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Written and compiled by friends and former students, The Idea of Social Structure honors Robert K. Merton, considered one of the premier sociologists of the twentieth century. Along with Talcott Parsons and Marion J. Levy, Merton was emphatic in his use of the term'social structure'—however different they were in defining and refining the term. The chapters in this volume address many of Merton's diverse sociological theories and, in turn, his theories'impact upon a very large sociological territory.The volume includes major statements on the context of working with Merton by Lewis A. Coser, Paul F. Lazarsfeld, Robert A. Nisbet, and Seymour Martin Lipset, as well as memorable statements covering Merton's interests in the sociology of knowledge and science, planning communities, medical education, relative deprivation, everyday life, political roles, and communication media. This is a powerful sourcebook for understanding the work of Merton and of his intellectual successors.Nisbet called the decade of the 1930s among the most vital and creative periods in American history. It was certainly a period of intense struggle—political, military, and ideological. But the formation of modern sociology was without question one of the crowning achievements in the scientific evolution of the century. The volume is sharply focused on Merton's work and deeply appreciative of the nature of his contribution. It is a landmark effort in the study of sociology as history.

The chapters in this book are revised versions of papers initially presented at a confer­ ence on Universities and their cities held in Amsterdam on March 27-29 1996. There were about one hundred participants and 45 written contributions from Europe, the US, Canada and Australia. People with different disciplinary backgrounds, geographers, historians, sociologists, economists and planners among them, attended, as did a few university administrators and local government officials. The intricate relationships between universities and their cities were intensively debated from the perspective of possible contributions by the university to city life as well as from the angle of the city as a milieu that affects the university's functioning. There were theoretical and historical papers, and a series of case studies, some of them comparative, as well as proposals and descriptions of efforts to improve city-university relations. It was a fruitful occasion for many on account of the diversity of experience brought together for the purpose of a debate on a matter of common interest. The vari­ ous university settings within Amsterdam were visited during a guided tour that pro­ vided food for thought on the matters under discussion by means of a living example.

This book seeks to identify the main threads of a resolutely complex course of thought which has contributed greatly to sociology. Although he founded no “school,” Raymond Boudon certainly made original contributions to the discipline in his own time, including his theory of rationality, his interpretation of the work of the founders of sociology, and his explanation of educational inequalities. He also presented convincing arguments about how the overly narrow utilitarianism of mainstream economists was incomplete and betrayed major theoretical gaps. It is true in any case that his thought laid the groundwork for many theoretical and empirical social studies. Through an analysis of the most important parts of this thought, each of the chapters will not merely demonstrate the scientific rigor which can be associated to his work, but also show how it remains relevant to our understanding of contemporary society and how it can hence be used for future research projects. There can be no doubt, Boudon's thought has for various reasons undergone new assessments. Chapters of this book hence reflect a variety of points of view on how his work can be understood, criticized, and used for future research endeavors.

In diesem Buch wird beschrieben, wie Forscher:innen in der Zeit des Kalten Kriegs die Meinungen von Expert:innen nutzten, um Prognosen über Entwicklungen von geopolitischer Bedeutung zu konstruieren. Am Beispiel der RAND Corporation, einer US-amerikanischen Denkfabrik mit engen Beziehungen zu Militär und Pentagon, analysiert der Autor die Entwicklung von zwei Prognosetechniken, der Delphi-Befragung und dem politischen Planspiel. Auf der Grundlage von Archivrecherchen und Interviews untersuchen die Kapitel die Entwicklung dieser Techniken. Dabei wird freigelegt, wie zeitgenössische Sozialwissenschaftler:innen eine der zentralen Kategorien der Kultur des Kalten Krieges, nämlich jene der:s Expert:in, auffassten. Die damals entwickelten Methoden der Sozialprognose dienen somit als Quellen einer breiteren Erörterung des Stellenwerts von Wissen und Wissenschaft in der Gesellschaft zur Zeit des Kalten Kriegs.

This book helps readers to understand the fast growing and timely concept of social metabolism. The authors shed a light on the different existing terms and methodologies that have been developed over the years. Through the study of history, readers will get an understanding of the main currents or schools that exist around this concept and their main findings. Also provides examples of how to apply the metabolic approach at different territorial and temporal scales and using different methodological tools. The book presents a novel socio-metabolic theory of historical change, in which biophysical and social variables are combined in an integrated way to understand the dynamics of socio-metabolic transitions.In this second edition, the authors provide valuable updates and new sections to each of the previous chapters. New insights on global phenomena like climate change and the environmental crisis are also considered. As readers will learn, a paradigm shift in almost all areas of research and society will be needed to face the challenges created by the modern industrial society. The authors use a look back in history, to explore the relationship between humans and nature from an evolutionary and thermodynamic perspective. With this approach, readers from history, environmental sciences and social sciences will get valuable insights on possible solutions.

This book presents research on geographical naming on land and sea from a wide range of standpoints on: theory and concepts, case studies and education. Space and place naming or toponymy has a long tradition in the sciences and a renewed critical interest in geography and allied disciplines including the humanities. Place: location and cartographical aspects, etymology and geo-histories so salient in past studies, are now being enhanced from a range of radical perspectives, especially in a globalizing, standardizing world with Googlization and the consequent ‘normalization'of place names, perceptions and images worldwide including those for marketing purposes. Nonetheless, there are conflicting and contesting voices. The interdisciplinary research is enhanced with authors from regional, national and international toponymy-related institutions and organizations including the UNGEGN, IGU, ICA and so forth.

Sociology as a discipline has a history of two centuries which has varied between countries. Its presence across the world is felt now more than ever. Over the years, sociology has been established as a discipline and contributed to the advancement of knowledge about society through scientific research. This facilitated the development of knowledge in other areas and disciplines as well. What sociology is doing globally, the contributions it has made to our knowledge of society and social phenomena, and the direction in which it is moving are of interest to both academics and the general public. There are many books that describe the global character of sociology, but a fully research-based empirical work is yet to arrive on the market. This book fills that gap. It is about sociologies around the world. Viewed from a global perspective, this research-based study examines the world of sociology and its global features and trends. Specifically, the book deals with the trends in sociology; the broad and general areas of fields, subfields and research areas; the prominent, flourishing, emerging and/or declining areas of sociology; the origin of sociological knowledge; geographical regions and countries; the characteristics of global sociology in terms of language, research methodology, disciplinary backgrounds, interdisciplinarity and authorship; the relationships between the country of affiliation of authors and research areas; the effects of gender of the author and its interrelationships with the discipline, department, research areas and collaboration. The book will be an important resource for students, teachers, practitioners, researchers and the public. - The aim of this book is to examine the world of sociology and its global features and trends. It is viewed from a global perspective and exercises sociologies in different parts of the world which are integral. More specifically, the study examines sociology through sociological research, across countries where the discipline exists. The book deals with themes such as sociologies in the world, major research areas in sociology, collaboration and interdisciplinarity, and contemporary challenges, pertinent issues and debates. The book has eight chapters. - The topics the book deals with include the trends in sociology as inferred from sociology publications; the broad and general research areas that are evident in sociology at the global level; the prominent, flourishing, declining and/or emerging areas of sociology; the origin of sociological knowledge—geographical regions and countries; the characteristics of global sociology in terms of language, research methodology, disciplinary backgrounds, interdisciplinarity and authorship; the relationships between the country of affiliation of authors and research areas; the differences in the departmental affiliation and disciplinary backgrounds of authors; the gender of the author and its interrelationships with the discipline, department, research areas and collaboration; the effect of gender, discipline and collaboration of authors on the impact of sociology; and the key outlets and the location of the outlets of sociological research.

Beyond hegemonic thoughts, the Post-Western sociology enables a new dialogue between East Asia (China, Japan, Korea) and Europe on common and local knowledge to consider theoretical continuities and discontinuities, to develop transnational methodological spaces, and co-produce creolized concepts. With this new paradigm in social sciences we introduce the multiplication of epistemic autonomies vis-à-vis Western hegemony and new theoretical assemblages between East-Asia and European sociologies. From this ecology of knowledge this groundbreaking contribution is to coproduce a post-Western space in a cross-pollination process where “Western” and “non-Western” knowledge do interact, articulated through cosmovisions, as well as to coproduce transnational fieldwork practices.

Der vorliegende Text wurde 1921/22 im Zusammenhang mit anderen nachgelassenen Texten in Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft unter der Überschrift'Religionssoziologie (Typen religiöser Vergemeinschaftung)'veröffentlicht. Max Weber hat ihn wahrscheinlich 1913/1914 niedergeschrieben. In einem Brief an Heinrich Rickert nannte er ihn seine'Religionssystematik'. Der vorliegende Text ist das erste Ergebnis religionswissenschaftlicher Studien, die Weber seit 1911 betrieben hatte. Weber hatte damals eine Entdeckung gemacht, die er für eine seiner wichtigsten hielt: daß Religionen maßgeblich zur Herausbildung der Unterschiedlichkeit der Kulturen in allen ihren Dimensionen im Orient und im Abendland beigetragen haben. Nicht nur das kapitalistische Wirtschaftsethos des Westens, sondern auch andere gesellschaftliche Ordnungen wie z.B. Recht und Herrschaft waren von der Religionsentwicklung mitbestimmt worden. Weber rekonstruierte in dem Text die Entwicklung und Ausdifferenzierung religiöser Gemeinschaften und zeigte, daß diese von der ökonomischen, sozialen und politischen Interessenlage der Laien abhängig waren. Weber nahm an, daß alles soziale Handeln sich, gewollt oder ungewollt, in der Domäne des von den Religionen bearbeiteten Sinn-Problems befindet. Dabei richtet er sein besonders Augenmerk auf die weltablehnenden Religionen und die von ihnen begründeten praktischen Weltverhältnisse. Der Text nimmt eine Schlüsselstellung in der Komposition des gesamten nachgelassenen Textes Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft ein und bildet außerdem eine Brücke zwischen der früheren Schrift Die Protestantische Ethik und der'Geist'des Kapitalismus und den späteren Studien zur Wirtschaftsethik der Weltreligionen. Weber hatte eine Bearbeitung des Manuskriptes beabsichtigt, zu der er vor seinem Tode jedoch nicht mehr gekommen ist. Die historisch-kritische Edition gibt den Text der ersten Edition von 1921/22 wieder, rekonstruiert Zeit und Umstände seiner Entstehung, ermittelt die Stellung von Webers Systematik in der Religionswissenschaft und -philosophie vor dem 1. Weltkrieg und erläutert den Text mit Quellen und Literaturhinweisen.

This book probes the complex interweaving, across time and cultures, of violence and non-violence from the perspective of the present. One of the first of its kind, it offers a comprehensive examination of the interpenetration of violence and non-violence as much in human nature as in human institutions with reference to different continents, cultures and religions over centuries. It points to the present paradox that even as violence of unprecedented lethality threatens the very survival of humankind, non-violence increasingly appears as an unlikely feasible alternative. The essays presented here cover a wide cultural–temporal spectrum — from Vedic sacrifice, early Jewish–Christian polemics, the Crusades, and medieval Japan to contemporary times. They explore aspects of the violence–non-violence dialectic in a coherent frame of analysis across themes such as war, jihad, death, salvation, religious and philosophical traditions including Buddhism, Christianity, Judaism, Hinduism, Islam, mysticism, monism, and Neoplatonism, texts such as Ramayana, Mahabharata and Quran, as well as issues faced by Dalits and ethical imperatives for clinical trials, among others. Offering thematic width and analytical depth to the treatment of the subject, the contributors bring their disciplinary expertise and cultural insights, ranging from the historical to sociological, theological, philosophical and metaphysical, as well as their sensitive erudition to deepening an understanding of a grave issue. The book will be useful to scholars and researchers of history, peace and conflict studies, political science, political thought and cultural studies, as well as those working on issues of violence and non-violence.

Hannah Arendt's 1958 The Human Condition was an impassioned philosophical reconsideration of the goals of being human. In its arguments about the kind of lives we should lead and the political engagement we should strive for, Arendt's interpretative skills come to the fore, in a brilliant display of what high-level interpretation can achieve for critical thinking. Good interpretative thinkers are characterised by their ability to clarify meanings, question accepted definitions and posit good, clear definitions that allow their other critical thinking skills to take arguments deeper and further than most. In many ways, The Human Condition is all about definitions. Arendt's aim is to lay out an argument for political engagement and active participation in society as the highest goals of human life; and to this end she sets about defining a hierarchy of ways of living a “vita activa,” or active life. The book sets about distinguishing between our different activities under the categories of “labor”, “work”, and “action” – each of which Arendt carefully redefines as a different level of active engagement with the world. Following her clear and careful laying out of each word's meaning, it becomes hard to deny her argument for the life of “action” as the highest human goal.

This special issue is animated by the necessary entanglement of theory and history, the cortical relationship between theory and practice, and the transboundary (i.e. international) relations that help to constitute systems of thought and practice. We make three core arguments: first, all theory is situated knowledge, derived in and through history; second, theory-practice is a single field in which theory arises out of and acts upon historical experience; and third, both social and political theory have international origins -- theory is forged through ongoing encounters between'here'and'there','home'and'abroad', and the'domestic'and the'foreign'.

This book is a study of overlooked themes in Iran's contemporary political and intellectual history. It investigates the way Iranian Muslim intellectuals have discussed politics and democracy. As a history of Iranian Islamism and its transformation to post-Islamism, this work demonstrates that Muslim intellectuals have enriched the Iranian society epistemologically, aesthetically, ethically, and politically. This book examines the internal conflicts of the Islamist ideology as the intellectual underpinnings of the 1979 Revolution, its contribution to the formation of the post-revolutionary state, and the post-Islamist response to the democratic deficits of the post-revolutionary state. Seeking to overcome the shortcomings of historiographical approaches, this book demonstrates the intellectual and political agency of Muslim intellectuals from the 1960s to the present.

Engendering History broadens the base of empirical knowledge on Caribbean women's history and re-evaluates the body of work that exists. The book is pan-Caribbean in its approach, though most articles are on the English-speaking Caribbean, highlighting the research pattern in Caribbean women's history.

More-than-Human Sociology is a call for a bolder, more creative sociology. Olli Pyyhtinen argues that to make sociology responsive to life in the 21st century we need a new sociological imagination, one that addresses connectivity, understands the world in which we live as both a human and non-human world, and is sensitive to the multiple scales on which things exist. A fresh and innovative take on the promise of sociology, this book will appeal to scholars and students both within sociology and the social sciences more broadly.

This book recovers the multiplicity of meanings embedded in colonial hunting and the power it symbolized by examining both the incorporation and representation of British women hunters in the sport and how African people leveraged British hunters'dependence on their labor and knowledge to direct the impact and experience of hunting.

This book explains in fascinating detail how economic and social transformations in pre-1600 Japan led to an industrious revolution in the early modern period and how the fruits of the Industrious Revolution are what have supported Japan since the eighteenth century, improving living standards and leading to the formation of the work ethic of modern Japan. The arrival of the Sengoku Period in the sixteenth century saw the emergence and domination of government by the warrior class. It was Tokugawa Ieyasu who unified the realm. Yet this unity did not give rise to an autocratic state, as the shogun was recognized merely as a main pillar of the warrior class.Economically, however, from the fourteenth century, currency payments for shōen nengu (taxes paid to the proprietor) became standard, and currency circulation began, primarily in the central region. Under Tokugawa rule, organized domestic coinage of currency began, opening the way to establishing a national economic society. Also, agricultural land was surveyed through cadastral surveys known as kenchi. Land values were converted in terms of rice, so the expected rice yields for each village were assessed, and the lords used this as a benchmark for imposing taxes. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, Japan experienced a “great transition,” and conditions for peasants, agriculture, and farming villages underwent great changes. Inefficient traditional agriculture using peasants in a state of servitude was transformed into highly efficient small-sized farming operations which relied on family labor. As production yields increased due to labor-intensive agriculture, the profits obtained by the peasants improved their living standards. The stem-family system became the norm through which work ethics and even literacy were transmitted. This very change was the result of the “industrious revolution” in Japan. The book thus presents theframework of the facts of pre-industrial Japanese history and depicts pre-modern Japan from a macroscopic point of view, showing how the industrious revolution came about. It is certain to be of great interest to economists and historians alike.

Wenn es um so scheinbar einfache Phänomene in der Geschichte geht, wie Ereignisse, die Wandel herbeigeführt haben, dann fehlen dem Historiker oftmals die Worte dafür, wie ein solcher historischer Bruch zu erklären ist. Denn Wandel ist auf den zweiten Blick ein doch überaus kompliziertes historiographisches Konstrukt, das nicht nur im Nachhinein als solches erscheint, sondern auch von Zeitgenossen als einschneidende Veränderung der Lebenswelt wahrgenommen wird. Die Hauptthese dieses Essays lautet, dass es insbesondere nicht-intentionale Nebenfolgen sind, deren bewusste Reflexion eine besondere Form von Zeitwahrnehmung konstituieren, die - unabhängig von der chronologischen Verortetheit eines solchen Ereignisses - einen Modernisierungsprozess darstellt. An vier historischen Umbruchsereignissen - der Krise des Historismus um 1900, der Französischen Revolution, der Reformation Luthers und der Entstehung der Athener Demokratie im 5. Jahrhundert v.Chr. - werden die strukturellen Ähnlichkeiten aufgezeigt, bei denen Nebenfolgen eine entscheidende Rolle spielen. Auf diese Weise wird für eine Verbindung von gegenwärtigen Theorien der Soziologie mit der Geschichtswissenschaften geworben, die Vergangenheit und Moderne in eine neue Beziehung miteinander bringen soll.

Der Antikommunismus in der Bonner Republik war bis Anfang der 1960er Jahre eine wichtige Quelle der Identitätsstiftung. Er zielte auf die innere Konsolidierung der noch ungefestigten westdeutschen Demokratie und wirkte sich auf den Umgang der damaligen Gesellschaft mit dem nationalsozialistischen Erbe aus. Das damit einhergehende Bekenntnis zum Antitotalitarismus war zugleich Teil der neuen Staatsräson, mit der die junge Bundesrepublik ihre Zugehörigkeit zur westlichen Wertegemeinschaft demonstrierte und auf östliche Infiltrationsversuche reagierte. Der Aufsatzband setzt sich differenziert mit den verschiedenen staatlichen und gesellschaftlichen Formen des Antikommunismus auseinander. Er reflektiert diesen in gesamtdeutscher Perspektive und beleuchtet somit ein bislang wenig bekanntes Kapitel deutscher Nachkriegsgeschichte.

When the socialist regime in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) was overthrown around the end of the eighties, beginning of the nineties, an overall transforma­ tion of whole societies started. Not only the political and the economic systems of these countries, but all societal sectors underwent deep changes. These changes presented opportunities, but they also spelled trouble. On one hand, getting rid of stifling political control and excessive bureaucratic regulation was something which most members of these societies desired. On the other, it be­ came apparent very soon that the necessary and long hoped-for rebuilding of the economy, education, health care, the mass media, and science, too, was strongly restricted by the scarcity of financial resources. After a short period, during which opportunities were energetically taken up in a spirit of hope, came a long and still lasting time of growing troubles and despondency. Only in a few of the CEE countries have some glimpses of hope become visible recently; and it re­ mains to be seen whether these signals are reliable. Until now, therefore, the transformation dynamics of all societal sectors in all of the CEE countries have primarily been troublesome. This is surely true for the post-socialist research systems. I The demise of the communist party's abso­ lute rule over society has allowed researchers the public expression and the pur­ suit of goals whose common denominator has been a greater self-regulation of scientific research according to its own criteria and logic.

Theoretical Methods in Social History examines how generality can be wrested from historical facts. The book explores the various aspects on the application of social theory to historical materials. Chapters delve on various historical issues such as the sociological bias of Trotsky and De Tocqueville; functional analysis of class relations in Smelser and Bendix; and the analogy between intellectual productions. Historians and philosophers will find the book interesting.

This volume contains high quality articles, originally published in Chinese in the Chinese Journal Jiuzhou Xuelin [Chinese Cultural Quarterly] and new articles written on special invitation by established scholars in the field. The theme of the volume is'New Perspectives on Research of Chinese Culture', introducing the latest trends and new developments in the research into Chinese history, humanities, music and geography. The articles are written by well-known scholars in the field who examine Chinese culture from various new perspectives adopting different research methods.

In the midst of the Philippine-American War, twenty-two-year-old Robert Dexter Carter served in Manila as a civilian quartermaster clerk. Through his letters to his family, he provided a vivid picture of army life in Manila—the sights, the smells, and his responses to the native culture. In addition to his letters, his diary and several related articles present a firsthand account of the historic voyage of the United States Army Transport Grant through the Suez Canal to Manila in early 1899. Carter's writings not only tell of his sometimes harrowing experiences, but also reveal the aspirations and fears of a young man not quite sure of his next steps on life's journey. Carter's father, Robert Goldthwaite Carter, was a war hero and a longtime friend of Maj. Gen. Henry W. Lawton. Carter obtained his position through Lawton's influence, and his respect for Lawton is clear throughout his writings. A frequent guest in the Lawton home, the young clerk was introduced to many notable figures both military and civilian. Carter's letters, particularly to his father, are full of news and gossip related to his commander. In other letters, he reveals the kindness and generosity of Mrs. Lawton, who took time to look out for Carter while he was in the hospital and often loaned him books. This well-researched and expertly edited work casts light on the role of support troops in war, a subject too often minimized or ignored. Shay begins each chapter with an introduction that establishes the setting, the context of events, and the disposition of Carter and his compatriots and provides notes and commentary to place the letters in context. By choosing not to edit the offensive expletives of a sometimes arrogant and racist young man, Shay presents a fully nuanced portrait of a young American exploring the larger world in a time of turmoil. Enhanced by photographs from collections at the Library of Congress and the Military History Institute, as well as many of Carter's own whimsical drawings, the book will appeal to armchair historians and scholars alike.

What would it mean to read postcolonial writings under the prism of trauma? Ogaga Ifowodo tackles these questions through a psycho-social examination of the lingering impact of imperialist domination, resulting in a refreshing complement to the cultural-materialist studies that dominate the field.

There exists an extensive literature on the history of the Saint­ Simonian movement as well as on various phases of Saint-Simo­ nian economic, literary, aesthetic, feminist, and pacifist thought and activity. However, until the first edition of the present work, no larger study had undertaken an examination of the important topic of the political thought of the Saint-Simonians. This book attempts a systematic analysis of the political ideas of the Saint­ Simonians in the crucial years between 1828 and 1832 during which the Saint-Simonians, briefly organized as a well structured movement, formulated the diverse ideas of their master into a systematic doctrine. These were also the years of the greatest influence of the Saint-Simonians on the European public. After 1832 the Saint-Simonian movement dissolved into an informal fellowship of likeminded individuals and the tightly knit Saint­ Simonian doctrine into a set of loosely related ideas. This study uses as its main sources the rich collection of lectures, sermons, pamphlets, and newspapers published by the Saint-Simonians between 1828 and 1832. Except for minor corrections and an expanded bibliography, the present second edition is identical with the first. I have purposely eliminated the phrase,'A Chapter in the Intellectual History of Totalitarianism,'from the subtitle.

Food matters, not only as a subject of study in its own right, but also as a medium for conveying critical messages about capitalism, the environment, and social inequality to diverse audiences. Recent scholarship on the subject draws from both a pathbreaking body of secondary literature and an inexhaustible wealth of primary sources--from ancient Chinese philosophical tracts to McDonald's menus--contributing new perspectives to the historical study of food, culture, and society, and challenging the limits of history itself. The Oxford Handbook of Food History places existing works in historiographical context, crossing disciplinary, chronological, and geographic boundaries while also suggesting new routes for future research. The twenty-seven essays in this book are organized into five sections: historiography, disciplinary approaches, production, circulation, and consumption of food. The first two sections examine the foundations of food history, not only in relation to key developments in the discipline of history itself--such as the French Annales school and the cultural turn--but also in anthropology, sociology, geography, pedagogy, and the emerging Critical Nutrition Studies. The following three sections sketch various trajectories of food as it travels from farm to table, factory to eatery, nature to society. Each section balances material, cultural, and intellectual concerns, whether juxtaposing questions of agriculture and the environment with the notion of cookbooks as historical documents; early human migrations with modern culinary tourism; or religious customs with social activism. In its vast, interdisciplinary scope, this handbook brings students and scholars an authoritative guide to a field with fresh insights into one of the most fundamental human concerns.

There are two factors in the Revolution and the Risorgimento during the nineteenth century which have dictated the organization of this book and conditioned as well the presentation of its contents. One is the advent of a revolution which, abortive in r849, threatened continually thereafter to break out again; the second is the ideology of a ruling class, whose basic funds of values and conscious aims were abruptly and profoundly altered by the sudden appearance of revo­ lution and the equally swift decay of this same movement. From these two points of view it becomes mandatory that the story of the Risorgimento and the Revolution commence in the year r848. The mastery of the Revolution, as one sees with hindsight, was attained by r861. That achievement, not frequently recognized for what it was in terms of motivation and historical necessity, is of central interest in this book. I have consequently sought to give a rather full picture of events, with particular attention for the internal politics of the revo­ lutionary countries involved. The attitude of a class of men, threatened in their lives and in their property, is the attitude of the counter-revo­ lution. There was a willingness to accept revolutionary progress out of the need to direct its course.

In 1739, the London Foundling Hospital opened its doors to take in the abandoned children of the city. It was the culmination of seventeen years of campaigning by Captain Thomas Coram, driven by his horror at seeing children die in the streets. He was supported in his endeavours by a royal charter and by William Hogarth and George Frideric Handel. The Hospital would continue as both home and school for over 215 years, raising thousands of children until they could be apprenticed out.London's Forgotten Children is a fascinating history of the first children's charity, charting the rise of this incredible institution and examining the attitude towards illegitimate children over the years. The story comes alive with the voices of children who grew up in the Hospital, and the concluding, fully updated, account of today's children's charity Coram is an ongoing testament to the vision of its founder.

Following the 9/11 attacks and the anthrax letters that appeared in their wake, the threat posed by the widespread accessibility of chemical and biological weapons has continually been used to stir public fear and opinion by politicians and the media alike. In Chemical and Biological Weapons, Edward M. Spiers cuts through the scare tactics and hype to provide a thorough and even-handed examination of the weapons themselves—the various types and effects—and their evolution from World War I to the present. Spiers describes the similarities and differences between the two types of weapons and how technological advancements have led to tactical innovations in their use over time. As well, he gives equal attention to the international response to the proliferation of chemical and biological weapons, analyzing global efforts aimed at restraining their use, such as deterrence and disarmament, and the effectiveness of these approaches in the twentieth century. Using Iraq as a case study, Spiers also investigates its deployment of chemical weapons in the Iran-Iraq War and the attempts by the international community to disarm Iraq through the United Nations Special Commission and the United States-led war in 2003. A timely and balanced historical survey, Chemical and Biological Weapons will be of interest to readers studying the proliferation and use of chemical and biological warfare and the reactions of the international community throughout the last several decades.

Georg Simmel's highly original take on the newly revived field of sociology succeeded in making the field far more sophisticated than it had been beforehand. He took insights from dialectical thought and Kantian epistemology to develop a'form sociology'method that remains implicit in the field a century later. Forms include such patterns of interaction as inequality, secrecy, membership in multiple groups, organization size, and coalition formation. While today texts and professional societies are organized around'contents'rather than'forms,'a fresh reading of Simmel's chapters on forms suggests original avenues of inquiry into each of the contents--family, business, religion, politics, labor relations, leisure.

This book explores the'mental maps'of leading political figures of the era of two world wars. Chapters focus on those giants whose ideas cast a compelling shadow: Lloyd George, Lenin, Mussolini, Hitler, Roosevelt, Churchill, Briand and Stresemann, as well as other important figures: Poincaré, Atatuerk, Beneš, Chiang and Mao.

This detailed study of Williams unlocks his late sociology of culture. It covers previously overlooked aspects, such as his critique of Birmingham cultural studies, his use of an Adorno-like approach to'cultural production', his'social formalist'alternative to structuralism and post-structuralism and his approach to'the media'.

Adam Ferguson (1723-1816) was a major figure of the Scottish Enlightenment whose thought was, in many respects, original and distinctive. This book is a study of his ideas and of the intellectual forces that shaped them. Though somewhat overlooked in the nineteenth century, Ferguson was rescued from obscurity in the first half of the twentieth century by scholars interested in the origins of sociology and early critiques of modernity. Ferguson's interest in the mechanics of social life and especially social change led him to many groundbreaking insights. In fact, he is sometimes identified as the'Father of Modern Sociology'. In addition to exploring whether or not he merits this title, this study examines the whole of Ferguson's thought as a system and includes his moral and faculty psychology, historiography, theology, politics and social science. Ferguson is distinguished by his deep appreciation of the complexity of the human condition; his study of society is based on the belief that it is not only reason, but the unseen, unplanned, sub-rational and visceral forces that keep the human universe in motion. Ferguson's appreciation of this fact, and his ability to make social science of it, is his major achievement.

Das Deutsche Historische Institut in London wurde 1976 eröffnet und unterstützt Forschungen zur Neueren Geschichte, besonders zur vergleichenden Geschichte von Großbritannien und Deutschland, zur Geschichte des Britischen Empires und zu den deutsch-englischen Beziehungen. Die'Veröffentlichungen'publizieren entsprechend maßgebliche Forschungen zu diesen Themengebieten. Weitere Informationen unter: http://www.ghil.ac.uk

Als Instanzen der Beschreibung moderner Gesellschaften gewinnen die Kulturwissenschaften immer mehr an Bedeutung. Rund 100 Autoren aus diversen Fachgebieten haben in diesem Handbuch ihre Forschungen zu den Methoden und Themen der Kulturwissenschaft zusammengetragen. Sie stellen damit die junge Disziplin auf ein theoretisches Fundament und geben einen Ausblick auf künftige Entwicklungen. Der erste Band'Grundlagen und Schlüsselbegriffe'thematisiert die wesentlichen Gesichtspunkte wie Erfahrung, Sprache, Handlung, Identität, Geschichte und Zeit und setzt sie der'gelebten'Kultur und ihren lebenspraktischen Auswirkungen gegenüber.

Als Instanzen der Beschreibung moderner Gesellschaften gewinnen die Kulturwissenschaften immer mehr an Bedeutung. Rund 100 Autoren aus diversen Fachgebieten haben in diesem Handbuch ihre Forschungen zu den Methoden und Themen der Kulturwissenschaft zusammengetragen. Sie stellen damit die junge Disziplin auf ein theoretisches Fundament und geben einen Ausblick auf künftige Entwicklungen. Im dritten Band,'Themen und Tendenzen', liegt der Schwerpunkt auf den in den Kulturwissenschaften gegenwärtig praktizierten Interpretationen von Kultur, Wirtschaft und Kapitalismus, Gesellschaft, Politik und Recht. In ihm ziehen die Autoren eine Zwischenbilanz aktueller Forschungstrends und präsentieren wichtige Ergebnisse ihrer analytischen Arbeit.

Als Instanzen der Beschreibung moderner Gesellschaften gewinnen die Kulturwissenschaften immer mehr an Bedeutung. Rund 100 Autoren aus diversen Fachgebieten haben in diesem Handbuch ihre Forschungen zu den Methoden und Themen der Kulturwissenschaft zusammengetragen. Sie stellen damit die junge Disziplin auf ein theoretisches Fundament und geben einen Ausblick auf künftige Entwicklungen. Im zweiten Band'Paradigmen und Disziplinen'werden die erkenntnistheoretischen, methodologischen und fachlichen Grundlagen erörtert. Die Leitthemen sind hier der Zusammenhang von Wissenschaft und Lebenspraxis, die grundlegenden wissenschaftlichen Problemstellungen, die führenden handlungstheoretischen und sprachpragmatischen Methodenkonzepte und die verschiedenen Disziplinen der kulturwissenschaftlichen Forschungsarbeit.

It is the largest and perhaps the most important organ of our body—it covers our fragile inner parts, defines our social identities, and channels our sensory experiences. And yet we rarely give a thought. With The Book of Skin, Steven Connor aims to change all that, offering an intriguing cultural history of skin. Connor first examines physical issues such as leprosy, skin pigmentation, cancer, blushing, and attenuations of erotic touch. He also explains why specific colors symbolize certain emotions, such as green for envy or yellow for cowardice, as well as why skin is the focus of destructive rage in many people's violent fantasies. The Book of Skin then probes into how skin has been such a powerfully symbolic terrain in photography, religious iconography, cinema, and literature. From the Turin shroud to Ralph Ellison's Invisible Man to plastic surgery, The Book of Skin expertly examines the role of skin in Western culture. A compelling read that penetrates well beyond skin-deep, The Book of Skin validates James Joyce's declaration that “modern man has an epidermis rather than a soul.” “Richly conceived and elaborately thought out. No flicker of meaning has escaped Connor's ferocious, all-seeing eye.”—Guardian

Stereotypes continue to dominate contemporary Anglo-German relations. This volume brings together views from psychology, history, cultural theory, literature, pedagogy, but also business and management studies to elucidate the origins, forms, and possible strategies of dealing with clichés of'the British'and'the Germans'. By assessing their impact on the personal sphere and that of communication, the media, business, and politics, they demonstrate how an awareness of stereotypes can be part of a realistic assertion of identity in a changing world.

Prior to the modern age laughter raised passions and activated the body to sweat and shake. Derision was not distinguished from joy. Deceiving the senses by tricks or funny stories made all people laugh loudly, regardless of class. Johan Verberckmoes describes, in this innovating book, the hotchpotch of comic images and stories in'Flandes'during the rule of the Spanish Habsburgs, from 1500 to 1700. It challenges the Bakhtinian idea of a caesura in the history of laughter around 1600.

This book is about infant mortality decline, the rise of the infant welfare movement, outcomes in terms of changing priorities in child health and what happened to mothers and babies. Infant welfare raised public awareness but did not contribute as powerfully to improved infant survival - and so longer life - as protagonists claimed. This work shows what it meant for reformers, babies and mothers when the call was'population is power: the nation that has the babies has the future'.

This timely volume brings together specialists on the reform of social security systems to analyze the similarities and differences of those health care and pension reforms that have taken place since the early 1990s and suggests possible gains through recent or contemplated revisions to those systems.

International Historical Statistics: Europe is the latest edition of the most authoritative collection of statistics available. Fully updated to 1993, it provides key economic and social indicators for the last 250 years of European countries, from employment figures by occupation to annual output of wheat. Hard to find historical data is conveniently gathered together with the latest figures.

Originally published between 1920-70,The History of Civilization was a landmark in early twentieth century publishing. It was published at a formative time within the social sciences, and during a period of decisive historical discovery. The aim of the general editor, C.K. Ogden, was to summarize the most up to date findings and theories of historians, anthropologists, archaeologists and sociologists. This reprinted material is available as a set or in the following groupings: • Prehistory and Historical Ethnography Set of 12: 0-415-15611-4: £800.00 • Greek Civilization Set of 7: 0-415-15612-2: £450.00 • Roman Civilization Set of 6: 0-415-15613-0: £400.00 • Eastern Civilizations Set of 10: 0-415-15614-9: £650.00 • Judaeo-Christian Civilization Set of 4: 0-415-15615-7: £250.00 • European Civilization Set of 11: 0-415-15616-5: £700.00

From the viewpoint of carrying out multi-disciplinary studies between economics and other social sciences, Pareto's theories are especially important as they are the core of contemporary orthodox economics. His sociology is constructed very differently from his economics. First the former deals with non-rational social behaviour of human beings, whilst the latter with rational behaviour; secondly, in the methodology the former is empirical and inductive, while the latter is logical and deductive. The present volume is a revamping of works by two authorities on Pareto. It combines Alfonso de Pietri-Tonelli's address to the Italian Association for Advancement of Science on the occasion of the tenth anniversary of Pareto's death with selected chapters of Vilfredo Pareto, sa vie et son oeuvre, Payot, Paris, 1928 by G.H. Bousquet.

`...interesting, instructive and eminently readable.'- Mary J. Seller, The Expository Times The book shows how development in the biological sciences has been influenced by ethical, religious, social and philosophical assumptions as to the nature of life and mankind's place in the world. These beliefs have been presupposed in experimental investigations as well as in biological theories. The book is not intended as a comprehensive history of biology, rather some of that history is used as evidence of external influences. To this end there are accounts of past investigations (from the time of Aristotle to the present day).