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This is the first of three volumes which together contain the complete range of Lord Rutherford's scientific papers, incorporating in addition addresses, general lectures, letters to editors, accounts of his scientific work and personal recollections by friends and colleagues. Volume one, first published in 1962, includes early papers written in New Zealand, at the Cavendish Laboratory and during the Montreal period (1894-1906), as well as an introduction to Rutherford's early work by Sir Edward Appleton, and some reminiscences of his time in Canada by Professors H.L. Bronson and Otto Hahn. In each volume can be found photographs of Rutherford and his collaborators, multiple graphs, tables, diagrams and charts, and also pictures of the original apparatus which is of historic interest.

This is the second of three volumes which together contain the complete range of Lord Rutherford's scientific papers, incorporating in addition addresses, general lectures, letters to editors, accounts of his scientific work and personal recollections by friends and colleagues. Volume two, first published in 1963, includes the papers published by Rutherford when professor of Physics at Manchester, 1907 to 1919. While the work of his laboratory ranged over the whole field of radioactivity, he himself devoted much effort to questions concerning the nature and properties of the α particle. Consideration of the scattering of α particles led him to the second of his outstanding achievements, the conception of the nuclear structure of the atom, which opened up a new era in Physics. In each volume can be found photographs of Rutherford and his collaborators, multiple graphs, tables, diagrams and charts, and also pictures of the original apparatus which is of historic interest.

This is the third of three volumes which together contain the complete range of Lord Rutherford's scientific papers, incorporating in addition addresses, general lectures, letters to editors, accounts of his scientific work and personal recollections by friends and colleagues. The final volume, first published in 1965, covers his period as Cavendish Professor from 1919 to 1937. Following on the immense fertility of his years in Manchester – only overshadowed towards the end by the war – we now turn to his last years as a world figure at the Cavendish Laboratory, where he continued his work on the properties of the α particle and the nature of the atom. In each volume can be found photographs of Rutherford and his collaborators, multiple graphs, tables, diagrams and charts, and also pictures of the original apparatus which is of historic interest.

First published in 1990, this is a compilation of several important papers that have contributed to the foundation of population genetics, evolutionary biology and human genetics. The collection includes Haldane's first paper in genetics, which was published in 1915, reporting the first case of linkage in a mammal, and - fifty years later, in 1965 - his last paper in genetics on selection for a single pair of allelomorphs with complete replacement. Haldane's Rule, the only idea named after him, was published in 1922 and is still valid today. Other papers, which include many Haldane firsts, such as the first estimation of a human mutation rate, first human gene map, first papers in population genetics, first estimate of the probability of fixation of a new mutation, and first measurement of mutation impact on a population, leading to the'genetic load'concept, are included. The volume also includes a paper presenting an ancient logical system for interpreting scientific results.

This interdisciplinary volume explores various identities and their expressions in Georgia from the early 19th century to the present. It focuses on memory culture, the politics of history, and the relations between imperial and national traditions. It also addresses political, social, cultural, personal, religious, and gender identities. Individual contributions address the imperial scenarios of Russia's tsars visiting the Caucasus, Georgian political romanticism, specific aspects of the feminist movement and of pedagogical reform projects before 1917. Others discuss the personality cult of Stalin, the role of the museum built for the Soviet dictator in his hometown Gori, and Georgian nationalism in the uprising of 1956. Essays about the Abkhaz independence movement, the political role of national saints, post-Soviet identity crises, atheist sub-cultures, and current perceptions of citizenship take the volume into the contemporary period.

The Book Smugglers is the nearly unbelievable story of ghetto residents who rescued thousands of rare books and manuscripts—first from the Nazis and then from the Soviets—by hiding them on their bodies, burying them in bunkers, and smuggling them across borders. It is a tale of heroism and resistance, of friendship and romance, and of unwavering devotion—including the readiness to risk one's life—to literature and art. And it is entirely true. Based on Jewish, German, and Soviet documents, including diaries, letters, memoirs, and the author's interviews with several of the story's participants, The Book Smugglers chronicles the daring activities of a group of poets turned partisans and scholars turned smugglers in Vilna, “The Jerusalem of Lithuania.” The rescuers were pitted against Johannes Pohl, a Nazi “expert” on the Jews, who had been dispatched to Vilna by the Nazi looting agency, Einsatzstab Reichsleiter Rosenberg, to organize the seizure of the city's great collections of Jewish books. Pohl and his Einsatzstab staff planned to ship the most valuable materials to Germany and incinerate the rest. The Germans used forty ghetto inmates as slave-laborers to sort, select, pack, and transport the materials, either to Germany or to nearby paper mills. This group, nicknamed “the Paper Brigade,” and informally led by poet Shmerke Kaczerginski, a garrulous, street-smart adventurer and master of deception, smuggled thousands of books and manuscripts past German guards. If caught, the men would have faced death by firing squad at Ponar, the mass-murder site outside of Vilna. To store the rescued manuscripts, poet Abraham Sutzkever helped build an underground book-bunker sixty feet beneath the Vilna ghetto. Kaczerginski smuggled weapons as well, using the group's worksite, the former building of the Yiddish Scientific Institute, to purchase arms for the ghetto's secret partisan organization. All the while, both men wrote poetry that was recited and sung by the fast-dwindling population of ghetto inhabitants. With the Soviet “liberation” of Vilna (now known as Vilnius), the Paper Brigade thought themselves and their precious cultural treasures saved—only to learn that their new masters were no more welcoming toward Jewish culture than the old, and the books must now be smuggled out of the USSR. Thoroughly researched by the foremost scholar of the Vilna Ghetto—a writer of exceptional daring, style, and reach—The Book Smugglers is an epic story of human heroism, a little-known tale from the blackest days of the war.

Having recently passed the 40th anniversary of Margaret Thatcher's entry into Number 10 Downing Street, the burgeoning field of Thatcher studies continues to attract the attention of scholars and students alike. The dense array of literature has thus far comprehensively covered Thatcher's politics, personal life and famous speeches, but the approaches she took to her speech writing have hitherto been overlooked. By consulting a variety of primary sources such as the Chrurchill archives which house Thatcher's papers Tom Hurst deftly presents a comprehensive account of Margaret Thatcher's Speechmaking. By encompassing the creation, delivery and dissemination of the speeches before concluding with a focus on the reception of these speeches in an unprecedented digital age, Hurst fills an existing gap.By focusing on the oft-overlooked staff who helped Thatcher draft her speeches – and in so doing, shaped Thatcherism from behind the scenes – Hurst promotes an entirely original work that unveils the Iron Lady's reliance on her speechmakers, which has previously been unexplored.

James Bond, Ian Fleming's irrepressible and ubiquitous ‘spy,'is often understood as a Cold Warrior, but James Bond's Cold War diverged from the actual global conflict in subtle but significant ways.That tension between the real and fictional provides perspectives into Cold War culture transcending ideological and geopolitical divides. The Bondiverse is complex and multi-textual, including novels, films, video games, and even a comic strip, and has also inspired an array of homages, copies, and competitors. Awareness of its rich possibilities only becomes apparent through a multi-disciplinary lens.The desire to consider current trends in Bondian studies inspired a conference entitled ‘The Bondian Cold War,'convened at Tallinn University, Estonia in June 2019. Conference participants, drawn from three continents and multiple disciplines – film studies, history, intelligence studies, and literature, as well as intelligence practitioners – offered papers on the literary and cinematic aspects of the ‘spy', discussed fact versus fiction in the Bond canon, went in search of a global Bond, and pondered gender and sexuality across the Bondiverse.This volume of essays inspired by that conference, suitable for students, researchers, and anyone interested in Cold War culture, makes vital contributions to understanding Bond as a global phenomenon, across traditional divisions of East and West, and beyond the end of the Cold War from which he emerged.

Why does 1919 deserve further study and debate a hundred years later? What lessons for global history may we learn from the world order created at the end of the Great War? Drawing insight from the global turn of the past several decades that has forced us to reconsider the most important world events and processes since the French Revolution and especially the growing interest in World War I as a global conflict that extended far beyond the borders of Europe, this volume explores the global political ramifications of the treaties prepared at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 by focusing on key topics: how the Paris Peace Conference re-shaped the geo-political configurations of the Middle East, the importance of transformations in Asia and particularly China in the immediate postwar period, the shifts in Southeastern Europe, new feminist movements in Central Europe, and the pre-history of neoliberalism.Read together, the papers demonstrate how the peace treaties signed in 1919 and 1920 marked a profound transformation on local, national, continental, and global scales.

The Routledge Handbook of the Northern Ireland Conflict and Peace is the first multi-authored volume to specifically address the many facets of the 30-year Northern Ireland conflict, colloquially known as the Troubles, and its subsequent peace process. This volume is rooted in opening space to address controversial subjects, answer key questions, and move beyond reductive analysis that reproduces a simplistic two community theses. The temporal span of individual chapters can reach back to the formation of the state of Northern Ireland, with many starting in the late 1960s, to include a range of individuals, collectives, organisations, understandings, and events, at least up to the Good Friday/Belfast Agreement in 1998.This volume has forefronted creative approaches in understanding conflict and allows for analysis and reflection on conflict and peace to continue through to the present day. With an extensive introduction, preface, and 45 individual chapters, this volume represents an ambitious, expansive, interdisciplinary engagement with the North of Ireland through society, conflict, and peace from a wide range of disciplinary perspectives, theoretical frameworks, and methodological approaches.While allowing for rich historical explorations of high-level politics rooted in state documents and archives, this volume also allows for the intermingling of different sources that highlight the role of personal papers, memory, space, materials, and experience in understanding the complexities of both Northern Ireland as a people, place, and political entity.

During the twilight years of the Ottoman Empire, the ethnic tensions between the minority populations within the empire led to the administration carrying out a systematic destruction of the Armenian people. This not only brought 2,000 years of Armenian civilisation within Anatolia to an end but was accompanied by the mass murder of Syriac and Greek Orthodox Christians.Containing a selection of papers presented at The Genocide of the Christian Populations of the Ottoman Empire and Its Aftermath (1908–1923) international conference, hosted by the Chair for Pontic Studies at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, this book draws on unpublished archival material and an innovative historiographical approach to analyze events and their legacy in comparative perspective. In order to understand the historical context of the Ottoman Genocide, it is important to study, apart from the Armenian case, the fate of the Greek and Assyrian peoples, providing a more comprehensive understanding of the complexity of the situation.This volume is primarily a research contribution but should also be valued as a supplementary text that would provide secondary reading for undergraduates and postgraduate students.

Approaching Recent World History Through Film: Context, Analysis, and Research explores the relationships between twentieth-century world history and film by providing analysis of a diverse range of films organized by global history topics, including war and conflict, decolonization, political economy, and long-distance travel.This insightful text describes how to analyze films as original historical sources and how to carry out research projects using films. The text provides guidance on the types of world history films, their conventions, and how to analyze the historical arguments in movies. Scott C.M. Bailey incorporates in-depth discussions of the historical content and context of a wide range of international films connected with important twentieth-century global history topics. The book also offers many prompts for discussion, historical timelines, and suggestions for further reading and viewing, as well as instructions on how to construct research papers and projects which employ the use of films as historical sources.This book will be of interest to students in world history and film history courses.

This volume of primary sources focuses on the history of emotions in Europe and its empires between 1789 and 1914. The study ends with WW1, by which point psychology and modern frameworks for the self had become standard knowledge. The study examines the subjects of the self, family and community, religion, politics and law, science and philosophy, and art and culture.Sources include letters, diaries, legal papers, institutional records, newspapers, science and philosophical writings, literature and art from a diversity of voices and perspectives. Accompanied by extensive editorial commentary, this collection will be of great interest to students of history and literature.

In a lively collection of feature obituaries and related news stories, longtime newspaper reporter George Hesselberg celebrates life, sharing the most fascinating stories that came from decades of covering the obit and public safety beats. In more than forty years at the Wisconsin State Journal, Hesselberg frequently found himself writing about fatal accidents, crime investigations, and the deaths of the wealthy, famous, or notorious. But he was most drawn to the curious, the unknown, and the unsung—the deaths that normally wouldn't make much of a splash, if any mention at all, in the news columns of a daily paper. Digging deeper, he uncovered the extraordinary among the ordinary, memorializing the lives of a sword designer, a radio villain, a pioneering female detective, a homeless woman who spoke fluent French, a beloved classroom tarantula, and many more. Their stories are alternately amusing, sad, surprising, and profound. Together they speak to a shared human experience and inspire us to see the people around us with new eyes, valuing the lives while they are still being lived.

'This is an original work, meticulously researched, rich in detail, and written in a clear and – here and there – refreshingly pungent style. (...) I regard it as a first-rate contribution to the diplomatic methods of the 100 years before the First World War.'- G.R. Berridge, Emeritus Professor of International Politics, University of Leicester'Marina Soroka has made exceptional use of Russian manuscript sources from among imperial archives and family papers to enrich a well-grounded perspective of the European watering place as a forum for brokering national destinies and forging political careers.'- Jonathan Keates, Times Literary Supplement'At times captivating like a novel, The Summer Capitals of Europe narrates the role of spas in the geopolitical set-up of nineteenth-century Europe.'- Corriere della Sera'an important and overdue contribution'- Ben Anderson, Keele University, English Historical ReviewThis book is about the European health spas of the nineteenth century: what they were, how they operated, what life was like there and how their functions evolved to the point where their original medicinal purpose was relegated to a secondary place by the unintended uses of spas as stages of social and political interactions.These popular resorts were nicknamed ‘the summer capitals of Europe'because of the tendency of nations'governing classes to gather there. Every summer between 1814 and 1914 (and in a few cases during World War I) continental watering places became a microcosm of cosmopolitan aristocratic Europe, incorporating its conventions, tastes, concerns and interests. As the nineteenth century advanced, fashionable watering stations increasingly became associated with social bonding, matchmaking, pleasure, career building, conspicuous consumption and diplomatic activity that took place during the high season.

Sources and Methods in Histories of Colonialism provides an in-depth study of the relationships between archives, knowledge and power. Exploring a diverse range of examples and surveying the now substantial scholarly literatures on the functions and scope of the ‘imperial archive', it facilitates a deeper understanding of the challenges of working with a range of specific source genres within imperial and colonial archives. Covering the late eighteenth century to the present day and drawing on material from a range of modern empires including those established by Britain, France, the Netherlands, Spain and the United States, chapters discuss themes such as the emergence of photography as an archival tool, the use of oral history in histories of colonialism and the ways in which the state informs the archive and vice versa. This book considers the ways in which newer ways of thinking about the past have challenged more traditional views of ‘the archive', provoking questions about what archives are and where their conceptual, geographical and chronological boundaries lie.Examining a wide selection of source material including government papers, censuses, petitions and case files and providing both an overarching introduction to the subject and close analysis of specific case studies, this book will be essential reading for students of imperial and colonial history.

This volume focuses on a formative period in the history and archaeology of northern Greece. The decade following 1912, when Thessaloniki became part of Greece, was a period marked by an extraordinary internationalism as a result of the population movements caused by the shifting of national borders and the troop movements which accompanied the First World War.The papers collected here look primarily at the impact of the discoveries of the Army of the Orient on the archaeological study of the region of Macedonia. Resulting collections of antiquities are now held in Thessaloniki, London, Paris, Edinburgh and Oxford. Various specialists examine each of these collections, bringing the archaeological legacy of the Macedonian Campaign together in one volume for the first time.A key theme of the volume is the emerging dialogue between the archaeological remains of Macedonia and the politics of Hellenism. A number of authors consider how archaeological interpretation was shaped by the incorporation of Macedonia into Greece. Other authors describe how the politics of the Campaign, in which Greece was initially a neutral partner, had implications both for the administration of archaeological finds and their subsequent dispersal. A particular focus is the historical personalities who were involved and the sites they discovered. The role of the Greek Archaeological Service, particularly in the protection of antiquities, as well as promoting excavation in the aftermath of the 1917 Great Fire of Thessaloniki, is also considered.

Influential sexologist and activist Magnus Hirschfeld founded Berlin's Institute of Sexual Sciences in 1919 as a home and workplace to study homosexual rights activism and support transgender people. It was destroyed by the Nazis in 1933. This episode in history prompted Heike Bauer to ask, Is violence an intrinsic part of modern queer culture? The Hirschfeld Archives answers this critical question by examining the violence that shaped queer existence in the first part of the twentieth century. Hirschfeld himself escaped the Nazis, and many of his papers and publications survived. Bauer examines his accounts of same-sex life from published and unpublished writings, as well as books, articles, diaries, films, photographs and other visual materials, to scrutinize how violence—including persecution, death and suicide—shaped the development of homosexual rights and political activism. The Hirschfeld Archives brings these fragments of queer experience together to reveal many unknown and interesting accounts of LGBTQ life in the early twentieth century, but also to illuminate the fact that homosexual rights politics were haunted from the beginning by racism, colonial brutality, and gender violence.

Less than a year after the assassination of President Kennedy brought Lyndon B. Johnson to the White House, Harold Wilson became British Prime Minister. Over the next four years, the two men governed their countries through unprecedented crises, both domestic and international. To provide a better understanding of the transatlantic relationship, this volume provides for the first time all the correspondence between Wilson and Johnson from the time Wilson became Prime Minister in October 1964 until Johnson stepped down as President in January 1969. This period witnessed Britain's accelerated'retreat from Empire'and the United States'correspondingly active role in confronting communist influence across the globe. The letters between Wilson and Johnson reveal the difficulties they faced during this period of transition. In particular, the issue of the Vietnam War looms large, as Wilson's refusal to commit British forces, and his sponsorship of peace initiatives, served to place severe strain on relations between the two men. Other significant topics which re-occur in the correspondence include American attempts to stiffen Britain's resolve to preserve the value of the pound, the almost continual British defence reviews, the future of the British Army on the Rhine, the French withdrawal from NATO, the 1967 Arab-Israeli War, East-West relations, Britain's relations with the EEC, the Prague Spring, and the devaluation of sterling. Drawing on material from the Johnson Presidential Library, Wilson's private papers at the Bodleian Library, and the National Archives of both the United States and the United Kingdom, this collection provides a direct insight into Anglo-American relations at a pivotal moment. For whilst the United States was undoubtedly a superpower on the rise and Britain a declining influence on the world stage, the letters reveal that Johnson was eager for international allies to demonstrate to the American people that the US did not stan

This book offers an overview of a huge range of scientific achievements in the 20th century, specifically in the field of applied science. The majority of the essays originally appeared in papers and journals such as the Daily Worker, New Statesman and Nation, Science and Society and Nature. Insofar as one theme runs through them, it is the application of scientific knowledge for the benefit of human society. The author is unashamed to present his perspective on some of the topics discussed in the context of his commitment to Marxism. This collection of essays, first published in 1947, thus offers an intriguing glimpse of mid-20th century attitudes towards science, and specifically to the possibilities of a scientific approach to the full spectrum of human endeavour as they were perceived in the aftermath of the Second World War, at a time when the Soviet Union and its creed still seemed ascendant.

This book presents a collection of papers which discuss the origins of the domestic ideal and its effects on activities usually undertaken by women: not only on women's wage work, but also on activities either not defined as work or accorded an ambiguous status. It discusses the formation of the ideology of domesticity, philanthropy and its effects on official policy and on women, landladies in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, working-class radical suffragists, and Labour Party and trade union attitudes to feminists.Modern society of 1979, when the book was first published, is analysed in a discussion of militancy and acquiescence among women wage workers, a look at how and why the legal system reinforces activity specialisation according to gender, and an examination of why both pre-pre-war capitalism and the modern Welfare State have been unable to meet the needs of dependents. This collection reflects the increasing recognition that in order to understand women's roles today, it is necessary to examine not only their current manifestations, but also their origins and early development.

Donald Hankey was a writer who saw himself as a'student of human nature'and peacetime Edwardian Britain as a society at war with itself. Wounded in a murderous daylight infantry charge near Ypres, Hankey began sending despatches to The Spectator from hospital in 1915. Trench life, wrote Hankey, taught that'the gentleman'is a type not a social class. In one calm, humane, eyewitness report after another under the byline'A Student in Arms', Hankey revealed how the civilian volunteers of Kitchener's Army, many with little stake in Edwardian society, put their betters to shame nonetheless. A runaway best-seller on both sides of the Atlantic, Hankey's prose vied in popularity with the poetry of Rupert Brooke. After he was killed on the Somme in another daylight infantry charge, Hankey joined Brooke as an international symbol of promise foregone. British propaganda backed publication in the-then neutral United States, yet at home Hankey had to dodge the censors to tell the truth as he saw it. This, the first scholarly biography, has been made possible by the recovery of Hankey papers long thought lost. Dr Davies traces the life of an Edwardian rebel from privileged birth into a banking dynasty that had owned slaves to spokesman for the ordinary man who, when put to the test of battle, proves to be not-so-ordinary. This study of Hankey's life, writing and vast audience - military and civilian - enlarges our understanding of how throughout the English-speaking world people managed to fight or endure a war for which little had prepared them.

Picture your twenty-first birthday. Did you have a party? If so, do you remember who was there? Now step back: how clear are those memories? Should we trust them to be accurate, or is there a chance that you're remembering incorrectly? And where have the many details you can no longer recall gone? Are they hidden somewhere in your brain, or are they gone forever? Such questions have fascinated scientists for hundreds of years, and, as Alison Winter shows in Memory: Fragments of a Modern History, the answers have changed dramatically in just the past century. Tracing the cultural and scientific history of our understanding of memory, Winter explores early metaphors that likened memory to a filing cabinet; later, she shows, that cabinet was replaced by the image of a reel of film, ever available for playback. That model, too, was eventually superseded, replaced by the current understanding of memory as the result of an extremely complicated, brain-wide web of cells and systems that together assemble our pasts. Winter introduces us to innovative scientists and sensationalistic seekers, and, drawing on evidence ranging from scientific papers to diaries to movies, explores the way that new understandings from the laboratory have seeped out into psychiatrists'offices, courtrooms, and the culture at large. Along the way, she investigates the sensational battles over the validity of repressed memories that raged through the 1980s and shows us how changes in technology—such as the emergence of recording devices and computers—have again and again altered the way we conceptualize, and even try to study, the ways we remember. Packed with fascinating details and curious episodes from the convoluted history of memory science, Memory is a book you'll remember long after you close its cover.

The sheer size and influence of the British Indian Army, and its major role in the Allied War effort between 1939 and 1945 on behalf of a country from which it was seeking independence, maintains its fascination as a subject for a wide variety of historians. This volume presents a range of papers examining the Indian Army experience from the outbreak of world war in 1939 to the partition of India in 1947. With contributions from many of those at the forefront of the study of the Indian Army and Commonwealth history, the book focuses upon a period of Indian Army history not well covered by modern scholarship. As such it makes a substantial contribution across a range of subject areas, presenting a compendium of chapters examining Indian Army participation in the Second World War from North Africa to Burma, plus a variety of other topics including the evolution of wartime training, frontier operations, Churchill and the Indian Army, the Army's role in the development of post-war British counterinsurgency practice, and of particular note, several chapters examining aspects of the partition in 1947. As such, the book offers a fascinating insight into one of the most important yet least understood military forces of the twentieth century. It will be of interest not only to those seeking a fuller understanding of past campaigns, but also to those wishing to better understand the development and ethos of the present day military forces of the Indian subcontinent.

Montreal, Monday (6.00 a.m.) April 15, 1912TITANIC STRUCK AN ICEBERG. SENDS MARCONIGRAM ASKING FOR ASSISTANCE. VIRGINIAN GOING TO HER RESCUE.From New York, Monday. April 15, 1912'VESSEL SINKING'STEAMERS ARE TOWING THE TITANIC. AND ENDEAVOURING TO GET HER INTO THE SHOAL WATER NEAR CAPE RACE. FOR THE PURPOSE OF BEACHING HER.From New York, Monday night. April 15, 1912THE WHITE STAR OFFICIALS NOW ADMIT THAT MANY LIVES HAVE BEEN LOST.News of the Titanic's catastrophic sinking, days after her maiden voyage, shocked the world. The public was frantic for information and answers, and the London Daily Telegraph, the largest circulating newspaper in the world at the time, was charged with the task of relaying what exactly had happened to the luxury liner. But with false reports abounding and no access to survivors, that task was easier said than done.Read how a paper, and the world, struggled to find and report the truth of the most disastrous maritime accident in history.

On September 30, 1938, British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain flew back to London from his meeting in Munich with German Chancellor Adolf Hitler. As he disembarked from the aircraft, he held aloft a piece of paper, which contained the promise that Britain and Germany would never go to war with one another again. He had returned bringing “Peace with honour—Peace for our time.” Drawing on a wealth of archival material, acclaimed historian David Faber delivers a sweeping reassessment of the extraordinary events of 1938, tracing the key incidents leading up to the Munich Conference and its immediate aftermath: Lord Halifax's ill-fated meeting with Hitler; Chamberlain's secret discussions with Mussolini; and the Berlin scandal that rocked Hitler's regime. He takes us to Vienna, to the Sudentenland, and to Prague. In Berlin, we witness Hitler inexorably preparing for war, even in the face of opposition from his own generals; in London, we watch as Chamberlain makes one supreme effort after another to appease Hitler. Resonating with an insider's feel for the political infighting Faber uncovers, Munich, 1938 transports us to the war rooms and bunkers, revealing the covert negotiations and scandals upon which the world's fate would rest. It is modern history writing at its best.

The two main themes of this selection of articles by Professor Hroch are the process of nation formation during the 19th century, especially in the case of'smaller'European nations, i.e. those without statehood, and the social and political aspects of the transition from a pre-modern, feudal and traditional society to a modern capitalist one and the uneven pace of this change in the West and East of Europe. The author argues that we cannot study the process of nation-formation as a mere product of some nebulous'nationalism'; we have to understand it as a part of social and cultural transformation, as a component of modernization of European societies, even though this modernization did not occur synchronically and had its regional specificities. Many of the papers focus specifically on the Czech case, but throughout there is an emphasis on comparative history.

Eine von der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft getragene Forschergruppe an der Universität Regensburg untersucht seit einigen Jahren im Rahmen einer Neuen Militärgeschichte'Formen und Funktionen des Krieges im Mittelalter'. Im März 2004 wurde auf einer international und interdisziplinär ausgerichteten Fachtagung, organisiert von Mitgliedern der Regensburger Forschergruppe zusammen mit dem Hamburger Institut für Sozialforschung, versucht, traditionelle Epochengrenzen, wie sie zwischen Mittelalter und Neuzeit nach wie vor bestehen, zu überwinden. Einen vielversprechenden Ansatz hierfür bot die gerade in jüngster Zeit sehr kontrovers geführte Debatte über die'Kulturen des Krieges'(John Keegan) und die mit ihr untrennbar verbundene Frage nach der typologischen Verortung der jeweiligen Konflikte. Anhand der Kategorie des'transkulturellen Krieges'wurde der Frage nachgegangen, welche Gemeinsamkeiten es zwischen mittelalterlichen und neuzeitlichen Kriegen gibt, wie neu die derzeit viel beschriebenen'Neuen Kriege'wirklich sind. Darüber hinaus wurde epochenübergreifend untersucht, was Krieg zwischen Kulturen ausmacht und wie er sich typologisch fassen lässt. War is a predominant theme in medieval as well as in modern historical research. Whereas both disciplines tend to dwell on this topic separately, this volume aims at crossing the artificial line of division between medieval and modern wars. War is regarded as a historical phenomenon the continuitiesof which prevail over any time-specific alternations. A special kind of war is the one waged between or on the line of different cultures. Such transcultural wars are currently a widespread phenomenon - but have been on the agenda throughout history. Different examples and aspects of transcultural wars are discussed in this volume. All papers were presented and discussed at a international conference held in Regensburg in March 2004 which brought war-specialists of the Middle Ages and the Modern Period together. With regard to the category of'transcultural'wars the question has been raised what medieval and modern wars have in common and whether the so called'New Wars'are that new at all. On top of that it has been examined what characteristics can be ascribed to transcultural wars, what makes these wars special and how they can best be classified.

Among the European peoples immigrating to Britain in the years 1933 to 1950 were members of the Polish army, displaced persons, former prisoners of war from Italy and the Ukraine, and laborers recruited from Germany and other Western European countries. Thirteen papers, drawn from a December 2000 conference held at London's German Historical Institute and lending its name to the title of this volume, are presented by Steinert (history, U. of Wolverhampton, UK) and Weber-Newth (German, London Metropolitan U.) in order to allow for comparative exploration of the experiences of these various groups that led to their immigration as well as British government policies towards them. Annotation : 2004 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com).

The Nazi Germany Sourcebook is an exciting new collection of documents on the origins, rise, course and consequences of National Socialism, the Third Reich, the Second World War, and the Holocaust.Packed full of both official and private papers from the perspectives of perpetrators and victims, these sources offer a revealing insight into why Nazism came into being, its extraordinary popularity in the 1930s, how it affected the lives of people, and what it means to us today.This carefully edited series of 148 documents, drawn from 1850 to 2000, covers the pre-history and aftermath of Nazism:• the ideological roots of Nazism, and the First World War• the Weimar Republic• the consolidation of Nazi power• Hitler's motives, aims and preparation for war• the Second World War• the Holocaust• the Cold War and recent historical debates.The Nazi Germany Sourcebook focuses on key areas of study, helping students to understand and critically evaluate this extraordinary historical episode:

First published in 1978, Rural, Protest, Identity consists of eleven essays on modern South Asia. Its concern is with the diversity of the region, to suggest how its study may be enriched by the juxtaposition of various disciplines, and in particular through the examination of familiar subjects from less familiar points of view. Four papers deal with the ruling of modern India. One examines the relationship between the British government and an Indian state, one the legal implications of the emergency under Mrs. Gandhi, and two the role of civil servants in the formation of Indian government policy. Four more papers deal with aspects of protest movements: one with British Ceylon, one with a follower of Gandhi, and two with Gandhi himself. Three final papers treat questions of identity from literary or linguistic standpoints. Two discuss ideas or stereotypes as expressed in famous books, and the third considers a linguistic movement in Pakistan. This book will be of interest to student of South Asian studies, history, economics, literature and political science.

The “West” is a central concept in public discourse, but its meaning is often unclear and open to manifold interpretations and ascriptions of belonging and exclusion: Who is part of the “West”? When and where is it located? How did its meaning change over space and time? Who are the mediators of the “West” and what is their interest in terms of culture and education? The “West” is often used without any critical questioning, though. This is also reflected in history of education research, especially with focus on transnational or transatlantic issues. Here, the “West” is a sort of “container” term or “fuzzy” concept that can refer to a variety of historical entanglements and cultural transfers in school systems and education, but also to conflicts and crises, accordingly. This book aims to stimulate a critical reflection and debate on ideas of the “West” in the history of education by gathering scholars from various fields of historical research. With a reflexive historical distance to current political incidents, in which ideas of the “West” are revived, the contributions in this book are intended to enable readers to evaluate representations of the “West” in current academic or public discourses and debates alike.

This edited volume explores the role of education in the process of European cooperation and integration as it has been conceived and realized in the late 20th century and the early 21st century, as well as the mirror of this narrative: the effects of the European integration process on education.Through this dual analysis, the contributors reflect on the concept of Europeanization by showing the complex interplay between Europeanization through education and Europeanization of education. Part I offers a critical overview of the actors, spaces, actions, and pedagogies designed to promote the European project and build Europeans. Part II examines how work done on the European continental level has impacted the educational sphere and national education systems. The case studies cover a wide range of international institutions (College of Europe, European Schools, European Centre for Culture, European University Institute), international organizations (EC/ EU, OEEC/ OECD, Council of Europe, UNESCO), and transnational actors (European Trade Union Committee for Education, European Federation of Education Employers), providing interdisciplinary insight into how this dialectic contributed to shape Europe as a whole.This book will be of interest to graduate and postgraduate students, teachers, and researchers of international cultural relations, Europeanization, and education from a transnational perspective.The Open Access version of this book, available at http://www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives (CC-BY-NC-ND) 4.0 license.

This volume untangles the multiple threads of the Mexican Revolution to present an accessible introduction to its causes, development, and consequences.Grounded in a detailed narrative that readers can actively explore through accompanying primary sources, the book also provides a broad view of Mexico's cultural, political, and social evolution from the 1870s to the 1940s. It traces the promises and perils of export-led modernization during the late nineteenth century, the subsequent explosion of popular discontent, the difficult process of reconstruction, and the lasting legacies. The book emphasizes the promises and shortcomings of liberalism; the demands from workers and peasants; the gender underpinnings of revolutionary principles; new forms of authoritarianism; and how conservative resistance curbed the revolution's reform agenda.Featuring a number of learning tools such as a chronology, glossary, and introduction to key historical figures, The Mexican Revolution is a helpful resource for undergraduate students and non-specialist readers interested in Mexico and its major revolution.

The Second World War in Eastern Europe is far from a neglected topic, especially since social, cultural, and diplomatic historians have entered a field previously dominated by operational histories, and produced a cornucopia of new scholarship offering a more nuanced picture from both sides of the front. However, until now, the story has still been disjointed and specialized, whereby military, social, economic, and diplomatic histories continue to give their own separate accounts. This collection of essays attempts to bring these themes into a more cohesive whole that tells a complex, multifaceted story of war on the Eastern Front as it truly was.This is one of the few critical examinations that includes both perspectives and looks at the war as a multi‑front effort. It also reveals how myths are created around military conflicts and have direct relevance to current developments in Europe, linking them to a broader discussion of the Second World War, its impact and utility today. It gives a historical dimension to pressing issues and will be of interest and relevance to history students, policymakers, political scientists, diplomats, and foreign policy experts.The Eastern Front will be a useful reference source, since some chapters rely on extensive new archival research and materials, ego sources, as well as extensive findings of non‑Western scholars, thereby bringing their work to the attention of a broader audience.

How did a diversity of intermediaries shape not only the everyday divisions but also the dynamics and growth of the colonial city? This is the central question of Dividing Dar. Focusing on South Asian elites, Askari soldiers and police, and a minority of European settlers, the book illustrates how three continents converged to produce the colonial city in East Africa. Dividing Dar shows how negotiations, ranging from contestation to anti-colonial resistance, derailed German colonial plans to transform African'cosmopolitanism'into neatly divided races and city spaces. Dividing Dar offers a novel approach to colonial urban history. In contrast to the traditional focus on top-down urban planning, knowledge production, and municipal politics, the book builds on a growing body of literature on colonial intermediaries and urbanism'from the middle'to address questions of historical agency, the construction of sociocultural hierarchies, and the mutations of African urbanism under the forces of German colonial occupation.

Now in its second edition, China and the World since 1945 offers an accessible introduction to China's foreign policy and diplomatic history across a broad chronology.After the ‘century of humiliation', China was in constant search of a new identity on the world stage, which significantly changed the way the nation defined itself and its role in the world. The book traces developments in China's relations with the two superpowers, Asian neighbours, Third World countries, and European powers, examining China's role in modern globalization and the international community. It also considers the influence of domestic politics and ideology on China's international relations. Fully revised and updated with the latest scholarship, the second edition includes a new chapter on China's foreign relations under Xi Jinping's administration, including the reassertion of China as a Communist state, identification with the Global South, and the ‘New Cold War'with the United States as both powers grapple for global influence.By examining the rise of China from a long-term historical perspective, this concise yet comprehensive study will be essential to scholars and students of Chinese history and contemporary international relations.

Die Bewegung 2. Juni fand bisher im Feld der Terrorismusforschung wenig Beachtung, obwohl die Gruppierung bekannte Persönlichkeiten wie den CDU-Politiker Peter Lorenz entführte, diverse Banken überfiel und Bombenanschläge verübte. Die Geschichte der Gruppierung beginnt 1969 mit dem wilden Leben in den Kommunen Westberlins, macht einen Zwischenstopp in südjemenitischen Guerillatrainingscamps und endet 1980 in Paris mit dem Zusammenschluss mit der RAF. Die Mitglieder überschritten also nicht nur geographische Grenzen, sondern auch Grenzen der Gewalt: vom Steinwurf zur Flugzeugentführung. In seiner Analyse zeichnet Max Gedig nicht nur ein detailliertes Bild der Geschehnisse, sondern auch der Mitglieder, ihrer politischen Ziele und des radikalen Milieus, aus dem sie sich rekrutierten. Max Gedig betrachtet die Gruppierung dabei sowohl aus einem historischen Blickwinkel als auch aus den Perspektiven der Gewalt-, Organisations- und Gemeinschaftssoziologie. Der interdisziplinäre Ansatz ermöglicht eine besonders umfassende Analyse der Organisation. Diese trägt wesentlich zum Verständnis der radikalen Linken sowie der politischen Gewalt der deutschen Nachkriegsgeschichte bei.

In den Jahren 1880 bis 1914 suchten radikalisierte politische Gruppierungen weltweit mit Anschlägen und Attentaten öffentliche Aufmerksamkeit auf ihre Anliegen zu lenken. Ihre Gewaltakte lösten globale Reaktionen aus: Sowohl die Medien als auch die Politik bis hin zu politischen Aktivistinnen und Aktivisten rezipierten die Nachrichten über die Gewalt, äußerten ihren Abscheu oder ihre Bewunderung. Die Arbeit erzählt die Globalgeschichte des Terrorismus ausgehend vom Russischen Reich und damit von einem Staat, der um 1900 zum Dreh- und Angelpunkt globaler Debatten über Ursachen, Konsequenzen und Legitimität terroristischer Gewaltformen wurde. Bis heute gilt das Russische Reich als Ursprungsland des modernen Terrorismus. Global war das erste Zeitalter des Terrorismus vor allem in der medialen Vermittlung und im Bewusstsein der Zeitgenoss:innen. Politische Gewalt löste staatliche und mediale Reaktionen aus, die weit über den Horizont der Erwartungen der Attentäterinnen und Attentäter hinausreichten. Die Debatten im Anschluss an die Gewaltakte verweisen damit auf tiefe innergesellschaftliche und internationale Konflikte in den letzten Jahrzehnten vor Ausbruch des Ersten Weltkrieges. Die preisgekrönte Studie leistet einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Gewaltforschung, zur internationalen und globalen Geschichte sowie zur Geschichte transnationaler medialer und emotionaler Vernetzungen.

'Heimat'ist in Geschichte und Gegenwart ein besonders schillernder Kampfbegriff: Vereinnahmt vom Rechtspopulismus, umgarnt von der Klimaschutzbewegung und intensiv diskutiert in der Forschung, trägt dieser Band zu seiner Historisierung bei. Er bringt dabei empirische Beiträge renommierter Historiker und Historikerinnen zusammen. Diese vermessen Heimat unter drei Perspektiven: räumlich, akteurszentriert und thematisch. Geographisch liegt der Schwerpunkt auf der deutschen Geschichte mit internationalen und globalen Seitenblicken. Während ein Blick über eine längere Zeit zum Verständnis des Heimatkonzeptes nötig ist, markiert das'lange'20. Jahrhundert den Fokus des Bandes: Denn hier kam es zur'Fundamentalpolitisierung'des Heimatbegriffes. Der Band leistet auch einen Beitrag zur Debatte um einen „deutschen Sonderweg', die in den letzten Jahren im Kontext der neuen Preußenkontroverse, den wiederaufflammenden Diskussionen zur deutschen Kriegsschuld 1914, den Auseinandersetzungen zur deutschen Demokratietradition und der Debatte um die Entschädigungsforderungen der Hohenzollern wieder aufgeblüht ist. Die Beiträge unterstreichen, wie sich Heimat gesellschaftlich zu einer Sonde für Probleme und Fragen der Migration, der politischen Gewalt, des sozialen Wandels und der demokratischen Partizipation entwickelte.

This edited volume delves into the intricate landscape of educational internationalism during the Cold War, providing an in-depth examination of its diverse forms, impulses, and global impacts.Through multilingual archival research, the chapters uncover a variety of experiences that have fostered cross-border exchanges and cooperation within, between, and beyond the Western and Eastern blocs. Promoted by a wide range of individual and collective actors, internationalism in education has extended across a broad spectrum of fields, including academic mobility schemes, cultural interchanges, youth science competitions, development programs, and training courses. This collection offers, for the first time, a comprehensive analysis of these initiatives, revealing their intersections with national educational policies and processes of decolonization, development, and Europeanization. It also challenges conventional historical narratives by both uncovering forms of collaboration and solidarity that transcended the Iron Curtain and emphasizing the pivotal role of the Global South as a central arena of encounters.Educational Internationalism in the Cold War presents a rich understanding of the Cold War as a laboratory of contemporary globalization and is a valuable addition to the scholarship on one of the most critical moments of the twentieth century.

The Routledge Handbook of Nostalgia serves as a guide to the complex and often contradictory concept of nostalgia, as well as the field of “nostalgia studies” more broadly.Nostalgia is an area of intense interest across several disciplines as well as within society and culture more generally. This handbook brings together an international, interdisciplinary team of researchers to survey the current landscape and identify common trends, achievements, and gaps in existing literature. Comprising 45 chapters, the volume covers the following topics: Disciplinary perspectives of nostalgias including philosophy, history, literature, and psychology. Conceptual aspects of nostalgia including homesickness, temporality, affectivity, and memory. Historical and political dimensions such as afro-nostalgia, populism, feminism, and queer nostalgia. Spatial and material aspects of nostalgia including ruins, regionalism, and objects. Media-related nostalgia such as analogue and digital nostalgia, reboots, revivals, gaming, and graphic novels. Essential reading for students and researchers working in nostalgia studies, this book will also be beneficial to related disciplines such as philosophy, anthropology, geography, history, and literature; cultural, media, heritage, museum, and film studies courses; and more generally for readers interested in how the past is represented and used in the present.Chapter 18 of this book is freely available as a downloadable Open Access PDF at http://www.taylorfrancis.com under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) 4.0 license.

Observers from Abroad offers an examination of published and archival images of Soviet Russia, providing a deeper understanding of the complexities and vicissitudes of its political culture.The book argues that photography, when accurately interpreted, can be utilized as primary historical evidence that has the potential to both enhance and counter traditional verbal analysis. Employing a number of images of the Soviet Union captured by gifted documentary photographers from the West, who received visas to work in Moscow from the Bolshevik seizure of power in 1917 to the collapse of the USSR in 1991, the book also assesses the intentions of the photographers, who acted as conscious observers capturing visual evidence under the restraining conditions of state surveillance. Each chapter provides a closer look at the life and work of these photographers, with a wealth of historical images and discussion.Richly illustrated and engaging, this volume will be ideal for students, scholars, and readers interested in Soviet history, twentieth century history, and the history of photography.

This book investigates the radical transformation of the relationship between Germany and France, neighbors whose border constituted one of the deepest fault lines of European history.For generations, the French and the Germans believed they were “eternal enemies,” and this myth of primordial hatred was the lens through which they interpreted each other's every move. Yet today, a Franco-German war is unimaginable. Passman locates the reshaping of the French-German dynamic in the civic organizations that made the very notion of cooperation credible. After World War I, and in the decades to follow, Franco-German associations kept calling for an end to their animus. Through journals, cultural exchanges, events, and charitable ventures, activists opened up the possibility of imagining friendship with the enemy. The pursuit of French-German cooperation did not begin with politicians after World War II. It took flight in the 1920s and persisted through decades of turmoil. In anchoring the history of collaboration in a longer arc of French-German cooperation, Passman illuminates how entangled were the histories of 1920s rapprochement, Nazi-era collaborationism, and postwar reconciliation.This volume will appeal to scholars, students, and general readers interested in the histories of modern France and modern Germany, European integration, and peace studies.

As the first of a two-volume set examining the distinctive social structure and governance of Huizhou, China, this book focuses on the internal elements of this social functioning.From the sixteenth century to the first half of the twentieth century, Huizhou, a historic region in what is now Anhui Province in China, was characterized by long-term social stability and prosperity. Even during times of war and unrest, Huizhou was able to quickly restore order. This two-volume study explores the reasons for this stability and its relevance and implications for contemporary society. In this first volume, the author provides an insider's view of the factors that contributed to this remarkable social stability. It begins with an account of the historical context of the region, including clans, businessmen, and non-state institutions. The book then examines the internal drivers of this stable society, including autonomous local governance based on Confucian culture, merchant culture, and clan culture, which together ensured effective leadership of various non-governmental organizations.The title will appeal to scholars and students of Chinese history, social and economic history in modern China, as well as readers interested in China's transition to modernity.

The Routledge History of the First World War is a work which, in a single volume, covers a range of major themes and issues relating to that conflict.Providing a comprehensive but readily accessible reference work examining the First World War, in accordance with a broad range of themes, this book presents the many ways in which study of the First World War can take place and introduces readers to new areas of research, often untouched in other studies of the war. With a scholarly Introduction and 60 chapters by specialist authors who come from 14 different countries, across four continents, the book is also intended to open lines of further inquiry from its solid base of academic knowledge. The volume demonstrates the war's global and total nature, examining the conflict in all major theatres and through the lens of the key combatants and neutrals. It also fully engages with issues of race, gender, ideology, and society during the war.This book will appeal to students of all levels, scholars, and general readers alike interested in the First World War from several different perspectives and research areas. The 60 chapters cover topics from numerous angles and provide detailed information about all aspects relating to the First World War.

As the second volume of a two-volume set that examines the distinctive social structure and governance of Huizhou, China, this book focuses on the external factors that influence and renew social functioning.From the sixteenth century to the first half of the twentieth century, Huizhou, a historic region in what is now Anhui Province in China, was characterized by longterm social stability and prosperity. Even during times of war and unrest, Huizhou was able to quickly restore order. This two-volume study explores the reasons for this stability and its relevance and implications for contemporary society. In this second volume, the author examines a group of ‘outsiders'to Huizhou society, who conducted business outside the region while maintaining their hometown and linking their social networks from both urban and rural Huizhou. The book discusses how local tradition and rural governance were sustained through wars and social unrest. It also illustrates how a new, modernized order was re-established after the devastation of war and communist reform in the twentieth century.The title will appeal to scholars and students of Chinese history, the social and economic history of modern China, and readers interested in China's transition to modernity.

Cultures of Modernity and the U.S.-Japan Cold War Alliance reconsiders the origins of postwar U.S.-Japan relations by focusing on “modernization” ideologies that the Americans and the Japanese shared in the 1940s–early 1950s. Mobilizing a wealth of English and Japanese-language sources, the author identifies parallel groups of modernist thinkers in America and Japan – including politicians, bureaucrats, intellectuals, scholars, and journalists – and follows how different strands of thought played out within an evolving political environment, forming a “middle ground.” Despite their differences, both the Americans and the Japanese believed in the progressive view of history, considered Japan to be still underdeveloped, and therefore agreed on the advisability of democratizing Japan – which included constitutional reform. Whether proponents or opponents of the U.S.-Japan Cold War alliance system, they also shared the vision of Wilsonian internationalism and devised similar designs for a postwar Asian order where Japan would rejoin. Thus, by showing how the confluence of modernist cultures helped forge a postwar relationship between the two, this study contributes to the field of postwar U.S.-Japan relations by supplementing and reorienting the scope of scholarship, one that has been predominantly America-centered and framed along the line of diplomatic narratives informed by Cold War politics.

Rather than a chronological account, this history contains discussions of topics ranging from economics and diplomacy to industrial capacity and armored doctrine. The author challenges claims that Italians were militarily incompetent by examining the influence of demography, natural resources, industrial capacity, and Italy's allies on its war efforts during both world wars. He also challenges assertions that ideology determined the choice of allies and formulation of military doctrine, and arguments that Italy's war effort was negligible in world wars. Based on primary and secondary sources, this revisionist history contains seventy-four tables and arguments rarely found in the literature in English.

Die völkerrechtliche Regulierung des Waffenhandels war während der ersten Jahrzehnte des 20. Jahrhunderts ein zentrales Thema internationaler Abrüstungspolitik. Die Studie untersucht, warum das internationale Geschäft mit Rüstungsgütern zum Gegenstand gesellschaftlicher Debatten und internationaler Verhandlungen wurde, was die Regulierungsbemühungen und -forderungen über die internationale Politik des frühen 20. Jahrhunderts aussagen und inwiefern sie sie veränderten. Dabei nimmt sie die Regierungen sowohl der Großmächte als auch mindermächtiger Staaten, Experten beim Völkerbund, Friedensaktivist•innen und Gewerkschaften in den Blick. Sie zeigt, dass in den Auseinandersetzungen um Waffenhandelsregulierungen zweierlei verhandelt wurde: Erstens ging es darum, imperiale Hierarchien durchzusetzen, aufrechtzuerhalten oder infrage zu stellen. Zweitens ging es um das Machtgefüge in den Gesellschaften der industrialisierten Staaten, das sich im Zuge der imperialen Expansion veränderte. Der Aufstieg privater Rüstungsunternehmen fachte Debatten darüber an, wie kapitalistische Wertschöpfung die Gestaltung internationaler Politik prägte und welchen Einfluss sie auf Fragen nach Krieg und Frieden hatte.