sheet includes:One new characterHow it is writtenStroke orderMeaningRelated vocabularyMultiple practice boxes to try writing the character yourselfSample phrases and sentences to demonstrate how to use the words in their correct contextAn introduction includes tips for pronunciation and tones, basic strokes, radicals, the main characteristics of Chinese grammar, and the most effective way to use this practice pad.Ideal for HSK Levels 1 & 2 as well as AP Chinese Language and Culture Exam Prep.

This book contains a selection of papers on issues of current interest in syntax and morpho-syntax. Most topics pertain to the question of the relation between word order and syntactic structure. The discussion starts with a proposal of extending the theory of relativization to reason clauses. It continues with the analysis of the realization of focus in Basque and the discussion of current views on the syntax of cleft constructions. Next, an inquiry into the rigidity of sentence left-periphery is offered in a cross-linguistic perspective. The two final contributions discuss feature-free derivations in syntax applied to a single morpho-syntactic problem, and the question of gradient acceptability of Polish sentences featuring possessive items in the context of the competition between their reflexive and pronominal forms.

This volume brings together contributions by international experts reflecting on Covid19-related neologisms and their lexicographic processing and representation. The papers analyze new words, new meanings of existing words, and new multiword units, where they come from, how they are transmitted (or differ) across languages, and how their use and meaning are reflected in dictionaries of all sorts. Recent trends in as many as ten languages are considered, including general and specialized language, monolingual as well as bilingual and printed as well as online dictionaries.

Now in its 10th edition, English Skills with Readings emphasizes personalized learning to address student deficits in grammar and mechanics. Throughout the book, students are exposed to examples of writing that reflect the three key realms of their lives - personal, academic, and workplace. Seeing these different types of writing helps students understand the critical way in which writing will have an impact on the many facets of their lives. English Skills with Readings continues to encourage new writers to see writing as a skill that can be learned and a process that must be explored. The four skills, or bases, for effective writing are as follows:• Unity: Discover a clearly stated point, or topic sentence, and make sure that all other information in the paragraph or essay supports that point. • Support: Support the points with specific evidence, and plenty of it. • Coherence: Organize and connect supporting evidence so that paragraphs and essays transition smoothly from one bit of supporting information to the next. •Sentence skills: Revise and edit so that sentences are error-free for clearer and more effective communication. The four bases are essential to effective writing, whether it be a narrative paragraph, a cover letter for a job application, or an essay assignment.The new edition also includes a new and updated focus on information literacy, working with sources and writing research papers, making this a powerful and flexible text for students and instructors alike.

For the better understanding of the cultural and linguistic impact of colonialism on the shaping of the world as we know it today it is necessary to take account of the Europeanization of the map of the extra-European countries.To achieve this goal Comparative Colonial Toponomastics (CoCoTop) investigates the place names which were coined in the era of colonialism in the erstwhile possessions of European colonizer nations. This edited volume offers new insights into the toponomastic manifestations of Danish, French, German, Italian, and Spanish colonialism. The focus is on hitherto unexplored macrotoponyms and microtoponyms. Their structural and functional aspects are described. They are linked to the colonial history of the various nations involved. A general toponomastic framework beyond CoCoTop is presented additionally. Several of the papers mark the starting point of recently initiated new research projects.The volume is of special interest to onomasticians, scholars working in colonial and postcolonial linguistics, and historians of colonialism.

PLEASE NOTE - this is a replica of the print book and you will need paper and a pencil to complete the exercises.This absolutely essential language guide and workbook will expand your English vocabulary in no time.Spilling over with thousands of entries for useful words and phrases, this is the perfect study aid for any adult learning English as a foreign language.With 3,000 words across hundreds of pages, English Vocabulary Builder brings you everything you need to know and much, much more. From activities, family, holidays, science, and work to animals, feelings, health, sports, and weather, just about every subject in the English language is covered in eye-catching, illustrative detail. All the vocabulary is shown with both UK and US spellings, and every word can be heard with its own audio recording in the accompanying app available for download. Additional interactive exercises ensure language learning is an easy, entertaining, and educational experience.This book is part of DK's best-selling English for Everyone series, which is suitable for all levels of English language learners and provides the perfect reading companion for study, exams, work, or travel. With audio material available on the accompanying website and Android/iOS apps, there has never been a better time to learn English.

This is a collection of research papers on competition in English affixation. It combines methodological chapters with descriptive chapters and incorporates both contributions by renowned international authors and also by younger researchers. The book presents diachronic and synchronic research both onomasiological and semasiological. The first three chapters review the literature and provide the theoretical framework for the experimental description of the remaining chapters.

This book brings together papers presented at the Tenth International School on Lexicography, titled “Life Beyond Dictionaries” and held in Ivanovo, Russia, and Florence, Italy, in September 2013. It continues the series of edited volumes dealing with the theoretical and practical aspects of lexicography, published by Cambridge Scholars Publishing in 2007, 2009, 2010, and 2013.The book is divided into three sections, “Lexicography Worldwide: Historical and Modern Perspectives”, “Tourism and Heritage Dictionaries with Special Reference to Culture”, and “Projects of New Dictionaries”. The contributions to this volume investigate problems of world lexicography and its cultural contexts with special reference to projects of new dictionaries. As such, the book will be of interest to theoreticians, lexicographers, and students of linguistic faculties.

Lexicography, together with grammatical studies and textual criticism, forms the basis of biblical exegesis. Recent decades have seen much progress in this field, yet increasing specialization also tends to have the paradoxical effect of turning exegesis into an independent discipline, while leaving lexicography to the experts. The present volume seeks to renew and intensify the exchange between the study of words and the study of texts. This is done in reference to both the Hebrew source text and the earliest Greek translation, the Septuagint. Questions addressed in the contributions to this volume are how linguistic meaning is effected, how it relates to words, and how words may be translated into another language, in Antiquity and today. Etymology, semantic fields, syntagmatic relations, word history, neologisms and other subthemes are discussed. The main current and prospective projects of biblical lexicology or lexicography are presented, thus giving an idea of the state of the art. Some of the papers also open up wider perspectives of interpretation.

Have you been guilty of catachresis• at work? Have you defenestrated• your dictionary in frustration? Do you have phloem bundles• stuck in your diastema•? Scratching your occiput• now? Rod L. Evans's Thingamajigs and Whatchamacallits will help take the mystery out of some of our most obscure words. Containing hundreds of words from agitron (the phenomenon of wiggly lines in comic strips indicating that something is shaking) to zarf (the holder for a paper cone coffee cup), this lively reference will enable you to easily locate your thingamajig or whatchamacallit, be it animal, vegetable, mineral, or punctuation mark. Leave no linguistic oddity unexamined-your brain will thank you. •catachresis: strained, paradoxical, or incorrect use of a word; •defenestrate: to throw out a window; •phloem bundles: stringy bits between the skin and the edible parts of a banana; •diastema: the gap between teeth in a jaw; •occiput: the back part of the head or skull

This is a pocket-sized, information-packed and entertaining guide that has been compiled on the basis of long experience in helping people produce documents written in good English, with the underlying message that simple English is the best English. “What not to Write” deals with all those awkward issues – acronyms, ambiguity, American-English, bureaucratese, business English, captions, cliches, grammar, hyphens, jargon, punctuation, quotations, sexist writing, spelling, writing letters and much, much more. Writing English should be a pleasure and although there are rules and conventions, as this book shows, they should be used as a foundation on which to build the confidence to explore the richness and versatility of the language and to put the message across, clearly and simply, in a way that will capture the reader's attention. This handy reference book will be a vital tool for anyone working with the written word, particularly those who write client/company reports, theses, professional papers – students and professionals alike will benefit from having a copy to hand.

A funny and irreverent annotated collection of'journalese'—words, phrases, clichés, and sacred cows beloved by newspapers but never used by anyone else. This'bumper crop'of examples is sure to'fuel controversy.'Anyone who has picked up a paper has read journalese—words and phrases that are only found in newspapers. Without them, how would intrepid journalists be able to describe a world in which late-night revelers go on booze-fueled rampages, or where troubled stars lash out in foul-mouthed tirades? When Rob Hutton began collecting examples of journalese online, he provoked a'Twitter storm,'and was'left reeling'by the'bumper crop'of examples that'flooded in.'He realized that phrases which started as shorthand to help readers have become a dialect which is often meaningless or vacuous to non-journalese speakers. In a courageous attempt both to wean journalists off their journalese habit, and provide elucidation for the rest of us, this book catalogs the highs and lows of this strange language, celebrating the best examples ('test-tube baby,''mad cow disease'), and condemning the worst ('rant,''snub,''sirs'). It will be a'must-read''page-turner'that may'cause a stir'or even'spark''tough new rules'in newsrooms.

A funny and irreverent annotated collection of'journalese'—words, phrases, clichés, and sacred cows beloved by newspapers but never used by anyone else. This'bumper crop'of examples is sure to'fuel controversy.'Anyone who has picked up a paper has read journalese—words and phrases that are only found in newspapers. Without them, how would intrepid journalists be able to describe a world in which late-night revelers go on booze-fueled rampages, or where troubled stars lash out in foul-mouthed tirades? When Rob Hutton began collecting examples of journalese online, he provoked a'Twitter storm,'and was'left reeling'by the'bumper crop'of examples that'flooded in.'He realized that phrases which started as shorthand to help readers have become a dialect which is often meaningless or vacuous to non-journalese speakers. In a courageous attempt both to wean journalists off their journalese habit, and provide elucidation for the rest of us, this book catalogs the highs and lows of this strange language, celebrating the best examples ('test-tube baby,''mad cow disease'), and condemning the worst ('rant,''snub,''sirs'). It will be a'must-read''page-turner'that may'cause a stir'or even'spark''tough new rules'in newsrooms.

This volume offers an overview of new perspectives and ongoing developments in research on Language for Specific Purposes (LSP) and specialised discourse. Traditionally investigated on the basis of terminology and genre studies, the area now also draws on such diverse fields as sociolinguistics, sociology, psychology and communication studies. This widening range of perspectives increases the need for insights into and knowledge about current developments in research on LSP and specialised discourse. The chapters included here have been selected to address this need. Based on papers presented at the XVII European LSP Symposium, they reflect its focus: aims and methods in current research on LSP and specialised discourse. Two chapters present the research history of the area, its current status, and emergent issues. Nine chapters exemplify methods currently applied, new aims pursued, or new aims supported by innovative methods. The methods include discourse analysis, use of specialist informants, study of multimedia texts, sociological observation, interviews, etc. The aims vary from unveiling politicians'linguistic representation of the 2008 financial meltdown over inclusion of visual representations in LSP research to clarifying the limits of lay understanding of specialised knowledge. In sum, the volume offers the reader a holistic, yet multi-faceted overview of state-of-the-art research in this area.

Reflecting growth in research interest in second language vocabulary over the past 30 years, this edited volume explores the current themes and possible future directions in second language vocabulary research. The collection brings together review papers and quantitative studies, and considers vocabulary in the contexts of teaching, learning and assessment. Key themes explored in the volume include multidimensionality of vocabulary knowledge, the nature of word learnability, the interface between receptive vocabulary knowledge and productive vocabulary use, the partial-to-precise continuum of vocabulary knowledge, conditions favouring vocabulary learning and use, and the use of corpora to develop word lists to inform second language teaching. The themes presented in this volume reflect current thinking and research avenues at the interface between research enquiry and second language teaching practice.

This multi-faceted collection of research papers on Advice in Discourse focuses on advisory practices in different contexts. Data is drawn from academic, educational and training settings, health-related practices, and computer-mediated communication. The languages involved are Cantonese, English, Finnish, Japanese, Spanish and Russian. The chapters treat professional and institutional practices, practices that contain peer interaction within an institutional framework, and non-institutional peer interaction, as well as solicited and non-solicited advice in written and spoken form. The work reported on clearly demonstrates the complexity of the advisory activity, which needs to be studied in its cultural framework and interactional context. The richness and diversity of this practice is studied from different methodological angles, covering qualitative and quantitative as well as theoretical and empirical analyses. The volume provides a comprehensive introduction to the research field, thought-provoking theoretical discussions and extensive references for future research. It is essential for linguists, advice-practitioners and for those who want to learn more about the discourse of advice.

In order for science to advance, previous research findings must be reviewed and criticized. However, conveying criticism is particularly difficult for scientists who must, at the same time, try to maintain an impersonal stance. This co-edited collection of independent studies written by scholars from many different countries addresses the thorny issue of criticism in science through discourse analysis of written scientific texts. The research reported in this volume deals with questions such as: 1) how criticism is conveyed by various linguistic communities, such as Serbian, French, Spanish, German and English; 2) how criticism is handled in various genres, with examples drawn from book reviews, referees'reports, research articles, editorials, and review/meta-analysis papers; 3) the extent to which criticism is influenced by academic discipline, with findings from linguistics, economics, biology, business, musicology, chemistry, literary research, medicine, and physics, and 4) the impact interpersonal considerations have on the linguistic realization of criticism. The conclusions reached by these contributions have implications for both the academic world and society at large in the sense that a fuller understanding of how criticism is expressed will help in the education of future scholars and in the understanding of the social construction of knowledge.

Critical Discourse Studies (CDS) is an exciting research enterprise in which scholars are concerned with the discursive reproduction of power and inequality. However, researchers in CDS are increasingly recognising the need to investigate the cognitive dimensions of discourse and context if they want to fully account for any connection between language, legitimisation and social action. This book presents a collection of papers in CDS concerned with various ideological discourses. Analyses are firmly rooted in linguistics and cognition constitutes a major focus of attention. The chapters, which are written by prominent researchers in CDS, come from a broad range of theoretical perspectives spanning pragmatics, cognitive psychology and cognitive linguistics. The book is essential reading for anyone working at the cutting edge of CDS and especially for those wishing to explore the central place that cognition must surely hold in the relationship between discourse and society.

The French mathematician René Thom (Fields medal 1958) died in 2002. In this volume his contributions to biology, semiotics and linguistics are discussed by a group of scholars who have continued his work and have shaped the new paradigm of dynamic semiotics and linguistics. Thom's heritage is full of revolutionary ideas and deep insights which stem from a rich intuition and a sharp awareness of the current state of the sciences, including their potentials and risks. The contributions to this volume are elaborations of papers given at a colloquium at the International Center for Semiotics and Linguistics of the University of Urbino (Italy), in 2005. The central concern of this volume is semiogenesis, i.e. the evolution and differentiation of meaningful («pregnant») forms in the field of symbolic systems – from bio-communication to language and cultural forms like music, art, architecture or urban forms. The basic questions are: How are meanings created and further differentiated? Where do they come from? What kind of forces drive their unfolding? How can complex cultural forms be understood based on simple morphodynamic principles? Applications concern the perception of forms by animals and humans, the categorization of forms e.g. in a lexicon, and predication or other complex symbolic behaviors which show up in grammar or in cultural artifacts like the unfolding of urban centers.

The present book contains a collection of works developing new trends in theoretical and practical lexicography devoted to manifold description of lexis. All papers are divided into two main sections: Part I, Systemic and Cross-cultural Relations of Words in the Dictionary, presents analysis of cultural issues and phraseology with special reference to English dictionaries for general- and specific-purposes. The main focus is given to the principles of lexicographic presentation of non-equivalent lexis, idioms, clichés, nominations of non-verbal behaviour and proper names of people in bilingual and monolingual dictionaries. Part II, entitled Specialized Dictionaries: Traditions and Innovations, deals with peculiarities of Author Lexicography, Learners lexicography, LSP dictionaries, dictionaries of English verbs, and varieties of the English language in its synchronic and diachronic aspects. This book is based on plenary presentations of the VIIIth school on Lexicography “Synchronic and Diachronic Lexicography: A New Age of Theory and Practice” (Ivanovo State University, September 10–12, 2009) and continues the series of monographs devoted to theoretical and practical problems of modern and historical lexicography: Essays on Lexicon, Lexicography, Terminography in Russian, American and Other Cultures (2007) and Lexicography and Terminology: A Worldwide Outlook (2009) published by Cambridge Scholars Publishing.

Adventuring in Dictionaries: New Studies in the History of Lexicography brings together seventeen papers on the making of dictionaries from the sixteenth century to the present day.The first five treat English and French lexicography in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Heberto Fernandez and Monique Cormier discuss the outside matter of French–English bilingual dictionaries; Kusujiro Miyoshi re-assesses the influence of Robert Cawdrey; John Considine uncovers the biography of Henry Cockeram; Antonella Amatuzzi discusses Pierre Borel's use of his predecessors; and Fredric Dolezal investigates multi-word units in the dictionary of John Wilkins and William Lloyd. Linda Mitchell's account of dictionaries as behaviour guides in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries leads on to Giovanni Iamartino's presentation of words associated with women in the dictionary of Samuel Johnson, and Thora Van Male's of the ornaments in the Encyclopédie. Nineteenth-century and subsequent topics are treated by Anatoly Liberman on the growth of the English etymological dictionary; Julie Coleman on dictionaries of rhyming slang; Laura Pinnavaia on Richardson's New Dictionary and the changing vocabulary of English; Peter Gilliver on early editorial decisions and reconsiderations in the making of the Oxford English Dictionary; Anne Dykstra on the use of Latin as the metalanguage in Joost Halbertsma's Lexicon Frisicum; Laura Santone on the “Dictionnaire critique” serialized in Georges Bataille's Surrealist review Documents; Sylvia Brown on the stories of missionary lexicography behind the Eskimo–English Dictionary of 1925; and Michael Adams on the legacies of the Early Modern English Dictionary project.The diverse critical perspectives of the leading lexicographers and historians of lexicography who contribute to this volume are united by a shared interest in the close reading of dictionaries, and a shared concern with the making and reading of dictionaries as human activities, which cannot be understood without attention to the lives of the people who undertook them.

The present book contains a collection of works devoted to current trends in theoretical and practical lexicography, terminology and terminography. All papers are divided into two main sections. Part I: Lexicography deals with analysis of historical and typological problems in lexicography with special reference to English, Italian, Russian and Southern African dictionaries for general- and special- purposes. The main focus is given to the description of principles in lexicographic presentation of non-equivalent lexics, rhyming slang, idioms, clichés and gender nominations of people in bilingual and monolingual dictionaries.Part II: Terminology and Terminography is devoted to description of the current tendencies observed in terminology and terminography studies with special reference to modern European languages such as English, Russian, Norwegian, etc. Terms of different special domains are viewed from the angle of the latest achievements of modern science, cognitive linguistics in particular. It reveals specific features of terminological word-combinations, terms in colloquial use, peculiarities of terms belonging to newly formed Languages for Special purposes, typical features of recently appeared LSPs and presentations of new dictionaries'projects of different subject areas. This part reveals international nature of current tendencies in terminology studies and shows the national ways of their functioning and presentation in special dictionaries.

A cornucopia of spelling challenges—from the deceptively simple to the truly vexing—for good, better, and exceptional spellers (or those who want to be).So You Think You Can Spell? is a handy way to go one on one, pencil to paper, against hard, harder, and heartless words. The challenges vary from three- and five-word mini-quizzes to fifty-worders, from tests of quite familiar (but ever misspelled) words to those rife with vowel, consonant, or silent-letter booby traps. This unique volume also tests one's spelling smarts in the arts and sciences, international cuisine, and geography. All in all, this is a book to settle the ultimate question: Just how good a speller are you?

Lexical cohesion is about meaning in text. It concerns the ways in which lexical items relate to each other and to other cohesive devices so that textual continuity is created. Traditionally, lexical cohesion (along with other types of cohesion) has been investigated in individual texts. With the advent of corpus techniques, however, there is potential to investigate lexical cohesion with reference to large corpora. This collection of papers illustrates a variety of corpus approaches to lexical cohesion. Contributions deal with lexical cohesion in relation to rhetorical structure, lexical bundles and discourse signalling, discourse intonation, semantic prosody, use of signalling nouns, and corpus linguistic theory. The volume also considers implications that innovative approaches to lexical cohesion can have for language teaching. This volume was originally published as a Special Issue of International Journal of Corpus Linguistics volume 11:3 (2006).

This volume contributes to the burgeoning field of research on stance by offering a variety of studies based in natural discourse. These collected papers explore the situated, pragmatic, and interactional character of stancetaking, and present new models and conceptions of stance to spark future research. Central to the volume is the claim that stancetaking encompasses five general principles: it involves physical, attitudinal and/or moral positioning; it is a public action; it is inherently dialogic, interactional, and sequential; it indexes broader sociocultural contexts; and it is consequen.

The study examines the user-friendliness of sources of verb syntax in monolingual English learners'dictionaries. It is both theoretical and empirical in nature. The theoretical part is based on an analysis of consecutive editions of major pedagogical dictionaries of English in paper form. The empirical part relies on statistical analyses of numerical data yielded by comprehensive research, which was based, in the main, on the experimental method. In the experiment, the user-friendliness of sources of verb syntax in learners'dictionaries was measured by the frequency with which the properly identified and useful syntactic information was located in particular entry components. The sources of syntactic information in the entries compiled especially for the purpose of the experiment were the ones which featured in the major pedagogical dictionaries most recent at the time of the study. 606 subjects, divided into two groups of different proficiency in English, underlined in the manipulated entries the syntactic information which they considered helpful in answering multiple choice questions. The most user-friendly solutions, both coded and uncoded ones, are recommended in the final part of the book.

Papers presented at the Fourth Symposium on Iconicity in Language and Literature organized by the Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, University of Amsterdam, University of Zürich and held at Catholic University of Louvain in Louvain-la-Neuve, March 27-29, 2003.

Papers selected from a conference on evaluation in academic discourse held June, 2003, at the Certosa di Pontignano, Siena.

'Most of the papers given at the European Science Foundation Exploratory Workshop on'Emotion in Dialogic Interaction: Advances in the Complex'held at the University of Münster in October, 2002.'

The formal treatment of the semantics and pragmatics of dialogue became possible through a series of breakthroughs in foundational methodology. There is broad consensus on a couple of issues, like the fact that some variety of dynamic theory is necessary to capture certain characteristics of dialogue. Other matters still are disputed. This volume contains papers both of foundational and applied orientation. It is the result of one of a series of specialized Workshops on Formal Semantics and Pragmatics of Dialogue that took place in 2001. One can therefore truly say that it mirrors both th.