Search

Julian Gardner's preeminent role in British studies of the art of the 13th and 14th centuries, particularly the interaction of papal and theological issues with its production and on either side of the Alps, is celebrated in these studies by his pupils. They discuss Roman works: a Colonna badge in S. Prassede and a remarkably uniform Trinity fresco fragment, as well as monochrome dado painting up to Giotto, Duccio's representations of proskynesis, a Parisian reliquary in Assisi, Riminese painting for the Franciscans, the tomb of a theologian in Vercelli, Bartolomeo and Jacopino da Reggio, the Room of Love at Sabbionara, the cult of Urban V in Bologna after 1376, Altichiero and the cult of St James in Padua, the orb of the Wilton Diptych, and Julian Gardner's career itself.The contributors to the volume are Serena Romano, Jill Bain, Claudia Bolgia, Louise Bourdua, Joanna Cannon, Roberto Cobianchi, Anne Dunlop, Jill Farquhar, Robert Gibbs, Virginia Glenn, Dillian Gordon, John Osborne and Martina Schilling.

The Dawn of a New Era, 1250–1453 by Edward P. Cheney offers a detailed and engaging exploration of one of the most transformative periods in European history—the transition from the medieval world to the early stages of the modern era. Part of the The Rise of Modern Europe series, Cheney's work examines the political, social, economic, and cultural developments that laid the foundation for the Renaissance and the modern world.The book covers key historical events such as the decline of feudalism, the rise of powerful monarchies, the Black Death, and the Hundred Years'War, all of which profoundly reshaped European society. Cheney analyzes how these events destabilized the medieval order, paving the way for new forms of governance, economic systems, and intellectual thought. He also explores the growing influence of the middle class, the advent of humanism, and the shifting relationship between church and state.Cheney pays particular attention to the role of technological and intellectual innovations during this period, including advancements in trade, exploration, and warfare. The invention of the mechanical clock, developments in art and architecture, and the rediscovery of classical texts all contributed to the gradual emergence of a new cultural consciousness. The book concludes with the fall of Constantinople in 1453, marking the end of the medieval period and the dawn of the Renaissance.The Dawn of a New Era offers readers a rich narrative of the forces that shaped Europe's transition from the medieval to the modern age. Cheney's analysis is both accessible and scholarly, making the book an essential resource for students of history, scholars, and anyone interested in understanding how Europe's medieval past gave rise to the modern world. With its blend of political analysis and cultural insight, Cheney's work provides a compelling portrait of a pivotal era in human history.

The late Byzantine period (thirteenth to fifteenth centuries) was marked by both cultural fecundity and political fragmentation, resulting in an astonishingly multifaceted literary output. This book addresses the poetry of the empire's final quarter-millennium from a broad perspective, bringing together studies on texts originating in places from Crete to Constantinople and from court to school, treating topics from humanist antiquarianism to pious self-help, and written in styles from the vernacular to Homeric language. It thus offers a reference work to a much-neglected but rich textual material that is as varied as it was potent in the sociocultural contexts of its times. Contributors are Theodora Antonopoulou, Marina Bazzani, Julián Bértola, Martin Hinterberger, Krystina Kubina, Marc D. Lauxtermann, Florin Leonte, Ugo Mondini, Brendan Osswald, Giulia M. Paoletti, Cosimo Paravano, Daniil Pleshak, Alberto Ravani, and Federica Scognamiglio.

The Complete Works of Niccolò Machiavelli. Political and Historical Works. Illustrated: The Prince, The Art of War, Thoughts of a Statesman, Diplomatic Missions, History of Florence and others provides an extensive anthology of Machiavelli's most influential writings. This collection encapsulates his profound insights into political theory, military strategy, and historical analysis, offering readers a comprehensive understanding of his contributions to Renaissance thought. Richly illustrated, it enhances the reader's experience and comprehension of Machiavelli's ideas. This compilation is an essential resource for those seeking to explore the depth and breadth of Machiavelli's work and his lasting impact on political philosophy and history.

In'Die größten Klassiker der Historiographie'versammeln sich die bedeutendsten Werke der historischen Schriftstellerei, die seit der Antike bis in die Moderne reichen. Die Sammlung spiegelt nicht nur die Entwicklung der Geschichtsschreibung und ihrer Methoden wider, sondern zeigt auch die Vielfalt literarischer Stile und interpretativer Ansätze auf. Von den detailreichen Berichten eines Herodot über die analytischen Kriegsgeschichten eines Thukydides bis hin zu den biografischen Meisterwerken eines Sueton präsentiert diese Anthologie ein kunstvolles Mosaik der menschlichen Geschichte, gesehen durch die Augen jener, die ihre Geschicke prägten. Die in dieser Sammlung vereinten Autoren – darunter Theodor Mommsen, Titus Livius, Jacob Burckhardt und Niccolò Machiavelli – sind nicht nur Zeugen ihrer Zeit, sondern auch Pioniere in der Art, wie Geschichte geforscht, interpretiert und erzählt wird. Ihre Werke repräsentieren bedeutende kulturelle, politische und soziale Bewegungen und legen Zeugnis ab von dem Bestreben, die Vergangenheit nicht nur zu dokumentieren, sondern auch zu verstehen und zu lehren. Durch die Vielfalt ihrer Herangehensweisen und ihrer thematischen Schwerpunkte bieten sie dem Leser ein umfassendes Bild von der Komplexität und Faszination historischer Ereignisse und Persönlichkeiten.'Die größten Klassiker der Historiographie'ist ein unverzichtbares Kompendium für jeden, der sich für Geschichte und die Kunst ihrer Darstellung interessiert. Die Anthologie bietet die einzigartige Möglichkeit, innerhalb eines Bandes die Entwicklung der historischen Narration zu verfolgen und die vielschichtigen Perspektiven zu erkunden, die diese einflussreichen Historiker und Schriftsteller auf die Vergangenheit werfen. Sie lädt dazu ein, sich in den Dialog zwischen den Werken zu vertiefen, um so ein tieferes Verständnis für die Vielfältigkeit historischer Interpretationen zu gewinnen und die unauslöschlichen Spuren zu erkunden, die die Geschichte in der Gegenwart hinterlässt.

This book explores the rise of a Scottish common law from the twelfth century on despite the absence until around 1500 of a secular legal profession. Key stimuli were the activity of church courts and canon lawyers in Scotland, coupled with the example provided by neighbouring England's common law. The laity's legal consciousness arose from exposure to law by way of constant participation in legal processes in court and daily transactions. This experience enabled some to become judges, pleaders in court and transactional lawyers and lay the foundations for an emergent professional group by the end of the medieval period.

Exploring new perspectives concerning regions traditionally considered “on the margins” of Europe, this book fills a gap in current historiography through its analysis of cities, space, and economy from the High Middle Ages to the present.Markets, trade, and economy in general have formed the backbone of urban life ever since the emergence of cities and towns, but classical theorists have largely focused on developments in Western Europe. Urban research in the last few decades has advanced in many ways to supersede and correct this still influential image and to include other parts of Europe into the analytical framework. Building on these emerging methodologies, this volume pays close attention to the fringes of Europe in the East, North, West, and South. The essays discuss the development of various spaces as nodal points for the exchange and production of commodities that took place in cities and towns. The scope of this work allows for a point of comparison to frequently studied examples in Europe, encouraging readers to identify larger patterns beyond individual examples.Cities and Economy in Europe: Markets and Trade on the Margins from the Middle Ages to the Present is the perfect resource for students and researchers of economic and urban history.

Rafał Quirini-Popławski offers here the first panorama of the artistic phenomena of the Genoese outposts scattered around the Black Sea, an area whose cultural history is little known. The artistic creativity of the region emerges as extraordinarily rich and colorful, with a variety of heterogeneous, hybrid and intermingled characteristics. The book questions the extent to which the descriptor'Genoese'can be applied to the settlements'artistic production; Quirini-Popławski demonstrates that, despite entrenched views of these colonies as centres of Italian and Latin culture, it was in fact Greek and Armenian art that was of greater importance.

Providing a novel research methodology for students and scholars with an interest in dynasties, at all levels, this book explores the Spanish Habsburg dynasty that ruled the Spanish monarchy between c. 1515 and 1700.Instead of focusing on the reigns of successive kings, the book focuses on the Habsburgs as a family group that was constructed in various ways: as a community of heirs, a genealogical narrative, a community of the dead and a ruling family group. These constructions reflect the fact that dynasties do not only exist in the present, as kings, queens or governors, but also in the past, in genealogies, and in the future, as a group of hypothetical heirs.This book analyses how dynasties were ‘made'by the people belonging to them. It uses a social institutionalist framework to analyse how family dynamics gave rise to practices and roles. The kings of Spain only had limited power to control the construction of their dynasty, since births and deaths, processes of dynastic centralisation, pressure from subjects, relatives'individual agency, rivalry among relatives and the institutionalisation of roles limited their power.Including several genealogical tables to support students new to the Spanish Habsburgs, this book is essential reading for all students of early modern Europe and the history of monarchy.The Open Access version of this book, available at www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license.

This is Volume Two of a two-volume collection that brings together contributions from cultural and military history to offer an examination of religious rites employed in connection with warfare as well as their transformative and power- and identity-building potential across political communities of medieval Northern, Central, and Eastern Europe. Covering the period ca. 900 and 1500, the work takes theoretical, textual and practical approaches to the research on religious warfare, and investigates the connections between, and significance and function of crucial war rituals such as pre-, intra- and postbellum rites, as well as various activities surrounding the military life of individuals, polities, and corporates. Contributors are Robert Antonín, Robert Bubczyk, Dariusz Dąbrowski, Jesse Harrington, Carsten Selch Jensen, Sini Kangas, Radosław Kotecki, Gregory Leighton, Kyle C. Lincoln, Jacek Maciejewski, Yulia Mikhailova, Max Naderer, László Veszprémy, and Dušan Zupka.

This is Volume One of a two-volume collection that brings together contributions from cultural and military history to offer an examination of religious rites employed in connection with warfare as well as their transformative and power- and identity-building potential across political communities of medieval Northern, Central, and Eastern Europe. Covering the period ca. 900 and 1500, the work takes theoretical, textual and practical approaches to the research on religious warfare, and investigates the connections between, and significance and function of crucial war rituals such as pre-, intra- and postbellum rites, as well as various activities surrounding the military life of individuals, polities, and corporates. Contributors are Robert Antonín, Robert Bubczyk, Dariusz Dąbrowski, Jesse Harrington, Carsten Selch Jensen, Sini Kangas, Radosław Kotecki, Gregory Leighton, Kyle C. Lincoln, Jacek Maciejewski, Yulia Mikhailova, Max Naderer, László Veszprémy, and Dušan Zupka.

Wenn die Serie'Game of Thrones'eine historische Vorlage hat, dann ist es die Geschichte der Plantagenet. Die mächtige, sagenumwobene Dynastie herrschte vom Ende der normannischen Könige über die Zeit der Kreuzzüge und des Schwarzen Todes bis zum Beginn des Hundertjährigen Krieges über England und halb Frankreich. Spannend wie in einem guten Film und mit souveräner Kenntnis von Quellen und Forschung erzählt Dan Jones, wie die Sprösslinge der Dynastie 300 Jahre lang um den Thron kämpften. Ein Meisterwerk, das uns besser verstehen lässt, warum sich'Englands schrecklichste Dynastie'von Richard Löwenherz bis zur Magna Carta so tief in die britische Identität einschreiben konnte.

Karel IV. (1316–1378) byl králem a císařem v době, kdy se křesťanství ocitlo v krizi a Evropou zmítaly mor, stoletá válka a počátky papežského schizmatu. Jako příslušník lucemburské dynastie se narodil v Praze, vyrůstal v Paříži, své první panovnické kroky podnikl v Itálii, stal se římským, českým, langobardským i arelatským králem a nakonec římským císařem. Pierre Monnet (• 1963), který vede Francouzsko-německý institut historických a společenských věd ve Frankfurtu nad Mohanem a je specialistou na politické a sociální dějiny pozdního středověku, vidí Karla IV. rozkročeného mezi středověkem a modernou a problematizuje v českém prostředí mnohdy idealizovaný pohled na Otce vlasti, když akcentuje jeho strategické kroky při rozšiřování území a připomíná neúspěchy jeho potomků.

In Rome the echoes of the past resound clearly in its palaces and monuments, and in the remains of the ancient imperial city. But another presence has dominated Rome for 2,000 years -the pope, whose actions and influence echo down the ages. In this epic tale, historian Jessica Wärnberg tells, for the first time, the story of Rome through the lens of its popes, illuminating how these remarkable (and unremarkable) men have transformed lives and played a crucial role in deciding the fate of the city. Emerging as the anonymous leader of a marginal cult in the humblest quarters of the city, less than 300 years later the pope sat enthroned in a gilt basilica, endorsed by the emperor himself. Eventually, the Roman pontiff would supplant even the emperors, becoming the de facto ruler of Rome and pre-eminent leader of the Christian world. Shifting elegantly between the panoramic and the personal, the spiritual and the profane, this is a fresh and often surprising take on a city, a people and an institution that is at once familiar and elusive.

Title in English: Genius, Martyr, Prophet: The Myth of Karl Marx in Social Democratic Milieu in Cisleithania The book is focused on the phenomenon of the myth of Karl Marx in the social democratic milieu in the Cisleithanian part of the Habsburg monarchy. It analyses the creation of the myth and its spread among the Austrian socialists, the main functions of the myth, the basic shapes of the myth, its changes during the time, and finally the differences among the three chosen national organizations. The thesis is primarily based on historical literature of the three national socialist organizations and the sources of party provenance: programs, protocols of social democratic congresses, propagational books and brochures, and official party newspapers.

This title is part of UC Press's Voices Revived program, which commemorates University of California Press's mission to seek out and cultivate the brightest minds and give them voice, reach, and impact. Drawing on a backlist dating to 1893, Voices Revived makes high-quality, peer-reviewed scholarship accessible once again using print-on-demand technology. This title was originally published in 1972.

How did the papacy govern European religious life without a proper bureaucracy and the normal resources of a state? From late Antiquity, papal responses were in demand. The'apostolic see'took over from Roman emperors the discourse and demeanour of a religious ruler of the Latin world. Over the centuries, it acquired governmental authority analogous to that of a secular state – except that it lacked powers of physical enforcement, a solid financial base (aside from short periods) and a bureaucracy as defined by Max Weber. Through the discipline of Applied Diplomatics, which investigates the structures and settings of documents to solve substantive historical problems, The Power of Protocol explores how such a demand for papal services was met. It is about the genesis and structure of papal documents – a key to papal history generally – from the Roman empire to after the Council of Trent in the sixteenth century, and is the only book of its kind.

Bedeutend ist Theophrast von Hohenheim (ca. 1493/4–1541), genannt Paracelsus, vor allem durch sein Aufbegehren gegen die klassischen antiken und arabisch-mittelalterlichen Autoritäten in der Medizin. Grundlage sollen nicht mehr die überlieferten Schriften, sondern experientia, experimenta und ratio sein. Von dieser Basis soll künftig ausgegangen werden, was Paracelsus auch dadurch unterstreicht, dass er seine Schriften in deutscher Sprache veröffentlicht. Indem er sich gegen die dogmatische Auslegung antiker Texte wandte, wollte er die Ära Galens beenden. Die Chirurgie wollte er auf universitären Rang erheben. Nach Paracelsus ist es die Natur, die heilt, wobei der Arzt nur Helfer ist. Wenn er Gesundheit als harmonische Ordnung im organischen Ablauf definiert, dann ist er bestrebt, Makrokosmos und Mikrokosmos, Diesseits und Jenseits, in Einklang zu bringen. Die Welt ist für ihn kein Nebeneinander isolierter Elemente, sondern eine Einheit. Auch beimMenschen erscheint ihm Sinnliches und Seelisches aufeinander bezogen. Archeus nennt er ein immaterielles Prinzip, in dem er den Träger der belebenden Kraft in der Natur und im Menschen, also im Makrokosmos wie im Mikrokosmos, festmacht. Im Sinne der Renaissance sieht er den Menschen als Mittelpunkt des Kosmos und seine Aufgabe im Erkennen der Welt.

Covering 800 years of intellectual and literary history, Prica considers the textual forms of ruins. Western ruins have long been understood as objects riddled with temporal contradictions, whether they appear in baroque poetry and drama, Romanticism's nostalgic view of history, eighteenth-century paintings of classical subjects, or even recent photographic histories of the ruins of postindustrial Detroit. Decay and Afterlife pivots away from our immediate, visual fascination with ruins, focusing instead on the textuality of ruins in works about disintegration and survival. Combining an impressive array of literary, philosophical, and historiographical works both canonical and neglected, and encompassing Latin, Italian, French, German, and English sources, Aleksandra Prica addresses ruins as textual forms, examining them in their extraordinary geographical and temporal breadth, highlighting their variability and reflexivity, and uncovering new lines of aesthetic and intellectual affinity. Through close readings, she traverses eight hundred years of intellectual and literary history, from Seneca and Petrarch to Hegel, Goethe, and Georg Simmel. She tracks European discourses on ruins as they metamorphose over time, identifying surprising resemblances and resonances, ignored contrasts and tensions, as well as the shared apprehensions and ideas that come to light in the excavation of these discourses.

For centuries, recurrent plague outbreaks took a grim toll on populations across Europe and Asia. While medical interventions and treatments did not change significantly from the fourteenth century to the eighteenth century, understandings of where and how plague originated did.Through an innovative reading of medical advice literature produced in England and France, Patterns of Plague explores these changing perceptions across four centuries. When plague appeared in the Mediterranean region in 1348, physicians believed the epidemic's timing and spread could be explained logically and the disease could be successfully treated. This confidence resulted in the widespread and long-term circulation of plague tracts, which described the causes and signs of the disease, offered advice for preventing infection, and recommended therapies in a largely consistent style. What, where, and especially who was blamed for plague outbreaks changed considerably, however, as political, religious, economic, intellectual, medical, and even publication circumstances evolved.Patterns of Plague sheds light on what was consistent about plague thinking and what was idiosyncratic to particular places and times, revealing the many factors that influence how people understand and respond to epidemic disease.

Der Band enthält 25 Beiträge in deutscher, französischer und englischer Sprache. Die Themenvielfalt reicht von dem sogenannten »Lothar-Kristall« des 10. Jahrhunderts, den Bischöfen Oliba von Vic und Notger von Lüttich, der Rolle des Favoriten am französischen Königshof im späten Mittelalter und dem Lachen im deutsch-französischen Kontext über den Schwarzen Tod im Frankreich Richelieus und revolutionäre Lustspiele im Reich, die Plantagen in Saint-Domingue am Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts bis zu Luxemburgern in der Fremdenlegion. Eigene Beiträge sind der Grenze zwischen Deutschland und Frankreich um 1900 gewidmet, dem Verhältnis Henri Lefebvres zur Kommunistischen Partei, dem Achilleion, – Kaiser Wilhelms Palast auf Korfu –, der luxemburgischen Besatzung in Bitburg nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg sowie Jacques Chirac und seiner »amitié tardive« für Deutschland.

The medieval dissenters known as ‘Waldenses', named after their first founder, Valdes of Lyons, have long attracted careful scholarly study, especially from specialists writing in Italian, French and German. Waldenses were found across continental Europe, from Aragon to the Baltic and East-Central Europe. They were long-lived, resilient, and diverse. They lived in a special relationship with the prevailing Catholic culture, making use of the Church's services but challenging its claims. Many Waldenses are known mostly, or only, because of the punitive measures taken by inquisitors and the Church hierarchy against them. This volume brings for the first time a wide-ranging, multi-authored interpretation of the medieval Waldenses to an English-language readership, across Europe and over the four centuries until the Reformation. Contributors: Marina Benedetti, Peter Biller, Luciana Borghi Cedrini, Euan Cameron, Jacques Chiffoleau, Albert de Lange, Andrea Giraudo, Franck Mercier, Grado Giovanni Merlo, Georg Modestin, Martine Ostorero, Damian J. Smith, Claire Taylor, and Kathrin Utz Tremp.

This volume contains a collective biography of those students of the medieval university of Erfurt (founded in 1392), for whom a study of the iura (canon and civil law) can be demonstrated. On the base of a prosopographical apparatus of more than 700 biographies (available on CD-ROM) their social antecedents, their courses of studies, their careers and professional activities are analyzed.The book tries to find statistically supported answers for questions, which have been discussed by German constitutional, legal and social historians for a long time; questions which can be summarized under the term “Verwissenschaftlichung” of governmental action in late medieval Germany.The volume also presents a contribution to the history of the medieval university of Erfurt from a prosopographical perspective.

This work deals with the reign of Pedro I of Castile (1350-1369), known as “The Cruel,” one of the most notorious and misunderstood figures in the annals of peninsular history. This is the first book on the subject that analyzes Pedro's rule in light of social, political, diplomatic, and economic conditions in mid-14th century Castile.Using extant primary documentation from archival sources and the most recent findings of scholars from various fields, the book explores in detail the historical basis for Pedro's reputation and the extent to which this reputation unfairly rests on the testimony of Pero López de Ayala, the reign's principal chronicler.The book provides fresh insights into various aspects of Pedro's career, such as his political aims, relations with religious minorities, and fiscal policies.

'At a historic moment, when religion shows all its social and political strength in various post-modern societies around our globe, this fascinating collection of studies from the Middle Ages to twentieth-century Europe demonstrates all the richness and innovative force of investigating individual and shared experiences when questioning the cultural, political and social place of religion in society. It also makes known in English the work of a series of Finnish historians elaborating together a pioneering vision of the notion of experience in the discipline of history.'- Piroska Nagy, Université du Québec à Montréal, Canada This open access book offers a theoretical introduction to the history of experience on three conceptual levels: everyday experience, experience as process, and experience as structure. Chapters apply'experience'to empirical case studies, exploring how people have made and shared theirreligion through experience in history. This book understands experience as a simultaneously socially constructed and intimately personal process that connects individuals to communities and past to future, thereby forming structures that create and direct societies. It represents the crossroads of a new field of the history of experience, and an established tradition of the history of lived religion. Chapters offer a longue durée view from the fourteenth-century heretics, via experiences of miracle, madness, sickness, suffering, prayer, conversion and death, to the religious artisanship of soldiers in the Second World War frontlines. It concentrates on Northern Europe, but includes materials from Italy, France and United Kingdom.

Die Geschichte des internationalen Staatensystems und insbesondere die deutsch-französischen Beziehungen der Neuzeit stehen seit über 30 Jahren im Mittelpunkt der Forschungen Klaus Malettkes. Klaus Malettke, gebürtiger Ostpreuße, promovierte mit einer Studie zur Beurteilung der Bismarckschen Außenpolitik in den Pariser Zeitungen zwischen 1862 und 1866. Nach seiner Habilitation über Opposition und Konspiration in den ersten Regierungsjahren Ludwigs XIV., die ihm einen Ruf an die Freie Universität Berlin einbrachte, trat er 1980 die Nachfolge Gerhard Oestreichs an der Philipps-Universität Marburg an. Seine Forschungen begleitete ein unermüdliches Engagement in bilateralen Forschungsprojekten und für den europäischen Studentenaustausch. Der vorliegende, Klaus Malettke zum 65. Geburtstag gewidmete Band, greift Themen auf, die sein wissenschaftliches Werk prägen: Grundsätzliche Überlegungen zur Geschichte der internationalen Beziehungen, die wechselseitige geistige Auseinandersetzung und Perzeption im Rahmen der deutsch-französischen Geschichte, die individuelle Erfahrung internationaler Politik, Frankreichs Beziehungen zum Alten Reich sowie der Wandel europäischer Macht- und Ordnungsstrukturen. Der zeitliche Rahmen der Beiträge spannt sich vom Schicksal deutscher Juristen am Hofe der Päpste in Avignon im 14. Jahrhundert bis zum Ende der napoleonischen Herrschaft am Rhein im Jahre 1814.

The first part of this study on the famous chancellor of the Paris University, contains a chronological survey of Gerson's position in the development of the church-politics of his days. It is shown how he became a convinced adherent of a conciliar solution of the Western schism, without betraying the idea of the Church as hierarchical entity.In the second part his ecclesiological ideas are treated more systematically. Gerson's critical attitude towards canon lawyers and papal absolutism is examined, followed by an analysis of the background of his ideas about the Church as hierarchy and as mystical body, his conciliar thought, his concept of tradition, and his sources. The author tries to make clear that Gerson, far from being a radical, rather should be considered as a careful and conservative theologian. The book comprises a revised and extended version of an originally in Dutch written thesis, for which the author was awarded the Mallinckrodt-prize of the University of Groningen.

Although Portugal was one of the first European states with stable borders, the process of the making of a Portuguese fiscal state still remains to be studied in detail. This volume brings together studies on the development of the Portuguese fiscal state within a comparative perspective in relation to other kingdoms across Europe, such as Castile and Aragon, England, Tuscany, the Papal States, Holland and France, in order to bring Portugal into the broader and comparative international debate about the development of the fiscal state.As a very distinctive case, Portugal remains understudied and underrepresented in the broader literature on the development of fiscal states. There are relatively few studies on the building of a fiscal state in Portugal that are accessible to an international audience. This book will make a fundamental contribution to this field, which is still full of untapped potential. It will combine the latest theory and comparative context with a detailed reconstruction of Portuguese state finance, taking a longer chronological frame that follows its development from the medieval through to the early modern period. It will also make the latest research from Portuguese scholars available to a wider, international audience, and will be of particular interest to researchers and students of financial and economic history. ​

Die Entstehung des Naumburger Domstifts steht im Zusammenhang mit der Verlegung des Bischofssitzes von Zeitz in den Schutz der neuen Burg der ekkehardinischen Markgrafen von Meißen um das Jahr 1028. Es ist heute Teil der Vereinigten Domstifter zu Merseburg und Naumburg und des Kollegiatstifts Zeitz und steht unter der Aufsicht eines gemeinsamen Domkapitels. In Naumburg hat sich mit der sogenannten Domfreiheit ein einzigartiges städtebauliches Ensemble erhalten, in dessen Zentrum der Naumburger Dom steht, der mit seinen Klausurgebäuden seit 2018 Welterbe der UNESCO ist. Daneben gehören zum historischen Bestand zahlreiche Domherrenkurien aus der Zeit vom 12. bis in das 19. Jahrhundert, ein Domschatz, eine bis auf das Spätmittelalter zurückgehende Domstiftsbibliothek und ein nach wie vor in mittelalterlichen Gewölben untergebrachtes Domstiftsarchiv, dessen älteste Urkunden bis in das 10. Jahrhundert zurückreichen. Die Ergebnisse des 19. Bandes der Dritten Folge beruhen im Wesentlichen auf der Auswertung der reichen Naumburger Archiv- und Bibliotheksbestände und werden in der gewohnten Gliederung in den Abschnitten (1) Quellen, Literatur und Denkmäler, (2) Archiv und Bibliothek, (3) Historische Übersicht, (4) Verfassung und Verwaltung, (5) Religiöses und geistiges Leben, (6) Besitz und (7) Personallisten dargestellt.

This volume is dedicated to a specific kind of Renaissance publications - to books with portraits of famous people. Illustrium Imagines has become a phrase denoting the very tenet of early modern individualism as well as the phenomenon of the widespread individual popularity acquired through book illustration and prints. The first part of the study deals with major characteristics of portrait books from the very beginnings in the biographies of classical antiquity to their new role as a medium of information, representation and propaganda in the early modern world. The second part of the study consists of a bibliographical list of publications that correspond to criteria of portrait books. The catalogue contains 173 major units, most of them illustrated by one typical portrait.

This volume contains a complete edition of the rotuli, or benefice supplications, sent to the papacy by masters at the University of Paris in the first half of the fourteenth century. It also contains the letters of provision, in abbreviated form, that resulted from those petitions, along with the letters that resulted from the numerous university supplications that have not survived. This edition represents the largest body of new documentation for the pre-fifteenth century University to appear since the publication of the Chartularium Universitatis Parisiensis at the end of the nineteenth century.The edition is prefaced with a long introduction that describes the origin and history of the fourteenth-century innovation of collective supplications by universities, the method of recovering the results of lost rotuli for Paris, and the stages in the process of supplication from Paris, through the papal curia at Avignon, and back to Paris. The book concludes with an index of the names of scholars as well as a place-name index locating the parish and collegiate churches mentioned in the texts. Because the University of Paris submitted rotuli every two to three years, and because the petitions and letters contain abundant personal information, the texts provide a sequential picture of the Parisian professoriate across four decades before the Black Death.

Miracle accounts provide a window into the views and conceptions of the laity, the uneducated, women, and even children, whose voices are mostly missing from other types of sources. They are not, however, simple to use. This volume offers a methodological insight into the medieval world of the miraculous. Consisting of 15 cutting-edge articles by leading scholars in the field, it provides versatile approaches to the origins, methods, and recording techniques of various types of miracle narratives. It offers fascinating case studies from across Europe, which show how miracle accounts can be used as a source for various topics such as lived religion, healing, protection, and family and gender. Contributors are Nicole Archambeau, Leigh Ann Craig, Ildikó Csepregi, Jussi Hanska, Emilia Jamroziak, Sari Katajala-Peltomaa, Jenni Kuuliala, Iona McCleery, Jyrki Nissi, Roberto Paciocco, Donald S. Prudlo, Marika Räsänen, Jonas Van Mulder, and Louise Elizabeth Wilson.

Of all the sub-periods in which European medieval history has been divided over time, the later middle ages is possibly the one on which the burden of past and current grand narratives weighs the most. Its chronological and geopolitical boundaries are shaped by a heavy narrative of decline or transition, and consequently this period is often interpreted through the lenses of previous or following developments, becoming in turn the tail-end of the'feudal','communal','imperial versus papal'era or the announcement of modernity. The Later Middle Ages addresses the urgent need to revise and rewrite the story of this period, forging new critical and technical vocabularies not derived from the study of other periods. By adopting a conscious approach towards temporal and spatial variety, and by breaking the traditional and unitary narrative of decline and transition into one of many changes and continuities, it charts the principal developments of late medieval Europe while opening up to different political cultures and societies, throwing new light on older concepts, and revealing analogies and differences with other geopolitical contexts. Including maps, illustrations, a detailed chronology and a rich range of reading suggestions, The Later Middle Ages aims at providing a first introduction to a very complex, dynamic, and fascinating period for Europe and beyond.

This volume consists of the work of eighteen established and younger scholars and focuses on the Mediterranean as a military arena during the Middle Ages. The essays center on several pillars of Mediterranean warfare: the crusading movement including the Spanish reconquista, the development of gunpowder weaponry, the widespread use of mercenaries, and warfare as understood by the lawcodes and intellectuals of the period. A number of articles in this collection present new answers to old historiographical questions.

In this work, the author contributes to our understanding of the formation of medicine as a university discipline by explaining how a collection of medical works known as the Ars medicine ('The Art of Medicine') came to form the basis of medical teaching in the early universities. Based upon extensive manuscript research, this study explains how the collection evolved to suit the needs of university medical teaching and how it helped to establish Hippocratic-Galenic medicine as the new medical othodoxy. Focusing upon the medical faculty at the University of Paris, the book investigates how medical texts were produced, who owned them and how they were used in the classroom. It thus explains how language was used, how textual authority was created and utilized, and how text-based knowledge was sanctioned in the classroom.

This volume offers a comprehensive introduction to the major political, social, economic, and cultural developments in Vienna from c. 1100 to c. 1500. It provides a multidisciplinary view of the complexity of the vibrant city on the Danube. The volume is divided into four sections: Vienna, the city and urban design, politics, economy and sovereignty, social groups and communities, and spaces of knowledge, arts, and performance. An international team of eighteen scholars examines issues ranging from the city's urban environment and art history, to economic and social concerns, using a range of sources and reflecting the wide array of possible approaches to the study of medieval Vienna today. Contributors are: Peter Csendes, Ulrike Denk, Thomas Ertl, Christian Gastgeber, Thomas Haffner, Martha Keil, Franz Kirchweger, Heike Krause, Christina Lutter, Paul Mitchell, Kurt Mühlberger, Zoë Opačić, Ferdinand Opll, Barbara Schedl, Christoph Sonnlechner, and Peter Wright.

Few Byzantine emperors had a life as rich and as turbulent as Manuel II Palaiologos. A fascinating figure at the crossroads of Byzantine, Western European and Ottoman history, he endured political turmoil, witnessed no less than three sieges by the Ottomans and travelled as far as France and England. He was a prolific writer, producing a vast corpus of literary, theological and philosophical works. Yet, despite his talent, Manuel has largely been ignored as an author. This biography constructs an in-depth picture of him of as a ruler, author and personality, as well as providing insight into his world and times. It offers the first analysis of the emperor's complete oeuvre, focusing on his literary style, self-representation philosophical/theological thought. By focusing not only on political events, but also on the personality, personal life and literary output of Manuel, this biography paints a new portrait of a multifaceted emperor.

Marsilius of Inghen, master of the Universities of Paris (1362-1378) and Heidelberg (1386-1396), is the author of a number of highly successful treatises on logic and natural philosophy which were read at many Late Medieval and Early Modern universities. The fruit of his mature thinking is a monumental commentary on the Sentences of Peter Lombard, which he published shortly before his death in 1396. This huge piece of writing is now being critically edited for the first time by an international team of specialists. The first volume provides a discussion of the nature of theology and deals with the logical and theological problems of the divine trinity.Modern research can profit from the broad scope with which Marsilius addresses his topics. His arguments shed light on the discussion between nominalists and realists, allowing insight into the changing interestsof philosophy and theology, from the critical attitude of many 14th-century authors to the search for tradition which was characteristic of the 15th century. Marsilius adopts the logico-semantic approach of William of Ockham, Adam Wodeham, and Robert Holcot, while at the same time defending the traditional views of Thomas Aquinas and Bonaventure. Assimilating these different theories, his commentary reflects the multiform nature of its late medieval intellectual context. The whole edition will cover seven volumes, including a separate volume with indices of the complete text and a bibliography of literature on Marsilius. Each volume will contain an introduction, an index of relevant names, and a subject index.

War, revolution, treason and love – the thrilling tale of Sir John of Gaunt brought to life by medieval history's rising star. ‘The Red Prince announces Helen Carr as one of the most exciting new voices in narrative history.'Dan Jones Son of Edward III, brother to the Black Prince, father to Henry IV and the sire of all the Tudors. Always close to the English throne, John of Gaunt left a complex legacy. Too rich, too powerful, too haughty… did he have his eye on his nephew's throne? Why was he such a focus of hate in the Peasants'Revolt? In examining the life of a pivotal medieval figure, Helen Carr paints a revealing portrait of a man who held the levers of power on the English and European stage, passionately upheld chivalric values, pressed for the Bible to be translated into English, patronised the arts, ran huge risks to pursue the woman he loved… and, according to Shakespeare, gave the most beautiful of all speeches on England. ••• A TIMES AND SUNDAY TIMES BEST BOOK OF 2021. SHORTLISTED FOR THE ELIZABETH LONGFORD PRIZE FOR HISTORICAL BIOGRAPHY ‘In Shakespeare's Richard II, John of Gaunt gives the “this scepter'd isle… this England” speech. This vivid history brings to life his princely ambitions and passion.'The Times, Best Books of 2021 ‘Superb, gripping and fascinating, here is John of Gaunt and a cast of kings, killers and queens brought blazingly, sensitively and swashbucklingly to life. An outstanding debut.'Simon Sebag Montefiore ‘Helen Carr is one of the most exciting and talented young historians out there. She has a passion for medieval history which is infectious and is always energetic and engaging, whether on the printed page or the screen.'Dan Snow

This volume documents the role of creational theology in discussions of natural philosophy, medicine and technology from the Hellenistic period to the early twentieth century. Four principal themes are the comprehensibility of the world, the unity of heaven and earth, the relative autonomy of nature, and the ministry of healing.Successive chapters focus on Greco-Roman science, medieval Aristotelianism, early modern science, the heritage of Isaac Newton, and post-Newtonian mechanics.The volume will interest historians of science and historians of the idea of creation. It simultaneously details the persistence of tradition and the emergence of modernity and provides the historical background for later discussions of creation and evolution.

This book gives a detailed account of the most interesting period in the life of the Dutch humanist scholar Isaac Vossius (Leiden 1618 – Windsor 1689). It is largely based on Vossius's extensive correspondence, much of which has never been published before. In particular, Isaac's correspondence with his father, Gerardus Joannes Vossius, has been thoroughly investigated and is a prime source of information here.Isaac Vossius's travels through England, France and Italy followed his formative years at Leiden and Amsterdam, during which time he had come under the strong influence of the French scholar, Claude Saumaise. A narrative account of these travels is given, and Vossius's contacts with the various circles of scholars that he encountered are discussed in detail. Such contacts allowed him to enter libraries otherwise difficult of access, and there he continued his search for manuscripts. Vossius's period as a wandering scholar can be said to have been rounded off with the year that he spent in Paris, as secretary to Hugo Grotius. All this time Vossius was building up his own collection of books, and the fruits of these library researches were the philological editions that he began to publish in the four years that followed.A new phase of Vossius's life opened in 1648, when Queen Christina of Sweden invited him (then still only thirty) to come to her court. The following six years were the most turbulent in the scholar's life. He became the queen's tutor in Greek, and also her personal confidant. Under Vossius's guidance, the queen steeped herself in the study of Plato and the Neoplatonists; while the philosophy of Descartes – whom she likewise invited to Stockholm – seems to have held little interest for her. It was while Vossius was at the Swedish court that he finally came into open conflict with Saumaise, his former mentor.Vossius built up a magnificent library for Christina. This collection was however dispersed even before it has been completed; though, unfortunately, not before Vossius's own books had been inadvertently incorporated into that library. With the queen's approval, Vossius then selected a new collection for himself from the royal library. In 1655 Vossius, disillusioned, withdrew to the quiet of his own study, in The Hague. Since 1690 his collection of books and manuscripts has been housed in the University Library at Leiden, where it forms the basis of the international fame of that institution.

The problem of divine knowledge, focusing on questions of freedom and necessity, finds itself at the intersection of age-old discussions of logic, metaphysics, and ethics. The subject was discussed with particular clarity in the period 1250-1400. Many different solutions were put forward and criticized with an acuity and depth that was never reached again.One contributor to the discussion, Marsilius of Inghen (d. 1396), is of special importance. He assimilated not only the nominalism and theological developments of the 14th century, but also the ideas of Thomas Aquinas and Bonaventure, resulting in the so-called via marsiliana. This study determines with great precision Marsilius's position in the debates in the period 1250-1400, often throwing new light on aspects of his philosophy and theology.The wide scope of his work makes it suitable as a general introduction to medieval thought. Specialists will find it useful for its detailed and in-depth analysis of both maiores and minores. By its clear style and structure, this study will prove useful in contemporary systematic discussions of the subject as well.

The essays in this volume transcend Eastern and Western geographical boundaries during a loosely defined medieval and early modern period, ranging from Carolingian Europe to Qing China, and pull rituals out of their geographical contexts. Cultural history binds these essays together. This volume permits readers to compare ritual in religious and secular contexts, in the East and West, and to focus on the purposes of ritual, without being caught up in localism or historical jingoism. The various essays are organized chronologically and thematically; they focus on ritual and gender, law, identity and political legitimization. They cover topics as varied as the spatial appropriation of surfaces and territories, charity, carnival, women's magic, the Jesuits, graffiti, theater, business, medicine, Qing imperial ceremonies, Chinese princesses coming of age, spiritual reconciliation, and the Great Western Schism.Contributors include: Catherine Bell, Virginia A. Cole, Andrée Courtemanche, James L. Hevia, Michael W. Maher, S.J., Véronique Plesch, Marguerite Ragnow, Martha Rampton, Eric C. Rath, Dylan Reid, Kathryn Reyerson, Joëlle Rollo-Koster, and Ann Waltner.

This volume provides an overview of the development of the Patriarchate of Constantinople from Late Antiquity to the Early Ottoman period (4th to 15th c.). It highlights continuities and changes in the organizational, dogmatic, and intellectual framework of the central ecclesiastical institution of the Byzantine Empire in the face of political and religious upheavals. The volume pays attention to the relations of the Patriarchate with other churches in the West and in the East. Across the disciplinary divide between Byzantine and Ottoman studies, the volume explains the longevity of the Patriarchate beyond the fall of Byzantium in 1453 up to modern times. A particular focus is laid on an original register book of the 14th century. Contributors are: Claudia Rapp, Frederick Lauritzen, Tia M. Kolbaba, Johannes Preiser-Kapeller, Marie-Hélène Blanchet, Dimitrios G. Apostolopoulos, Machi Païzi-Apostolopoulou, Klaus-Peter Todt, Mihailo S. Popović, Konstantinos Vetochnikov, Ekaterini Mitsiou, Vratislav Zervan, and Christian Gastgeber.

Die Reformation gehört zu den zentralen Themen europäischer Geschichte. Diese Arbeit schildert das Zusammenprallen der Ideale der Reformation und des frühmodernen dänischen Staates mit einem mittelalterlichen bäuerlichen Gemeinwesen an der Peripherie der europäischen Staatenwelt. Wegen der Überschaubarkeit der Strukturen und der guten Quellenlage enthält die Stu­die ausgezeichnetes Anschauungsmaterial zu einer mittelalterlichen Gesell­schaft, ihren Institutionen und sozialen Problembewältigungsmechanismen sowie zu den Zielen des frühmodernen Staates. Ebenso werden die wirtschaftlichen Folgen der Verschuldung Christians III. in der Grafenfehde und die Bedeutung der Bibelübersetzung für die Sprachentwicklung in Norwegen und Island sowie die Probleme der Armenfürsorge nach der Auflösung der Klöster behandelt. Darüber hinaus beleuchtet die Arbeit einen Aspekt des untergehenden mittelalterlichen norwegischen Staates.

In Conflict in Fourteenth-Century Iberia, Kagay and Villalon trace the complicated economic military, political, and social background of the relationship of Iberia's two greatest Christian states of the fourteenth century, Castile and the Crown of Aragon and their rulers, Pedro I (r. 1350-1366/69) and Pere III (r. 1336-1387). Besides chapters discussing the War of the Two Pedros (1356-1366) and the Castilian Civil War (1366-1369), the authors provide extended treatments of the strategical and tactical elements of the conflicts, the parliamentary, diplomatic, and governmental developments that occurred because of the conflicts as well as their social and political aftermaths. This work, along with authors'earlier book on the battle of Nájera (1367) provides a much-needed review of Iberia's violent fourteenth century.