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The existence of an Indo-European linguistic family, allowing for the fact that several languages widely dispersed across Eurasia share numerous traits, has been demonstrated for several centuries now. But the underlying factors for this shared heritage have been fiercely debated by linguists, historians, archaeologists, and anthropologists. The leading theory, of which countless variations exist, argues that this similarity is best explained by the existence, at one given point in time and space, of a common language and corresponding population. This ancient, prehistoric, population would then have diffused across Eurasia, eventually leading to the variation observed in historical and modern times. The Indo-Europeans: Archaeology, Language, Race, and the Search for the Origins of the West argues that despite its acceptance and use by most researchers from different disciplines, such a model is inherently flawed. This book describes how, beginning in the late eighteenth century, Europeans began a quest for a supposed original homeland, from which a small conquering people would one day spread out, bringing their language to Europe and parts of Asia (India, Iran, Afghanistan). This quest was often closely tied to ideological preoccupations and it was in its name that the Nazi leadership, claiming for the Germans the status of the purest Indo-Europeans (or Aryans), waged genocide. The last part of the book summarizes the current state of knowledge and current hypotheses in the fields of linguistics, archaeology, comparative mythology, and genetics. The culmination of three decades of research, this book offers a sweeping survey of the historiography of the Indo-European debate and poses a devastating challenge to the Indo-European origin story at its roots.

Ce volume aborde le vaste et stimulant sujet des formes très diverses de monstres et de monstruosités, dans la mythologie, l'art, la littérature, la culture, sur une large période (du jardin d'Éden à nos jours) et dans des zones géographiques variées (du Japon à l'Occident en passant par l'Iran, Byzance, le pays des Vepses et l'Islande). Le lecteur, promené du péché originel à Orange mécanique et Harry Potter, y rencontrera toutes sortes de monstres dans des sociétés et à des époques différentes. Ici l'idée directrice est en effet de montrer la diversité de la notion de monstre selon le temps et l'espace. L'ouvrage rassemble les communications prononcées au colloque « Monstres et monstruosités » qui s'est tenu à l'Université de Paris Nanterre et à l'École Normale Supérieure de la rue d'Ulm les 11 et 12 mai 2018.

Für den 100. Ergänzungsband zum Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde wurden aus 150 Jahren Forschung zur Geschichte und Kultur der „Germanen‘‘ 18 Beiträge zusammengetragen. Die ausgewählten Texte sind typisch für ihre Zeit, zum Teil Wendemarken der Forschung, die den weiteren Gang der wissenschaftlichen Diskussion tief beeinfl ussten. Jeder Text wird durch einen Kommentar ergänzt, der diesen in den zeithistorischen Kontext und die Wissenschaftsgeschichte einordnet. In diesem ersten Teilband sind nach einer ausführlichen Einleitung jeweils sechs archäologische und geschichtswissenschaftliche Beiträge versammelt. Der zweite Teilband enthält ebenso viele philologische Beiträge, eine Auswahlbibliographie sowie ein Register für beide Bände.

Tutte le storie, è stato scritto, sono storie del mondo. Eppure di questo mondo noi conosciamo solo una piccola parte. Il nostro sguardo si è sempre concentrato a osservare il continente che abitiamo, l'Europa, o al più il nostro mare, il Mediterraneo. Proviamo allora ad ascoltare altri racconti per scoprire finalmente la parte che noi recitiamo su quel palcoscenico assai più vasto che è la vicenda millenaria degli uomini e delle donne. Mille anni di storia del mondo in poco più di mille pagine. Del mondo da quando si pensava fosse al centro dell'universo a oggi che ci appare un puntino blu perso nell'infinità del cosmo. Un mondo che già mille anni fa era interconnesso e globale. A renderlo tale gli uomini che lo percorrevano in tutta la sua estensione: i mercanti arabi che si spingevano fino alle coste della Spagna o ai confini dell'India, o quelli veneziani, come Marco Polo, che in Cina ci arrivarono attraverso la Via della seta e che consentirono all'Europa di conoscere la straordinaria realtà di un impero sapiente e organizzato posto all'altro capo del pianeta. E allora, oggi più che mai, è necessario restituire dignità alla storia delle civiltà e dei popoli che hanno abitato questo pianeta e che forse, troppo a lungo, abbiamo relegato ai margini. Non si tratta solo di far conoscere le storie dimenticate degli imperi africani e asiatici, delle cui epopee secolari pure sappiamo pochissimo, ma di mostrare i fili e i legami nascosti che uniscono la storia degli uomini sulla terra. Il racconto di migrazioni, conquiste, scoperte scientifiche porta alla luce proprio questa costante interconnessione che ci appare erroneamente come la grande novità del solo nostro tempo. Un'opera innovativa, che prova a superare le storie tradizionali, fatte solo di Stati, di confini, di guerre. Una storia del mondo che è oggi probabilmente l'unica storia possibile.

In history, this grand arterial 1500-mile waterway was always seen as the natural frontier between the northern provinces of the Iranian empires and the outer Turanian lands. It was for centuries central to Achaemenid and later Persian power. But, as the author shows, it has a prehistory which goes very much further back: and a succession of skilled yet still elusive Bronze Age cultures flourished here well before the rise of Cyrus the Great in the 6th century BCE. This richly illustrated book explores the fascinating history, art and archaeology of the region, including its primal trade in silk and foodstuffs; the mineral wealth of the Oxus basin; its exotic myths and beliefs; and the converging tribes and peoples which led to a new stability, economic growth and urbanism. The volume contains 150 full-colour photographs of notable artefacts, including silver decorated vessels, inlaid stone pots, agate beads and 25'Bactrian Princesses': remarkable statuettes made in chlorite and limestone. Most of these rare objects have never been seen, let alone published, before.

Death matters and the matters of death are initially, and to a large extent, the decaying flesh of the corpse. Cremation as a ritual practice is the fastest and most optimal way of dissolving the corpse's flesh, either by annihilation or purification, or a combination. Still, cremation was not the final rite, and the archaeological record testifies that the dead represented a means to other ends – the flesh, and not the least the bones – have been incorporated in a wide range of other ritual contexts. While human sacrifices and cannibalism as ritual phenomena are much discussed in anthropology, archaeology has an advantage, since the actual bone material leaves traces of ritual practices that are unseen and unheard of in the contemporary world. As such, this book fleshes out a broader and more coherent understanding of prehistoric religions and funeral practices in Scandinavia by focusing on cremation, corpses and cannibalism.

That there were various ways of interaction between different groups in Graeco-Roman Egypt cannot be doubted, as a number of more or less recent regional studies have further reinforced. And as is well-known, Egypt emerges as a sort of exception in the study of ancient cultures and religions because it provides scholars with the opportunity to draw on a great number and variety of documents. Exploring interactively the diversity of documentary material is the main aim of this book. In socio-cultural terms, such an analysis corroborates the image of Egypt as a pervasive cultural system where for many centuries different elites coagulated themselves around a number of standard modalities to produce'cultural'and'religious'micro-systems. This shows that people, even when different languages and textual practices survive, respond to specific modalities of cohabitation under the umbrella of this hegemonic cultural'field.'

This is an engaging introduction which explores the latest thinking about Classical mythology, the history of interpreting myths and the role of myths in cultural tradition, from painting to opera, philosophy, politics, drama, and religion in the modern day. It answers such questions as what are ancient myths and who invented them where do gods come from what makes a hero how is Classical myth used in the modern world and what approaches are there to the study of myth? Featuring further reading and case studies from antiquity to the modern day, this is an essential introduction to the myths which have been a fundamental part of Western culture throughout history.

This book provides a concise summary of our knowledge of the religious ideas of the Germanic peoples. Drawing on archaeological sources from the early Germanic period and the Migration Period it describes and discusses the Germanic peoples= very diverse religious customs, which were greatly transformed through contact with the Roman Empire, as well as varying greatly from region to region. In contrast to distorted perspectives which are a product of past ideological deviations and the neo-pagan fantasy cults of the present, this book presents straightforward facts and plausible explanations drawn from disparate source material and diverse disciplines such as archeology, ancient history and German Studies in a rational and easily comprehensible way.

The city of Carchemish in the valley of the Euphrates river can be regarded as one of the iconic sites in the Middle East, a mound complex known both for its own intrinsic qualities as the seat of later Hittite power and Neo-Hittite kings, but also because its history of excavations included well known historical figures such as Leonard Woolley and T. E. Lawrence. However, because of its location within the military zone of the Turkish-Syrian border the site itself has been inaccessible to archaeologists for more than 90 years. Carchemish in Context summarises the results of regional investigations conducted within the Land of Carchemish Project in Syria, as well as other archaeological surveys in the region, in order to provide a regional, historical and archaeological context for the development of the city.A synthesis of the history of Carchemish is presented and a regional overview of the Land of Carchemish as it is defined by archaeological features and key historical references through to the early Iron Age. Insightful snapshots of the dynamics of an ancient state are revealed which can now be seen to have fluctuated dramatically in size throughout 700-800 years, in part depending upon the power of the king of Carchemish or the aggressions of external powers.The results from the Project provide an overview of the main trends of settlement in the region over 8000 years, using a combination of survey databases to both north and south of the Syrian-Turkish border and with a focus on the earlier phases of settlement from the Neolithic until the end of the Bronze Age when Carchemish became an outpost of the Hittite empire. The Iron Age is a period blessed by numerous historical records some of which can be traced in the modern landscape. Further chapters explore site-specific aspects of the regional archaeology, including a series of important sites on the Sajur river, some of which were positioned along the main campaign routes of the Assyrian kings. The close relationship between the nearby Early Bronze Age site of Tell Jerablus Tahtani and Carchemish are examined and the results from the 40 ha Carchemish Outer Town survey described, providing important new data sources regarding the layout, defenses and dates of occupation of this significant part of the city. The Classical, Roman, Byzantine and Early Islamic occupations are also discussed in relation to what is known of occupation in the surrounding region.

Die vorliegende Arbeit bietet ein tieferes Verständnis des Charakters des altwestnordischen Gottes Heimdallr und dessen Bedeutung in den mythologischen Überlieferungen. Die Notwendigkeit einer neuen Untersuchung zu diesem Gott wird dadurch bestätigt, dass er in der Sekundärliteratur noch immer als „rätselhafter Gott“ bezeichnet wird. Im Unterschied zu vielen der früheren Untersuchungen versucht diese Arbeit, den Gott primär aus der Gesellschaft zu analysieren, in der die Traditionen über ihn überliefert wurden, d. h. aus den Texten, aus der Gedankenwelt der Mythologie und aus dem geschichtlichen Kontext der Überlieferungen. In der Arbeit werden sämtliche Quellen (zentral sind Völuspá, Rígsþula, Hyndluljóð und Húsdrápa) kritisch diskutiert und im Licht eines aus dem empirischen Material ausgearbeiteten analytischen Modells untersucht. Cöllen zeigt, dass Heimdallr in vorchristlicher Zeit wahrscheinlich eine weniger disparate Figur darstellte, als häufig angenommen wird, und dass er in der mythologischen Überlieferung eine wichtige strukturelle Funktion hatte, die unter anderem Vorstellungen von Ordnung und Abstammung reflektierte.

Das vorliegende Buch ist eine Studie zur Institutionalisierung im frühen Griechenland. Dieses Thema wird mit Blick auf das archaische Kreta behandelt, der wohl besten Fallstudie für eine solche Analyse. Denn anhand des reichen kretischen Materials – der Befunde literarischer wie archäologischer Zeugnisse, vor allem aber der Vielzahl von Inschriften aus dem 7. bis 5. Jh. – ist es, wie für keine andere Gegend des griechischen Raumes, möglich, Licht auf einige der zentralen Fragen dieser Epoche zu werfen: so etwa, welche soziopolitischen Integrationskreise in den frühen Polisgemeinschaften sinnhaft waren, und unter welchen Umständen die Teilhabe der Bürger am Gemeinwesen vorangetrieben wurde; wie politische Prominenzrollen und Beschlussverfahren reguliert und verstetigt wurden; und schließlich, welche Strategien erprobt wurden, mit sozialen Konflikten in der Gemeinschaft umzugehen.

'Argonauts of the Desert'presents a revolutionary new commentary on the Bible and its origins, arguing that most biblical stories and laws were inspired by Greek literature. From Genesis to Kings, the books of the Bible may have been written by a single author, a Hellenized Judean scholar who used Plato's ideal state in The Laws as a primary source. As such, biblical Israel is a recreation of that twelve tribes State and the stories surrounding the birth, life and death of that State were inspired by Greek epics. Each chapter presents the biblical material and compares this to the Greek or Roman equivalents, discussing similarities and differences.

Loki ist die zwielichtigste, zugleich aber auch interessanteste Gestalt des germanischen Pantheons. Wohl kein anderer germanischer Gott hat die Forschung so herausgefordert wie Loki. Er wird ein „Problem“ und „Rätsel“ genannt, und scheinbar kommt manch ein Forscher nicht umhin, Lokis Position unter den Göttern in Frage zu stellen. Ist er ein Riese, Teufel Trickster, Feuerelf, Zerstörer oder eine chthonische Gottheit? Yvonne S. Bonnetain hat in diesem spannenden Buch, ausgehend von den Quellen und basierend auf den historischen Hintergründen und Entwicklungen, eine Annäherung an verschiedene Entwicklungsstufen und Verständnismöglichkeiten Lokis in seiner Stellung und Funktion als miðjungr „Mittler“ und sagna hrœrir „Beweger der Geschichten“ herausgearbeitet. Es wird gezeigt, dass viele Fehlinterpretationen Lokis – allen voran die als Mörder und „böses“ Element schlechthin – auf unreflektierten Vermischungen unterschiedlicher Ebenen und Entwicklungen basieren. Auch werden anhand unterschiedlicher Verständnisebenen verschiedene Zugangsmöglichkeiten zu Loki und zur nordischen Mythologie insgesamt aufgezeigt und deutlich gemacht, dass es nie nur eine Lesart, nur eine „Wahrheit“ geben kann. Eine gewisse Varianz und Ambivalenz, Überschneidungen sowie reichlich Grauzonen müssen bei einer Beschäftigung mit der nordischen Mythologie immer mitgedacht werden. Diese stellen keinen Makel dar, sondern sind integraler Bestandteil der nordischen Mythologie.

The practical application of the Varnasrama system is to divide the society according to four occupational and four spiritual orders of life. The Varnasrama system recognizes the natural talents and abilities of each person and provides work according to a persons qualities. Harappan society was stratified on economic and social bases. The layout of the Harappan cities consisted of two parts, a citadel on the western side and a lower town on the eastern side, the two separated by empty space. The book is useful for the researchers, teachers, and students of different levels. Contents: Veda and Vedic Society System, Caste Structure in Ancient India, The Ancient Indus Valley Civilization, Significance of Ancient Indian Culture, Education System in Ancient India, Hindu Culture, Hindu Teaching and Customs of Marriage, Land Tenure and Landed Property in Ancient India, Indian Art and Culture.

Questo volume vi farà scoprire la complessità e la multiformità del modello classico romano che ha determinato e ancor oggi continua a influenzare il mondo moderno. Umberto Eco, con la collaborazione dei più prestigiosi esperti del mondo classico, vi conduce in un percorso di riscoperta delle radici dell'occidente, con nuove e sorprendenti chiavi di lettura.

Im Zentrum der beiden Bände steht der komplexe Zusammenhang zwischen Gottesbildern und Weltbildern in Ägypten, Persien, Mesopotamien, Syrien, Kleinasien, Israel, Griechenland und Rom, im Zoroastrismus, Judentum, Christentum und Islam. Die spannungsvolle Vielfalt hat nicht nur Weltbilder in der orientalischen und hellenistisch-römischen Antike geprägt. In veränderter Gestalt ist sie bis heute in den praktizierten Religionen Anlaß zu geistiger, im Extremfall gewaltsam ausgetragener Auseinandersetzung. Der Einfluß auf individuelle Lebensführung und religiöse sowie politische Weltanschauung ist unverkennbar.'[Es] wird eine Fülle an Material geboten und eine ganze Reihe von Einzelfragen diskutiert. Wer auf der Suche nach neuen Erkenntnissen zur mesopotamischen oder phönizischen Religion ist, wird genauso fündig wie derjenige, der sich für den Zoroastrismus oder wichtige Aspekte römischer Religion interessiert.'Bernd U. Schipper in Zeitschrift für Religionswissenschaft 15 (2007), S. 95 Band I und II liegen nun als Studienausgabe vor. Sie werden nur zusammen abgegeben.

Dieser Band versammelt Beiträge von namhaften europäischen und amerikanischen Gelehrten auf dem Gebiet der Altertumswissenschaften und der Religionswissenschaften, die einen repräsentativen Querschnitt der zeitgenössischen Erforschung des Mythos, seiner Erscheinungsformen und seiner Transformationen in Griechenland, Rom und im Vorderen Orient von der Antike bis heute Epochen darbieten.

Presenting a range of evidence for these diverse styles, from Roman art to early medieval bracteate amulets, and from classical texts to Beowulf, the Edda and Icelandic sagas, Professor Speidel here details seventeen different Germanic warriors styles, including berserks, wolf-warriors, club-wielders, long-hairs, ghost warriors and horse-stabbers, and how they indicate an unbroken continuity of customs, beliefs and battle-field tactics.Ancient Germanic warriors played a decisive role in historical events from 200 BC, when Germanic culture first became identifiable, to AD 1000 when Christianity swept through the Nordic countries. Arising from beliefs and states of mind, a variety of warrior styles manifested themselves in differences of dress, weaponry and fighting technique. Fully illustrated with over fifty photographs, this vivid and fascinating survey adds a colourful new dimension to our understanding of the history of Europe.

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