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The historical study of war in the Spain of Philip II forms the starting point for the articles in this volume. They approach this not so much from a military angle, but as a problem of organization, procurement and finance. In a sense, the articles represent an assessment of the effectiveness of the Spanish government and so, given the apparent precocity of government growth in 16th-century Spain, they can also be seen as a critical commentary on the operational capabilities of the early-modern absolutist state. Six of the essays here focus on the Spanish Armada, in terms of its political and military objectives, but demonstrating how these were conditioned by basic systems limitations, not least in the procurement of suitable cannon. In the final articles Dr Thompson turns to the impact of war and its financing on the social structure, bearing in particular on the definition of nobility (and its sale), and on local democracy, and making full use, here as elsewhere, of the relatively unexplored local sources. Two of the papers here appear for the first time in English, whilst a third has been newly prepared for this volume. L'étude historique de la guerre sous Philippe II, roi d'Espagne, est à la base des articles contenus dans le présent recueil. Ceci est abordé non tant sous l'angle militaire, mais comme un problème d'organisation, d'acquisition de matériel et de financement. En un certain sens, ces documents représentent une évaluation de l'efficacité du gouvernement espagnol et peuvent par conséquent, étant donnée l'apparente précocité de la croissance gouvernementale en Espagne au 16 siècle, être considérés comme un commentaire critique quant aux capacités opérationnelles de l'Etat absolu proto-moderne. Une demi douzaine des essais font l'examen de l'Armada espagnole, en terme d'objectifs politiques et militaires, tout en démontrant comment ces derniers étaient conditionnés par des contraintes structurales,

Edited with introduction and notes. With notes on the manuscripts by A.S. Korteweg.

In Toledo in 1529, a converso named Pedro de Cazalla declared that the connection between man and God was but a thread and that it should not be mediated by the Church. Hardly an isolated phenomenon, Cazalla's inner spirituality was a widespread response to the increasing repression of religious dissent enacted by the Inquisition. Forced baptisms of Jews and Muslims had profound effects across Spanish society, leading famous intellectuals as well as ordinary men and women to rethink their sense of belonging to the Christian community and their forms of religiosity. Thus, in this book, early modern Iberia emerges as a laboratory of European-wide transformations.

Originally published as catalogue 100 of Antiquariaat FORUM in 10 issues between 1994-2002. With an extra issue with extensive indices. The impressive Catalogue, developed into a unique reference work on Children's books, is now available in three extensive and richly illustrated volumes: a milestone in the history of Children's book production. The work illustrates and mirrors the entire history of West-European education. Besides historical schoolbooks on spelling and reading exercises, on teaching methods, arithmetic, drawing, children's literature, fairy-tales, fable books, and so on, you can find your way in popular literature and chapbooks, books on sports, games and pastimes etc. All titles are expertly described, annotated and placed in their cultural-historical context. The print edition is available as a set of three volumes (9789061941392).

A significant contribution to a deeper understanding of the Spanish period in Arizona and Sonora, Mexico, this translation of Father Diego Miguel Bringas'1796–97 report on missionary activities presents a rare first-hand account of Spanish attempts to direct cultural change among the Pima Indians.

The history of noncombatant immunity is well established. What is less understood is how militaries have rationalized violating this immunity. This book traces the development of how militaries have rationalized the killing of the innocent from the thirteenth century onward. In the process, this historiography shows how we have arrived at the ascendant convention that assumes militaries should not intentionally kill the innocent. Furthermore, it shows how moral arguments about the permissibility of killing the innocent are largely adaptations to material changes in how wars are fought, whether through technological innovations or changes in institutional structures.

Manila, 1645 reconstructs what the city of Manila was like before the earthquakes of the mid-seventeenth century.The book demonstrates the importance of addressing the history of Southeast Asia as a multi-layered framework, rather than a series of entangled histories. In doing so, Manila is contextualized not merely as a Spanish settlement connected to New Spain via America, but instead within Southeast Asia, situated between the Chinese and the Sulú Seas, and located in the centre of commercial routes used by Armenian, Dutch, and Portuguese traders. This historical and geographical context is crucial to understanding later cultural dialogues. Urban planning, housing and architecture, and social networks in the city are also examined. The book will appeal to students and scholars interested in early modern history, global history and architectural history.

Una historia sepultada. México, la imposición de su nombre. Análisis documental aborda el proceso histórico del nombre de la actual Ciudad de México. Su autor, sin dejarse llevar por el co nocimiento general y continuamente repetido de que su denominación original fue la del binomio México-Tenochtit lan, se dio a la ardua tarea de realizar un profuso y exhaustivo análisis de fuentes documentales e impresos de los siglos xvi y xvii y de sus diversas ediciones, incluso de aquellas de la época contemporánea, que nos permiten concluir que la ciudad fue nombrada como Temixtitan o Temistitan, Tenustitan, Tenuxtitan y Tenuxtital para finalmente ser conocida como México. También nos plantea cuál fue el proceso, circunstancias o intereses que llevaron estos nombres a su desaparición y a ser finalmente sustituidos por el de México-Tenochtitlan o simplemente México. La investigación que el autor nos presenta es un recordatorio a historiadores, historiógrafos, editores y público en general a no dar por sentados los hechos, y a ser más cuidadosos y atentos cuando se trabaja con las llamadas fuentes históricas de primera mano.

Copublished with History Colorado Colorado Day by Day is an engaging, this-day-in-history approach to the key figures and forces that have shaped Colorado from ancient times to the present. Historian Derek R. Everett presents a vignette for each day of the calendar year, exploring Colorado's many facets through distilled tales of people, places, events, and trends. Entries incorporate tales from each of the state's sixty-four counties and feature both well-known and obscure cultural moments, including events in Native American, African American, Asian American, Hispano, and women's history. Allowing the reader to explore the state's heritage as individual threads or as part of the greater tapestry, Colorado Day by Day recovers much lost history and will be an entertaining and useful source of lore for anyone who enjoys or is curious about Colorado history.

Nel contesto delle guerre di religione cinquecentesche maturò un progetto missionario rivolto ai soldati, con la stesura di catechismi destinati agli uomini in armi e l'introduzione delle prime cappellanie stabili a fianco delle truppe. Guardando alla teologia, alla giustizia, al lessico della violenza religiosa e alla tradizione neo-stoica, ma anche al concreto dispiegarsi del modello del «soldato cristiano» negli eserciti cattolici, il volume ricostruisce il profilo dei protagonisti di un progetto disciplinare inedito che accompagnò la lenta formazione degli eserciti professionali dopo la rivoluzione militare della prima età moderna; e, comparando lo sforzo religioso del clero cattolico e dei predicatori protestanti, ripercorre la storia della cura castrense dal XVI secolo fino alla Grande Guerra, quando il morire per la Patria sostituì l'appello a combattere nel nome di Dio.

Historians have paid scant attention to the five years that span from the conclusion early in 1848 of Mexico's disastrous conflict with the United States to the final return to power in April 1853 of General Antonio López de Santa Anna. This volume presents a more thorough understanding of this pivotal time, and the issues and experiences that then affected Mexicans. It sheds light on how elite politics, church-state relations, institutional affairs, and peasant revolts played a crucial role in Mexico's long-term historical development, and also explores topics like marriage and everyday life, and the public trials and executions staged in the aftermath of the war with the U.S.

In Warriors for a Living, Idan Sherer examines the experience of the Spanish infantry during the formative period of the Italian Wars. Decades of clashes between Spain and France transformed Italy into a crucible of military tactics and technology and brought about the emergence of the Spanish infantry tercios as Europe's finest military force for more than a century. From their recruitment, through the complexities of everyday life in the army and culminating in the potential brutality of soldiering, the book offers a fresh and much needed exploration, analysis and, at times, reconsideration of what it meant to be a professional soldier in early modern Europe.

Peter deLeon argues that while it is often individuals who actually engage in political corruption, it is the US political system that condones or encourages such actions. Once this perspective is recognised, one can begin to understand ways in which the costs of corruption might be alleviated.

The early modern period saw gunpowder weapons reach maturity and become a central feature of European warfare, on land and at sea. This exciting collection of essays brings together a distinguished and varied selection of modern scholarship on the transformation of war”often described as a'military revolution'”during the period between 1450 and 1660.

With the end of the global Cold War, the struggle for human rights has emerged as one of the most controversial forces of change in Latin America. Many observers seek the foundations of that movement in notions of rights and models of democratic institutions that originated in the global North. Challenging that view, this volume argues that Latin American community organizers, intellectuals, novelists, priests, students, artists, urban pobladores, refugees, migrants, and common people have contributed significantly to new visions of political community and participatory democracy. These local actors built an alternative transnational solidarity from below with significant participation of the socially excluded and activists in the global South. Edited by Jessica Stites Mor, this book offers fine-grained case studies that show how Latin America's re-emerging Left transformed the struggles against dictatorship and repression of the Cold War into the language of anti-colonialism, socioeconomic rights, and identity.

La sociedad que se forjó en el desierto de Atacama en torno a la industria del nitrato, entre los puertos de Pisagua y Taltal, ha sido muy justificadamente observada desde perspectivas que se han vuelto recurrentes: los pioneros y empresarios que dieron origen a esta economía, su importancia para el desarrollo nacional; la reivindicación obrera y sus organizaciones y movimientos sociales; la industria del nitrato y su desenvolvimiento en el mercado internacional; el mercado interno, la propaganda y los tributos salitreros; el trabajo minero y la ficha-salario; el enclave salitrero y su relación con la expansión del Estado-nación; entre otros tópicos. Sin embargo, han quedado en el tintero de los especialistas algunos problemas por investigar y no se trata necesariamente de nuevos temas o de otras temporalidades, sino fundamentalmente de renovados enfoques y perspectivas teóricas de las ciencias sociales que reclaman un diálogo con la historiografía salitrera, para instalar una nueva mirada, más amplia, sobre un período que marcó fuertemente la historia de Chile.

En estas páginas hallará el lector una perspectiva integral del fenómeno templario. Codex templi es una obra que, además de desmontar un buen número de especulaciones modernas, nace con vocación de convertirse en un referente clásico en la divulgación acerca de los «pobres caballeros de Cristo del templo de salomón». En estas páginas hallará el lector una perspectiva integral del fenómeno templario. Por un lado, la investigación rigurosa de los hechos fieles a la historia; por otro, la exposición de los aspectos trascendentes de los templarios desde la perspectiva de la más genuina tradición: la que es primordial y unánime en todas las grandes corrientes espirituales de oriente y occidente. Avalada por la sociedad de estudios templarios y medievales templespaña, que ha logrado reunir a un nutrido grupo de autores de concepciones plurales en torno a un buen número de claves y misterios, esta enciclopédica obra aborda los orígenes de la orden del temple, su teología, sus reglas, sus documentos, sus símbolos, su arquitectura, sus usos y costumbres, sus gestas militares, su capacidad financiera, su dimensión tradicional, su proceso inquisitorial, su apogeo y caída... Mucho se ha publicado ya sobre un tema tan sugestivo como el de los monjes-guerreros medievales, los caballeros templarios. No obstante, lo que en buena medida se ofrece al lector en los últimos tiempos fantasea con insistencia sobre conspiraciones pseudohistóricas y adoctrinamientos ocultistas. Para quien se acerque al temple por vez primera y para el que sea su tema predilecto, cada capítulo, ameno y profundo al mismo tiempo, desvelará a ambos tipos de lectores discutidas incógnitas, no con los destellos del sensacionalismo superficial, sino con la luz de la sobria y perenne autenticidad.

Humanism has constantly proclaimed the belief that the only way to improve man's life on earth is to make man himself wiser and better. Unfortunately, the voice of the humanists has always been challenged by the loud and cheap promises of scientists, by the inflammatory tirades of politicians, and by the apocalyptic visions of false prophets. Material greed, nonsensical chauvinism, racial prejudice, and religious antagonism have progressively defiled the inner beauty of man. Today's bankruptcy of man's dignity in the midst of an unparalleled material abundance calls for an urgent revival of humanistic ideals and values. This book was planned from its very start as a modest step in that direction. It is not my intention, however, to attempt, once again, a global interpretation of Humanism in general, or of Renaissance Humanism in particular. I have been dissuaded from such a purpose by the failure of contemporary scholars to agree on such basic issues as whether the Renaissance was a total break with or a continuation of medieval culture, whether it was basically a Christian or a pagan movement, whether it was the effect or the cause of the classical revival. Instead, then, of discussing the significance of sixteenth century humanism, this book concentrates upon the life and the thought of a single humanist.

Cet ouvrage repose sur une sociohistoire du haut clergé centre-américain. L'auteur mobilise le concept de réseau, structure relationnelle au sein de laquelle la dimension familiale est omniprésente. La question des relations sociales au sein du haut clergé de la capitainerie générale du Guatemala est ici abordée, la composition même du groupe social mise en évidence, ainsi que son mode de fonctionnement, sa mentalité, et certains des choix politiques de ses membres.

Das vorliegende Buch nimmt die Verbindung von Späthumanismus und Militärtheorie anhand der zentralen Kulturen der Niederlande und Frankreich in den Blick: Die Gelehrten konzeptualisierten an den Naht- und Schnittstellen militärpolitischer Kulturen und waren in die Konstitutionszusammenhänge antiquarischen Wissens eingebunden. Unter dem Gesichtspunkt interner Brüche und Synergien in der späthumanistischen Gelehrtenrepublik werden neben anderen die Werke von Justus Lipsius, Joseph Scaliger, Isaac Casaubon, Claude de Saumaise und Gabriel Naudé sowie die philologisch-antiquarische Praxis im'Kabinett'der Brüder Dupuy und bei Claude Fabri de Peiresc beleuchtet. Militärs und Politiker wie die Nassau-Oranier, Henri de Rohan, René Lenormant und Kardinal Richelieu sind in den Transfer und die Kommunikation taktischer und strategischer Lehren eingebunden. Damit sind Querverbindungen zwischen strategischen Konzeptionen, politischer Pragmatik und späthumanistischer Gelehrtenkultur zu konstatieren. In diesem Kontext wird die philologische und antiquarische Tradition stärker berücksichtigt als bisher geschehen, die Verengung auf den theoretisch-praktischen Reformkomplex der Heeresreform der Oranier aufgebrochen und dessen Schlüsselstellung in der Argumentation von Staatsbildung, Sozialdisziplinierung und Militärischer Revolution relativiert. Statt einer einfachen Antikerezeption und statt einer Rezeption der oranischen Heeresreform in Frankreich ist ein komplexer Kulturtransfer strategischer und taktischer Theorien zu veranschlagen, der im Kontext der frühneuzeitlichen Pluralität von Methoden, Wissensordnungen und Lehren zu sehen ist. Besonders in den Blick genommen wird eine Revision antiker militärtheoretischer Tradition und moderner Kommentare im Kontext eines zwischen Frankreich und den Generalstaaten abgeschlossenen Militärbündnisses und während der französisch-schwedischen Phase des Dreißigjährigen Kriegs.

«La Historia general y natural las Indias (1535-1549)»de Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés es una obra de gran interés para la geografía e historia natural del Nuevo Mundo, compuesta de narraciones legendarias, episodios y anécdotas, es decir diferentes estilos de contar las experiencias vividas, impregnadas de providencialismo y de otros juicios de valor procedentes de una formación retórica tradicional y de la pastoral judeocristiana. Su estilo literario es propio de la historia panegírica configurando un discurso salpicado de héroes arquetípicos de un orden teleológico cristiano en lucha contra las fuerzas del mal. En este libro se analiza la narratividad del discurso historiográfico de Oviedo así como su imposibilidad de despojarse de la práctica retórica del mito clásico en la elaboración de una historia nueva e imperecedera sobre las Indias.

Many of the earliest books, particularly those dating back to the 1900s and before, are now extremely scarce and increasingly expensive. We are republishing these classic works in affordable, high quality, modern editions, using the original text and artwork.

Since Cuba's Esteban Bellan made his debut for the Troy Haymakers of the National Association in 1871, Latin Americans have played a large role in the major leagues. Nearly 15 percent of big league rosters are made up of Latinos, while the region's colorful and competitive winter leagues have been a proving ground for up-and-coming major league players and managers. Early Latin American stars were barred purely because of the color of their skin from playing in the major leagues. Players such as Jose Mendez and Martin Dihigo (the only player elected to the U.S., Cuban and Mexican halls of fame) made their marks on the Negro Leagues, turning the leagues'barnstorming tours into major attractions in many Caribbean countries. This history of the players and events that make up the rich tradition of Latin American baseball gives a unique insight to this long-neglected area of baseball.

This cumulated Index encompasses the four Biographical Archives for Spain, Portugal and the Iberoamerican countries with 770,000 biographical entries.

Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo (1478-1557) wrote the first comprehensive history of Spanish America, the Historia general y natural de las Indias, a sprawling, constantly revised work in which Oviedo attempted nothing less than a complete account of the Spanish discovery, conquest, and colonization of the Americas from 1492 to 1547, along with descriptions of the land's flora, fauna, and indigenous peoples. His Historia, which grew to an astounding fifty volumes, includes numerous interviews with the Spanish and indigenous leaders who were literally making history, the first extensive field drawings of America rendered by a European, reports of exotic creatures, ethnographic descriptions of indigenous groups, and detailed reports about the conquest and colonization process. Fernández de Oviedo's Chronicle of America explores how, in writing his Historia, Oviedo created a new historiographical model that reflected the vastness of the Americas and Spain's enterprise there. Kathleen Myers uses a series of case studies—focusing on Oviedo's self-portraits, drawings of American phenomena, approaches to myth, process of revision, and depictions of Native Americans—to analyze Oviedo's narrative and rhetorical strategies and show how they relate to the politics, history, and discursive practices of his time. Accompanying the case studies are all of Oviedo's extant field drawings and a wide selection of his text in English translation. The first study to examine the entire Historia and its evolving rhetorical and historical context, this book confirms Oviedo's assertion that'the New World required a different kind of history'as it helps modern readers understand how the discovery of the Americas became a catalyst for European historiographical change.

The first place-by-place chronology of U.S. history, this book offers the student, researcher, or traveller a handy guide to find all the most important events that have occurred at any locality in the United States.

A World History of Tax Rebellions is an exhaustive reference source for over 4,300 years of riots, rebellions, protests, and war triggered by abusive taxation and tax collecting systems around the world. Each of the chronologically arranged entries focuses on a specific historical event, analyzing its roots, and socio-economic context.

Thomas F. McGann Memorial Prize, Rocky Mountain Council on Latin American Studies, 2004 Southwest Book Award, Border Regional Library Association, 2003 In their efforts to impose colonial rule on Nueva Vizcaya from the sixteenth century to the middle of the seventeenth, Spaniards established missions among the principal Indian groups of present-day eastern Sinaloa, northern Durango, and southern Chihuahua, Mexico—the Xiximes, Acaxees, Conchos, Tepehuanes, and Tarahumaras. Yet, when the colonial era ended two centuries later, only the Tepehuanes and Tarahumaras remained as distinct peoples, the other groups having disappeared or blended into the emerging mestizo culture of the northern frontier. Why were these two indigenous peoples able to maintain their group identity under conditions of conquest, while the others could not? In this book, Susan Deeds constructs authoritative ethnohistories of the Xiximes, Acaxees, Conchos, Tepehuanes, and Tarahumaras to explain why only two of the five groups successfully resisted Spanish conquest and colonization. Drawing on extensive research in colonial-era archives, Deeds provides a multifaceted analysis of each group's past from the time the Spaniards first attempted to settle them in missions up to the middle of the eighteenth century, when secular pressures had wrought momentous changes. Her masterful explanations of how ethnic identities, subsistence patterns, cultural beliefs, and gender relations were forged and changed over time on Mexico's northern frontier offer important new ways of understanding the struggle between resistance and adaptation in which Mexico's indigenous peoples are still engaged, five centuries after the'Spanish Conquest.'

This book explores not only the formal constraints on the conduct of war throughout Western history but also the unwritten conventions about what is permissible in the course of military operations. Ranging from classical antiquity to the present, eminent historians discuss the legal and cultural regulation of violence in such areas as belligerent rights, the treatment of prisoners and civilians, the observing of truces and immunities, the use of particular weapons, siege warfare, codes of honor, and war crimes. The book begins with a general overview of the subject by Michael Howard. The contributors then discuss the formal and informal constraints on conducting war as they existed in classical antiquity, the age of chivalry, early modern Europe, colonial America, and the age of Napoleon. They also examine how these constraints have been applied to wars at sea, on land, and in the air, planning for nuclear war, and national liberation struggles, in which one of the participants is not an organized state. The book concludes with reflections by Paul Kennedy and George Andreopoulos on the main challenges facing the quest for humanitarian norms in warfare in the future.

An account of the history of the Spanish colony in the Philippines during the 16th century. Antonio de Morga was an official of the colonial bureaucracy in Manila and could consequently draw upon much material that would otherwise have been inaccessible. His book, published in 1609, ranges more widely than its title suggests since the Spanish were also active in China, Japan, Southeast Asia, Taiwan, the Moluccas, Marianas and other Pacific islands. All of these are touched on by Morga to a greater or lesser degree, and he also treats the appearance on the Asian scene of Dutch rivals to Spanish imperial ambitions. In addition to the central chapters dealing with the history of the Spaniards in the colony, Morga devoted a long final chapter to the study of Philippino customs, manners and religions in the early years of the Spanish conquest. From the first edition, Mexico, 1609. A new edition of First Series 39.

This is the definitive, illustrated guide to Chocolate. Beginning 3,000 years ago in the Mexican jungles, it goes on to investigate archaeology, history, botany and socio-economics, and follows the story from the Aztecs up to todays mass-produced chocolate and its luxury versions. A treat, not just for chocoholics but for anyone who enjoys lively, thorough historical research. Sophie D. Coe, anthropologist and food historian, was also the author of'Americas First Cuisines'.

D'après les documents de l'Archivo Histórico Nacional de Madrid.

Winner, Presidio La Bahia Award, Sons of the Republic of Texas, 1978 In their efforts to assert dominion over vast reaches of the (now U.S.) Southwest in the seventeenth century, the Spanish built a series of far-flung missions and presidios at strategic locations. One of the most important of these was San Juan Bautista del Río Grande, located at the present-day site of Guerrero in Coahuila, Mexico. Despite its significance as the main entry point into Spanish Texas during the colonial period, San Juan Bautista was generally forgotten until the first publication of this book in 1968. Weddle's narrative is a fascinating chronicle of the many religious, military, colonial, and commerical expeditions that passed through San Juan and a valuable addition to knowledge of the Spanish borderlands. It won the Texas Institute of Letters Amon G. Carter Award for Best Southwest History in 1969.