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Excerpt from Voyage dans le Boudoir de Pauline (Classic Reprint)Ma plume sans écrire ce mot chéri que mes yeux retrouvent par tout, que mon oreille croit tou jours entendre et que ma bou che ne'cesse de prononcer.

'Maximilien François Marie Isidore de Robespierre (6 May 1758 - 28 July 1794) was a French lawyer, politician, and one of the best-known and most influential figures of the French Revolution. As a member of the Estates-General, the Constituent Assembly and the Jacobin Club, he advocated against the death penalty and for the abolition of slavery, while supporting equality of rights, universal suffrage and the establishment of a republic. He opposed war with Austria and the possibility of a coup by the Marquis de Lafayette. As a member of the Committee of Public Safety, he was an important figure during the period of the Revolution commonly known as the Reign of Terror, which ended a few months after his arrest and execution in July 1794....His supporters called him'The Incorruptible', while his adversaries called him dictateur sanguinaire (bloodthirsty dictator).”IN presenting the story of Robespierre this must be attempted at the outset as a key to the whole: the picture of himself. A man of insufficient capacity, bent into the narrowest gauge, tenacious of all that statesmen least comprehend, and wholly ignorant even of the elements of their science, became for a brief time the personification of a vast national movement of which he was but barely in sympathy with one single aspect, and that the least inspiring and the least fruitful. How did such a position come to him, and why did it remain even for those few months? This same man, singularly ill-fitted to his country, to its traditions and its native humour, to its colour, religion, and every essential, fell suddenly from power by no general rising of opinion, by no discovery of discord between himself and those who had worshipped him. He fell by a kind of mighty triviality; a small chance of intrigue and conspiracy that yet carried in itself much of the fate of our civilisation. How is such a fall to be explained?-Introduction.

First published in 1935, this is widely regarded as the most definitive and comprehensive biography of Maximilien François Marie Isidore de Robespierre (1758-1794), the French lawyer and politician who would become one of the best-known and most influential figures associated with the French Revolution and the Reign of Terror.As a member of the Estates-General, the Constituent Assembly and the Jacobin Club, Robespierre was an outspoken advocate for the poor and for democratic institutions. He campaigned for universal male suffrage in France, price controls on basic food commodities and the abolition of slavery in the French colonies. He played an important role in arranging the execution of King Louis XVI, which led to the establishment of a French Republic.Perhaps best known for his role in the French Revolution's Reign of Terror, he was named as a member of the powerful Committee of Public Safety launched by his political ally Georges Danton and exerted his influence to suppress the left-wing Hébertists. As part of his attempts to use extreme measures to control political activity in France, Robespierre later moved against the more moderate Danton, who was accused of corruption and executed in April 1794. The Terror ended a few months later with Robespierre's arrest and execution in July, events that initiated a period in French history known as the Thermidorian Reaction.This traditional biography is filled with extensive and reliable research on the man whose steadfast adherence and defense of the views he expressed earned him the nickname l'Incorruptible (The Incorruptible).Unmissable reading.

A sweeping history of intimacy and family life in France during the age of revolutionThe French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars devastated Europe for nearly a quarter of a century. The Soldier's Reward recovers the stories of soldiers and their relationships to family and domestic life during this period, revealing how prolonged warfare transformed family and gender dynamics and gave rise to new kinds of citizenship.In this groundbreaking work combining social, cultural, gender, and military history, Jennifer Ngaire Heuer vividly describes how men fought for years with only fleeting moments of peace. Combatants were promised promotion, financial gain, and patriotic glory. They were also rewarded for their service by being allowed to return home to waiting families and love interests, and with marriages that were arranged and financially supported by the state. Heuer explores competing ideas of masculinity in France, as well as the experiences of the men and women who participated in such marriages. She argues that we cannot fully understand the changing nature of war and peace in this period without considering the important roles played by family, gender, and romantic entanglements.Casting new light on a turbulent era of mass mobilization and seemingly endless conflict, The Soldier's Reward shows how, from the Revolution through the Restoration, war, intimacy, and citizenship intersected in France in new and unexpected ways.

This book examines the impact of space on the perception of art and visual culture in early nineteenth-century Paris. It turns its attention to the way in which space determines the understanding and the development of visual culture. The abundance of images, their status, and their employment alike offer a means to grasp the extent of the development of an approach to art which further involved the spectator. Space is here conceived as a multifaceted entity, spanning architectural, scholarly, artistic, and visual dimensions. These various aspects offer means to consider the way in which images work and are consumed, and the individual experience they represent. Space works as a link and a connecting tool between different intellectual and visual categories, and this study examines how this interaction applies to works of art as well as everyday objects.

During the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars, Germaine de Staël's troubled personal and public life singled her out as one of the most noteworthy characters, and greatest political writers of her epoch. She recommended wise policies seeking to bring stability to a perturbed France. Not only were her words ignored but she was persecuted as a woman, and held responsible for plots, riots and satirical pamphlets with which she had no connection. Her publications, promoting individual liberty, freedom of religion, freedom of speech, and equality for women, brought her into direct conflict with the dictator Napoleon Bonaparte. Her confrontation with Napoleon eventually forced her to flee, making her a celebrity throughout Europe. There are many books about Mme de Staël, but nothing published recently in English. In the highly troubled waters of the French Revolution, she promoted Republican policies, but because she remained faithful to all her friends was often accused of being a Royalist. Tens of thousands of political figures of all parties were guillotined – but Mme de Staël survived.

The Mongol Archive in Late Medieval France is the first comprehensive study of contact between France and the Mongols in the late Middle Ages. As these realms expanded across Eurasia—the French through crusade and settlement, the Mongols through conquest—their encounters altered each other's understanding of the world and their place in it. The Mongol influence on French culture is visible in what Mark Cruse calls the Mongol archive—a wide range of materials including chronicles, crusade treatises, encyclopedias, manuscript illuminations, maps, romances, and travel accounts—revealing how the French court made sense of a people previously unknown to the European intellectual tradition. Cruse mines this archive of Franco-Mongol contact to reassess France's place in the continental history of medieval Eurasia. By comparing the French and Mongol courts, Cruse shows how their similarities allowed meaningful communication between them and highlights the surprising connections—diplomatic, intellectual, and genealogical—across vast distances. The library of King Charles V (r. 1364–1380), one of the largest in medieval Europe, is a monument to the richness of these encounters, which anticipate the global interconnectedness of the modern world. Ultimately, the innovative approach in The Mongol Archive in Late Medieval France toward French conceptions of and relations with the Mongols demonstrates how a global perspective transforms our understanding of the medieval world.

This book brings a selection of the influential writings of Marc Bloch into the English language, largely for the very first time. Chronologically arranged to trace the developmental arc of Bloch's historical philosophy, the translations in The Selected Writings of Marc Bloch offer an illuminating insight into the theories of a pioneer historian and original founder of the renowned Annales school of French social history. The carefully curated translations in this volume reveal Bloch's thoughts on questions that historical studies has grappled with since the birth of the discipline. Why should history exist at all? What value does it have? What exactly is a science of history? What is the actual role of the historian in historical studies? This collection presents Bloch's precise understanding of the contours of the discipline of history, defined by the abuttal and transgression of its borders by other subjects. Consequently, it provides a theoretical underpinning for multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary concepts via historical studies, pulling into its fold diverse themes such as customs, agriculture, economics, nutrition, technology, manners, art, fashion, and countless other topics explored by Bloch himself in the process.

A comprehensive history of masks in France from the seventeenth to the nineteenth century. Masks can conceal, disguise, or protect. They can guard status, inspire delight, or spread fear. They can also betray trust through insincerity, deceit, and hypocrisy. In Paris Concealed, historian James H. Johnson offers a sweeping history of masks both visible and unseen from the time of Louis XIV to the late nineteenth century, exploring the complex roles that masking and unmasking have played in the fashioning of our social selves. Drawing from memoirs, novels, plays, and paintings, Paris Concealed explores the many domains in which masks have been decisive. Beginning in the court of Versailles, Johnson charts the genesis of courtly politesse and its widespread condemnation by Enlightenment philosophers and political thinkers. He describes strategies deployed in the era of the French Revolution for unmasking traitors and later efforts to penetrate criminal disguises through telltale marks on the body. He portrays the disruptive power of masks in public balls and carnivals and, with the coming of modernity, evokes their unsettling presence within the unconscious. Compellingly written and beautifully illustrated, Paris Concealed lays bare the mask's transformations, from marking one's position in a static society to inspiring imagined identities in meritocracies to impeding the elusive search for one's true self. To tell the history of masks, Johnson shows, is to tell the history of modern selfhood.

The book presents the life of Louis Wolowski (1810–1876). Born into a family of Frankist Jews in Warsaw, Wolowski participated in the Polish insurrection of 1830–1831 and later settled in France. Specializing in political economy, Wolowski became a professor at the prestigious Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers at the age of 29 and a member of the Academy in 1855. In 1852 he founded Crédit Foncier, one of the most important French banks and actively participated in the banking revolution of the second half of the 19th century. He also had a political career. Wolowski served as a deputy and from 1875, a life senator. Representing the liberal center of the French political scene, he played a crucial role in the establishment of the Republic in France.

L'Écriture est la peinture de la voix honours and celebrates the inestimable contributions that Professor Nicholas Cronk has made to our understanding of the Enlightenment. As director of the University of Oxford's Voltaire Foundation, he has played a decisive role in eighteenth-century studies. In particular he has shaped our knowledge of Voltaire as a writer, celebrity and era-defining figure whose influence has continued to be felt through the centuries. Comprising essays by a host of internationally eminent scholars, this volume is a fitting tribute to the esteem and affection in which Nicholas Cronk is held as a colleague, teacher and mentor. These sixteen essays reflect his varied research interests, exploring questions central to the eighteenth century, such as the writing process, justice, revolution, as well as the legacy of the Enlightenment, and focussing on the central figure in Nicholas Cronk's research: Voltaire. In sections devoted to Voltaire's writing practices, to his involvement in political, literary and religious polemics, and finally to his legacy, the essays build on Nicholas Cronk's scholarship and editorial achievements, opening up a new chapter in research on Voltaire. This volume is complemented by an online collection of essays which speak to other topics central to Nicholas Cronk's interests, such as authorial identities, correspondence and aesthetics. The collection is published Open Access and is available to read on Modern Languages Open: https://modernlanguagesopen.org/collections/lecriture-nicholas-cronk

This book explores the process by which the French Basque country acquired a folkloric regional identity in the long nineteenth century. It argues that, despite its origins in pre-modern customs, this stereotypical identity was invented as part of France's process of nation-building. The abolition of privileges in 1789 prompted a new interest in local culture as the defining feature of provincial France, shaping the transition from the pre-‘modern'province to the ‘modern'region. The relationship between the region and the nation, however, was difficult. Regional culture favoured the integration of the French Basque provinces into the French nation-state but also challenged the authority of the central state. As a result, Basque region-building reveals the strengths and weaknesses of the unitary model of French nationhood, in the nineteenth century as well as today.

Atlantic slavery represents one of the blackest pages of human history. European powers not only colonised American lands but also brought African men and women to work as slaves on plantations. Intellectuals did not remain indifferent to this practice and – from the second half of the 18th century – criticised the institution of slavery from an ethical, legal, and economic point of view.This book aims to briefly illustrate the colonisation process implemented by France and Great Britain in the Caribbean and to reconstruct the debate on colonialism and slavery that developed in these two countries, approaching the issue from the standpoint of the History of Economic Thought. The decisive phase in this debate took place in the second half of the 18th century, when some classical economists belonging to the cultural movement of the Enlightenment laid the foundations for the critique of a production system based on slavery. On the same basis, some economists of the first half of the 19th century continued to express their critical attitude towards slavery and colonialism. The ideas of the Enlightenment, although of European origin, are also useful in analysing the different levels of development that the former American colonies achieved following independence, choosing to invest in either industry or agriculture.This book provides the reader with the critical tools to understand that opting for slavery was not only an unforgivable sin in human history but also an economically irrational choice.

The epic histories of the French Revolution, Enlightenment, and colonialism in the West Indies, told through the history of one family.The Labottières were the largest printing and bookselling dynasty in eighteenth-century Bordeaux. From the 1680s to the sale of their business in 1794 three generations of this family acted as major cultural brokers in this booming Atlantic port, serving the rapidly expanding commercial and legal sectors with books, pamphlets, and newspapers. The lives and businesses of this family are heavily entwined with the histories of the Enlightenment, French colonialism in the West Indies, and the French Revolution. We find the final generation, welcoming the Revolution, printing a pro-revolutionary newspaper that framed the revolts in Haiti and Martinique in pro-revolutionary terms. They would come to establish their shop as a Jacobin centre and, along with their workers and journalists, navigated the forces of popular censorship and state control. However, despite these activities, the Labottière printing and bookselling enterprise would, eventually, be destroyed by the very Revolution it had supported. Through this lively microhistory of the Labottières, Jane McLeod presents the important role played by the flourishing Atlantic port economy in supporting the expansion of printing and bookselling. Furthermore, from McLeod's extensive archival research into over thirty members of the Labottière family, emerges a new understanding of the role played by printers and booksellers in the spreading of the ideas and concerns that underpinned some of the landmark social, cultural and political changes of the eighteenth century.

Tropical Despotisms reveals the alarm that spread among France's Caribbean possessions during the period between the Seven Years'War and the Revolution and the determination to cultivate a new patriotic community rooted in the Enlightenment principles of honor and civic virtue. Following France's humiliating defeat at the hands of the British, a loose coalition of frustrated and enlightened reformers hoped to promote imperial regeneration in order to restore France's wounded national pride, stabilize and strengthen the Antillean colonies, and bind the colonies more closely to the metropole.David Allen Harvey describes the historical relationship between capitalism and slavery in the making of the modern world economy and moves beyond simplistic arguments by discussing the contingent and evolving dynamic between the two. As a result, he reveals how capitalism and slavery developed in tandem in the eighteenth-century Caribbean but explains that reformers sought to enact a gradual transition to a free wage labor regime more in keeping with capitalism's ideal of free and voluntary contractual relationships between formally equal parties.Tropical Despotisms provides a new perspective on the social and demographic structure in the French Antilles and the wider French Atlantic world. Harvey uncovers not only the deep and critical debates around the issues of slavery and race but also the efforts by enlightened reformers as they proposed rethinking the political and economic structures by which the empire had been ruled, rationalizing governing institutions, and liberalizing trade.

The People's Revolution of 1789 analyzes the historic events that unleashed a vast panoply of anarchic, destructive, and creative disorders that demolished France's Old Regime and founded a new revolutionary order. It captures the complex and dynamic interplay of uprisings, elections, meetings, and revolutionary moments that helped create modern freedom. The People's Revolution of 1789 is the first book to chronicle the Parisian, provincial, and colonial movements of 1789 together. In doing so, Micah Alpaugh builds from hundreds of local and regional studies and sources on the French Revolution to provide a new interpretation of the powerful contestations that created the modern revolutionary tradition. He explores the multiplicity of movements—anarchistically operating without a common leader and usually in only loose coordination—that gave the revolutionary dynamic its power, without which the legislators'revolution at Versailles would have failed or been severely curtailed. The rapid onslaught of protests across the First Year of Liberty compounded their effects, overpowering authorities'efforts to maintain a degenerating order and forcing the establishment of a more open system. The People's Revolution of 1789 reveals in new ways how the French revolutionaries ended feudalism, established human rights, abolished the police, and instituted new elected governments. By returning emphasis to the people's revolution, we can better understand how world history's most consequential revolution developed, as millions of French people embraced direct action in hopes of fundamental change. Through the movements of millions, the French created the most powerful revolution the world had yet experienced.

Historians have long used biography and life narratives as a means of understanding the French Revolution, as classic studies on major figures such as Robespierre and Napoleon attest. At the current moment, however, many of the most creative such studies are focusing on relatively minor revolutionary figures. Such work, which combines the techniques of classic biography and microhistory, reveals how the great political, social, cultural and religious transformations of the revolutionary era were refracted through the prism of individual experience. This work often links to research and writing taking place in adjacent disciplines, notably around the ideas and practices of life-writing. These studies, themselves often grounded in the history of emotions, resist the'biographical illusion'that an individual's essence can be inferred unproblematically from their words and actions, and they also transcend the tendency to see those words and actions as merely symptoms of broader political processes. By focusing on individual life stories in their own right and insisting on the slipperiness of individual identity, this book explores emergent forms of subjectivity.

This book aims to reconceive the field of knowledge of the “Gallic past” in French discourse of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries by focusing on the monument as an object capable of underpinning insights into that past, the evolution of the concept, and the epistemic practices used to produce it.Through monuments, the book redirects our gaze toward the French provinces, where material and immaterial evidence of the Gallic past was “discovered” and transformed into epistemic objects. This perspective results in a “provincialization” of Paris as a site of knowledge production and sheds light on the crucial role of provincial scholarship, not only in the “invention” of the Gallic past but also in methodological and epistemological renewal. The result is a revision of recent historiography, which interpreted the narrative of an “autochthonous” pre-Roman, Gallic past as nation-building.This volume offers a pioneering contribution toward new directions in historical epistemology focused on the historicity of the “species” of evidence of each epoch.

Who were Romania's diplomatic representatives in the Balkans during the Second World War? How did they select and forward information? What personal mark did they add to negotiations and diplomatic notes? What was the relationship between the career diplomats and the political authorities in Romania in the context of a dictatorial regime in Bucharest? These are just some of the questions the book aims at providing answers to. Moreover, this “questionnaire” applied to the Balkans does not only elicit answers that reflect developments and processes in the area. It allows reflections on the broader decision-making architecture, on the entire Romanian foreign policy of that period and on the functioning mechanisms of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in relation to the rigours of a totalitarian state.

A riveting exploration of the relationship between art and telegraphy, and its implications for understanding time and history in nineteenth-century France.In Time Machines Richard Taws examines the relationship between art and telegraphy in the decades following the French Revolution. The optical telegraph was a novel form of visual communication developed in the 1790s that remained in use until the mid-1850s. This pre-electric telegraph, based on a semaphore code, irrevocably changed the media landscape of nineteenth-century France. Although now largely forgotten, in its day it covered vast distances and changed the way people thought about time. It also shaped, and was shaped by, a proliferating world of images. What happens, Taws asks, if we think about art telegraphically?Placed on prominent buildings across France—for several years there was one on top of the Louvre—the telegraph's waving limbs were a ubiquitous sight, shifting how public space was experienced and represented. The system was depicted by a wide range of artists, who were variously amused, appalled, irritated, or seduced by the telegraph's intractable coded messages and the uncanny environmental and perceptual disruption it caused. Clouds, architecture, landscapes, and gestures: all signified differently in the era of telegraphy, and the telegraph became a powerful means to comprehend France's technological and political past. While Paris's famous arcades began to crisscross the city at ground level, a more enigmatic network was operating above. Shifting attention from the streets to the skies, this book shows how modern France took shape quite literally under the telegraph's sign.

Police in Paris arrested thousands of men for sodomy or similar acts in the eighteenth century. In the mid-1780s, they recorded depositions in which prisoners recounted their own sexual histories. These remarkable documents, curated and translated into English by Jeffrey Merrick, allow us to hear the voices of men who desired men and to explore complex questions about sources, patterns, and meanings in the history of sexuality.This volume centers on two cartons of paperwork from commissaire Charles Convers Desormeaux. Dated from 1785, the cartons contain 221 dossiers of men arrested for sodomy or similar acts in Paris. Merrick translates and annotates the police interviews from these dossiers, revealing how the police and those they arrested understood sex between men at the time. Merrick discusses the implications of what the men said (and what they did not say), how they said it, and in what contexts it was said.The best-known works of clergy and jurists, of enemies and advocates of Enlightenment, and of novelists and satirists from the eighteenth century tell us nothing at all about the lived experience of men who desired men. In these police dossiers, Merrick allows them to speak in their own words. This primary text brings together a wealth of important information that will appeal to scholars, students, and general readers interested in the history of sexuality, sodomy, and sexual policing.

De tous les attentats contre la vie de Louis-Philippe d'Orléans, celui de Giuseppe Fieschi, perpétré le 28 juillet 1835 sur le Boulevard du Temple, a été non seulement le plus meurtrier mais aussi le plus retentissant. Pourtant bien connu des historiens, cet événement atroce n'a jamais fait l'objet d'une étude approfondie prenant en compte ses répercutions visuelles. L'ambition du présent livre est de réduire le politique à son essence scopique, de questionner la part de l'œil de l'histoire en décrivant les stratégies subtiles par lesquelles la légitimité du roi-citoyen s'est faite autorité. Envisagé comme un diptyque, l'ouvrage unit indéfectiblement le roi et son envers régicide, reliant politiquement une tête de poire à une tête coupée. Au-delà, il ne s'agit pas seulement de saisir la métamorphose du monarque en une cible mouvante, il importe surtout de comprendre de quelle façon le souffle de la Machine infernale de Fieschi est absorbé par le pullulement visuel d'un siècle aliéné par ses propres images.

'...worth reading for the civilian point of view on military events, including observations on the U.S. Army's return to France in 1944. It is also excellent background reading for those who want to know about wartime life in France.'—The Journal of America's Military Past“September 1939 slipped into October quite silently as if it did not want to attract any notice. The atmosphere is tense with expectancy, ready for the critical times that lie ahead. Everyone is geared for eventualities with courage and the élan of high purpose. Members of the Embassy staff have received their orders to leave for different posts: Bordeaux for some, Nantes for others and for others the Château de Candé. Some of us volunteered to remain in Paris. I was one of them. Paris will be safe or as dangerous as any other place, perhaps safer as every effort will be made to protect the city with its priceless works of art and its beauty.” Marie-Louise Dilkes'astute observations of life in Paris during World War II are written from the unique perspective of the receptionist for the American Embassy. The Embassy was the first—or last—resort for many caught up in the chaos of war, and hers was the first face they would see as they walked through the grand doors. She takes us from the conquest and occupation of Paris by German forces but includes the war-time journey of the American consulate in Paris from Paris to Lisbon to Lyon to Bern and back to Paris. She ends with the triumphant return of members of the American Embassy staff, after the Allies forced the German Army out of Paris, and the reestablishment of the American Embassy in Paris.

Revolutionary Warfare investigates how efforts to counter a revolution could also be revolutionary. The Algerian War fractured the French Empire, destroyed the legitimacy of colonial rule, and helped launch the Third Worldist movement for the liberation of the Global South. By tracing how French generals, officers, and civil officials sought to counter Algerian independence with their own project of radical social transformation, Terrence G. Peterson reveals that the conflict also helped to transform the nature of modern warfare.The French war effort was never defined solely by repression. As Peterson details, it also sought to fashion new forms of surveillance and social control that could capture the loyalty of Algerians and transform Algerian society. Hygiene and medical aid efforts, youth sports and education programs, and psychological warfare campaigns all attempted to remake Algerian social structures and bind them more closely to the French state. In tracing the emergence of such programs, Peterson reframes the French war effort as a project of armed social reform that sought not to preserve colonial rule unchanged, but to revolutionize it in order to preserve it against the global challenges of decolonization. Revolutionary Warfare demonstrates how French officers'efforts to transform warfare into an exercise in social engineering not only shaped how the Algerian War unfolded from its earliest months, but also helped to forge a paradigm of warfare that dominated strategic thinking during the Cold War and after: counterinsurgency.

Traditionally, there has been a long and sustained interest in studying the history of economic ideas in France. Interest appeared to wane after World War II, but in recent decades, there has been a marked renaissance of interest and research in the contributions of French-speaking authors. Drawing on the flow of recent research, this book presents a new assessment of the history of political economy in France incorporating both novel presentations of some traditional subjects and topics that are not usually studied.This first volume deals with the history of political economy in France in the Age of Enlightenment. After presenting a kind of “review of the troops” and some main developments inherited from preceding centuries, the chapters are devoted to P. de Boisguilbert's foundation of liberal political economy; J. Law's monetary theory and policy; the many strands of “commerce politique”; the theoretical developments of F. Quesnay and the physiocratic movement; and A.-R.-J. Turgot's, J.-J.-L. Graslin's and M.-J.-A.-N. Caritat de Condorcet's sensationist political economy. The volume then examines some political critiques of liberal political economy and goes on with a study of the first attempts to quantify economic variables and to formalise the economic discourse. It concludes with a chapter on the importance of translations into French of books published abroad, and with the main institutional and theoretical developments which happened during the French Revolution.A History of Economic Thought in France will be invaluable reading for advanced students and researchers of the history of economic thought, political economy, intellectual history and French history.

This book describes momentous events in the American and French Revolutions. The American revolutionaries were nationalist patriots, who wanted independence from Great Britain and to create a new nation based on the principles of classical liberalism and Natural Rights theory. Their goal was the attainment of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, inherent in the God-given or Nature-derived rights of free men. They did not seek to overturn the basic institutions of society as eventually the French revolutionists did—when they destroyed churches, desecrated tombs, and even renamed the months of the year, creating a new revolutionary calendar. The French revolutionists adopted the revolutionary slogan Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité, but they did not grasp the fact that the leveling of society was incompatible with liberty. And regarding fraternity, they did not mean the brotherhood of all men because the nobility and common citizens who did not hold the purest aims of Jacobin ideology were exterminated.

This book provides the first comprehensive study of the technical corps during the Napoleonic Era, both in France and in Italy. These corps, which possessed advanced schooling and nurtured meritocratic practices even in the Ancien Regime, came to the forefront with the French Revolution, due to the increase in prestige of both scientists and the military. Notwithstanding the key roles played by well-known figures such as Lazare Carnot and Napoleon Bonaparte, the historiography has not fully explored either the culture that produced them, or the impact this had in France and in Napoleonic Europe, or their far-reaching legacy. The modern paradigms of technocracy and meritocracy in fact have their origin in these corps.

Un siècle après la parution de l'opus magnum d'Arthur Moeller van den Bruck (1876-1925), Das dritte Reich, une traduction française de ce textephare de la Révolution conservatrice allemande trouve sa pleine justification. «Bible» des «Jeunes conservateurs», diffusé en près de 150.000 exemplaires, l'ouvrage attira rapidement l'attention de certains nationaux-socialistes avant d'être rejeté par eux pour des raisons qui, de leur point de vue, avaient toute leur légitimité. Etranger à l'idéologie racialiste des partisans d'Hitler, le livre est l'oeuvre d'un conservateur opposé à la République de Weimar et désireux de combattre à tout niveau les idées libérales et démocratiques avec pour objectif de tracer des pistes susceptibles d'ouvrir la voie à un redressement de son pays vaincu dans le cadre d'un «troisième Reich» doté d'un régimeautoritaire destiné à advenir à moyen terme et permettant, tel était son espoir, l'épanouissement de toutes les potentialités de la nation germanique.

A principios del siglo XVIII, en pleno auge de la Ilustración, un insólito equipo de científicos franceses y oficiales de marina españoles –entre ellos Jorge Juan y Antonio de Ulloa– y franceses emprendió la primera expedición científica internacional del mundo, con la intención de realizar mediciones astronómicas precisas en el ecuador y resolver así uno de los misterios más antiguos de la humanidad: la verdadera forma de la Tierra. En su libro La medida de la Tierra. La expedición científica ilustrada que cambió nuestro mundo, el galardonado Larrie D. Ferreiro, autor de Hermanos de armas, narra por primera vez la historia completa de la Misión Geodésica al ecuador, en una época en la que Europa se debatía entre dos concepciones opuestas del mundo: los seguidores de René Descartes sostenían que la Tierra se alargaba hacia los polos, mientras que Isaac Newton defendía que era achatada. Una nación que pudiera determinar con precisión la forma del planeta podría navegar con seguridad por sus océanos y proporcionar enormes ventajas militares –con su consiguiente proyección imperial–. Conscientes de ello, Francia y España organizaron una expedición conjunta al virreinato de Perú, provista de los más avanzados equipos topográficos y astronómicos, con el fin de medir un grado de latitud en el ecuador que, comparado con otras mediciones, revelaría la forma de la Tierra. Sin embargo, lo que desde los lejanos gabinetes científicos de París y Madrid parecía un sencillo ejercicio científico, se vio casi inmediatamente empañado por una serie de catástrofes imprevistas, y los expedicionarios vieron su misión amenazada por un terreno tan exigente como son la cordillera de los Andes o las selvas ecuatoriales, una población nativa profundamente recelosa y su propia arrogancia. La medida de la Tierra es un apasionante relato que entreteje aventura, historia política y ciencia, para narrar la mayor expedición científica de la Ilustración a través de los ojos de los hombres que la llevaron a cabo, pioneros que superaron tremendas adversidades con el objetivo de discernir la forma de nuestro mundo y sentar, además, los cimientos para la cooperación científica a escala mundial.

First published in 1984, Henry IV describes and tries to account for Henry's extraordinary life and reign. The book is accompanied, and the arguments are strengthened by numerous plates and maps.The life of Henry IV of France was not only dramatic, but it also made a profound difference to the shaping of France in the early 17th century. During his reign, the foundations of the ‘grand siècle'were laid, not only in military and diplomatic affairs, but also in the arts.Almost as striking as the personal contribution made by the king, is the remarkable willingness of the French nobility to wreck the whole recovery from forty years of domestic chaos by plotting with the Spaniards. Eventually, of course, one of these plots succeeded; Henry was killed, and the kingdom was plunged for a while into chaos. This book is a must read for students and researchers of French history.

A classic social history of France in the Napoleonic period—now available in English to a new generation of readersPresented here is an English translation of a study that was part of a distinguished French series on the country's post-Revolution history. Unlike much Napoleonic literature that features the personality and foreign policy of the emperor, France under Napoleon describes the condition of France and the French people during the fifteen years immediately following their great revolution.Applying the methods of the new social history (Annales school), Louis Bergeron covers the political, administrative, social, economic, and cultural facets of the First Empire. He begins with the domestic program and institutions under Napoleon and the fervor of the new chief of state as he sought to establish a coherent, efficient, and thoroughly controlled regime. Bergeron then examines the opposition to his system and the reasons behind the imperfect realization of his ideal. It discusses population and demographic trends, social structure, and economic activity—all of which eluded Napoleon's grasp.

This book investigates how Europe has evolved from a theocratic culture to a contemporary nation-state structure. It examines how the Renaissance affected European society, as well as its economy, political system, and culture, resulting in new nation-states and ideologies and culminating in the French Revolution. Beginning in Italy around 1300, the Renaissance evolved into a time of literary, artistic, and intellectual blossoming that challenged the medieval worldview. Martin Luther's protests against the Catholic Church in 1517 marked the beginning of the Reformation. The Scientific Revolution saw a paradigm shift in Western philosophy and established modern technology based on observation, experimentation, and mathematics. The late 17th and late 18th centuries saw the height of the Enlightenment. The French Revolution was a watershed event that signalled the end of the Old Regime and the commencement of modern France, sparking democratic ideas and activities.The book will be of interest to students of history, as well as a general readership interested in European history, politics, and culture.

Un clásico indispensable para entender la historia de Europa y la formación de las identidades nacionales. «Un libro magistral sobre un tema esencial: la formación de los sentimientos y las preocupaciones nacionales en la historia». Juan Pablo Fusi ¿Cómo se construye una nación? Este revolucionario estudio de Eugen Weber, publicado originalmente en 1976 pero nunca traducido al español hasta ahora, ofrece una iluminadora respuesta a esa pregunta a través del caso de Francia, considerado el ejemplo más acabado de identidad nacional perdurable a lo largo del tiempo. Weber demuestra que, cien años después de la Revolución, millones de campesinos, que conformaban más de la mitad de la población, seguían llevando las mismas vidas que sus antepasados, con un contacto limitado y superficial con el resto del país. A partir de los hechos pequeños, de los detalles de las vidas de la gente (el choque lingüístico entre el francés y los diversos patois, las fiestas populares, el papel de la música, la lectura y la prensa, los usos de cama de los jóvenes...), Weber da forma a una obra monumental y viva que revolucionó la historia social y de los nacionalismos. Describe de forma amena, documentada y provocadora cómo en Francia tuvo lugar una auténtica crisis civilizatoria a finales del siglo XIX, a medida que las ideas y las costumbres tradicionales iban sucumbiendo ante las fuerzas de la modernización. El ferrocarril y las carreteras fueron factores decisivos, al acercar regiones hasta entonces lejanas e inaccesibles a los mercados y los centros principales del mundo moderno. La producción industrial, por su parte, hizo redundantes numerosas profesiones campesinas y el creciente sistema educativo enseñaba no solo el idioma de la cultura dominante sino también sus valores, entre ellos el patriotismo. A la altura de 1914, Francia finalmente era «La Patrie» de hecho, y no solo en nombre. La crítica ha dicho: «Un luminoso relato donde queda perfectamente demostrada la importancia de los detalles en el estudio de la historia de la mayoría silenciosa». José Enrique Ruiz-Domènec «Una de las obras más importantes e influyentes que se han escrito sobre la forja de las identidades nacionales y los desafíos de la modernidad. Una lectura imprescindible». David Jiménez Torres

A major new biography of Antoine Barnave—the politician and writer who advocated for a constitutional monarchy in revolutionary France Antoine Barnave was one of the most influential statesmen in the early French Revolution. He was a didactic man of austere morals and vaulting ambition who dressed as an English dandy, running up considerable tailor's bills. Before his execution at age thirty-two, he played a decisive role in revolutionary politics and even governed France in 1791 through a secret correspondence with Marie-Antoinette. In the first biography for more than a century, John Hardman traces Barnave's life from his youth in Dauphiné to his role in the Constituent Assembly and his part in forming the Feuillants, the party dedicated to the moderate cause. Despite his early death, Barnave left a remarkable volume of material, from published works to thousands of manuscript pages. Hardman uses this rich archive to explore the life of this elusive writer, politician, and thinker—and sheds new light on the revolutionary period.

David G. Haglund's Sister Republics tells the story of the unique relationship between the United States and its first ally, France. Historians and political scientists have characterized interactions between the two countries in the spheres of security and defense policy in radically different ways: either the two comport themselves in a highly cooperative fashion, befitting their status as old allies and steadfast friends, or they act as bitter rivals, revealing their alliance to be at best dysfunctional and at worst destructive. Haglund uses a fresh approach to reconcile these divergent positions, examining the Franco-American bond through the prism of strategic culture. In doing so, he reveals the cultural factors that have contributed to the suboptimal relationship between the two nations.

El viejo nombre de Trafalgar, «la punta de occidente», sigue resonando hoy en día más allá de las cartas náuticas, topónimo impreso en la memoria colectiva de tres naciones europeas merced al encarnizado combate que allí tuvo lugar el 21 de octubre de 1805 entre las escuadras francoespañola y británica. Más de doscientos años después, nuestros conocimientos y nuestra perspectiva sobre la batalla se han enriquecido gracias al trabajo conjunto de investigadores españoles, franceses y británicos, que, en lugar de intercambiar mortales cañonazos desde sus navíos, ponen en común trabajo de archivo, hipótesis y conclusiones. Una labor colosal de la que se nutre este libro, una obra colectiva que ha conseguido reunir en sus páginas a algunos de los más destacados especialistas de España, Francia y Reino Unido sobre labatalla de Trafalgar para ofrecer una síntesis renovada acerca de las cuestiones más importantes relacionadas con este crucial hecho de armas: desde la política internacional hasta la organización naval, la tecnología, el armamento, la oficialidad y la marinería, para desembocar en la campaña de 1805 y el propio combate. Y no solo eso, sino que el libro se proyecta sobre el legado histórico de Trafalgar, para reflexionar sobre una Europa convulsa, de la que podamos extraer ideas y experiencias que nos ayuden a actuar frente a los desafíos del mundo actual. Un volumen que, además, sirve para reivindicar a hombres injustamente maltratados por la historia como el general Federico Gravina, los brigadieres Cosme D. Churruca y Dionisio Alcalá Galiano o Francisco Alsedo y Bustamante, comandante del Montañés, pero también a sus contrincantes, como el vicealmirante Horacio Nelson, muerto sobre la cubierta del Victory, o Cuthbert Collingwood, capitán del Royal Sovereign. Homenaje y recuerdo extendido a los cientos de marinos sin nombre que, entre astillas, plomo y la mar, tan inmisericorde como los hombres, perdieron la vida en aquella «derrota gloriosa».

Entitlement and Complaint explores the early history of the right to retirement and the shaping of the modern life course, applying cutting-edge insights from social, cultural, and political history as well as gerontology to an extraordinarily rich collection of retirement dossiers from the post-Revolutionary French Ministry of Justice. David G. Troyansky tells two intertwined stories. He traces the origins of state pensions in nineteenth-century France, which were increasingly understood by retirees as a right as opposed to a reward. Alongside the empirical data, Troyansky examines the ways retiring magistrates used their written requests for state pensions as an opportunity to engage in “life reviews.” Through the analysis of more than five hundred individual dossiers, Troyansky uncovers the personal narratives of those working in a multitude of French political regimes. As employees aged and one cohort replaced another, their attempts to make sense of their careers and lives formed a larger story of post-revolutionary survival.

Sich immer eine Hintertür offen halten, nie alles von sich preisgeben, die Dinge plötzlich von ganz anderer Seite betrachten: Volker Reinhardt erzählt das Leben des philosophischen Virtuosen Montaigne konsequent in seinem historischen Kontext, der Zeit der Bürgerkriege in Frankreich. So erhält der Parlamentsrat, Romreisende, Bürgermeister von Bordeaux und Kammeredelmann scharfe Konturen, und wir können den Philosophen in seinem Schlossturm, der mit souveräner Distanz auf sich und die Welt blickt, besser verstehen. Schloss Montaigne, auf dem Höhepunkt der Bürgerkriege: Es klopft. Ein Mann wurde überfallen und begehrt eilig Einlass. Nach und nach treffen seine Begleiter ein. Montaigne schöpft Verdacht: ein trickreicher Überfall! Doch er lässt alle gastfreundlich ein. Die Naivität des Schlossherrn erweicht schließlich den Anführer, der das Signal zum Abzug gibt. Der Krieg zwingt zu unkonventionellen Überlebensstrategien. Montaigne empfiehlt mit dieser Episode'Natürlichkeit'im Verhalten und zugleich kluge Verstellung. Das ist auch die Strategie seiner Essays: Ob er über Freundschaft und Ehe, gute Gespräche und Erziehung oder über seine Krankheiten, Spleens und Obsessionen schreibt, immer wirkt er ganz arglos und spielt doch mit seinen Lesern. Bisher wurde die Biographie Montaignes meist aus seinen verführerisch authentisch klingenden Schriften abgeleitet. Volker Reinhardt geht den umgekehrten Weg und macht von Montaignes Leben aus die Essays neu verständlich: als eine Überlebensphilosophie in Zeiten der Gewalt, die uns bis heute direkt anspricht.

A French-Algerian journalist, born and brought up in a neglected Paris suburb, offers unique insight into crisis-ridden France from a very different perspective to the establishment elites France, the romanticized, revolutionary land with an enlightened historical mission—Liberty, Equality, Fraternity for all—is failing its own citizens and its admirers around the world. How did the country get here, and what can be done about it? In Fixing France, Nabila Ramdani assesses the fault lines in her struggling nation with unflinching clarity and originality. The makeshift Fifth Republic, which emerged from the cataclysmic Algerian War of Independence, has produced extremism. Constitutional reform is urgently needed: an all-powerful monarchical president displays little interest in democracy, while a mainstream far-right party founded by Nazi collaborators threatens to deliver a head of state. Segregated suburbs, institutionalized rioting, economic injustice, a monolithic education system, the debasement of women, deep-seated racial and religious discrimination, paramilitary policing, terrorism, and a duplicitous foreign policy all fuel the growing crisis. Ramdani's critique is stark but provides real hope: the broken French Republic can and must be fixed.

The book is the last volume of an extensive four-volume monograph devoted to the work of Cyprian Norwid (1821–1883), one of the most outstanding Polish authors. The impact of Norwid's oeuvre does not fade, as he addresses fundamental and timeless issues, such as the moral and spiritual condition of man or his place in the world and history, and seeks to answer universal questions. The volume includes articles devoted to the analysis of selected sources and inspirations underlying Norwid's work, as well as comparative texts tracing the manifestations of the commonality of thoughts and views connecting Norwid with the leading writers and artists of different periods. As a result, we received a multi-faceted image of an artist who, on the one hand, was strongly rooted in the tradition and modernity of Western European culture, and on the other, was characterized by great openness and sensitivity to otherness and cultural diversity.

This title is part of UC Press's Voices Revived program, which commemorates University of California Press's mission to seek out and cultivate the brightest minds and give them voice, reach, and impact. Drawing on a backlist dating to 1893, Voices Revived makes high-quality, peer-reviewed scholarship accessible once again using print-on-demand technology. This title was originally published in 1968.

'This new edition of Mason and Rizzo's anthology is a welcome addition to the study of the revolutionary and Napoleonic French Atlantic. It includes a wealth of documents related to life in metropolitan and colonial France from the middle of the eighteenth century through the Napoleonic Consulate as well as concise section overviews that detail experiences on the continent and in Saint-Domingue, France's wealthiest Caribbean colony, during this tumultuous era. These features, along with images, maps, and a detailed timeline, provide an invaluable resource for scholars and students alike.'—Rebecca Hartkopf Schloss, Texas A&M University

Die ersten beiden Jahrzehnte des 19. Jahrhunderts waren eine Umbruchszeit, wie sie Osnabrück nie zuvor erlebt hatte und auch später nie wieder erleben sollte: Zwischen 1802 und 1813 durchlief die Region nicht weniger als acht Regierungswechsel. Besonders bedeutsam waren in diesem Zeitabschnitt die Jahre 1807 bis 1813, in denen Osnabrück unter französischer Herrschaft stand. In dieser Phase wurden zahlreiche Umwälzungen und Neuerungen – sei es im sozialen, wirtschaftlichen, rechtlichen oder kulturellen Bereich – angestoßen, die trotz der nach der Niederlage Napoleons einsetzenden Restaurationsbemühungen die weitere Geschichte Osnabrücks und der Region maßgeblich geprägt haben.Diese Veränderungen, ihre Voraussetzungen und Folgen stehen im Mittelpunkt des Bandes. Dabei wird in vielen Bereichen Neuland betreten, denn im Unterschied zu ihrer großen historischen Bedeutung ist die sogenannte ‚Franzosenzeit‘ in Osnabrück so gut wie unerforscht. Auf der Basis bisher kaum oder nur unzureichend beachteter Quellen präsentieren die Beiträge mit einem breiten Themenspektrum zahlreiche neue Erkenntnisse und Einsichten und ermöglichen so einen neuen Blick auf einen der turbulentesten Abschnitte der Osnabrücker Geschichte.

The chaos of the French Revolution was quickly followed by the somewhat less chaotic rule of Napoleon Bonaparte. For roughly 25 years, France saw five constitutions; countless warring political factions; governments that included a monarchy, a republic, and an empire; and almost constant warfare with most of Europe. At the same time, the French fought from within, sending thousands of its own people to the guillotine. And yet, there were perhaps more advancements during that time than any other in world history. Two brothers launched hot air balloons, inaugurating the age of flight, more than 100 years before Orville and Wilbur Wright. Modern chemistry was developed, eclipsing the strange and superstitious field of alchemy which proceeded it. The metric system was created. Napoleon Bonaparte's army explored Egypt for three years, and a French man would later translate the mysterious hieroglyphs. This book details these French advances and more, including the first photograph, the first automobile, and development of the process that spawned computer programming.

In 1740, the French King Louis XV granted his Swedish-led forces the title of Royal Swedish Regiment, for which it received the same privileges as all royal regiments, including the protection of the king, new flags, and ordinance. Louis XV acted to fulfill a request of King Fredrik I of Sweden and to demonstrate his satisfaction with the great value shown by the regiment in battle. This intriguing book traces the history of this storied regiment throughout its service, including during the American War of Independence, and up to the time of the French Revolution of 1789.

Kein anderer deutscher Historiker hat ein so reiches OEuvre zur Geschichte Frankreichs vorgelegt wie Johannes Willms. Er hat vielgerühmte Bücher über die Stadt Paris und über die Französische Revolution geschrieben, Biographien der großen und kleinen'Napoleoniden', von Stendhal und Balzac, Mirabeau und Talleyrand bis zu Napoleon III., und – gleichsam als Zentralmassiv – eine in ihrer Art einzigartige Trilogie. Nach dem Bestseller über Napoleon und der großen Charles de Gaulle-Biographie hat er seine Trilogie der'großen'Franzosen mit dieser grandiosen Biographie Louis XIV.', die sein letztes Buch werden sollte, glücklich vollendet. Der'Sonnenkönig'Louis XIV ist die historisch erste von drei überlebensgroßen Herrschergestalten, die Frankreichs Geschichte in der Neuzeit maßgeblich geprägt haben. Wie Napoleon und Charles de Gaulle sorgte er für einen Überschuss an Glanz und Macht, aus dem das nationale Selbstverständnis Frankreichs bis heute schöpft. Wer aber war dieser für ein ganzes Zeitalter stilbildende Mann, der den Absolutismus begründete, mit seinem Schloss Versailles neue Maßstäbe der Prachtentfaltung setzte, die Hugenotten grausam verfolgte und Europa mit Kriegen von unerhörter Brutalität überzog? Der Frankreichhistoriker Johannes Willms entwirft in seinem letzten Buch ein faszinierendes Portrait des Mannes, dessen Wort'L'état c'est moi'unsterblich geworden ist.

A Few Acres of Ice is an in-depth study of France's complex relationship with the Antarctic, from the search for Terra Australis by French navigators in the sixteenth century to France's role today as one of seven states laying claim to part of the white continent. Janet Martin-Nielsen focuses on environment, sovereignty, and science to reveal not only the political, commercial, and religious challenges of exploration but also the interaction between environmental concerns in polar regions and the geopolitical realities of the twenty-first century.Martin-Nielsen details how France has worked (and at times not worked) to perform sovereignty in Terre Adélie, from the territory's integration into France's colonial empire to France's integral role in making the environment matter in Antarctic politics. As a result, A Few Acres of Ice sheds light on how Terre Adeìlie has altered human perceptions and been constructed by human agency since (and even before) its discovery.Open access edition funded by KTH-Sweden.

This book examines the efforts of the French-speaking minority in Flanders, Belgium, to maintain a legal and social presence of the French language in Flemish public life. Chronologically, the study is bookended by two developments, almost exactly a century apart. In 1873, the first laws were passed which required the use of Dutch in some aspects of public administration in Flanders, challenging the de facto use of French among the Flemish ruling class. One hundred and one years later, the last French daily newspaper in Flanders collapsed, marking the end of a once-vibrant French-language public sphere in Flanders. The author contends that the methods and arguments by which French speakers defended the role of French in Flemish public life changed along with the social and political situation of this minority. As the Flemish movement grew over the course of the twentieth century, French speakers'appeals to the “free choice” of language lost traction, and they put forward claims that they represented an ethnolinguistic minority who deserved protection for their mother tongue. Providing new insights for scholars of European history, and in conversation with the literature on liberalism, national identity, and Francophonie, this book demonstrates how the debate over the role of French in Flanders was at the center of Belgium's ethnolinguistic conflict – the repercussions of which continue to be felt to this day.

George Washington aveva gravi problemi di denti – tant'è che a Mount Vernon sono conservate diverse dentiere: di legno, di avorio, di zanna di tricheco o di ippopotamo. A partire da una constatazione apparentemente marginale ed eterodossa, Robert Darnton, con la sua immensa erudizione e con il suo talento di narratore, ci porta all'interno di un mondo molto più complesso e contraddittorio di come l'abbia presentato la storiografia dell'Illuminismo, in particolare quella marxista. In questo libro egli affronta quattro temi strettamente connessi fra loro: i rapporti franco-americani, la vita nella Repubblica delle Lettere, le forme di comunicazione e i modi di pensare tipici del Settecento francese. E lo fa, come al solito, rivolgendosi non agli storici di professione, bensì «al comune lettore colto», che guida in luoghi del tutto inaspettati: nei bistrot di Parigi in cui venivano «intercettate» le conversazioni e le canzoni satiriche contro la Corte e il Governo o sotto il grande castagno all'ombra del quale i «nouvellistes de bouche» – i «gazzettini umani» – si scambiavano informazioni riservate sulle più controverse vicende di politica e di costume. Rispetto ai suoi libri precedenti c'è però una novità, e di un certo rilievo: questa volta Darnton intende «fornire una prospettiva storica» a quesiti quanto mai attuali in un'epoca, come la nostra, ossessionata dall'informazione.

In a lively account that spans continents, Jennifer J. Davis considers what it meant to be called a libertine in early modern France and its colonies. Libertinage was a polysemous term in early modern Europe and the Atlantic World, generally translated as “debauchery” or “licentiousness” in English. Davis assesses the changing fortunes of the quasi-criminal category of libertinage in the French Atlantic, based on hundreds of cases drawn from the police and judicial archives of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century France and its Atlantic colonies alongside the literature inspired by those proceedings. The libertine life was not merely a subject for fiction nor a topos against which to play out potential revolutions. It was a charge authorities imposed on a startlingly wide array of behaviors, including gambling, selling alcohol to Native Americans, and secret marriages. Once invoked by family and state authorities, the charge proved nearly impossible for the accused to contest, for a libertine need not have committed any crimes to be perceived as disregarding authority and thereby threatening families and social institutions. The research in Bad Subjects provides a framework for analysis of libertinage as a set of anti-authoritarian practices and discourses that circulated among the peoples of France and the Atlantic World, ultimately providing a compelling blueprint for alternative social and economic order in the Revolutionary period.