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Soft computing techniques have reached a significant level of recognition and - ceptance from both the academic and industrial communities. The papers collected in this volume illustrate the depth of the current theoretical research trends and the breadth of the application areas in which soft computing methods are making c- tributions. This volume consists of forty six selected papers presented at the Fourth Inter- tional Conference on Recent Advances in Soft Computing, which was held in N- th th tingham, United Kingdom on 12 and 13 December 2002 at Nottingham Trent University. This volume is organized in five parts. The first four parts address mainly the f- damental and theoretical advances in soft computing, namely Artificial Neural Networks, Evolutionary Computing, Fuzzy Systems and Hybrid Systems. The fifth part of this volume presents papers that deal with practical issues and ind- trial applications of soft computing techniques. We would like to express our sincere gratitude to all the authors who submitted contributions for inclusion. We are also indebted to Janusz Kacprzyk for his - vices related to this volume. We hope you find the volume an interesting refl- tion of current theoretical and application based soft computing research.

This Festschrift volume is published in honor of Takao Terano on the occasion of his retirement. Takao Terano is a leading expert in the areas of agent-based modelling, knowledge systems, evolutionary computation, and service science.The contributions in this volume reflect the breadth and impact of his work. The volume contains 12 full papers related to Takao Terano's research. They deal with various aspects of artificial intelligence, multi-agent systems, collaborative and social computing, social networks, ubiquitous computing.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 9th Dortmund Fuzzy Days, held in Dortmund, Germany, 2006. The Fuzzy Days conference has established itself as an international forum for the discussion of new results in the field of Computational Intelligence. All the papers had to undergo a thorough review guaranteeing a solid quality of the programme. The papers are devoted to foundational and practical issues in fuzzy systems, neural networks, evolutionary algorithms, and machine learning and thus cover the whole range of computational intelligence.

ISDA'03 General Chair's Message On behalf of the ISDA'03 organizing committee, I wish to extend a very warm welcome to the conference and Tulsa in August 2003. The conference program committee has organized an exciting and invigorating program comprising pres­ entations from distinguished experts in the field, and important and wide-ranging contributions on state-of-the-art research that provide new insights into'Current Innovations in Intelligent Systems Design and Applications'. ISDA'03 builds on the success of last years. ISDA'02 was held in Atlanta, USA, August 07-08,2002 and attracted participants from over 25 countries. ISDA'03, the Third International Conference on Intelligent Systems Design and Applications, held during August 10-13, 2003, in Tulsa, USA presents a rich and exciting program. The main themes addressed by this conference are: Architectures of intelligent systems Image, speech and signal processing Internet modeling Data mining Business and management applications Control and automation Software agents Knowledge management ISDA'03 is hosted by the College of Arts and Sciences, Oklahoma State Univer­ sity, USA. ISDA'03 is technically sponsored by IEEE Systems Man and Cyber­ netics Society, World Federation on Soft Computing, European Society for Fuzzy Logic and Technology, Springer Verlag- Germany, Center of Excellence in In­ formation Technology and Telecommunications (COEITT) and Oklahoma State University. ISDA'03 received 117 technical paper submissions from over 28 countries, 7 tutorials, 3 special technical sessions and 1 workshop proposal.

This volume presents state-of-the-art complementarity applications, algorithms, extensions and theory in the form of eighteen papers. These at the International Conference on Com­ invited papers were presented plementarity 99 (ICCP99) held in Madison, Wisconsin during June 9-12, 1999 with support from the National Science Foundation under Grant DMS-9970102. Complementarity is becoming more widely used in a variety of appli­ cation areas. In this volume, there are papers studying the impact of complementarity in such diverse fields as deregulation of electricity mar­ kets, engineering mechanics, optimal control and asset pricing. Further­ more, application of complementarity and optimization ideas to related problems in the burgeoning fields of machine learning and data mining are also covered in a series of three articles. In order to effectively process the complementarity problems that arise in such applications, various algorithmic, theoretical and computational extensions are covered in this volume. Nonsmooth analysis has an im­ portant role to play in this area as can be seen from articles using these tools to develop Newton and path following methods for constrained nonlinear systems and complementarity problems. Convergence issues are covered in the context of active set methods, global algorithms for pseudomonotone variational inequalities, successive convex relaxation and proximal point algorithms. Theoretical contributions to the connectedness of solution sets and constraint qualifications in the growing area of mathematical programs with equilibrium constraints are also presented. A relaxation approach is given for solving such problems. Finally, computational issues related to preprocessing mixed complementarity problems are addressed.

Cooperation is pervasive throughout nature, but its origin remains an open question. For decades, social scientists, business leaders, and economists have struggled with an important question: why is cooperation so ubiquitous among unrelated humans? The answers would have profound effects because anything that promotes cooperation leads to more productive work environments and benefits society at large. Game theory provides an ideal framework for studying social dilemmas, or those situations in which people decide whether to cooperate with others (benefitting the group) or defect by prioritizing their self-interest (benefitting only the individual). The social dilemma is formulated as a mathematical game and then programmed into a computer model. Simulating the game allows researchers to investigate potential theories to explain how cooperation emerges and what promotes its persistence. Over the past 25 years, countless papers on social dilemma games have been published, yet arguably little progress has been made. The problem is the social dilemma game models are unrealistic in the sense they contain artificial constructs that deviate from the way humans act. This book describes the shortcomings in current social dilemma game modeling techniques and provides guidance on designing more effective models. A basic introduction to game theory is provided with an emphasis on the prisoner's dilemma, the most widely studied social dilemma game. Individual chapters are provided detailing the shortcomings of weak selection, spatial games, and the Moran process. Computer model validation is also discussed at length. The recommendations found in this book should help design more realistic social dilemma game models likely to produce a better understanding of human cooperation.

This volume is a collection of papers presented at the international conference on Nonlinear Mathematics for Uncertainty and Its Applications (NLMUA2011), held at Beijing University of Technology during the week of September 7--9, 2011. The conference brought together leading researchers and practitioners involved with all aspects of nonlinear mathematics for uncertainty and its applications.Over the last fifty years there have been many attempts in extending the theory of classical probability and statistical models to the generalized one which can cope with problems of inference and decision making when the model-related information is scarce, vague, ambiguous, or incomplete. Such attempts include the study of nonadditive measures and their integrals, imprecise probabilities and random sets, and their applications in information sciences, economics, finance, insurance, engineering, and social sciences.The book presents topics including nonadditive measures and nonlinear integrals, Choquet, Sugeno and other types of integrals, possibility theory, Dempster-Shafer theory, random sets, fuzzy random sets and related statistics, set-valued and fuzzy stochastic processes, imprecise probability theory and related statistical models, fuzzy mathematics, nonlinear functional analysis, information theory, mathematical finance and risk managements, decision making under various types of uncertainty, and others.

Soft Computing admits approximate reasoning, imprecision, uncertainty and partial truth in order to mimic aspects of the remarkable human capability of making decisions in real-life and ambiguous environments.'Soft Computing in Industrial Applications'contains a collection of papers that were presented at the 11th On-line World Conference on Soft Computing in Industrial Applications, held in September-October 2006. This carefully edited book provides a comprehensive overview of the recent advances in the industrial applications of soft computing and covers a wide range of application areas, including data analysis and data mining, computer graphics, intelligent control, systems, pattern recognition, classifiers, as well as modeling optimization. The book is aimed at researchers and practitioners who are engaged in developing and applying intelligent systems principles to solving real-world problems. It is also suitable as wider reading for science and engineering postgraduate students.

Hybrid Artificial Intelligence Systems (HAIS) combines symbolic and sub-symbolic techniques to construct more robust and reliable problem solving models. This volume focused on'Hybrid Artificial Intelligence Systems'contains a collection of papers that were presented at the 2nd International Workshop on Hybrid Artificial Intelligence Systems, held in 12 - 13 November, 2007, Salamanca, Spain. This carefully edited book provides a comprehensive overview of the recent advances in the hybrid intelligent systems and covers a wide range of application areas, including data analysis and data mining, intelligent control, pattern recognition, robotics, optimization, etc. The book is aimed at researchers, practitioners and postgraduate students who are engaged in developing and applying advanced intelligent systems principles to solving real-world problems.

Evolving agents to play games is a promising technology. It can provide entertaining opponents for games like Chess or Checkers, matched to a human opponent as an alternative to the perfect and unbeatable opponents embodied by current artifical intelligences. Evolved agents also permit us to explore the strategy space of mathematical games like Prisoner's Dilemma and Rock-Paper-Scissors. This book summarizes, explores, and extends recent work showing that there are many unsuspected factors that must be controlled in order to create a plausible or useful set of agents for modeling cooperation and conflict, deal making, or other social behaviors. The book also provides a proposal for an agent training protocol that is intended as a step toward being able to train humaniform agents—in other words, agents that plausibly model human behavior.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Mathematical Knowledge Management, MKM 2006, held in Wokingham, UK, August 2006. The book presents 22 revised full papers. Coverage extends to the mathematical knowledge management at the intersection of mathematics, computer science, library science, and scientific publishing. The papers are organized in topical sections on proof representations, proof processing, knowledge extraction, knowledge representation, as well as systems and tools.

The series of Online World Conferences on Soft Computing (WSC) is organized by the World Federation of Soft Computing (WFSC) and has become an established annual event in the academic calendar and was already held for the 8th time in 2003. Starting as a small workshop held at Nagoya University, Japan in 1994 it has - tured to the premier online event on soft computing in industrial applications. It has been hosted by the universities of Granada, Spain, Fraunhofer Gesellschaft, Berlin, Cran?eld University, Helsinki University of Technology and Nagoya University. The goal of WFSC is to promote soft computing across the world, by using the internet as a forum for virtual technical discussion and publishing at no cost to authors and participants. The of?cial journal of the World Federation on Soft Computing is the journal Applied Soft Computing. The 8th WSC Conference (WSC8) took place from September 29th to October 10th, 2003. Registered participants had the opportunity to follow and discuss the online presentations of authors from all over the world. Out of more than 60 subm- sions the program committee had accepted 27 papers for?nal presentation at WSC8.

This book, which goes far beyond a traditional collection of technical articles, is dedicated to Enric Trillas, a fuzzy systems pioneer but also an internationally renowned researcher in other areas of science, such as mathematics and aerospace, and an outstanding manager of scientific affairs in Spain. Some of the contributions in this book develop technical, state-of-the-art themes obviously related to fuzzy logic, while others resemble popular-science articles that shed light on complex mathematical concepts. There are also chapters that highlight the authors'personal relationships and experiences working with Enric Trillas. While planning this book project, the editors decided to give contributors absolute freedom of thought and expression in preparing their chapters. The result is a colorful and inspiring mixture of styles and topics, which perfectly reflects Enric Trillas's multifaceted contributions to research and his outstanding role in promoting education and technological transfer in the field of soft computing. This Festschrift to Enric Trillas, published on the occasion of his 75th birthday, is not only intended as an exemplary source of information for young scientists dealing with uncertainty, imprecision and accuracy of models, but also as an inspiring guide to the role of scientists in education, politics and communication.

The analysis of experimental data resulting from some underlying random process is a fundamental part of most scientific research. Probability Theory and Statistics have been developed as flexible tools for this analyis, and have been applied successfully in various fields such as Biology, Economics, Engineering, Medicine or Psychology. However, traditional techniques in Probability and Statistics were devised to model only a singe source of uncertainty, namely randomness. In many real-life problems randomness arises in conjunction with other sources, making the development of additional'softening'approaches essential. This book is a collection of papers presented at the 2nd International Conference on Soft Methods in Probability and Statistics (SMPS'2004) held in Oviedo, providing a comprehensive overview of the innovative new research taking place within this emerging field.

A strong and fluent competency in mathematics is a necessary condition for scientific, technological and economic progress. However, it is widely recognized that problem solving, reasoning, and thinking processes are critical areas in which students'performance lags far behind what should be expected and desired. Mathematics is indeed an important subject, but is also important to be able to use it in extra-mathematical contexts. Thinking strictly in terms of mathematics or thinking in terms of its relations with the real world involve quite different processes and issues. This book includes the revised papers presented at the NATO ARW'Information Technology and Mathematical Problem Solving Research', held in April 1991, in Viana do Castelo, Portugal, which focused on the implications of computerized learning environments and cognitive psychology research for these mathematical activities. In recent years, several committees, professional associations, and distinguished individuals throughout the world have put forward proposals to renew mathematics curricula, all emphasizing the importance of problem solving. In order to be successful, these reforming intentions require a theory-driven research base. But mathematics problem solving may be considered a'chaotic field'in which progress has been quite slow.

The finite - infinite interplay is central in human thinking, from ancient philosophers and mathematicians (Zeno, Pythagoras), to modern mathe­ matics (Cantor, Hilbert) and computer science (Turing, Godel). Recent developments in mathematics and computer science suggest a) radically new answers to classical questions (e. g., does infinity exist?, where does infinity come from?, how to reconcile the finiteness of the human brain with the infinity of ideas it produces?), b) new questions of debate (e. g., what is the role played by randomness?, are computers capable of handling the infinity through unconventional media of computation?, how can one approximate efficiently the finite by the infinite and, conversely, the infinite by finite?). Distinguished authors from around the world, many of them architects of the mathematics and computer science for the new century, contribute to the volume. Papers are as varied as Professor Marcus'activity, to whom this volume is dedicated. They range from real analysis to DNA com­ puting, from linguistics to logic, from combinatorics on words to symbolic dynamics, from automata theory to geography, and so on, plus an incursion into the old history of conceptions about infinity and a list of philosophical'open problems'. They are mainly mathematical and theoretical computer science texts, but not all of them are purely mathematical.

This book represents the combined peer-reviewed proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Intelligent Distributed Computing -- IDC 2010 and of the Second International Workshop on Multi-Agent Systems Technology and Semantics -- MASTS'2010. Both events were held in Tangier, Morocco during September 16-18, 2010. The 33 contributions published in this book address many topics related to theory and applications of intelligent distributed computing and multi-agent systems, including: agent-based e-business, ambient intelligence, bio-informatics, collaborative systems, cryptography and security, distributed algorithms, distributed data mining, distributed simulation, grid computing, image processing, information extraction, knowledge management, logic programming, mobile agents, ontologies, pervasive computing, Petri nets, process modeling, self-organizing systems, semantic web services, service oriented computing, social networks and trust, swarm intelligence, web applications, wireless sensor networks.

Intelligent computing is becoming a mature?eld of information and communication technology, covering a hybrid palette of methods and techniques derived from clas- cal arti?cial intelligence, computational intelligence, multi-agent systems etc. Int- ligent computing is generally known to be computationally intensive from the point of view of resources required: time, memory, bandwidth. As such high resource c- sumption is one of its main drawbacks, distributed computing is expected to give an impetus to its practical utilization. Moreover, intelligent techniques have also proved their usefulness to the core distributed computing technologies like planning and scheduling, load balancing, replication, resource allocation and management, and its applications. Therefore, the emerging?eld of intelligent distributed computing can be expected both, to bring a fruitful cooperation and to pose new challenges of adaptation of both areas. Intelligent and Distributed Computing 2007 – IDC 2007 was the?rst Inter- tional Symposium aimed at bringing together researchers involved in intelligent and distributed computing to allow cross-fertilization and search for synergies of ideas and to enable advancement of research in these exciting sub-?elds of computer s- ence. IDC was started as an initiative of research groups from: (i) Systems Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences in Warsaw, Poland and (ii) Software Engine- ing Department of the University of Craiova, Craiova, Romania. IDC 2007 was held in Craiova, Romania during October 18-19, 2007. This book represents the peer-reviewed proceedings of the IDC 2007. We - ceived 52 submissions from 24 countries.

The German Workshop on Robotics is a convention of roboticists from academia and industry working on mathematical and algorithmic foundations of robotics, on the design and analysis of robotic systems as well as on robotic applications. Selected contributions from researchers in German-speaking countries as well as from the international robotics community compose this volume. The papers are organized in ten scientific tracks: Kinematic and Dynamic Modeling, Motion Generation, Sensor Integration, Robot Vision, Robot Programming, Humanoid Robots, Grasping, Medical Robotics, Autonomous Helicopters, and Robot Applications. Due to an extensive review and discussion process, this collection of scientific contributions is of very high caliber and promises to strongly influence future robotic research activities.

Intelligent computing covers a hybrid palette of methods and techniques - rived from classical arti?cial intelligence, computational intelligence, multi-agent systems a.o. Distributed computing studies systems that contain loosely-coupled components running on networked computers and that c- municateandcoordinatetheiractionsbyexchangeofmessages.Theemergent?eld of intelligent distributed computing is expected to pose special ch- lenges of adaptation and fruitful combination of results of both areas with a great impact on the development of new generation intelligent distributed information systems. Intelligent Distributed Computing – IDC Symposium Series was started as an initiative of research groups from: (i) Systems Research Institute, P- ish Academy of Sciences in Warsaw, Poland and (ii) Software Engineering Department of the University of Craiova, Craiova, Romania. IDC aims at bringing together researchers and practitioners involved in all aspects of - telligent distributed computing. IDC 2009 was the third event in this series and was hosted by Department of Computer Science, University of Cyprus in Ayia Napa, Cyprus during October 13-14, 2009.

This book represents the peer-reviewed proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Intelligent Distributed Computing – IDC 2008 held in Catania, Italy during September 18-19, 2008. The 35 contributions in this book address many topics related to intelligent and distributed computing, systems and applications, including: adaptivity and learning; agents and multi-agent systems; argumentation; auctions; case-based reasoning; collaborative systems; data structures; distributed algorithms; formal modeling and verification; genetic and immune algorithms; grid computing; information extraction, annotation and integration; network and security protocols; mobile and ubiquitous computing; ontologies and metadata; P2P computing; planning; recommender systems; rules; semantic Web; services and processes; trust and social computing; virtual organizations; wireless networks; XML technologies.

Knowledge-Driven Computing constitutes an emerging area of intensive research located at the intersection of Computational Intelligence and Knowledge Engineering with strong mathematical foundations. It embraces methods and approaches coming from diverse computational paradigms, such as evolutionary computation and nature-inspired algorithms, logic programming and constraint programming, rule-based systems, fuzzy sets and many others. The use of various knowledge representation formalisms and knowledge processing and computing paradigms is oriented towards the efficient resolution of computationally complex and difficult problems. The main aim of this volume has been to gather together a selection of recent papers providing new ideas and solutions for a wide spectrum of Knowledge-Driven Computing approaches. More precisely, the ultimate goal has been to collect new knowledge representation, processing and computing paradigms which could be useful to practitioners involved in the area of discussion. To this end, contributions covering both theoretical aspects and practical solutions, and dealing with topics of interest for a wide audience, and/or cross-disciplinary research were preferred.

Clustering has been around for many decades and located itself in a uniquepositionasafundamentalconceptualandalgorithmiclandmark of data analysis. Almost since the very inception of fuzzy sets, the role and potential of these information granules in revealing and describing structureindatawasfullyacknowledgedandappreciated.Asamatter of fact, with the rapid growth of volumes of digital information, the role of clustering becomes even more visible and critical. Furthermore given the anticipated human centricity of the majority of artifacts of digitaleraandacontinuousbuildupofmountainsofdata,onebecomes fully cognizant of the growing role and an enormous potential of fuzzy sets and granular computing in the design of intelligent systems. In therecentyearsclusteringhasundergoneasubstantialmetamorphosis. Frombeinganexclusivelydata drivenpursuit,ithastransformeditself into a vehicle whose data centricity has been substantially augmented by the incorporation of domain knowledge thus giving rise to the next generation of knowledge-oriented and collaborative clustering. Interestingly enough, fuzzy clustering exhibits a dominant role in many developments of the technology of fuzzy sets including fuzzy modeling, fuzzy control, data mining, pattern recognition, and image processing. When browsing through numerous papers on fuzzy m- eling we can witness an important trend of a substantial reliance on fuzzy clustering being regarded as the general development tool. The same central position of fuzzy clustering becomes visible in pattern classi?ers and neurofuzzy systems. All in all, it becomes evident that further progress in fuzzy clustering is of vital relevance and bene?t to the overall progress of the area of fuzzy sets and their applications.

I think the next century will be the century of complexity. We have already discovered the basic laws that govern matter and understand all the normal situations. We don't know how the laws?t together, and what happens under extreme conditions. But I expect we will?nd a complete uni?ed theory sometime this century. There is no limit to the complexity that we can build using those basic laws. Stephen Hawking, January 2000. We don't know what we are talking about. Many of us believed that string theory was a very dramatic break with our previous notions of quantum theory. But now we learn that string theory, well, is not that much of a break. The state of physics today is like it was when we were mysti?ed by radioactivity. They were missing something absolutely fundamental. We are missing perhaps something as profound as they were back then. Nobel Laureate David Gross, December 2005. This volume is essentially a compilation of papers presented at the Int- national Workshop on Mathematics and Physics of Complex and Nonlinear Systems that was held at Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, March 14 – 26, 2004 on the theme ChaNoXity: The Nonlinear Dynamics of Nature.

This textbook introduces the reader to Machine Learning (ML) applications in Earth Sciences. In detail, it starts by describing the basics of machine learning and its potentials in Earth Sciences to solve geological problems. It describes the main Python tools devoted to ML, the typical workflow of ML applications in Earth Sciences, and proceeds with reporting how ML algorithms work. The book provides many examples of ML application to Earth Sciences problems in many fields, such as the clustering and dimensionality reduction in petro-volcanological studies, the clustering of multi-spectral data, well-log data facies classification, and machine learning regression in petrology. Also, the book introduces the basics of parallel computing and how to scale ML models in the cloud. The book is devoted to Earth Scientists, at any level, from students to academics and professionals.

The first edition of the Encyclopedia of Complexity and Systems Science (ECSS, 2009) presented a comprehensive overview of granular computing (GrC) broadly divided into several categories: Granular computing from rough set theory, Granular Computing in Database Theory, Granular Computing in Social Networks, Granular Computing and Fuzzy Set Theory, Grid/Cloud Computing, as well as general issues in granular computing. In 2011, the formal theory of GrC was established, providing an adequate infrastructure to support revolutionary new approaches to computer/data science, including the challenges presented by so-called big data. For this volume of ECSS, Second Edition, many entries have been updated to capture these new developments, together with new chapters on such topics as data clustering, outliers in data mining, qualitative fuzzy sets, and information flow analysis for security applications. Granulations can be seen as a natural and ancient methodology deeply rooted in the human mind. Many daily'things'are routinely granulated into sub'things': The topography of earth is granulated into hills, plateaus, etc., space and time are granulated into infinitesimal granules, and a circle is granulated into polygons of infinitesimal sides. Such granules led to the invention of calculus, topology and non-standard analysis. Formalization of general granulation was difficult but, as shown in this volume, great progress has been made in combing discrete and continuous mathematics under one roof for a broad range of applications in data science.

The book discusses a broad overview of traditional machine learning methods and state-of-the-art deep learning practices for hardware security applications, in particular the techniques of launching potent'modeling attacks'on Physically Unclonable Function (PUF) circuits, which are promising hardware security primitives. The volume is self-contained and includes a comprehensive background on PUF circuits, and the necessary mathematical foundation of traditional and advanced machine learning techniques such as support vector machines, logistic regression, neural networks, and deep learning. This book can be used as a self-learning resource for researchers and practitioners of hardware security, and will also be suitable for graduate-level courses on hardware security and application of machine learning in hardware security. A stand-out feature of the book is the availability of reference software code and datasets to replicate the experiments described in the book.

This book presents the recent computational developments inspired by swarms in art known as swarm art and discusses applying swarm intelligence concepts in architecture. Non-human art is a great leap in the evolution of contemporary art, removing the requirement of an artist's production from the creative process. Furthermore, it is a critical declaration in opposition to the anthropomorphic vision which is so destructive for all other life forms and the planet's ecology. When accepted and integrated into human culture, non-human art done by artificial systems or machines boosts creativity and stimulates innovative fusions. We analyze 120 swarm systems with unique and diverse conceptual contexts, agent design, and audience engagement that can be utilized as inspiration for future projects or to design new swarm algorithms by artists, architects, or computer scientists.

Games, whether educational or recreational, are meant to be fun. How do we ensure that the game delivers its intent? The answer to this question is playtesting. However, a haphazard playtest process cannot discover play experience from various dimensions. Players'perceptions, affordances, age, gender, culture, and many more human factors influence play experience. A playtest requires an intensive experimental process and scientific protocols to ensure that the outcomes seen are reliable for the designer. Playtesting and players'affordances are the focus of this book. This book is not just about the playtest procedures but also demonstrates how they lead to the conclusions obtained when considering data sets. The playtest process or playtest stories differ according to the hypothesis under investigation. We cover examples of playtesting to identify the impact of human factors, such as age and gender, to examine a player's preferences for game objects'design and colors. The book details topics to reflect on possible emotional outcomes of the player at the early stages of game design as well as the methodology for presenting questions to players in such a way as to elicit authentic feedback. This book is intended mainly for game designers, researchers, and developers. However, it provides a general understanding of affordances and human factors that can be informative for readers working in any domain.

This compendium provides a comprehensive collection of the emergent applications of big data, machine learning, and artificial intelligence technologies to present day physical sciences ranging from materials theory and imaging to predictive synthesis and automated research. This area of research is among the most rapidly developing in the last several years in areas spanning materials science, chemistry, and condensed matter physics.Written by world renowned researchers, the compilation of two authoritative volumes provides a distinct summary of the modern advances in instrument — driven data generation and analytics, establishing the links between the big data and predictive theories, and outlining the emerging field of data and physics-driven predictive and autonomous systems.

This book explores the interdisciplinary field of complex systems theory. By the end of the book, readers will be able to understand terminology that is used in complex systems and how they are related to one another; see the patterns of complex systems in practical examples; map current topics, in a variety of fields, to complexity theory; and be able to read more advanced literature in the field. The book begins with basic systems concepts and moves on to how these simple rules can lead to complex behavior. The author then introduces non-linear systems, followed by pattern formation, and networks and information flow in systems. Later chapters cover the thermodynamics of complex systems, dynamical patterns that arise in networks, and how game theory can serve as a framework for decision making. The text is interspersed with both philosophical and quantitative arguments, and each chapter ends with questions and prompts that help readers make more connections.“The text provides a useful overview of complex systems, with enough detail to allow a reader unfamiliar with the topic to understand the basics. The book stands out for its comprehensiveness and approachability. It will be particularly useful as a text for introductory physics courses. Tranquillo's strength is in delivering a vast amount of information in a succinct manner.… A reader can find information quickly and efficiently—that is, in my opinion, the book's greatest value.” (Stefani Crabtree, Physics Today)

Research on general video game playing aims at designing agents or content generators that can perform well in multiple video games, possibly without knowing the game in advance and with little to no specific domain knowledge. The general video game AI framework and competition propose a challenge in which researchers can test their favorite AI methods with a potentially infinite number of games created using the Video Game Description Language. The open-source framework has been used since 2014 for running a challenge. Competitors around the globe submit their best approaches that aim to generalize well across games. Additionally, the framework has been used in AI modules by many higher-education institutions as assignments, or as proposed projects for final year (undergraduate and Master's) students and Ph.D. candidates. The present book, written by the developers and organizers of the framework, presents the most interesting highlights of the research performed by the authors duringthese years in this domain. It showcases work on methods to play the games, generators of content, and video game optimization. It also outlines potential further work in an area that offers multiple research directions for the future.

This book explores the most significant computational methods and the history of their development. It begins with the earliest mathematical / numerical achievements made by the Babylonians and the Greeks, followed by the period beginning in the 16th century. For several centuries the main scientific challenge concerned the mechanics of planetary dynamics, and the book describes the basic numerical methods of that time. In turn, at the end of the Second World War scientific computing took a giant step forward with the advent of electronic computers, which greatly accelerated the development of numerical methods. As a result, scientific computing became established as a third scientific method in addition to the two traditional branches: theory and experimentation. The book traces numerical methods'journey back to their origins and to the people who invented them, while also briefly examining the development of electronic computers over the years. Featuring 163 references and more than 100 figures, many of them portraits or photos of key historical figures, the book provides a unique historical perspective on the general field of scientific computing – making it a valuable resource for all students and professionals interested in the history of numerical analysis and computing, and for a broader readership alike.

This textbook helps future data analysts comprehend aggregation function theory and methods in an accessible way, focusing on a fundamental understanding of the data and summarization tools. Offering a broad overview of recent trends in aggregation research, it complements any study in statistical or machine learning techniques. Readers will learn how to program key functions in R without obtaining an extensive programming background.Sections of the textbook cover background information and context, aggregating data with averaging functions, power means, and weighted averages including the Borda count. It explains how to transform data using normalization or scaling and standardization, as well as log, polynomial, and rank transforms. The section on averaging with interaction introduces OWS functions and the Choquet integral, simple functions that allow the handling of non-independent inputs. The final chapters examine software analysis with an emphasison parameter identification rather than technical aspects.This textbook is designed for students studying computer science or business who are interested in tools for summarizing and interpreting data, without requiring a strong mathematical background. It is also suitable for those working on sophisticated data science techniques who seek a better conception of fundamental data aggregation. Solutions to the practice questions are included in the textbook.

This book presents a collection of results from the interdisciplinary research project “ELLI” published by researchers at RWTH Aachen University, the TU Dortmund and Ruhr-Universität Bochum between 2011 and 2016. All contributions showcase essential research results, concepts and innovative teaching methods to improve engineering education. Further, they focus on a variety of areas, including virtual and remote teaching and learning environments, student mobility, support throughout the student lifecycle, and the cultivation of interdisciplinary skills.

(Preliminary) The book is a comprehensive collection of the most recent and significant research and applications in the field of fuzzy logic. It covers fuzzy structures, systems, rules, operations as well as important applications, e.g in decision making, environmental prediction and prevention, and communication. It is dedicated to Enric Trillas as an acknowledgement for his pioneering research in the field. The book include a foreword by Lotfi A. Zadeh.

Galois connections provide the order- or structure-preserving passage between two worlds of our imagination - and thus are inherent in hu­ man thinking wherever logical or mathematical reasoning about cer­ tain hierarchical structures is involved. Order-theoretically, a Galois connection is given simply by two opposite order-inverting (or order­ preserving) maps whose composition yields two closure operations (or one closure and one kernel operation in the order-preserving case). Thus, the'hierarchies'in the two opposite worlds are reversed or transported when passing to the other world, and going forth and back becomes a stationary process when iterated. The advantage of such an'adjoint situation'is that information about objects and relationships in one of the two worlds may be used to gain new information about the other world, and vice versa. In classical Galois theory, for instance, properties of permutation groups are used to study field extensions. Or, in algebraic geometry, a good knowledge of polynomial rings gives insight into the structure of curves, surfaces and other algebraic vari­ eties, and conversely. Moreover, restriction to the'Galois-closed'or'Galois-open'objects (the fixed points of the composite maps) leads to a precise'duality between two maximal subworlds'.

This book is concerned with important problems of robust (stable) statistical pat­ tern recognition when hypothetical model assumptions about experimental data are violated (disturbed). Pattern recognition theory is the field of applied mathematics in which prin­ ciples and methods are constructed for classification and identification of objects, phenomena, processes, situations, and signals, i. e., of objects that can be specified by a finite set of features, or properties characterizing the objects (Mathematical Encyclopedia (1984)). Two stages in development of the mathematical theory of pattern recognition may be observed. At the first stage, until the middle of the 1970s, pattern recogni­ tion theory was replenished mainly from adjacent mathematical disciplines: mathe­ matical statistics, functional analysis, discrete mathematics, and information theory. This development stage is characterized by successful solution of pattern recognition problems of different physical nature, but of the simplest form in the sense of used mathematical models. One of the main approaches to solve pattern recognition problems is the statisti­ cal approach, which uses stochastic models of feature variables. Under the statistical approach, the first stage of pattern recognition theory development is characterized by the assumption that the probability data model is known exactly or it is esti­ mated from a representative sample of large size with negligible estimation errors (Das Gupta, 1973, 1977), (Rey, 1978), (Vasiljev, 1983)).

Criticism is the habitus of the contemplative intellect, whereby we try to recognize with probability the genuine quality of a l- erary work by using appropriate aids and rules. In so doing, c- tain general and particular points must be considered. The art of interpretation or hermeneutics is the habitus of the contemplative intellect of probing into the sense of somewhat special text by using logical rules and suitable means. Note : Hermeneutics differs from criticism as the part does from the whole. Antonius Gvilielmus Amo Afer (1727) There is no such thing as absolute truth. At best it is a subj- tive criterion, but one based upon valuation. Unfortunately, too many people place their fate in the hands of subjective without properly evaluating it. Arnold A. Kaufmann and Madan M. Gupta The development of cost benefit analysis and the theory of fuzzy decision was divided into two inter-dependent structures of identification and measurement theory on one hand and fuzzy value theory one the other. Each of them has sub-theories that constitute a complete logical system.

Incorporation of a priori knowledge, such as expert knowledge, meta-heuristics and human preferences, as well as domain knowledge acquired during evolu­ tionary search, into evolutionary algorithms has received increasing interest in the recent years. It has been shown from various motivations that knowl­ edge incorporation into evolutionary search is able to significantly improve search efficiency. However, results on knowledge incorporation in evolution­ ary computation have been scattered in a wide range of research areas and a systematic handling of this important topic in evolutionary computation still lacks. This edited book is a first attempt to put together the state-of-art and re­ cent advances on knowledge incorporation in evolutionary computation within a unified framework. Existing methods for knowledge incorporation are di­ vided into the following five categories according to the functionality of the incorporated knowledge in the evolutionary algorithms. 1. Knowledge incorporation in representation, population initialization, - combination and mutation. 2. Knowledge incorporation in selection and reproduction. 3. Knowledge incorporation in fitness evaluations. 4. Knowledge incorporation through life-time learning and human-computer interactions. 5. Incorporation of human preferences in multi-objective evolutionary com­ putation. The intended readers of this book are graduate students, researchers and practitioners in all fields of science and engineering who are interested in evolutionary computation. The book is divided into six parts. Part I contains one introductory chapter titled'A selected introduction to evolutionary computation'by Yao, which presents a concise but insightful introduction to evolutionary computation.

Innovations in Intelligent Systems is a rare collection of the latest developments in intelligent paradigms such as knowledge-based systems, computational intelligence and hybrid combinations as well as practical applications in engineering, science, business and commerce. The book covers central topics such as intelligent multi-agent systems, data mining, case-based reasoning, and rough sets. Essential techniques to the development of intelligent machines are investigated such as pattern recognition and classification, machine learning, natural language processing, grammar, evolutionary schemes, fuzzy-neural procedures, and intelligent vision. The book also includes useful applications ranging from medical diagnosis and technical/medical language translation, to power demand forecasting and manufacturing plants. Due to its depth and breadth of the coverage and the usefulness of the techniques and applications, this book is a valuable reference for experts and students alike.

Search games and rendezvous problems have received growing attention in computer science within the past few years. Rendezvous problems emerge naturally, for instance, to optimize performance and convergence of mobile robots. This gives a new algorithmic point of view to the theory. Furthermore, modern topics such as the spreading of gossip or disease in social networks have lead to new challenging problems in search and rendezvous. Search Theory: A Game Theoretic Perspective introduces the first integrated approach to Search and Rendezvous from the perspectives of biologists, computer scientists and mathematicians. This contributed volume covers a wide range of topics including rendezvous problems and solutions, rendezvous on graphs, search games on biology, mobility in governed social networks, search and security, and more. Most chapters also include case studies or a survey, in addition to a chapter on the future direction of Search and Rendezvous research. This book targets researchers and practitioners working in computer science, mathematics and biology as a reference book. Advanced level students focused on these fields will also find this book valuable as a secondary text book or reference.

This research book presents the agent theory and adaptation of agents in different contexts. Agents of different orders of complexity must be autonomous in the rules used. The agent must have a brain by which it can discover rules contained within the data. Because rules are the instruments by which agents change the environment, any adaptation of the rules can be considered as an evolution of the agents. Because uncertainty is present in every context, we shall describe in this book how it is possible to introduce global uncertainty from the local world into the description of the rules. This book contains ten chapters. Chapter 1 gives a general dscription of the evolutionary adaptation agent. Chapter 2 describes the actions and meta­ actions of the agent at different orders. Chapter 3 presents in an abstract and formal way the actions at different orders. Chapter 4 connects systems and meta systems with the adaptive agent. Chapter 5 describes the brain of the agent by the morphogenetic neuron theory. Chapter 6 introduces the logic structure of the adaptive agent. Chapter 7 describes the feedback and hyper-feedback in the adaptive agent. Chapter 8 introduces the adaptation field into the modal logic space as logic instrument in the adaptive agent. Chapter 9 describes the action of the agent in the physical domain. Chapter 10 presents the practical application of agents in robots and evolutionary computing.

Formal Languages and Applications provides a comprehensive study-aid and self-tutorial for graduates students and researchers. The main results and techniques are presented in an readily accessible manner and accompanied by many references and directions for further research. This carefully edited monograph is intended to be the gateway to formal language theory and its applications, so it is very useful as a review and reference source of information in formal language theory.

The book aims at surveying results in the application of fuzzy sets and fuzzy logic to economics and engineering. New results include fuzzy non-linear regression, fully fuzzified linear programming, fuzzy multi-period control, fuzzy network analysis, each using an evolutionary algorithm; fuzzy queuing decision analysis using possibility theory; fuzzy differential equations; fuzzy difference equations; fuzzy partial differential equations; fuzzy eigenvalues based on an evolutionary algorithm; fuzzy hierarchical analysis using an evolutionary algorithm; fuzzy integral equations. Other important topics covered are fuzzy input-output analysis; fuzzy mathematics of finance; fuzzy PERT (project evaluation and review technique). No previous knowledge of fuzzy sets is needed. The mathematical background is assumed to be elementary calculus.

Data fusion or information fusion are names which have been primarily assigned to military-oriented problems. In military applications, typical data fusion problems are: multisensor, multitarget detection, object identification, tracking, threat assessment, mission assessment and mission planning, among many others. However, it is clear that the basic underlying concepts underlying such fusion procedures can often be used in nonmilitary applications as well. The purpose of this book is twofold: First, to point out present gaps in the way data fusion problems are conceptually treated. Second, to address this issue by exhibiting mathematical tools which treat combination of evidence in the presence of uncertainty in a more systematic and comprehensive way. These techniques are based essentially on two novel ideas relating to probability theory: the newly developed fields of random set theory and conditional and relational event algebra. This volume is intended to be both an update on research progress on data fusion and an introduction to potentially powerful new techniques: fuzzy logic, random set theory, and conditional and relational event algebra. Audience: This volume can be used as a reference book for researchers and practitioners in data fusion or expert systems theory, or for graduate students as text for a research seminar or graduate level course.

Most would agree that the acquisition of problem-solving ability is a primary goal of education. The emergence of the new information technologiesin the last ten years has raised high expectations with respect to the possibilities of the computer as an instructional tool for enhancing students'problem-solving skills. This volume is the first to assemble, review, and discuss the theoretical, methodological, and developmental knowledge relating to this topical issue in a multidisciplinary confrontation of highly recommended experts in cognitive science, computer science, educational technology, and instructional psychology. Contributors describe the most recent results and the most advanced methodological approaches relating to the application of the computer for encouraging knowledge construction, stimulating higher-order thinking and problem solving, and creating powerfullearning environments for pursuing those objectives. The computer applications relate to a variety of content domains and age levels.

Decision makers in managerial and public organizations often encounter de­ cision problems under conflict or competition, because they select strategies independently or by mutual agreement and therefore their payoffs are then affected by the strategies of the other decision makers. Their interests do not always coincide and are at times even completely opposed. Competition or partial cooperation among decision makers should be considered as an essen­ tial part of the problem when we deal with the decision making problems in organizations which consist of decision makers with conflicting interests. Game theory has been dealing with such problems and its techniques have been used as powerful analytical tools in the resolution process of the decision problems. The publication of the great work by J. von Neumann and O. Morgen­ stern in 1944 attracted attention of many people and laid the foundation of game theory. We can see remarkable advances in the field of game theory for analysis of economic situations and a number of books in the field have been published in recent years. The aim of game theory is to specify the behavior of each player so as to optimize the interests of the player. It then recommends a set of solutions as strategies so that the actions chosen by each decision maker (player) lead to an outcome most profitable for himself or her­ self.

These essays have been written to honor W. W. Bledsoe, a scientist who has contributed to such diverse fields as mathematics, systems analysis, pattern recognition, biology, artificial intelligence, and automated reasoning. The first essay provides a sketch of his life, emphasizing his scientific contributions. The diversity of the fields to which Bledsoe has contributed is reflected in the range of the other essays, which are original scientific contributions by some of his many friends and colleagues. Bledsoe is a founding father of the field of automated reasoning, and a majority of the essays are on that topic. These essays are collected together here not only to acknowledge Bledsoe's manifold and substantial scientific contributions but also to express our appreciation for the great care and energy that he has devoted to nurturing many of the scientists working in those scientific fields he has helped found. Robert S. Boyer Austin February, 1991 ix Acknow ledgements Thanks to Larry Wos, editor of the Journal of Automated Reasoning, and Derek Middleton and Martin Scrivener, Kluwer Academic editors, for sup­ porting the idea of initiating this collection of essays. Thanks to A. Michael Ballantyne and Michael Spivak, for help with lffi.TWC, especially in identifying many formatting problems and providing fixes.