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This book constitutes the refereed joint proceedings of ten international workshops held in conjunction with the 4th International Symposium on Parallel and Distributed Processing and Applications, ISPA 2006, held in Sorrento, Italy in December 2006. It contains 116 papers that contribute to enlarging the spectrum of the more general topics treated in the ISPA 2006 main conference.

This is the joint refereed proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Approximation Algorithms for Combinatorial Optimization Problems, APPROX 2006 and the 10th International Workshop on Randomization and Computation, RANDOM 2006. The book presents 44 carefully reviewed and revised full papers. Among the topics covered are design and analysis of approximation algorithms, hardness of approximation problems, small spaces and data streaming algorithms, embeddings and metric space methods, and more.

Welcome to the proceedings of the 2006 International Conference on High- Performance Computing and Communications (HPCC 2006), which was held in Munich, Germany, September 13–15, 2006. This year's conference marks the second edition of the HPCC conference series, and we are honored to serve as the Chairmen of this event with the guidance of the HPCC Steering Chairs, Beniamino Di Martino and Laurence T. Yang. Withthe rapidgrowthincomputingandcommunicationtechnology,thepast decadehas witnessed a proliferationof powerfulparallelanddistributed systems and an ever-increasing demand for the practice of high-performance computing and communication (HPCC). HPCC has moved into the mainstream of c- puting and has become a key technology in future research and development activities in many academic and industrial branches, especially when the so- tion of large and complex problems must cope with very tight time constraints. The HPCC 2006 conference provides a forum for engineers and scientists in academia, industry, and governmentto address all resulting profound challenges and to present and discuss their new ideas, research results, applications, and experience on all aspects of HPCC. There was a very large number of paper submissions (328), not only from Europe, but also from Asia and the Paci?c, and North and South America. This number of submissions represents a substantial increase of contributions compared to the?rst year of HPCC, which clearly underlines the importance of this domain. AllsubmissionswerereviewedbyatleastthreeProgramCommitteemembers or external reviewers. It was extremely di?cult to select the presentations for theconferencebecausethereweresomanyexcellentandinterestingsubmissions.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the First Annual International Conference on Wireless Algorithms, Systems, and Applications, WASA 2006, held in Xi'an, China in August 2006. The book presents 63 revised full papers together with 2 invited keynote speech abstracts, organized in topical sections on wireless PAN and wireless LAN, wireless MAN and pervasive computing, data management, mobility, localization and topology control, performance modeling and analysis, security and more.

The opening ceremony and pre-conference tutorials on various related topics were held on December 21. The technical program started on December 22 and continued for three days. The program was arranged in single track so as to enable participants to attend sessions of di?erent tracks. Papers from the DM, IT, SE, and SS tracks were divided into two sessions, whereas DC track sessions were held on the?rst two days of the conference. The program also included two plenary talks. The?rst talk was delivered by S. S. Iyengar from Louisiana State University, USA. The second talk was delivered by He Jifeng from the International Institute for Software Technology (IIST) Macau. Prof. Iyenger's talk on “The Distributed Sensor Networks — An Emerging Technology” was focused on new ideas about the use of distributed systems for emerging technology, while Prof. Jifeng's talk on “Linking Theories of Concurrency by Retraction” dealt with semantics of concurrency. All the conference committee members contributed towards the success of ICDCIT 2005. And it was a pleasant experience for me to work with them. The one name that sticks out is R. K. Ghosh, Steering Committee Chair. He really steered the group with his past experience as Program Chair of ICDCIT 2004.

Arti?cial Intelligence is a?eld with a long history, which is still very much active and developing today. Developments of new and improved techniques, together with the ever-increasing levels of available computing resources, are fueling an increasing spread of AI applications. These applications, as well as providing the economic rationale for the research, also provide the impetus to further improve the performance of our techniques. This further improvement today is most likely to come from an understanding of the ways our systems work, and therefore of their limitations, rather than from ideas ‘borrowed'from biology. From this understanding comes improvement; from improvement comes further application; from further application comes the opportunity to further understand the limitations, and so the cycle repeats itself inde?nitely. In this volume are papers on a wide range of topics; some describe appli- tions that are only possible as a result of recent developments, others describe new developments only just being moved into practical application. All the - pers re?ect the way this?eld continues to drive forward. This conference is the 15th in an unbroken series of annual conferences on Industrial and Engineering Application of Arti?cial Intelligence and Expert Systems organized under the auspices of the International Society of Applied Intelligence.

We are proud to introduce the proceedings of the Seventh International C- ference on Parallel Problem Solving from Nature, PPSN VII, held in Granada, Spain, on 7–11 September 2002. PPSN VII was organized back-to-back with the Foundations of Genetic Algorithms (FOGA) conference, which took place in Torremolinos, Malaga, Spain, in the preceding week. ThePPSNseriesofconferencesstartedinDortmund,Germany[1].Fromthat pioneering meeting, the event has been held biennially, in Brussels, Belgium [2], Jerusalem, Israel [3], Berlin, Germany [4], Amsterdam, The Netherlands [5], and Paris, France [6]. During the Paris conference, several bids to host PPSN 2002 were put forward; it was decided that the conference would be held in Granada with Juan J. Merelo Guerv´ os as General Chairman. The scienti?c content of the PPSN conference focuses on problem-solving paradigms gleaned from natural models, with an obvious emphasis on those that display an innate parallelism, such as evolutionary algorithms and ant-colony optimization algorithms. The majority of the papers, however, concentrate on evolutionary and hybrid algorithms, as is shown in the contents of this book and itspredecessors.Thiseditionoftheconferenceproceedingshasalargesectionon applications,betheytoclassicalproblemsortoreal-worldengineeringproblems, which shows how bioinspired algorithms are extending their use in the realms of business and enterprise.

Thisvolumerecordstheproceedingsofthe?fthEuropeanconferenceonGenetic Programming(EuroGP2002)whichtookplaceinKinsale,IrelandonApril3–5, 2002, continuing an established tradition of yearly meetings among the most prominent researchers on Genetic Programming in Europe and beyond; their proceedings have always been published in the LNCS series by Springer-Verlag. EuroGP began life in Paris in 1998 as an international workshop (April 14– 15, LNCS 1391); a second workshop took place in G¨ oteborg in 1999 (May 26– 27, LNCS 1598). Its?rst appearance as a conference was in the year 2000 in Edinburgh (April 15–16, LNCS 1802), followed by last year's conference held at Lake Como (April 18–19, LNCS 2038). Since the beginning, EuroGP has been co-located with a series of specialist workshops on applications of evolutionary algorithms (LNCS 1468, 1596, 1803, and 2037). In keeping with that tradition, the EvoWorkshops were also held in Kinsale this year at the same time (LNCS 2279). Genetic Programming (GP) is a branch of Evolutionary Computation in which populations of computer programs are made to evolve and adapt to so- ing a particular problem or task by a process that draws its inspiration from Biology and Darwinian evolution. GP is a very versatile technique, which has been applied to a wide range of tasks, as a quick inspection of the 32 papers in these proceedings will easily reveal: economics, robotics, engineering, statistics, pharmacology,electronics,and?nancearebutsomeofthedomainsinwhichthey havebeenemployed.AlthoughtherateofapplicationofGPtoproblemsisst- dily growing, this conference is characterized by its concern with the theoretical foundations of GP: investigation of these issues is attaining an ever increasing depth and maturity.

This book constitutes the joint refereed proceedings of the 6th International Workshop on Approximation Algorithms for Optimization Problems, APPROX 2003 and of the 7th International Workshop on Randomization and Approximation Techniques in Computer Science, RANDOM 2003, held in Princeton, NY, USA in August 2003. The 33 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 74 submissions. Among the issues addressed are design and analysis of randomized and approximation algorithms, online algorithms, complexity theory, combinatorial structures, error-correcting codes, pseudorandomness, derandomization, network algorithms, random walks, Markov chains, probabilistic proof systems, computational learning, randomness in cryptography, and various applications.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Industrial and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence and Export Systems, IEA/AIE 2001, held in Budapest, Hungary in June 2001. The 104 papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from a total of 140 submissions. The proceedings offer topical sections on searching, knowledge representation, model-based reasoning, machine learning, data mining, soft computing, evolutionary algorithms, distributed problem solving, export systems, pattern and speech recognition, vision language processing, planning and scheduling, robotics, autonomous agents, design, control, manufacturing systems, finance and business, software engineering, and intelligent tutoring.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Industrial and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems, IEA/AIE 2003, held in Loughborough, UK in June 2003. The 81 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from more than 140 submissions. Among the topics addressed are soft computing, fuzzy logic, diagnosis, knowledge representation, knowledge management, automated reasoning, machine learning, planning and scheduling, evolutionary computation, computer vision, agent systems, algorithmic learning, tutoring systems, financial analysis, etc.

The papers in this volume were presented at PARA 2000, the Fifth International Workshop on Applied Parallel Computing. PARA 2000 was held in Bergen, Norway, June 18-21, 2000. The workshop was organized by Parallab and the Department of Informatics at the University of Bergen. The general theme for PARA 2000 was New paradigms for HPC in industry and academia focusing on: { High-performance computing applications in academia and industry, { The use of Java in high-performance computing, { Grid and Meta computing, { Directions in high-performance computing and networking, { Education in Computational Science. The workshop included 9 invited presentations and 39 contributed pres- tations. The PARA 2000 meeting began with a one-day tutorial on OpenMP programming led by Timothy Mattson. This was followed by a three-day wor- hop. The rst three PARA workshops were held at the Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Lyngby (1994, 1995, and 1996). Following PARA'96, an - ternational steering committee for the PARA meetings was appointed and the committee decided that a workshop should take place every second year in one of the Nordic countries. The 1998 workshop was held at Ume a University, Sweden. One important aim of these workshops is to strengthen the ties between HPC centers, academia, and industry in the Nordic countries as well as worldwide. The University of Bergen organized the 2000 workshop and the next workshop in the year 2002 will take place at the Helsinki University of Technology, Espoo, Finland.