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The Arab Spring was marked by eight stories of different civil uprisings in the Arab world. The Syrian story has been the most prominent and the most complicated. It was also the least expected country to witness a revolution in the light of its longstanding totalitarian regime. In addition to the abandonment of the international community and the involvement of rogue states such as Russia and Iran for the side of the Syrian regime, the longstanding life under the totalitarian regime played a role in the social fragmentation and the poor ability for a united front to emerge and represent the Syrian society. It also was responsible for the eruption of the revolution in the first place. This book examines the intellectual and behavioral changes the Syrian society has experienced under the Assad totalitarian regime and how they have reshaped the society and influenced the revolution and its outcome.

The South China Sea Arbitration, which marks the first time that the Philippines and China have been parties to a compulsory dispute settlement procedure, is a landmark legal case. The Tribunal tackled head-on critical issues in the interpretation and application of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea that other international courts have failed to address, particularly the compatibility of historic rights with the Convention, the identification of maritime features as permanently submerged or above water at high-tide, and the distinction between features that are fully entitled to maritime zones and those that are not. In addition, the Tribunal also had to decide on issues as diverse as near-collisions at sea, illegal fishing of giant clams and sea turtles, and the destruction of fragile coral reefs resulting from island-building. The Tribunals task was rendered arduous by Chinas refusal to appear before it. In these circumstances, understanding the Tribunals decisions is a challenging undertaking. Chinas public relations campaign targeting the proceedings raised issues that the layperson could readily grasp, notably African states support for its non-appearance, the integrity of the judges, and the validity of arbitral awards. Understanding the Awards and Debating with China aims to facilitate understanding of the South China Sea Arbitration by presenting detailed summaries of the two Arbitral Awards. The author rebuts the questionable claims raised by Chinas public relations campaign and highlights Chinas covert actions during the proceedings.

Iniziata con l'invasione sovietica, l'ultima guerra afgana compie quarant'anni con attori diversi ma sempre con le stesse vittime: i civili. Una lunga guerra della quale Usa e alleati – tra cui l'Italia – sono tra i maggiori responsabili anche per l'ennesima grande illusione: diritti, lavoro, dignità, uguaglianza. A diciotto anni dall'ultima fase del conflitto iniziato nel 2001, il disastroso bilancio è anche il manifesto di come si possa utilizzare la bandiera dei diritti per violarli ripetutamente. I saggi scritti dai più autorevoli osservatori delle vicende afgane disegnano illusioni e sofferenza, le responsabilità di guerriglia, governo e alleati stranieri, i giochi degli attori regionali e lo spregiudicato uso di una propaganda cui non credono più nemmeno i suoi inventori. Una fotografia in bianco e nero dove il nero trionfa. Un atto d'accusa che, pur riconoscendo la buona fede di molti, mette il dito nella piaga della malafede tipica di ogni conflitto.

朝鮮国にとって開港期とは，1876年の日朝修好条規から1894年の日清戦争までを指す．これまでの研究は，維新開国に成功した日本が失敗した朝鮮を植民地化したという見方が主だったが，この時期朝鮮国は独自の外交戦略をもち，主体的に振る舞ったことを，統理交渉通商事務衙門などの歴史資料をもとに明かす．朝鮮外交研究の空白を埋める貴重な仕事であり，今日の日韓・日朝関係のこじれの源流を考える糸口になる．

Back in the day when men were men and Britain ruled the world, the two great world powers went head to head over control of central Asia - from the Caucasus to Kabul. This was the stage of open warfare but also espionage, subterfuge and reckless adve

Del sur de Mesopotamia, de la ciudad de Puzrich-Dagan (actualmente, Drehem) proceden dos archivos administrativos de la época de la III Dinastía de Ur (s. XXI a.C.) conocidos como el “archivo del tesoro” y el “archivo de los zapatos”. Las tablillas cuneiformes de estos archivos documentan, a través del registro de entradas y salidas, la producción y administración de bienes de lujo, por ejemplo, joyas, muebles, armas y calzado. Este libro aborda el estudio integral de estos archivos, tanto en lo que se refiere al análisis filológico de los objetos y materiales que en ellos se documentan, como en lo relativo a la poderosa organización administrativa que los gestionaba y su relación con los mercaderes que suministraban los productos, los artesanos que los elaboraban, los oficiales que supervisaban las transacciones, o las personalidades del clero o la casa real a las que estaban destinados.

アジア研究の来歴を振り返り、今後の課題を展望する。アジア研究を牽引してきた泰斗たちへのインタビューと通史ではカバーできなかった問題群の最新研究成果をまとめる。

冷戦が終わり、世界はグローバル化と新自由主義化のもと、アメリカ一極支配構造が現出したかに見えた。「東アジアの奇跡」と言われた経済は、通貨危機に見舞われ、開発体制の崩壊とともに新たな政治動揺が東しアジアを覆った。

東アジア各国がめざましい経済発展を遂げ、周・毛後の中国は改革開放政策を進めた。韓国・フィリピンでは民主化運動が始まり、やがて市民革命が勝利する。社会主義は求心力を弱め、ソ連はペレストロイカを経て解体する。

ベトナム戦争が最終局面を迎え、1965年には日韓基本条約の締結、9。30事件によるスカルノ体制の崩壊、67年にはASEANが発足した。一方、文化大革命による政治的混乱と深刻化する中ソ対立を抱えた中国はアメリカとの和解を成立させる。

第二次世界大戦後、列強の支配下にあった諸地域では独立をめぐる争いが起こり、各地では熱い戦いが展開、アジアでは新しい秩序も模索され始めた。帝国主義支配から解放された東アジアの急激な変動の時代を描く。

日本は「大東亜共栄圏」の名の下に、欧米列強に代わる新たな支配者となったが、人的・物的収奪を強いる総力戦体制は深刻な反発を呼び、45年8月、大日本帝国は崩壊、アジア諸地域には解放がもたらされた。

世界恐慌の打撃を受け「危機の時代」を迎えたアジアでは、新たな地域秩序と国際体系が模索されはじめる。しかし、農民の反乱や植民地での蜂起などさまざまな抵抗運動や、国際紛争・内戦が各地で見られた。

Mongolia borders Russia to the north and the People's Republic of China to the south, east, and west. The Mongol Empire was founded by Genghis Khan in the 13th century. It eventually submitted to the Manchu rulers of Qing China in the 17th century. After the Soviet-backed revolution of 1921 it became a one-party state known from 1924 as the Mongolian People's Republic. Following the democratic revolution of 1990, which ushered in multiparty politics and a market economy, the new constitution adopted in 1992 renamed the country Mongolia.The third edition of the Historical Dictionary of Mongolia greatly expands on the previous edition through a chronology, an introductory essay, a bibliography, appendixes, and over 1000 cross-referenced dictionary entries on important people, places, events, and institutions, as well as significant political, economic, social, and cultural aspects.

日露戦争における日本の勝利は「アジアの勝利」としてアジア諸民族に衝撃を与えたが、他ならぬ日本の韓国併合によって、東アジアの帝国主義分割は完成された。この世紀転換期の激動に新たな光をあてる。

Designed to accompany D. R. SarDesai s Southeast Asia: Past and Present, Fifth Edition or used as a stand-alone supplementary text, this new reader includes classic and recent works on the history of Southeast Asia. SarDesai has selected literary and historical writings that address crucial controversies, outline unusual approaches to history and offer refreshingly new interpretations of events. These seminal articles are grouped in four sections Cultural Heritage, Colonial Interlude, Nationalist Response and Fruits of Freedom and cover the entire range of Southeast Asian history from ancient to contemporary times. Inclusion in this reader was based on the work s contribution to historical debates and how it outlined significant approaches to history or interpretation of events. Southeast Asian History: Essential Readings will provide valuable context and critical background to events of this region.

The Historical Dictionary of Malaysia encapsulates the development of Malaysia from prehistory to the early years of the 21st century. It covers not only Malaysia's history but also its politics, economy, multiethnic society, multiculturalism, scientific and technological developments, and the state of its environment. A host of contemporary issues and challenges are featured, including ethnic polarization, economic equity, and polygamy; concepts like Ketuanan Melayu (Malay Dominance),'Malaysian Malaysia,''Malay,'and Islam Hadhari (Civilizational Islam); and terms like'Ali Baba'business, kiasi, bejalai, and'Twenty Points.'Over 500 cross-referenced dictionary entries are contained in this reference, covering everything from ethno-historical entries to those on culinary favorites and personalities. A chronology, an introductory essay, appendixes, and a bibliography complement the dictionary entries, enhancing the authoritative and up-to-date information provided.

Welchen Anteil hatten die »Deutschen« an der Erschließung des Fernen Ostens durch das russische Imperium? Inwieweit waren sie an Gesandtschaften nach China und an den großen Entdeckungsexpeditionen des 18. und 19. Jahrhunderts beteiligt? Was haben sie als Mediziner und Naturwissenschaftler, als Kartographen und als Ethnologen geleistet? Welchen Anteil hatten sie an einem östlich-westlichen Kulturtransfer und welche Lernprozesse erlebten sie bei ihren Begegnungen mit sibirisch-asiatischen Ethnien?Dieser Band entwirft ein facettenreiches Bild einer Großregion, das im Weltbild der Russen und der Westeuropäer nur sehr allmählich seinen Platz fand.

The cultural heritage of the Tamils dates back two thousand years. As a language, Tamil has existed since the pre-Christian era, around the same time as the early classical languages Hebrew and Sankrit. The first book on Tamil grammar, the Tolkappiyam, was written around the fifth century BCE. Today, Tamil cuisine has captured the imagination of the vegetarian world, and Tamil cinema, with its heavy political allegories and opera style music, is popular across the globe. Not confined to their homeland of Tamil Nadu, the Tamils constitute a powerful diaspora in Sri Lanka (where they are fighting for their political rights), Singapore (where Tamil is one of the national languages), and Malaysia. The diaspora extends to places as far flung as the U.K., the U.S., and Australia. Tamil temples and cultural centers can be found everywhere from Pittsburgh to San Francisco and from Texas to Toronto. The Historical Dictionary of the Tamils presents a vivid picture of the Tamils'cultural and literary traditions, both the historic past and the vibrant present. This is done through a list of acronyms and abbreviations, a chronology, an introductory essay, a bibliography, black and white photos, maps, and over 500 cross-referenced dictionary entries covering Tamil history from the megalithic age to present day and Tamil personalities, economics, literature, music, politics, and cinema. This one-volume reference is an excellent entry point into a deeper understanding of the cultural milieu of the Tamils.

Dwelling in the highland areas of Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand, Burma (Myanmar) and southwest China are hundreds of ethnic groups known as'tribes'in popular literature. Some groups number barely more than one hundred, others millions. Together their population adds up to 80 million, more than any of the countries (bar China) they inhabit, yet in each they are designated and treated as'minorities.'They have been forced to dwell in the highlands while their enemies have occupied the more fertile lowlands. This, coupled with the fact that they are so little known abroad and even at home, has caused their way of life and cultural distinctions to come in jeopardy. This book offers hundreds of cross-referenced dictionary entries on about 200 groups, the six countries they live in, some of their leaders, and their political, economic, social, cultural and religious aspects. The chronology covers important events. The introduction discusses both the diversities and similarities of the groups'ethnicities, languages, religious practices, and customs. And the bibliography supplements the dictionary entries.

This volume offers a wide-ranging account of the Mongols in western and eastern Asia in the aftermath of Genghis Khan's disruptive invasions of the early thirteenth century, focusing on the significant cultural, social, religious and political changes that followed in their wake.

The Cultural Revolution in the People's Republic of China started in 1966 and lasted about a decade. This revolutionary upsurge of Chinese students and workers, led by Mao Zedong, wreaked havoc in the world's most populous country, often turning things upside down and undermining the party, government, and army while simultaneously weakening the economy, society, and culture. Tens of millions of people were killed, injured, or imprisoned during this period and relatively few benefited, aside from Mao Zedong and the Gang of Four, the group that would eventually receive the blame for the events of the Cultural Revolution. Given the turbulence and confusion, it is hard to know just what happened. The Historical Dictionary of the Chinese Cultural Revolution tackles this task. First, in an extensive chronology, which traces the events from year to year and month to month, then in an introduction puts these events in context and helps to explain them. But most importantly, the bulk of the information is provided in a dictionary section with numerous cross-referenced entries on important persons, places, institutions, and movements. A bibliography points to further sources of information and a glossary will help those researching in Chinese.

Burma (Myanmar) is a country in crisis, and a political resolution to its problems of national unity seems unlikely to occur in the near future. The purpose of the Historical Dictionary of Burma (Myanmar) is to explain in depth the country's political crisis, while also providing detailed historical background. While paying much attention to the personalities and events of the 1962-1988 Burma Socialist Programme Party (BSPP) period, the dictionary focuses on the events, institutions, and personalities of 1988, when a nationwide movement for democracy resulted in the collapse of the BSPP regime, and the post-1988 period, when Burma was ruled by a military junta, the State Law and Order Restoration Council, which, after 1997, changed its name to the State Peace and Development Council. Through the use of maps, a list of acronyms, a chronology, an introductory essay, a bibliography, and hundreds of cross-referenced dictionary entries on important persons, places, and events as well as political, economic, and social background, the history of this country is unfolded. Everything from major figures such as Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, whose non-violent struggle for democracy won her the 1991 Nobel Peace Prize, to the issue of economic sanctions versus'constructive engagement'is discussed in this important resource.

Thailand has experienced extremely rapid economic growth, and with that growth the increased social mobility and political democracy that comes with it. As the only Southeast Asian country to have avoided colonization, it still boasts a functioning monarchy, remains close to its religious roots, and clings to its cultural heritage. The second edition of the Historical Dictionary of Thailand first provides an overview of the country in the introduction, traces the long and complicated history in the chronology, and goes into much greater detail in the dictionary. Offering 64 new entries, as well as updates and revisions to older ones, the dictionary presents important persons, places, institutions, and more in an easily accessible resource. Significant recent events are discussed including the 1997-98 Thai economic crisis and its effects, reforms of the national government, and the growth in political roles of both businessman and other middle class members. In addition, the book updates basic information relative to population growth, urbanization, and industrialization of the economy. All this is topped off by nearly 20 Appendixes and a solid bibliography, making this an essential reference tool.

This Dictionary, the first work of its kind written in English, examines the history of the Mongol Empire, the pre-imperial era of Mongolian history that preceded it, and the various Mongol successor states that continued to dominate Eurasia long after the breakdown of Mongol unity. Divided into three parts, the first section is comprised of six introductory essays devoted to the: o Mongolia from the birth of TemYjin to the establishment of a Mongol Empire in 1206 o The Mongol Empire, 1206-1260 o The successor qanate of China o Mongol Iran o Ca'adai qanate of Turkistan o Golden Horde The second section contains 865 entries with more than 600 topics including: o Persons o Institutions o Terminology o Battles o Aspects of material culture o Geographical features of importance The third section is comprised of a detailed bibliographical essay and three appendices.