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Originally published in 1905, this book argues that the educational outlook was rather misty and depressing both at home and abroad. That science should be a staple of education, that the teaching of Latin, of modern languages, of mathematics, must be reformed, that nature and handicrafts should be pressed into service for the training of the eye and hand, that boys and girls must learn to write English and therefore must know something of history and literature; and, on the other hand, that education must be made more technical and utilitarian - these, and such as these, are the cries of expedience with which we take the field. But we have no unifying principle, no definte aim; in fact, no philosophy of education.

First published in 1917, Physical Education in Relation to School Life views the problems of growth and health in relation to education. The main outlines of a satisfactory physical education and its importance are indicated. The author has compared his aims and objectives, and appreciated the practical value of some of the better-known methods of dealing with the problems, and has suggested the direction in which future improvements may most usefully be sought. This book will be of interest to students of physical education, pedagogy and history.

First Published in 1929 A Handbook for History Teachers is an attempt on the part of a number of teachers (many of them members of the S. E. London branch of the Historical Association) to offer some practical help in the choice of historical material for children. It discusses themes like schemes of work in elementary junior and senior schools, textbooks for pupils under fifteen, class library books for pupils under fifteen, book lists for teachers, and sources for the preparation of history stories by the teacher. This is an essential read for history teachers and education.

Originally published in 1929, Nursery Life 300 Years Ago is about the childhood of a seventeenth-century Dauphin of France, taken from the journal of Dr. Jean Heìroard, physician-in-charge and other contemporary sources, which is used as a medium for describing the education, toys and other social aspects of childhood at that time. A fascinating glimpse into the historic study of children.

First published in 1931, the original blurb reads:'A practical handbook for those who are engaged in teaching elementary biology (Nature Study) to children of 10-13 years. Part I is devoted to general methods of teaching the subject. Part II consists of subject matter suitable for lessons, together with suggestions as to practical work and classroom procedure.'It was hoped that this work would help the move away from the tradition, still prevalent at the time, where observation of minute details and absence of associated physiological work left the children with little interest in the subject. This book would contribute to a type of teaching where more regard was paid to the ‘livingness'of the organism, resulting in the deepening of the pupil's enjoyment of the beauty of animate nature. Today it can be read in its historical context.

Dieser Titel aus dem De Gruyter-Verlagsarchiv ist digitalisiert worden, um ihn der wissenschaftlichen Forschung zugänglich zu machen. Da der Titel erstmals im Nationalsozialismus publiziert wurde, ist er in besonderem Maße in seinem historischen Kontext zu betrachten. Mehr erfahren Sie

Originally published in 1935, Testing Children's Development from Birth to School Age highlighted the greatly increased interest in measuring the development of pre-school children by other means than the older, inadequate'intelligence tests'. In the early part of the twentieth century the work done at the Psychological Institute of the University of Vienna under the general direction of Dr Karl Buehler had become favourably known throughout Europe and the United States. This was also especially true of the studies in child psychology directed by the authors Dr Charlotte Buehler and her one-time assistant, Dr Hildegard Hetzer. The book contains developmental tests for the first six years of life; techniques for testing small children; information on the construction of tests and the evaluation their results. Today it can be read and enjoyed in its historical context.

Originally published in 1936, and with more than a slightly tongue-in-cheek tone at times, the author of this book declares that Scotland is not educated but merely learned. This book does not deal with education in its narrowest sense: it ranges from the Kirk to Haggis, Tartans and Burns, Whisky and repressed sex in its discussion, proclaiming Calvinism as the root of most of Scotland's evils. Honest and at times provocative, this volume does give direct access to the emotional roots of Neill's feelings about Scottish education.

First published in 1937, The Children's Play Centre is an account of Gardner's Play Centre and her work in assessing its value in the education of children and the training of teachers. The book puts forward the value of play in the development of children and provides a detailed report of Gardner's experiment. It also explores the significance of the Play Centre to the technique of training students. It will have lasting relevance for those interested in the history of education and the psychology of education.

Originally published in 1937, Number in the Nursery and Infant School surveys the teachings of Froebel, Montessori and Dewey, the prevalent theories in education at the time, and takes elements from each in order to outline a new method. The author was closely associated with infant-school work over a number of years. She also trained teachers for that purpose, carefully observing the results of different methods of teaching. The method described was in full accord with modern psychological theory of the time, today it can be read and enjoyed in its historical context.

Originally published in 1938, there were indications that the progress of nursery education in England would proceed rapidly in the next few years. The English Nursery School was written in response to the need, from people with a duty or interest in the area, for a single volume bringing together information relating to the growth, organization and function of the nursery school and nursery class as an integral part of our educational system. The author's interest in the nursery school movement was developed by her personal association with pioneers such as Margaret McMillan and Grace Owen who were still involved with shaping the course of future developments in the field, which can still be felt today. This reissue shows where it all began.

First published in 1942, Testing Results in the Infant School describes an attempt to measure objectively the results of education in Infant schools where children are free to move and speak and play, as compared with schools of a more formal and traditional type. The book explains in detail the variety of tests used, the reasons behind them, and the children's reactions to them. It concludes with an evaluation of the results and suggestions for their bearing on educational practice. It will appeal to those with an interest in the history, theory, and psychology of education.

Dieser Titel aus dem De Gruyter-Verlagsarchiv ist digitalisiert worden, um ihn der wissenschaftlichen Forschung zugänglich zu machen. Da der Titel erstmals im Nationalsozialismus publiziert wurde, ist er in besonderem Maße in seinem historischen Kontext zu betrachten. Mehr erfahren Sie

The threat of utter tragedy does not arise directly out of man's greater mastery over nature, it comes, as Sir James Jeans has so pointedly stated, from the absence of man's moral control over himself. That control can be accomplished only through, and by, education. By the word'education'in this context, I do not mean merely increased expertness. It has to do with man's moral, as well as his intellectual, development. The end of learning is not knowledge but virtue.'Where shall wisdom be found and where is the place of understanding?'is ever a searching entirety. There are those who say that the universities should develop the intellects of their students. Of course, that statement is true but it is not the whole truth. While we despise Hitler's exhortation to German youth,'Think with your blood,'we must bear in mind that it is a proper part of any educational process to help the student to harness his emotions. If by any weird whim of fate we were faced with choosing either first-class brains and second-class characters of second-class brains and first-class characters, surely there could be no doubt about our selection. A weak character not only unfits a man for living in a free society but it also warps the thinking of the most brilliant intellect. I must add that I would be one of the first to oppose strenuously the replacing of tough intellectual effort by evangelistic fervour.

First published in 1950, Long Term Results of Infant School Methods was written to explain and summarise the results of Gardner's experiment to test the extent to which the effect of different styles of Infant school education,'experimental'or'control', would also be apparent at a later stage. The book details how the tests and the schools involved were chosen; the different types of tests conducted and their respective aims; and a summary of Gardner's conclusions. It will appeal to those with an interest in the history and theory of education.

This textbook leads the reader by easy stages through the essential parts of the theory of sets and theory of measure to the properties of the Lebesgue integral. The first part of the book gives a general introduction to functions of a real variable, measure, and integration, while the second part treats the problem of inverting the derivative of continuous functions, leading to the Denjoy integrals, and studies the derivates and approximate derivates of functions of a real variable on arbitrary linear sets. The author considers the presentation of this second part as the main purpose of his book.

Originally published in 1955, Toys, Play and Discipline in Childhood is an expansion and development of the author's earlier title Play and Toys in Early Years. It examines the areas of toys, play and discipline in a child's life from babyhood, up to school-age children. The author had spent 25 years teaching children between the ages of 2 and 12 years and had come to realize how closely linked play and discipline are in the development of young children. At the time there were very few books that dealt with play, and parents needed advice and help in catering for their children's needs. Written at a time where nursery education was still a relatively new concept, this book would have been an invaluable resource for both parents and nursery teachers. Today it can be read and enjoyed in its historical context.

Originally published in 1956, Babies Growing Up aims to compress in to a brief yet readable form, the essentials of successful parentcraft at the time, bearing in mind the four elements of developing a new life – physical, mental, emotional and spiritual. It seeks to sum up the essence of the mothercraft advice given over the years through the pages of Woman's Pictorial and Mother and Home, where some material had appeared previously. It is a comprehensive guide through a baby's life from birth through the early years and today can be enjoyed as a historical look at parenting and child development in the 1950s.

First published in 1956, The Education of Young Children is focused on presenting the psychological needs of children within education, following several talks given by the author at conferences for teachers of young children. The book highlights the importance of meeting all aspects of a child's needs. It demonstrates that physical, emotional, social, and intellectual needs are all intrinsically connected and fundamental to education and development. It also puts forward the significance of Nursery Schools and the training given to Nursery School teachers, as well as the influence of Nursery Schools on Infant Schools. The Education of Young Children will appeal to those with an interest in the history and psychology of education.

A survey of some of the main-line developments in trigonometric series. It is an extension of a Presidential address to Section III of the Royal Society of Canada. Part I deals briefly, in chronological order, with the mathematical problems that arose out of trigonometric series and the interactions between these problems and general mathematical analysis. There is mention of the contributions of Euler, Daniel Bernoulli, d'Alembert, Fourier, Lagrange, Dirichlet. This is followed by a description of some of the problems still open at the end of the period covered by these men, and a description of the way these problems were later solved by Denjoy, by Zygmund and Marcinkiewicz, by Burkill and by James. Part II gives complete proofs of the results of the earlier period outlined in Part I, and concludes with the essential details of the approach of Denjoy and of James. Canadian Mathematical Congress Lecture Series, No. 2.

The traditional distinction between military and political affairs in American life has become less significant as military officers increasingly participate with civilians in the formulation of national policies. In an examination of the impact of this change upon professional military education, the authors present a forthright analysis of military responsibility today, the growth of education for policy roles, the form and content of that education, and its relation to the over-all duties of the armed forces. They have used hundreds of interviews and questionnaires and studied carefully the history and programs of the military academies, ROTC, Command and Staff Schools, Armed Forces Staff College, National War College, three service War Colleges, Industrial College of the Armed Forces, and other institutions.Originally published in 1957.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

Originally published in 1958, this reconstruction of the lives of young children of nursery age is an excursion into the past, from the Middle Ages to the opening years of the twentieth century. It tells of the methods, often extraordinary to our ideas, by which they were brought up from babyhood to about seven years old, their clothes, diet, the fearsome remedies that were inflicted on them in illness, their toys, games, books and first steps in education. It shows how the pristine simplicity of the child's nature, which hardly alters throughout the centuries, was moulded by the pressure of the adult society around them into some semblance of the accepted contemporary type. This story of the nursery is not only about young children, but about their parents too. There are parents in it who are stern, harsh, even cruel, and many more loving and careful ones; but one thing strikes us in these parents of former times: there is an air of unassailable confidence and certainty about them that the modern parent, versed in child psychology, would find it hard to achieve. As one seventeenth-century worthy put it, ‘For that which always happens in a concerne so universall as breeding children must needs be provided for by a traditionell method of proceeding.'

Hundreds were turned away from these lectures given on the day of the installation of Dr. Claude Bissell as President of the University of Toronto. Professor Frye spoke on'Humanities in a New World'; Professor Kluckhohn on'The Scientific Study of Values'; and Professor V.B. Wigglesworth on'Science: Pure and Applied'.

This book is intended to meet the need for a text introducing advanced students in mathematics, physics, and engineering to the field of differential geometry. It is self-contained, requiring only a knowledge of the calculus. The material is presented in a simple and understandable but rigorous manner, accompanied by many examples which illustrate the ideas, methods, and results. The use of tensors is explained in detail, not omitting little formal tricks which are useful in their applications. Though never formalistic, it provides an introduction to Riemannian geometry. The theory of curves and surfaces in three-dimensional Euclidean space is presented in a modern way, and applied to various classes of curves and surfaces which are of practical interest in mathematics and its applications to physical, cartographical, and engineering problems. Considerable space is given to explaining and illustrating basic concepts such as curve, arc length, surface, fundamental forms; covariant and contravariant vectors; covariant, contravariant and mixed tensors, etc. Interesting problems are included and complete solutions are given at the end of the book, together with a list of the more important formulae. No pains have been spared in constructing suitable figures.

This bibliography is the first of a series of studies about higher education in Canada sponsored by the committee on the History of Higher Education in Canada established by the National Conference of Canadian Universities. Among its nearly 4,000 entries are included the books, pamphlets, theses, dissertations, and articles in journals and magazines which supply the context and commentary on the history of Canadian higher education. Part I of the Bibliography provides the context; our universities do not exist in a vacuum—they are part of the economic, political, religious and social life of the community. Part I, therefore, includes a section on Canadian Culture, listing histories of Canada and its provinces, of its religious and social institutions, of its art, its economy, racial groups, relations with other countries. In order to study higher education in relation to other levels of education, another section lists works concerned with educational developments and problems at all levels. Part II lists the works bearing directly on higher education in Canada, and includes sections on History and Organization, Curriculum and Teaching, The Professor, The Student. Entries are arranged in chronological order in all sections in order to present the progressive development of each topic, and a full Index enables easy reference by author. No distinction has been drawn between English- and French-language publications: Chemistry and Chimie are one subject. The relative proportion of English and French entries in a section is often significant as indicating differences in the frequency and importance of particular fields of study in our colleges.

Since first publication in 1954, this text has been widely used in North American universities in introductory courses in science and engineering. It is a streamlined text, in which essential ideas are not buried in endless detail. For science students and engineers the sine qua non is formal training in the techniques and manipulations which they will use in their regular engineering courses and in their professional work. But at the same time there is in every class a small group who have an interest in knowing the reasons back of their manipulative work. In Professor Jeffery's text, a framework of fundamental principles is always in sight and available. In the new edition, the study of the definite integral has been moved ahead from Chapter VII to Chapter V. The differential and the differential notation are introduced and used soon after the derivative has been defined. Some topics have been added—the chain rule for partial derivatives, directional derivatives, l'Hospital's rule, determinants, and linear dependence relative to vectors. More practice problems, especially in determining anti-differentials, have been added and where experience has shown it desirable, more detailed explanations have been given.

The first Canadian Conference on Children, held in the province of Quebec in October, 1960, was the culmination of several years of planning and of three years'specific study of projects which dealt with existing programmes for children in Canada. Delegates came from provincial and national organizations and the Conference was supported by a large number of organizations connected with child health, welfare, and education. The programme of the Conference was divided into three sections: plenary sessions, group discussions of the projects, and group discussion of children under three headings:'the early years,''the middle years,'and'the transition years.'The whole programme covered children from birth to about the age of seventeen. The Proceedings includes the speeches presented at the plenary sessions (by Sir Geoffrey Vickers, Chairman of the Research Committee of the British Mental Health Research Fund; Dr. K.D. Naegele of the University of British Columbia; and Dr. Otto Klineberg of Columbia University); and valuable summaries of discussions by Dr. Murray Ross (York University), Mgr. Irénée Lussier (Université de Montréal), and Dr. N.A.M. MacKenzie (University of British Columbia).

This book is a re-issue originally published in 1961. The language used is a reflection of its era and no offence is meant by the Publishers to any reader by this re-publication. Dr Cleugh was in charge of the course for teachers of so-called'educationally sub-normal'children at the University of London Institute of Education. The three volumes of this work, which at the time took their place as complete and up-to-date guides to the subjects they cover, were written by practising teachers who had passed through the Institute's course, and they cover every part of the curriculum from the point of view of the'slow'learner. This volume focuses on the primary school.

This book is a re-issue originally published in 1961. The language used is a reflection of its era and no offence is meant by the Publishers to any reader by this re-publication. Dr Cleugh was in charge of the course for teachers of so-called'educationally sub-normal'children at the University of London Institute of Education. The three volumes of this work, which at the time took their place as complete and up-to-date guides to the subjects they cover, were written by practising teachers who had passed through the Institute's course, and they cover every part of the curriculum from the point of view of the'slow'learner. This volume focuses on the secondary school.

Originally published in 1962, the purpose of this book was to examine the working of the educative process when it is concerned with older people; not with children, prisoners, willing or unwilling, of a system of basic education, but voluntary contractors; not green, pliable saplings, but sturdy and sometimes unbending timber – in short, adults with an outlook on life already formed, often with family responsibilities, and with a store of past experience, special interests, training, or expertise. The teaching of older people does not consist merely of the adaptation of the methods applicable to school or college to the intellectual level of those to whom time and opportunity may have given an already broad understanding, theoretical or empirical, of a variety of subjects. The teaching of adults must take full account of method, but whatever the context, is also much concerned with the interrelations between individuals in groups, and with changes in the individuals themselves. For the adult, in the main, the purpose of education is improvement; this may imply a feeling of dissatisfaction with standards already achieved or a strong determination to reach new educational goals for specific reasons connected with status or advancement. These factors often bring with them into the setting of the adult class anxieties, tensions, feelings of inadequacy, or burdens of responsibility that overshadow the learning process because of the importance of the outcome. Habits and attitudes may already have been formed that stand in the way of assimilating new patterns and techniques of learning. This book is concerned with the social and psychological factors of which account must be taken in approaching the teaching of adults. It considers methods of teaching and of learning, and proceeds to inquire into the deeper attitudinal influences at work, both in the teacher and in the student. Throughout the book theory is illustrated by the liberal use of examples. The author has also attempted to go beyond the particular to the general and to discuss the issues and principles that apply over a wide field of education and indeed of management. Thus the scope and usefulness of the book are not confined solely to the tutorial situation, but extend to those fields in which problems of group relations and leadership are to be found within the context of training or of management.

First published in 1962, Public Schools and Private Practice discusses various facets of public schools in Britain from a factual point of view. John Wilson brings crucial themes like public appearance and private life; the public-school community; discipline, religion, and morality; domestic conditions and financing of public schools; political status of public schooling; educational assessment; and future of public schools, to understand questions like what is it like to be a boy or a master at public schools? Do public schools develop a boy's character more successfully than other schools? Or should the public schools be thrown more widely open to the public? This book is an interesting historical document for scholars and researchers of British education and education in general.

This is the first volume in the Invitation Lecture Series of York University and it is an auspicious beginning. Three leaders in higher education in the United States here present their thoughts on challenging questions of enrolment, curriculum, and standards which today confront the ever expanding universities of North America. Professor Jones describes'The Idea of a University Once More'; Professor Riesman outlines and comments on some significant recent'Experiments in Higher Education'; Professor Ulich discusses a theme which is vitally important for the effect of university education,'Creativity.'

This 1964 study makes an important contribution to the sociology of religion, as it enlarges the frontiers of the subject so as to include aspects of human conduct which ware both religious and social. In doing so, it challanges positivist conceptions of sociology and the social sciences more broadly. Joan Brothers's work explores the interaction between the organization, structure, and activities of a church and those of the wider society in which it is places.

Teachers, social workers, psychologists, and sociologists carried out an ambitious, six-year experiment in individual casework and group therapy with potential problem girls in a New York City vocational high school. Conducted in collaboration with Youth Consultation Service, this provocative study provides valuable data on adolescent girls—and raises compelling questions on the extent to which casework can be effective in interrupting deviant careers.

This Supplement to the 1960 Bibliography by Harris and Tremblay adds some 3,500 entries to the approximately 4,000 listed in the first volume, providing a full list of articles, books, pamphlets, and theses bearing on all aspects of higher education in Canada for the period 1959-1963. The organization of the earlier volume has been maintained with slight modifications, and some new sections have been added, including one devoted to institutions which, although they are post-secondary, do not grant degrees; and one which includes plays and novels set wholly or in part in actual or fictitious Canadian universities. (Studies in Higher Education in Canada, No. 3)

First published in 1966, Experiment and Tradition in Primary Schools was written to provide an account of the author's pioneering study of the attainment of young children in schools where the curriculum was shaped by their spontaneous interests. The book describes the findings of Gardner's work and assesses them in detail. It will have lasting relevance for those with an interest in the history of education and the development of education in infant and junior schools.

The Father of Child Care: Life of William Cadogan (1711-1797) highlights the life story and significant influence of William Cadogan in practical management of infants. This book is composed of 12 chapters, and begins with a brief introduction of William Cadogan's early life and career. The subsequent chapters relate the turning point of his career, which was when he wrote the Essay upon Nursing and the Management of Children. This Essay is an important landmark in the history of infant management, naming William Cadogan as the Father of Childcare. The remaining chapters discuss Cadogan's ideas on children management in various aspects of their life. These chapters also highlight Cadogan's most widely acclaimed book entitled A Dissertation on the Gout and all Chronic Diseases jointly considered as proceeding from the Same Causes. What these Causes are and a Rational and Natural Method of Care proposed.

The first edition of this book gave a systematic exposition of the Weinstein method of calculating lower bounds of eigenvalues by means of intermediate problems. From the reviews of this edition and from subsequent shorter expositions it has become clear that the method is of considerable interest to the mathematical world; this interest has increased greatly in recent years by the success of some mathematicians in simplifying and extending the numerical applications, particularly in quantum mechanics. Until now new developments have been available only in articles scattered throughout the literature: this second edition presents them systematically in the framework of the material contained in the first edition, which is retained in somewhat modified form.

First published in 1967, this book suggests that educational problems should not, and indeed cannot, be solved in isolation, but that we need to bring all our disciplines and resources to bear upon them. It explores in turn philosophical, psychological and sociological approaches to educational theory and examines great thinkers such as Plato, R

The Knowledge Most Worth Having represents the essence of education at the University of Chicago—faculty and students grappling with key intellectual questions that span the humanities, while still acknowledging the need to acquire a depth of knowledge in one's chosen field. The papers collected here were delivered during an often-heated conference at the university in 1966, and include contributions from such scholars as Northrop Frye, Richard McKeon, and, of course, the dean of the college, Wayne Booth himself. Taken as a whole, they present a passionate defense of liberal education, one that remains highly relevant today.

Originally published in 1967, this book represents the late Professor Brown's twin skills as historian and as educationalist at their best. It is one of a series of books which he edited, and which was offered to Africa teachers in training. The series was designed to help those who were called upon to teach the many subjects of the primary school curriculum or two or more subjects with the junior forms of secondary schools. It is dedicated to the proposition that giving a good basic education to a country's children is vital to its development programme. Godfrey Brown's book starts with a discussion of the place and purpose of history in education – why do we teach it to children? He then describes methods of teaching language skills in history, observation and (at some length) social development through history. He ends with The History of the Future and two practical appendices listing where the African teacher of history could obtain useful teaching material.

During the past few years there have been several changes in the educational system of Ontario: a reorganization of the Department of Education, the abolition of the school section, the establishment of post-secondary institutions of applied arts and technology, and the reform of Grade 13. Others are in prospect: the abolition of Grade 13 departmental examinations, the requirement that all elementary school teachers must have a university degree, and the establishment of an educational television network. These changes are evolutionary rather than revolutionary. Representing less a break with tradition than a logical expansion of it, they are developments that are consistent with the rationale of the system as it has evolved in the course of one hundred and fifty years. This study is concerned with the nature and significance of these changes in relation to the dimensions and organization of the system itself. It describes the system as it exists today, identifies those features of it which are either unique or distinctive, and explains by reference to their historical development how these unusual features have come to occupy their present position. The author also investigates the disadvantages as well as the advantages of the present approach to education in Ontario, pointing out that the system has become such a vast complex that it is exposed to the dangers of fragmentation and compartmentalization. The basic problem is one of co-ordination, which could be remedied by closer liaison between government departments and by the establishment of improved communications between educational institutions. This account is a valuable contribution to the public debate on education in Ontario.

Originally published in 1967, this book was intended to be of value to students of Education in two ways. Firstly, all such students were expected to know in broad outline the story of the development of our national education system in the previous 150 years. This book shows how these national events affected a number of schools in a particular locality. Their history was preserved in their physical structure, all too solid and long-lasting in many cases to be easily adapted to changing needs of the time; it was preserved also in minutes and log-books and other records that happen to survive. The second value of this book was that quite often students were asked to use these local records to re-create the story of a history of a school or group of schools. It was felt that we needed many more of these local investigations as a basis for a fuller and more vivid representation of this national development, and students'accounts, if done with proper care, could make a useful contribution. Mr Seaborne's book is a model and example of how this may have been done.

This volume contains the proceedings of the second Canadian Conference on Children which was held in Montreal in the autumn of 1965. It includes four papers given by Dr. Alva Myrdal, Dr. Alan Ross, Dr. M.S. Rabinovitch and Dr. C.E. Hendry, all well known for their attention to the problems of children growing up in the present world and concerned here to draw attention to those they see in Canada and elsewhere. A running commentary is supplied by Dr. Alan Thomas on the less formal side of the conference—the discussions that took place in groups after the speeches. The four papers and the commentary are printed in both English and French. Reverend Roger Guindon O.M.I. of the University of Ottawa provides the closing address, presented in a style which can be seen as an interesting new approach to the Canadian problem of bilingualism.

In the past few years awareness of the importance of educational practices has increased: committees have been established to investigate curricula of study, to solve the problems of administration and to co-ordinate the different levels of the educational system. A significant part of these investigations lies int he comparison of the educational systems of various countries. This topical account provides an overview of Danish education, in particular those parts of it which have special interest to the Anglo-Saxon reader. It deals with the present and past organization of the elementary and secondary schools in Denmark, technical and commercial education, higher education, which in that country is quite distinct from the North American concept of university education, and finally, adult education, a normal part of almost every Dane's life. In this last section the author has replaced the usual formalistic descriptions of organizations of high education with an exposition that gives a view from inside the system. The author believes that'an educational system is a mirror of the society it serves.'His description is based on the assumption that for comparisons in education to be of value they must be studied in the sociological context in which the educational system has developed. With this theme the author presents a broad foundation for the study and comparison of the educational systems and societies of Denmark and Canada.