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A revisionist history of the idea of progress reveals an unknown story about European engagement with Chinese science. The Enlightenment gave rise not only to new ideas of progress but consequential debates about them. Did distant times and places have anything to teach the here and now? Voltaire could believe that they did; Hegel was convinced that they did not. Early philosophes praised Chinese philosophy as an enduring model of reason. Later philosophes rejected it as stuck in the past. Seeking to vindicate ancient knowledge, a group of French statesmen and savants began a conversation with the last great scholar of the Jesuit mission to China. Together, they drew from Chinese learning to challenge the emerging concept of Western advancement. A Global Enlightenment traces this overlooked exchange between China and the West to make compelling claims about the history of progress, notions of European exceptionalism, and European engagement with Chinese science. To tell this story, Alexander Statman focuses on a group of thinkers he terms “orphans of the Enlightenment,” intellectuals who embraced many of their contemporaries'ideals but valued ancient wisdom. They studied astronomical records, gas balloons, electrical machines, yin-yang cosmology, animal magnetism, and Daoist medicine. And their inquiries helped establish a new approach to the global history of science. Rich with new archival research and fascinating anecdotes, A Global Enlightenment deconstructs two common assumptions about the early to late modern period. Though historians have held that the idea of a mysterious and inscrutable East was inherent in Enlightenment progress theory, Statman argues that it was the orphans of the Enlightenment who put it there: by identifying China as a source of ancient wisdom, they turned it into a foil for scientific development. But while historical consensus supposes that non-Western ideas were banished from European thought over the course of the Enlightenment, Statman finds that Europeans became more interested in Chinese science—as a precursor, then as an antithesis, and finally as an alternative to modernity.

UN LIVRE POUR COMPRENDRE L'HISTOIRE DE LA CHINECe livre présente une histoire courte et compréhensible de la Chine. Au fil des pages, le lecteur perçoit l'intérêt de l'auteur pour les cultures des peuples frontaliers et des minorités et découvre la construction de la Chine. Les petits royaumes sèment les premières graines de la civilisation chinoise sur les rives du fleuve Jaune, pour fonder un pays qui s'étend maintenant sur plus de 9 millions de kilomètres carrés. Le livre retrace également le processus de conquête et d'absorption des peuples qui ont donné naissance à la Chine actuelle. LE LIVRE EST DÉJÀ DISPONIBLE EN ANGLAIS.

Focusing on the practice of journalism in modern China, this book studies the history of modern Chinese journalism and gives insights on its culture and value.Comprised of four chapters, this book revisits the development of the journalism industry after being introduced to China from the West, analysing the development of the profession in comparative perspective. The first three chapters explore the collision and integration of journalism as an imported product against the backcloth of the social culture of modern China and analyzes the modernization of Chinese journalism—in terms of news concept, public opinion and dissemination of newspapers. The final chapter discusses the constraints of modern Chinese journalism that can hinder true independence and freedom, including religious news publications, subsidies, pricing and the interaction of technology, systems and concepts. Discussions of characteristics of modern Chinese journalism also shed light on the development of contemporary Chinese journalism.The book will be a valuable reference for scholars and students of Chinese studies, journalism and communication studies, especially those interested in Chinese journalism and its history in the modern time.

Mandarin Chinese is the most widely spoken language in the world today. In China, a country with a vast array of regional and local vernaculars, how was this “common language” forged? How did people learn to speak Mandarin? And what does a focus on speech instead of script reveal about Chinese language and history?This book traces the surprising social history of China's spoken standard, from its creation as the national language of the early Republic in 1913 to its journey into postwar Taiwan to its reconfiguration as the common language of the People's Republic after 1949. Janet Y. Chen examines the process of linguistic change from multiple perspectives, emphasizing the experiences of ordinary people. After the fall of the Qing dynasty, a chorus of influential elites promoted the goal of a strong China speaking in one unified voice. Chen explores how this vision fared in practice, showing the complexities of transforming an ideological aspiration into spoken reality. She tracks linguistic change in schools, rural areas, and urban life against the backdrop of war and revolution.The Sounds of Mandarin draws on a novel aural archive of early twentieth-century sound technology, including phonograph recordings, films, and radio broadcasts. Following the uneven trajectory of standard speech, this book sheds new light on the histories of language, nationalism, and identity in China and Taiwan.

Understanding Authenticity in Chinese Cultural Heritage explores the construction of'authenticity'and its consequences in relation to Chinese cultural heritage—those objects, texts, and intangible practices concerned with China's past. Including contributions from scholars around the world reflecting on a range of different materials and time periods, Understanding Authenticity emphasizes the situatedness and fluidity of authenticity concepts. Attitudes toward authenticity change over time and place, and vary between communities and object types, among stakeholders in China as they do elsewhere. The book examines how'authenticity'relates to four major aspects of cultural heritage in China—art and material culture; cultural heritage management and preservation; living and intangible heritage; and texts and manuscripts—with individual contributions engaging in a critical and interdisciplinary conversation that weaves together heritage management, art history, archaeology, architecture, tourism, law, history, and literature. Moving beyond conceptual issues, the book also considers the practical ramifications for work in cultural heritage management, museums, and academic research.Understanding Authenticity in Chinese Cultural Heritage provides an opportunity for reflection on the contingencies of authenticity debates - not only in relation to China, but also anywhere around the world. The book will be of interest to scholars and students in a variety of fields, including heritage studies, Asian studies, art history, museum studies, history, and archaeology.

This volume analyses the history of Chinese art during the time of the Ming Dynasty during which the various traditions of painting academies were developed further leading to new painting styles and schools. The volume also highlights the developments in music, crafts, porcelain, and architecture. A General History of Chinese Art comprises six volumes with a total of nine parts spanning from the Prehistoric Era until the 3rd year of Xuantong during the Qing Dynasty (1911). The work provides a comprehensive compilation of in-depth studies of the development of art throughout the subsequent reign of Chinese dynasties and explores the emergence of a wide range of artistic categories such as but not limited to music, dance, acrobatics, singing, story telling, painting, calligraphy, sculpture, architecture, and crafts. Unlike previous reference books, A General History of Chinese Art offers a broader overview of the notion of Chinese art by asserting a more diverse and less material understanding of arts, as has often been the case in Western scholarship.

This collection of essays examines aspects of the history of food and drink in China through an innovative, interdisciplinary lens. Arranged in chronological and thematic order, the chapters present the research of a diverse group of international scholars and cover subjects ranging from Han period tomb paintings, jade goblets used for ceremonial elixirs and pottery figurines of kitchen servants, to Tang gold vessels, Ming porcelain wine cups and 18th century imperial tea houses. This volume can therefore be read as a material history of Chinese food and drink through utensils and ingredients such as tea and wine, as well as a developmental survey of drinking and dining practices, food cultures and culinary concepts in historical China. It will appeal to anyone with an interest in Chinese culinary history, Chinese art and archaeology, as well as world food cultures.

There are many books published in English on Chinese gardens, but the majority are primarily picture books with little informative content. With a large number of illustrations of Chinese gardens, ancient paintings, block prints, and other artefacts, this book is a social history of Chinese gardens and focuses on how gardens have functioned and been used in Chinese society through the ages. Apart from the aesthetic or philosophical aspects of Chinese gardens, you may see how gardens functioned as real estate, how they gave opportunities of employment to skilled artisans, how they opened up outdoor space to both elite and lower-class women, how they allowed men of different social classes and of different ethnicities to interact and gain mutual benefit: in short, how the existence of gardens exerted an influence on society as a whole. At the same time, the reader can find how the wider society, and even socio-economic changes beyond China's own borders, had an impact on how gardens in China developed.

Der deutsche Bergbauingenieur Hans Oehmichen reiste in den Jahren 1911 bis 1913 mehrmals nach China. Dort begann er, eine Sammlung später chinesischer Bronzen überwiegend aus der Ming- und Qing-Dynastie zusammenzutragen, die heute im Museum für Ostasiatische Kunst in Köln aufbewahrt wird. Mithilfe von Briefen, Skizzen und Fotografien aus dem Nachlass des Sammlers rekonstruiert die Autorin nicht nur die Sammlungsgeschichte, sondern lässt auch die deutsch-chinesischen Beziehungen im Zeitalter des Spätkolonialismus sichtbar werden. In diesem Buch werden außerdem Fragen nach dem Umgang mit Kunstwerken ‚nicht-westlicher‘ Kulturen in europäischen und amerikanischen Sammlungen gestellt. Methoden möglicher Präsentation sowie das Führen eines Dialogs mit den Herkunftsgesellschaften sind von politischer Relevanz und werden seit einigen Jahren vermehrt kontrovers diskutiert. Diese Arbeit leistet einen Beitrag zur Stilanalyse der späten chinesischen Bronzen und verknüpft eine postkolonialistische Perspektive – sowohl auf die damaligen deutschen Aktivitäten in China als auch auf die Sammlung selbst – mit Überlegungen zu den Bedeutungsverschiebungen von Objekten im musealen Kontext.

Contrary to longtime assumptions about the insular nature of imperial China's legal system, Circulating the Code demonstrates that in the Qing dynasty (1644–1911) most legal books were commercially published and available to anyone who could afford to buy them. Publishers not only extended circulation of the dynastic code and other legal texts but also enhanced the judicial authority of case precedents and unofficial legal commentaries by making them more broadly available in convenient formats. As a result, the laws no longer represented privileged knowledge monopolized by the imperial state and elites. Trade in commercial legal imprints contributed to the formation of a new legal culture that included the free flow of accurate information, the rise of nonofficial legal experts, a large law-savvy population, and a high litigation rate.Comparing different official and commercial editions of the Qing Code, popular handbooks for amateur legal practitioners, and manuals for community legal lectures, Ting Zhang demonstrates how the dissemination of legal information transformed Chinese law, judicial authority, and popular legal consciousness.

Wie kann sich eine Diktatur mit dem Erbe von Unrecht und Staatsverbrechen auseinandersetzen, die unter ihrer Herrschaft begangen wurden? Mit dieser Frage sah sich die Kommunistische Partei Chinas nach dem Tod Mao Zedongs im Jahr 1976 konfrontiert. Gestützt auf eine Vielzahl bislang unbekannter Dokumente entwirft der Freiburger Sinologe Daniel Leese ein breit angelegtes Panorama der chinesischen Politik und Gesellschaft in der kritischen Umbruchphase zwischen 1976 und 1987.Die Massenkampagnen des «Großen Vorsitzenden» Mao Zedong hatten horrende Opferzahlen gefordert und die Volksrepublik China an den Rand eines Bürgerkriegs geführt. Unter seinen Nachfolgern begann die Kommunistische Partei ein großangelegtes Experiment historischer Krisenbewältigung. Millionen politisch Verfolgte wurden rehabilitiert, Entschädigungszahlungen geleistet und Täter vor Gericht gestellt, allen voran die «Viererbande» um Maos Frau Jiang Qing. Das Ziel bestand darin, einen Schlussstrich unter die Geschichte zu ziehen und alle Energien auf die wirtschaftliche Reformpolitik zu lenken. Aber die Schatten der Vergangenheit ließen sich nicht so einfach bannen. Gestützt auf eine Vielzahl bislang unbekannter Quellen – von vormals geheimen Reden der Parteiführung bis zu Petitionsschreiben einfacher Bürger – zeichnet Daniel Leese ein hochdifferenziertes Bild der Dekade nach Mao Zedongs Tod. Die Auswirkungen dieses Ringens um historische Gerechtigkeit sind in der chinesischen Politik und Gesellschaft bis heute spürbar.

This commentary on the Chinese masterpiece, The Classic of Tea, offers a fascinating perspective on this ancient pastime and art.The Classic of Tea, the first known monograph on tea in the world, was written in the 8th century by Lu Yu who devoted his entire life to the study of tea and is respected as the Sage of Tea. Wu Juenong, an agronomist and economist specializing in agriculture, has studied tea all his life. This book is the culmination of lifelong research on Chinese tea culture and history, introducing the readers to modern findings of effects and properties of tea, types of tea preparations, the evolution of tea growing regions and tea drinking customs across China, in addition to extensive annotation. Both scholarly and informative, An Illustrated Modern Reader of'The Classic of Tea'has been acclaimed as a New Classic of Tea.An Illustrated Modern Reader of'The Classic of Tea'also includes vivid illustrations and pictures of tools and utensils for the making and drinking of tea, either hand-drawn or collected by him, which the original The Classic of Tea lacked. Selected Chinese traditional paintings in the book illuminate the elegant art of brewing and drinking tea, the social rituals associated with tea drinking, and the reformative and cultural significance of tea ceremonies.

This accessible text offers a comprehensive survey of women's history in China from the Neolithic period through the end of the Qing dynasty in the early twentieth century. Rather than providing an exhaustive chronicle of this vast subject, Bret Hinsch pinpoints the themes that characterized distinct periods in Chinese women's history and delves into the perception of female identity in each era. Moving beyond the traditional focus on the late imperial era, Hinsch explores how gender relations have developed and changed since ancient times. His chronological look at the most important female roles in every major dynasty showcases not only the constraints women faced but also their vast accomplishments throughout the millennia. Hinsch's extensive use of Chinese-language scholarship lends his book a fresh perspective rare among Western scholars. Professors and students will find this an invaluable textbook for Chinese women's studies and an excellent supplement for courses in gender studies and Chinese history.

The Suwen and the Lingshu form part of the Yellow Emperor's Classic of Internal Medicine with the Nanjing as a separate work complementing this classic. These texts are the first known texts on Chinese acupuncture with an age of over 2000 years. Regarded as ancient authoritative texts, they are still held in high esteem by today's Chinese and Western acupuncturists and are mandatory texts of study in the training of Western and Chinese acupuncture physicians. Western readers naturally face tremendous difficulties in accessing these original texts because of the language and cultural gap between their contemporary Western cultural background and ancient Chinese culture. This edition of the Chinese texts therefore includes simplified and traditional Chinese character versions of the texts that will enable the reader to study text versions in simplified characters published on the Chinese Mainland as well as those in traditional character versions published outside the Chinese Mainland in Taiwan or Hongkong. Complete Latin transcription in Hanyu Pinyin has been added to the Chinese character versions for all the texts so that the reader does not need to spend much time in looking up unknown Chinese characters in the texts. A comprehensive Chinese-English character and word glossary, generated and compiled from the Chinese text corpus in this book, is appended at the end of the book for easy reference by Western readers.

Dieser Band ist eine anschauliche Einführung in die faszinierende und komplexe Geistesgeschichte Chinas, insbesondere in die konfuzianische Tradition. Präsentiert wird eine repräsentative Auswahl erstmals ins Deutsche übersetzter Arbeiten aus dem umfangreichen Schaffen von Chun-chieh Huang, einem ausgewiesenen Spezialisten. Im Zentrum stehen klassische Texte des chinesischen Altertums, deren Rezeptions- und Wirkungsgeschichte anhand von Einzelstudien nachvollzogen wird, um die oft verdeckte Dynamik der Aufnahme und Weitergabe bestimmter Denkinhalte verständlich zu machen. Die Texte schlagen einen Bogen vom Altertum bis in die Gegenwart und verdeutlichen die zeitüberdauernde Lebendigkeit und Relevanz des chinesischen Denkens.

Although the history of technological and scientific illustrations is a well-established field in the West, scholarship on the much longer Chinese experience is still undeveloped. This work by Peter Golas is a short, illustrated overview tracing the subject to pre-Han inscriptions but focusing mainly on the Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties. His main theme is that technological drawings developed in a different way in China from in the West largely because they were made by artists rather than by specialist illustrators or practitioners of technology. He examines the techniques of these artists, their use of painting, woodblock prints and the book, and what their drawings reveal about changing technology in agriculture, industry, architecture, astronomical, military, and other spheres. The text is elegantly written, and the images, about 100 in all, are carefully chosen. This is likely to appeal to both scholars and general readers.

Kexue, or science, captured the Chinese imagination in the early twentieth century, promising new knowledge about the world and a dynamic path to prosperity. Chinese Buddhists embraced scientific language and ideas to carve out a place for their religion within a rapidly modernizing society. Examining dozens of previously unstudied writings from the Chinese Buddhist press, this book maps Buddhists'efforts to rethink their traditions through science in the initial decades of the twentieth century. Buddhists believed science offered an exciting, alternative route to knowledge grounded in empirical thought, much like their own. They encouraged young scholars to study subatomic and relativistic physics while still maintaining Buddhism's vital illumination of human nature and its crucial support of an ethical system rooted in radical egalitarianism. Showcasing the rich and progressive steps Chinese religious scholars took in adapting to science's rising authority, this volume offers a key perspective on how a major Eastern power transitioned to modernity in the twentieth century and how its intellectuals anticipated many of the ideas debated by scholars of science and Buddhism today.

During the last two centuries BCE, the Western Han capital of Chang'an, near today's Xi'an in northwest China, outshone Augustan Rome in several ways while administering comparable numbers of imperial subjects and equally vast territories. At its grandest, during the last fifty years or so before the collapse of the dynasty in 9 CE, Chang'an boasted imperial libraries with thousands of documents on bamboo and silk in a city nearly three times the size of Rome and nearly four times larger than Alexandria. Many reforms instituted in this capital in ate Western Han substantially shaped not only the institutions of the Eastern Han (25–220 CE) but also the rest of imperial China until 1911.Although thousands of studies document imperial Rome's glory, until now no book-length work in a Western language has been devoted to Han Chang'an, the reign of Emperor Chengdi (whose accomplishments rival those of Augustus and Hadrian), or the city's impressive library project (26-6 BCE), which ultimately produced the first state-sponsored versions of many of the classics and masterworks that we hold in our hands today. Chang'an 26 BCE addresses this deficiency, using as a focal point the reign of Emperor Chengdi (r. 33–7 bce), specifically the year in which the imperial library project began. This in-depth survey by some of the world's best scholars, Chinese and Western, explores the built environment, sociopolitical transformations, and leading figures of Chang'an, making a strong case for the revision of historical assumptions about the two Han dynasties. A multidisciplinary volume representing a wealth of scholarly perspectives, the book draws on the established historical record and recent archaeological discoveries of thousands of tombs, building foundations, and remnants of walls and gates from Chang'an and its surrounding area.

Puer tea has been grown for centuries in the “Six Great Tea Mountains” of Yunnan Province, and in imperial China it was a prized commodity, traded to Tibet by horse or mule caravan via the so-called Tea Horse Road and presented as tribute to the emperor in Beijing. In the 1990s, as the tea's noble lineage and unique process of aging and fermentation were rediscovered, it achieved cult status both in China and internationally. The tea became a favorite among urban connoisseurs who analyzed it in language comparable to that used in wine appreciation and paid skyrocketing prices. In 2007, however, local events and the international economic crisis caused the Puer market to collapse.Puer Tea traces the rise, climax, and crash of this phenomenon. With ethnographic attention to the spaces in which Puer tea is harvested, processed, traded, and consumed, anthropologist Jinghong Zhang constructs a vivid account of the transformation of a cottage handicraft into a major industry—with predictable risks and unexpected consequences.Watch the associated videos at https://archive.org/details/PUERTEADVD1.

Chinese Religious Art is a broad survey of the origins and development of the various forms of artistic expression of Chinese religions. The study begins with an overview of ancient archaeology in order to identify nascent religious ideologies in various Neolithic Cultures and early Chinese historical eras including the Shang dynasty (1300-1050 BCE) and Zhou Dynasty(1000-221 BCE) up until the era of the First Emperor (221-210 BCE) Part Two treats Confucianism as a religious tradition examining its scriptures, images, temples and rituals. Adopted as the state ideology in the Han dynasty, Confucian ideas permeated society for over two thousand years. Filial piety, ethical behavior and other principles shaped the pictorial arts. Part Three considers the various schools of Daoist belief and their expression in art. The ideas of a utopian society and the pursuit of immortality characterize this religion from its earliest phase. Daoism has an elaborate pantheon and ritualistic art, as well as a secular tradition best expressed in monochrome ink painting. Part Four covers the development of Buddhist art beginning with its entry into China in the second century. Its monuments—comprised largely of cave temples carved high in the mountains along the frontiers of China and large metropolitan temples —provide evidence of its evolution including the adoption of savior cults of the Buddha of the Western Paradise, the Buddha of the Future, the rise of Ch'an (Zen) and esoteric Buddhism. In their development, these various religious traditions interacted, sharing art, architecture, iconography and rituals. By the twelfth century a stage of syncretism merged all three traditions into a popular religion. All the religions are reviving after their extirpation during the Cultural Revolution. Using historical records and artistic evidence, much of which has not been published, this study examines their individual and shared manner of worshipping the divine forces.

One of the great breakthroughs in Chinese studies in the early twentieth century was the archaeological identification of the earliest, fully historical dynasty of kings, the Shang (ca. 1300-1050 B.C.E.). The last fifty years have seen major advances in all areas of Chinese archaeology, but recent studies of the Shang, their ancestors, and their contemporaries have been especially rich. Since the last English-language overview of Shang civilization appeared in 1980, the pace of discovery has quickened. China in the Early Bronze Age: Shang Civilization is the first work in twenty-five years to synthesize current knowledge of the Shang for everyone interested in the origins of Chinese civilization.China in the Early Bronze Age traces the development of early Bronze Age cultures in North and Northwestern China from about 2000 B.C.E., including the Erlitou culture (often identified with the Xia) and the Erligang culture. Robert L. Thorp introduces major sites, their architectural remains, burials, and material culture, with special attention to jades and bronze. He reviews the many discoveries near Anyang, site of two capitals of the Shang kings. In addition to the topography of these sites, Thorp discusses elite crafts and devotes a chapter to the Shang cult, its divination practices, and its rituals. The volume concludes with a survey of the late Shang world, cultures contemporary with Anyang during the late second millennium B.C.E. Fully documented with references to Chinese archaeological sources and illustrated with more than one hundred line drawings, China in the Early Bronze Age also includes informative sidebars on related topics and suggested readings.Students of the history and archaeology of early civilizations will find China in the Early Bronze Age the most up-to-date and wide-ranging introduction to its topic now in print. Scholars in Chinese studies will use this work as a handbook and research guide. This volume makes fascinating reading for anyone interested in the formative stages of Chinese culture.

The Mongol takeover in the 1270s changed the course of Chinese history. The Confucian empire—a millennium and a half in the making—was suddenly thrust under foreign occupation. What China had been before its reunification as the Yuan dynasty in 1279 was no longer what it would be in the future. Four centuries later, another wave of steppe invaders would replace the Ming dynasty with yet another foreign occupation. The Troubled Empire explores what happened to China between these two dramatic invasions.If anything defined the complex dynamics of this period, it was changes in the weather. Asia, like Europe, experienced a Little Ice Age, and as temperatures fell in the thirteenth century, Kublai Khan moved south into China. His Yuan dynasty collapsed in less than a century, but Mongol values lived on in Ming institutions. A second blast of cold in the 1630s, combined with drought, was more than the dynasty could stand, and the Ming fell to Manchu invaders.Against this background—the first coherent ecological history of China in this period—Timothy Brook explores the growth of autocracy, social complexity, and commercialization, paying special attention to China's incorporation into the larger South China Sea economy. These changes not only shaped what China would become but contributed to the formation of the early modern world.