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This volume deals with the question: how did scholars and artists in the early modern period represent, or rather, recreate (Greek and Roman) history? It appears that ancient history was not just studied so as to reconstruct the past, it was used as a way of understanding and legitimizing the present.Sixteen authors from various disciplines have studied the works of scholars and artists in different media so as to reveal how they used ancient history as a rich field of raw material, that could be used, recycled and adapted to new needs and purposes.The studies in this volume are important for historians of the early modern period from all disciplines, and for all those interested in the reception of classical antiquity.Contributors include: Maria Berbera, Jan Bloemendal, Anton Boschloo, Jeanine De Landtsheer, Jan L. de Jong, Karl Enenkel, Marc Laureys, Olga van Marion, Alicia Montoya, Mark Morford, Bettina Noak, Sjaak Onderdelinden, Paul Smith, Wilfried Stroh, Francesca Terrenato, Arnoud Visser, and Bart Westerweel.This publication has also been published in paperback, please click here for details.

The papers in this volume offer examples of how historians, writers, playwrights, and painters in the early modern period used ancient history as a rich field of raw material that could be used, recycled, and adapted to new needs and purposes. They focused on classical antiquity as a source from which they could recreate the past as a way of understanding and legitimizing the present. The contributors to this volume have addressed a number of important, common issues that span a wide range of subjects from fifteenth-century Italian painting to the teaching of Greek history in eighteenth-century Germany. This volume is of interest for historians of the early modern period from all disciplines and for all those interested in the reception of classical antiquity.This publication has also been published in hardback, please click here for details.

This book throws new light on the question of authorship in the Latin literature of the later medieval and in the early modern periods. It shows that authorship was not something to be automatically assumed in an empathic sense, but was chiefly to be found in the paratextual features of works and was imparted by them. This study examines the strategies and tools used by authors ca. 1350-1650, to assert their authorial aspirations. Enenkel demonstrates how they incorporated themselves into secular, ecclesiastical, spiritual and intellectual power structures. He shows that in doing so rituals linked to the ceremonial of ruling, played a fundamental role, for example, the ritual presentation of a book or the crowning of a poet. Furthermore Enenkel establishes a series of qualifications for entry to the Respublica litteraria, with which the authors of books announced their claims to authorship.

Commentaries played an important role in the transmission of the classical heritage. Early modern intellectuals rarely read classical authors in a simple and “direct” form, but generally via intermediary paratexts, especially all kinds of commentaries. Commentaries presented the classical texts in certain ways that determined and guided the readers'perception and usages of the texts being commented upon. Early modern commentaries shaped not only school and university education and professional scholarship, but also intellectual and cultural life in the broadest sense, including politics, religion, art, entertainment, health care, geographical discoveries etc., and even various professional activities and segments of life that were seemingly far removed from scholarship and learning, such as warfare and engineering.Contributors include: Susanna de Beer, Valéry Berlincourt, Marijke Crab, Jeanine De Landtsheer, Karl Enenkel, Gergő Gellérfi, Trine Arlund Hass, Ekaterina Ilyushechkina, Ronny Kaiser, Marc Laureys, Christoph Pieper, Katharina Suter-Meyer, and Floris Verhaart.

Erasmus was not only one of the most widely read authors of the early modern period, but one of the most controversial. For some readers he represented the perfect humanist scholar; for others, he was an arrogant hypercritic, a Lutheran heretic and polemicist, a virtuoso writer and rhetorician, an inventor of a new, authentic Latin style, etc. In the present volume, a number of aspects of Erasmus's manifold reception are discussed, especially lesser-known ones, such as his reception in Neo-Latin poetry. The volume does not focus only on so-called Erasmians, but offers a broader spectrum of reception and demonstrates that Erasmus's name also was used in order to authorize completely un-Erasmian ideals, such as atheism, radical reformation, Lutheranism, religious intolerance, Jesuit education, Marian devotion, etc. Contributors include: Philip Ford, Dirk Sacré, Paul J. Smith, Lucia Felici, Gregory D. Dodds, Hilmar M. Pabel, Reinier Leushuis, Jeanine De Landtsheer, Johannes Trapman, and Karl Enenkel.

This book examines scriptural authority and its textual and visual instruments, asking how words and images interacted to represent and by representing to constitute authority, both sacred and secular, in Northern Europe between 1400 and 1700. Like texts, images partook of rhetorical forms and hermeneutic functions – typological, paraphrastic, parabolic, among others – based largely in illustrative traditions of biblical commentary. If the specific relation between biblical texts and images exemplified the range of possible relations between texts and images more generally, it also operated in tandem with other discursive paradigms – scribal, humanistic, antiquarian, historical, and literary, to name but a few – for the connection, complementary or otherwise, between verbal and visual media. The Authority of the Word discusses the ways in which the mutual form and function, manner and meaning of texts and images were conceived and deployed in early modern Europe.Contributors include James Clifton, John R. Decker, Maarten Delbeke, Wim François, Jan L. de Jong, Catherine Levesque, Andrew Morrall, Birgit Ulrike Münch, Carolyn Muessig, Bart Ramakers, Kathryn Rudy, Els Stronks, Achim Timmermann, Anita Traninger, Peter van der Coelen, Geert Warnar, and Michel Weemans.

The late medieval and early modern period is a particularly interesting chapter in the development of meditation and self-reflection. Meditation may best be described as a self-imposed disciplinary regime, consisting of mental and physical exercises that allowed the practitioner to engender and evaluate his self-image, and thence to emend and refashion it. The volume aims at examining the forms and functions, ways and means of meditation from c. 1300 to c. 1600. It tries to analyze the internal exercises that mobilized the sensitive faculties of motion, emotion, and sense (both external and internal) and the intellective faculties of reason, memory, and will, with a view to reforming the soul, and the techniques of visualization that were frequently utilized to engage the soul's mediating function as vinculum mundi, its pivotal position in the great chain of being between heaven and earth, temporal and spiritual experience. Contributors include Barbara Baert, Wietse de Boer, Feike Dietz, Jan Frans van Dijkhuizen, Karl Enenkel, Jan de Jong, Walter Melion, Wolfgang Neuber, Hilmar Pabel, Jan Papy, Paul Smith, Diana Stanciu, Nikolaus Staubach, Jacob Vance, and Geert Warnar.

The early modern period is a particularly relevant and fascinating chapter in the history of pain. This volume investigates early modern constructions of physical pain from a variety of disciplines, including religious, legal and medical history, literary criticism, philosophy, and art history. The contributors examine how early modern culture interpreted physical pain, as it presented itself for instance during illness, but also analyse the ways in which early moderns employed the idea of physical suffering as a powerful rhetorical tool in debates over other issues, such as the nature of ritual, notions of masculinity, selfhood and community, definitions of religious experience, and the nature of political power.Contributors include: Emese Bálint, Maria Berbara, Joseph Campana, Andreas Dehmer, Jan Frans van Dijkhuizen, Karl A.E. Enenkel, Lia van Gemert, Frans Willem Korsten, Mary Ann Lund, Jenny Mayhew, Stephen Pender, Michael Schoenfeldt, Kristine Steenbergh, Anne Tilkorn, Jetze Touber, Anita Traninger, and Patrick Vandermeersch.

Montaigne (1533-1592) is known as the inventor of the essay. His relativism, his craving for self-knowledge and his taste for freedom and tolerance have had a long-lasting influence in Europe. It is therefore surprising that until present no substantial study has been devoted to the multiple relationships between Montaigne and the Low Countries.This volume aims to fill this gap. It studies the Netherlandish presence in Montaigne's Essays, represented by Erasmus and Lipsius and by contemporary history (the Dutch Revolt against Spain). It also deals with Montaigne's translations and editions in the Dutch Golden Age, as well as his readership, which included humanists such as Scaliger and Vulcanius, the poets Hooft and Cats, and a painter, Pieter van Veen, who illustrated the Essays.Contributors include: Frans R.E. Blom, Warren Boutcher, Jeanine De Landtsheer, Philippe Desan, Karl A.E. Enenkel, Ton Harmsen, Jeroen Jansen, Johan Koppenol, Anton van der Lem, Michel Magnien, Kees Meerhoff, Olivier Millet, Alicia C. Montoya, Marrigje Rikken, and Paul J. Smith.

Petrarch, the “father of Humanism”, has exerted a striking impact on early modern intellectuals. This volume discusses how Petrarch's writings were understood, read and used by intellectuals, writers and artists from the fourteenth to the seventeenth century. Specialists from various disciplines (Italian, French, Neo-Latin, Dutch, art history, history of science) demonstrate that early modern reception is an extremely variable phenomenon; that it is largely dominated by the various discourses, paradigm's, literary genres, interests, needs and experiences of the users, and to a much lesser degree by the author's text, even if safeguarded with such great care and by such a famous author as in Petrarch's case. The volume is important for all scholars interested in literature, Humanism, Renaissance Studies, Petrarch, reception, history of reading and the intellectual history of the early modern period.Contributors include: Jean Balsamo, Dóra Bobory, Dina De Rentiis, Ugo Dotti, Karl A.E. Enenkel, Reindert L. Falkenburg, Ursula Kocher, Marc Laureys, Reinier Leushuis, Jan Papy, Paul J. Smith, and Bart Van den Bossche.

The printed book, the most important invention of the early modern period, brought about not only an explosion of knowledge, but also major changes in the perception of texts. This volume investigates the methods by which knowledge was presented to the early modern reader and the organisation of material that guided his cognition of them. It focuses not merely on book-historical questions, but on the intersection of layout and paratexts with issues of genre, content and intended function of texts. A team of experts in various disciplines, English, French, German, Neo-Latin, philosophy, art history, the history of science and book history, makes a first effort to understanding this fascinating topic.Contributors include: Maximilian Bergengruen, Manuel Braun, Kai Bremer, Karl A.E. Enenkel, Romy Günthart, Detlef Haberland, Frans A. Janssen, Jörg Jungmayr, Ursula Kocher, Robert Luff, Ann Moss, Wolfgang Neuber, Matthijs van Otegem, Hilmar M. Pabel, Thomas Rahn, Paul J. Smith, Dietmar Till, Ian F. Verstegen, and Claus Zittel.