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The refereed proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Developments in Language Theory, DLT 2002, held in Kyoto, Japan in September 2002. The 28 revised full papers presented together with 8 invited papers were carefully reviewed and selected from 63 submissions. Among the topics addressed are grammars and acceptors for strings, graphs, arrays, etc; efficient algorithms for languages; combinatorial and algebraic properties of languages; decision problems; relations to complexity theory, logic picture description and analysis, DNA computing, cryptography, concurrency, quantum computing, and algebraic systems.

This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed post-proceedings of the Second International Conference on Symbolic and Numerical Scientific Computation, SNSC 2001, held in Hagenberg, Austria, in September 2001. The 19 revised full papers presented were carefully selected during two rounds of reviewing and improvement. The papers are organized in topical sections on symbolics and numerics of differential equations, symbolics and numerics in algebra and geometry, and applications in physics and engineering.

The idea of a FAABS workshop was first conceived in 1998 at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, while the Agent Technology Development Group in the Advanced Architectures and Automation Branch (Code 588) was developing a prototype agent community to automate satellite ground operations. While developing this system, several race conditions arose within and between agents. Due to the complexity of the agents and the communications between them, it was decided that a formal approach was needed to specify the agents and the communications between them, so that the system could be checked for additional errors. A formal model of the inter-agent communications was developed, with the expectation that this would enable us to find more errors. Success in this convinced us of the importance of using formal methods to model agent-based systems. To share our own experiences and to learn how others were approaching these issues, we decided to hold a workshop on formal methods and agent-based systems. The response was overwhelming. The result was the first FAABS workshop, which was held at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. Posters, paper presentations, panels, and an invited talk by J Moore stimulated much discussion and subsequent collaboration.

This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed post-proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Applied Parallel Computing, PARA 2006. It covers partial differential equations, parallel scientific computing algorithms, linear algebra, simulation environments, algorithms and applications for blue gene/L, scientific computing tools and applications, parallel search algorithms, peer-to-peer computing, mobility and security, algorithms for single-chip multiprocessors.

Over the past three decades, software engineers have derived a progressively better understanding of the characteristics of complexity in software. It is now widely recognised thatinteraction is probably the most important single char- teristic of complex software. Software architectures that contain many dyna- cally interacting components, each with their own thread of control, and eng- ing in complex coordination protocols, are typically orders of magnitude more complex to correctly and e?ciently engineer than those that simply compute a function of some input through a single thread of control. Unfortunately, it turns out that many (if not most) real-world applications have precisely these characteristics. As a consequence, a major research topic in c- puter science over at least the past two decades has been the development of tools and techniques to model, understand, and implement systems in which interaction is the norm. Indeed, many researchers now believe that in future computation itself will be understood as chie?y a process of interaction.

This book contains the proceedings of the Workshop on OpenMP Applications and Tools, WOMPAT 2003. WOMPAT 2003 was held on June 26and 27, 2003 in Toronto, Canada. The workshop brought together the users and developers of the OpenMP API to meet, share ideas and experiences, and to discuss the latest developments in OpenMP and its applications. The OpenMP API is now a widely accepted standard for high-level shar- memory parallel programming. Since its introduction in 1997, OpenMP has gained support from the majority of high-performance compiler and hardware vendors. WOMPAT 2003 was the latest in a series of OpenMP-related workshops, which have included the annual o?erings of the Workshop on OpenMP Appli- tions and Tools (WOMPAT), the European Workshop on OpenMP (EWOMP) and the Workshop on OpenMP: Experiences and Implementations (WOMPEI). The WOMPAT 2003 program committee formally solicited papers. Extended abstracts were submitted by authors and all abstracts were reviewed by three members of the program committee. Of the 17 submitted abstracts, 15 were selected for presentation at the workshop. This book was published in time to be available at WOMPAT 2003, and therefore we hope that the papers contained herein are timely and useful for current developers and researchers. This book also contains selected papers from WOMPAT 2002. No formal proceedings had been created for this previous o?ering of the workshop, and so presenters were invited to prepare their papers for inclusion in this volume.

The refereed proceedings of the 7th European Conference on Symbolic and Quantitative Approaches to Reasoning with Uncertainty, ECSQARU 2003, held in Aalborg, Denmark in July 2003.The 47 revised full papers presented together with 2 invited survey articles were carefully reviewed and selected for inclusion in the book. The papers are organized in topical sections on foundations of uncertainty concepts, Bayesian networks, algorithms for uncertainty inference, learning, decision graphs, belief functions, fuzzy sets, possibility theory, default reasoning, belief revision and inconsistency handling, logics, and tools.

The refereed proceedings of the 9th Annual International Computing and Combinatorics Conference, COCOON 2003, held in Big Sky, MT, USA in July 2003. The 52 revised full papers presented together with 3 invited contributions were carefully reviewed and selected from 114 submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on computational geometry, computational biology, computability and complexity theory, graph theory and graph algorithms, automata and Petri net theory, distributed computing, Web-based computing, scheduling, graph drawing, and fixed-parameter complexity theory.

This volume contains the papers presented at the Fourth IAPR Workshop on Graph Based Representations in Pattern Recognition. The workshop was held at the King's Manor in York, England between 30 June and 2nd July 2003. The previous workshops in the series were held in Lyon, France (1997), Haindorf, Austria (1999), and Ischia, Italy (2001). The city of York provided an interesting venue for the meeting. It has been said that the history of York is the history of England. There have been both Roman and Viking episodes. For instance, Constantine was proclaimed emperor in York. The city has also been a major seat of ecclesiastical power and was also involved in the development of the railways in the nineteenth century. Much of York's history is evidenced by its buildings, and the King's Manor is one of the most important and attractive of these. Originally part of the Abbey, after the dissolution of the monasteries by Henry VIII, the building became a center of government for the Tudors and the Stuarts (who stayed here regularly on their journeys between London and Edinburgh), serving as the headquarters of the Council of the North until it was disbanded in 1561. The building became part of the University of York at its foundation in 1963. The papers in the workshop span the topics of representation, segmentation, graph-matching, graph edit-distance, matrix and spectral methods, and gra- clustering.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the joint International Conference on Artificial Neural Networks and International Conference on Neural Information Processing, ICANN/ICONIP 2003, held in Istanbul, Turkey, in June 2003. The 138 revised full papers were carefully reviewed and selected from 346 submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on learning algorithms, support vector machine and kernel methods, statistical data analysis, pattern recognition, vision, speech recognition, robotics and control, signal processing, time-series prediction, intelligent systems, neural network hardware, cognitive science, computational neuroscience, context aware systems, complex-valued neural networks, emotion recognition, and applications in bioinformatics.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Developments in Language Theory, DLT 2003, held in Szeged, Hungary, in July 2003. The 27 revised full papers presented together with 7 invited papers were carefully reviewed and selected from 57 submissions. All current aspects in language theory are addressed, in particular grammars, acceptors, and transducers for strings, trees, graphs, arrays, etc; algebraic theories for automata and languages; combinatorial properties of words and languages; formal power series; decision problems; efficient algorithms for automata and languages; and relations to complexity theory and logic, picture description and analysis, DNA computing, quantum computing, cryptography, and concurrency.

This book constitutes the joint refereed proceedings of the 17th International Workshop on Computer Science Logic, CSL 2003, held as the 12th Annual Conference of the EACSL and of the 8th Kurt Gödel Colloquium, KGC 2003 in Vienna, Austria, in August 2003. The 30 revised full papers presented together with abstracts of 9 invited presentations were carefully reviewed and selected from a total of 112 submissions. All current aspects of computer science logic are addressed ranging from mathematical logic and logical foundations to the application of logics in various computing aspects.

Machine Learning has become a key enabling technology for many engineering applications and theoretical problems alike. To further discussions and to dis- minate new results, a Summer School was held on February 11–22, 2002 at the Australian National University. The current book contains a collection of the main talks held during those two weeks in February, presented as tutorial chapters on topics such as Boosting, Data Mining, Kernel Methods, Logic, Reinforcement Learning, and Statistical Learning Theory. The papers provide an in-depth overview of these exciting new areas, contain a large set of references, and thereby provide the interested reader with further information to start or to pursue his own research in these directions. Complementary to the book, a recorded video of the presentations during the Summer School can be obtained at http://mlg. anu. edu. au/summer2002 It is our hope that graduate students, lecturers, and researchers alike will?nd this book useful in learning and teaching Machine Learning, thereby continuing the mission of the Summer School. Canberra, November 2002 Shahar Mendelson Alexander Smola Research School of Information Sciences and Engineering, The Australian National University Thanks and Acknowledgments We gratefully thank all the individuals and organizations responsible for the success of the workshop.

In many ways, our immune systems are as complex as our brains. They learn, predict, remember and adapt, protecting us from the maelstrom of pathogens that infect us daily. Computer Science frequently takes inspiration from the seemingly endless capabilities of natural systems. It should therefore be no s- prise that, like the?eld of Arti?cial Neural Networks inspired from brains, we now have a vigorous?eld of research known as Arti?cial Immune Systems (AIS), inspired by our own immune systems. Although still relatively new, the previous 10 years has seen the paradigm of AIS rapidly establish itself as an important biological metaphor. Researchers all over the world fruitfully exploit “immunological ideas” in many di?erent ways to provide mechanisms for tackling a wide variety of applications. In this volume we present the proceedings of ICARIS 2003, the 2nd Int- national Conference on Arti?cial Immune Systems. This was the second int- national conference entirely dedicated to the?eld, and followed the extremely successful?rst conference held in Canterbury, UK in 2002. The number and - versityofpapersinthisyear'sconferenceisatributetotheever-growingnumber ofresearchersinthearea,andrepresentativeofthesolidfoundationofworkthat now exists in this area. The range of topics considered is wide. For example, at one end of the spectrum we see a selection of papers providing a necessary t- oretical grounding for the?eld. At the other end, we have an exciting range of applications to real-world problems, covering, for example, job-shop scheduling and fault detection in refrigeration systems.

This book presents examples of and the latest simulation studies on artificial societies and populations, highlighting innovative implementations of various models of artificial societies and populations using a new, C++-related simulation tool. It demonstrates that the prey-predator models—including spatial distribution, moving patterns, limited renewable food, fear, gregarious (herd) instinct, clustering, epidemics, and competition—are more complex than other publications have suggested, and highlights the great discrepancy between agent-based and conventional continuous models. The book also discusses the modeling and simulation of self-organization and interactions between organizations, including terror organizations, offering fascinating insights into organizational dynamics. The book provides a broad range of examples and comparisons with the classical dynamics approach, showing readers how to construct models of complex systems. It starts with descriptions ofthe behavior of interacting individuals and also includes important information on the macro-behavior of the whole system.

This book presents scientific metrics and its applications for approaching scientific findings in the field of Physics, Economics and Scientometrics. Based on a collection of the author's publications in these fields, the book reveals the profound links between the measures and the findings in the natural laws, from micro-particles to macro-cosmos, in the economic rules of human society, and in the core knowledge among mass information. With this book the readers can gain insights or ideas on addressing the questions of how to measure the physical world, economics process and human knowledge, from the perspective of scientific metrics. The book is also useful to scientists, particularly to specialists in physics, economics and scientometrics, for promoting and stimulating their creative ideas based on scientific metrics.

Since the creation of the term'Scientific Computing'and of its German counterpart'Wissenschaftliches Rechnen'(whoever has to be blamed for that), scientists from outside the field have been confused about the some­ what strange distinction between scientific and non-scientific computations. And the insiders, i. e. those who are, at least, convinced of always comput­ ing in a very scientific way, are far from being happy with this summary of their daily work, even if further characterizations like'High Performance'or'Engineering'try to make things clearer - usually with very modest suc­ cess, however. Moreover, to increase the unfortunate confusion of terms, who knows the differences between'Computational Science and Engineering', as indicated in the title of the series these proceedings were given the honour to be published in, and'Scientific and Engineering Computing', as chosen for the title of our book? Actually, though the protagonists of scientific com­ puting persist in its independence as a scientific discipline (and rightly so, of course), the ideas behind the term diverge wildly. Consequently, the variety of answers one can get to the question'What is scientific computing?'is really impressive and ranges from the (serious)'nothing else but numerical analysis'up to the more mocking'consuming as much CPU-time as possible on the most powerful number crunchers accessible'.

Retailing today is one of the largest, most buoyant and most competitive market sectors. The large, medium and small retailers, providers of systems are the major players in this market. The exploitation of information technology and the use of quantitative corporate models are emerging as key factors in determining the strength and effectiveness of marketing plans and support logistics. Many major retailers have developed considerable in-house expertise in this area and many hard­ ware manufacturers and systems houses have created special divisions to provide turn-key installations, products and services in order to exploit these opportunities. However, in the research leading up to the seminar on which this book is based, a number of important gaps in retailer useage of systems were noted. While many retailers, including the large multiples, had very sophisticated electronic point of sales devices, the information that was available was not being used to plan effective marketing and selling strategies, nor yet to plan for growth. In the medium and smaller companies there was still concern whether electronic point of sales were cost effective for them or whether being without such aids put them at a grave disadvantage vis-a-vis their larger competitors.

Overview The objective of this book is to provide an introduction into some of the key topics in the history of computing. The computing eld is a vast area and a truly comp- hensive account of its history would require several volumes. The aims of this book are more modest, and its goals are to give the reader a avour of some of the key topics and events in the history of computing. It is hoped that this will stimulate the interested reader to study the more advanced books and articles available. The history of computing has its origins in the dawn of civilization. Early hunter gatherer societies needed to be able to perform elementary calculations such as counting and arithmetic. As societies evolved into towns and communities there was a need for more sophisticated calculations. This included primitive accounting to determine the appropriate taxation to be levied as well as the development of geometry to enable buildings, templates and bridges to be constructed. Our account commenceswith the contributions of the Egyptians, and Babylonians. It moves on to the foundationalwork done by Boole and Babbage in the nineteenth century, and to the importantwork on Boolean Logicand circuit design doneby Claude Shannon in the 1930s. The theoretical work done by Turing on computability is considered as well as work done by von Neumann and others on the fundamental architecture for computers.

Euro-ParConferenceSeries The European Conference on Parallel Computing (Euro-Par) is an international conference series dedicated to the promotion and advancement of all aspects of parallel and distributed computing. The major themes fall into the categories of hardware, software, algorithms, and applications. This year, new and interesting topicswereintroduced,likePeer-to-PeerComputing,DistributedMultimedia- stems, and Mobile and Ubiquitous Computing. For the?rst time, we organized a Demo Session showing many challenging applications. The general objective of Euro-Par is to provide a forum promoting the de- lopment of parallel and distributed computing both as an industrial technique and an academic discipline, extending the frontiers of both the state of the art and the state of the practice. The industrial importance of parallel and dist- buted computing is supported this year by a special Industrial Session as well as a vendors'exhibition. This is particularly important as currently parallel and distributed computing is evolving into a globally important technology; the b- zword Grid Computing clearly expresses this move. In addition, the trend to a - bile world is clearly visible in this year's Euro-Par. ThemainaudienceforandparticipantsatEuro-Parareresearchersinaca- mic departments, industrial organizations, and government laboratories. Euro- Par aims to become the primary choice of such professionals for the presentation of new results in their speci?c areas. Euro-Par has its own Internet domain with a permanent Web site where the history of the conference series is described: http://www.euro-par.org. The Euro-Par conference series is sponsored by the Association for Computer Machinery (ACM) and the International Federation for Information Processing (IFIP).

Because of its promise to support human programmers in developing correct and efficient program code and in reasoning about programs, automatic program synthesis has attracted the attention of researchers and professionals since the 1970s. This book focusses on inductive program synthesis, and especially on the induction of recursive functions; it is organized into three parts on planning, inductive program synthesis, and analogical problem solving and learning. Besides methodological issues in inductive program synthesis, emphasis is placed on its applications to control rule learning for planning. Furthermore, relations to problem solving and learning in cognitive psychology are discussed.

The motivation behind the conception of this monograph was to advance scientific knowledge about the design and control of workflow processes. A workflow pr- ess (or workflow for short) is a specific type of business process, a way of or- nizing work and resources. Workflows are commonly found within large admin- trative organizations such as banks, insurance companies, and governmental agencies. Carrying out the tasks of a workflow in a particular order is required to handle one type of case. Examples of cases are mortgage applications, customer complaints, and claims for unemployment benefits. A workflow used in handling mortgage applications may contain tasks for recording the application, specifying a mortgage proposal, and approving the final policy. The monograph concentrates on four workflow-related issues within the area of Business Process Management; the field of designing and controlling business processes. The first issue is how workflows can be adequately modeled. Workflow mod- ing is an indispensable activity to support any reasoning about workflows. Diff- ent purposes of workflow modeling can be distinguished, such as system ena- ment by Workflow Management Systems, knowledge management, costing, and budgeting. The focus of workflow modeling in this monograph is (a) to support simulation and analysis of workflows and (b) to specify a new workflow design. The main formalism used for the modeling of workflows is the Petri net. Many - isting notions to define several relevant properties have been adopted, such as the workflow net and the soundness notion.