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This book is the second volume in a new series on'Great Minds in Regional Science,'which seeks to present a contemporary view on the scientific relevance of the work done by great thinkers in regional science. This volume presents, among others, Adam Smith, Johann Heinrich von Thünen, and Alan Wilson. Each chapter combines factual biographical information about the ‘Great Mind,'a description of their major contributions, and a discussion of the broader context of their work, as well as an assessment of its current relevance, scientific recognition, and policy impact. The book attempts to fill a gap in our knowledge and to respond to the growing interest in the formation and development of the field of regional science and its key influential figures.

Dieser Sammelband stellt die Urbane Produktion als wesentlichen Bestandteil der Produktiven Stadt vor. Er gibt einen Überblick zu Ideengeschichten, aktuellen Diskussionen, Konzepten, Definitionen, Messbarkeit, Relevanz und Potenzialen von Produktionsprozessen im urbanen Raum. Dabei werden notwendige Rahmenbedingungen und deren Wirkungen zum Erhalt und zur Förderung Urbaner Produktion betrachtet.Der Mehrwert des Bandes liegt unter anderem darin, dass auf der einen Seite Herausforderungen und Lösungsmöglichkeiten aus verschiedenen Perspektiven vorgestellt werden, diese aber auf der anderen Seite nach verschiedenen räumlichen Planungsebenen bis hin zur Objekt- bzw. Immobilien-Ebene differenziert werden. Um die Produktive Stadt zu sichern und zu erweitern, bedarf es inter- und transdisziplinärer Bemühungen.Somit diskutieren WissenschaftlerInnen aus unterschiedlichen Disziplinen (Architektur, Maschinenbau, Stadt- und Raumplanung, Stadt- und Immobilienökonomie, Planungsrecht) die Herausforderungen und Potenziale und unterlegen sie mit Beispielen von gelungenen (Re-) Integrationen der Produktion in die Stadt.Das Buch richtet sich sowohl an Studierende, WissenschaftlerInnen als auch StadtplanerInnen und PraktikerInnen aus Architektur, Immobilien-, Stadt- und Unternehmensentwicklung, Planungs- und Bauordnungsrecht sowie Wirtschaftsförderung.

Placed at the intersection among philosophy, geography, and computer science, the domain of investigation of applied ontology of geography ranges from making explicit assumptions and commitments of geography as a discipline, to the theoretical and technical needs of geographical/IT tools, such as GIS and geo-ontologies. Such a domain of investigation represents the central topic of discussion of this book, which intends: 1) to provide an overview of the mutual interactions among the disciplines encompassed in the domain; 2) to discuss notions such as spatial representation, boundaries, and geographical entities that constitute the main focus of the (philosophical) ontology of geography; 3) to propose a geographical classification of geo-ontologies in response to their increasing diffusion within the contemporary debate, as well as to show what ontological categories best systematize their contents. The second edition of the book differs from the first one as it offers a broader analysis of the (philosophical) ontology of geography: an analysis that is no more limited to the theoretical need of geo-ontologies.

This is a comprehensive regional geography synthesis of the most important physical and human spatial processes that shaped Serbia and led to many interesting regional issues, not only to Serbia but to the Balkans and Europe. The book provides an overall view on the Serbian physical environment, its population and economy. It also highlights important regional issues such as regional disparities and depopulation, sustainable development and ecological issues and rural economy in the context of rural area development, which have been shaped by different political and historical processes. This highly illustrated book provides interesting and informative insights into Serbia and its context within the Balkans and Europe. It appeals to scientists and students as well as travelers and general readers interested in this region.

This open access book presents and discusses current issues and innovative solution approaches for land management in a European context. Manifold sustainability issues are closely interconnected with land use practices. Throughout the world, we face increasing conflict over the use of land as well as competition for land.Drawing on experience in sustainable land management gained from seven years of the FONA programme (Research for Sustainable Development, conducted under the auspices of the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research), the book stresses and highlights co-design processes within the “co-creation of knowledge”, involving collaboration in transdisciplinary research processes between academia and other stakeholders. The book begins with an overview of the current state of land use practices and the subsequent need to manage land resources more sustainably. New system solutions and governance approaches in sustainable land management are presented from a European perspective on land use. The volume also addresses how to use new modes of knowledge transfer between science and practice. New perspectives in sustainable land management and methods of combining knowledge and action are presented to a broad readership in land system sciences and environmental sciences, social sciences and geosciences.This book received the Gerd Albers Award. The prize is awarded by the International Society of City and Regional Planners (ISOCARP).

This handbook presents a collection of high-quality, authoritative scientific contributions on cross-border migration, written by a carefully selected group of recognized migration experts from around the globe. In recent years, cross-border migration has become an important and intriguing issue, from both a scientific and policy perspective. In the ‘age of migration', the volume of cross-border movements of people continues to rise, while the nature of migration flows – in terms of the determinants, length of stay, effects on the sending and host countries, and legal status of migrants – is changing dramatically. Based on a detailed economic-geographical analysis, this handbook studies the motives for cross-border migration, the socio-economic implications for sending countries and regions, the locational choice determinants for cross-border migrants, and the manifold economic-geographic consequences for host countries and regions. Given the complexity of migration decisions and their local or regional impacts, a systematic typology of migrants (motives, legal status, level of education, gender, age, singles or families, etc.) is provided, together with an assessment of push factors in the place of origin and pull factors at the destination. On the basis of a solid analytical framework and reliable empirical evidence, it examines the impacts of emigration for sending areas and of immigration for receiving areas, and provides a comprehensive discussion of the policy dimensions of cross-border migration.

This is the first volume in a new series on'Great Minds in Regional Science,'which seeks to present a contemporary view on the scientific relevance of the work done by great thinkers in regional science. It presents, among others, Walter Isard, Martin Beckmann and Gunnar Myrdal. Each contribution combines factual biographical information, a description of their major contributions, and a discussion of the broader context of the work, as well as an assessment of its current relevance, scientific recognition and policy impact. The book attempts to fill a gap in our knowledge, and to respond to the growing interest in the formation and development of the field of regional science and its key influential figures.

That some cities are vibrant while others are in decline is starkly apparent. In The Wealth and Poverty of Cities, Mario Polèse argues that focusing on city attributes is too narrow. Cities do not control the basic conditions that determine their success or failure as sources of economic growth and well-being. Nations matter because successful metropolitan economies do not spring forth spontaneously. The values, norms, and institutions that shape social relationships are national attributes. The preconditions for the creation of wealth-the rule of law, public education, and sound macroeconomic management among the most fundamental-are the responsibility of the state. By considering national fiscal and monetary policies and state policies governing the organization of cities, this book disentangles two processes: the mechanics of creating wealth and the mechanics of agglomeration or capturing wealth. Polèse explains the two-stage process in which the proper conditions must first be in place for the benefits of agglomeration to fully flower. Polèse interweaves evocative descriptions of various cities, contrasting cities that have been helped or hurt by local and national policies wise or ill-advised. From New York to Vienna, Buenos Aires to Port au Prince, the cities come to life. Throughout the book Polèse highlights four factors that help explain strengths and weaknesses of cities as foci of economic opportunity and social cohesion: institutions, people, centrality, and chance. The result is a nuanced and accessible introduction to the economy of cities and an original perspective on what needs to improve. Cities that have managed to produce livable urban environments for the majority of their citizens mirror the societies that spawned them. Similarly, cities that have failed are almost always signs of more deep-rooted failures. If the nation does not work, neither will its cities.

A major objective of this monograph is to identify the impact of thermal environment on urban center district. It provides in-depth evaluation and research on the correlation between urban spatial morphology indicator and urban thermal environment. In addition, the distribution characteristics of thermal environment and urban morphology units sample are also evaluated intensively. Furthermore, it analyses from three aspects of urban planning, architecture and landscape respectively and includes 35 concrete measures that could be brought into practice on reducing negative impact of urban thermal environment. Through 500 vivid figures, graphs and diagrams it illustrates the relationship between urban morphology and urban thermal environment. The analysis software employed by the author includes Ecotect, ENVI-met and Ray-man. It intertwines the quantitative research of both thermal environment and urban morphology through in-depth analysis and urban microclimate simulation. It makes a valuable contribution for the research on urban environment and urban morphology.

Dieser Buchtitel ist Teil des Digitalisierungsprojekts Springer Book Archives mit Publikationen, die seit den Anfängen des Verlags von 1842 erschienen sind. Der Verlag stellt mit diesem Archiv Quellen für die historische wie auch die disziplingeschichtliche Forschung zur Verfügung, die jeweils im historischen Kontext betrachtet werden müssen. Dieser Titel erschien in der Zeit vor 1945 und wird daher in seiner zeittypischen politisch-ideologischen Ausrichtung vom Verlag nicht beworben.

This book looks at the uncharted territory between innovation activities and place making efforts to cultivate them. ‘Geographies of Disruption'aims to fill that gap by exploring the growing importance of place making for knowledge generation and innovation activities in contemporary cities, and providing an in-depth understanding of both theoretical and practical aspects of innovation geographies and the conditions that help their emergence and growth. This book underlines the growing importance of knowledge generation and innovation activities for the competitiveness of cities and their regions. It provides an in-depth and comprehensive understanding of both theoretical and practical aspects of knowledge-based urban development and its implications and prospects for cities and regions. This pioneering book contributes to the conceptualisation and practice of innovation geographies by disseminating both conceptual and empirical research findings with real-world best practice applications. With a multidisciplinary approach to themes of technology and urban development, this book is a key reference source for scholars, practitioners, consultants, city officials, policymakers and innovation study enthusiasts.

This book studies the relationship between pukaras and their surrounding landscape, focusing on the architectural and settlement variability registered in both contexts. It is the outcome of a symposium held at the XIX National Congress of Argentine Archaeology (San Miguel de Tucuman, August 8–12, 2016) entitled,'Pukaras, strategic settlements and dispersed settlements: Political landscapes of the Late Intermediate Period in the Southern Andes.'Based on the topics discussed at the event, this book presents nine case studies covering a large geographic area within the Southern Andes (northwestern Argentina, northern Chile and southern Bolivia), and breaking the national barriers that tend to atomize pre-Hispanic landscapes.The respective chapters cover a wide range of themes: from architectural and settlement variability, ways to build and inhabit space, social segmentation and hierarchy; to endemic conflict, analysis of accessibility and visibility, spatiality and temporality of landscapes; as well as new dating. This book goes beyond the Late Intermediate Period (LIP) analyses from the perspective of fortified settlements and material evidence related to war, by placing the focus on how ancient political landscapes were constructed from the relation between the pukaras and other sites as part of the same territory.The methodologies used include pedestrian surveys, photogrammetric surveys with UAVs (unmanned aerial vehicles) or drones, topographic and architectural surveys, excavations of households, ceramic and rock art analysis, and spatial analysis with geographic information systems (GISs). Given the numerous thematic interconnections between the contributions, the Editors have organized the chapters geographically, moving from south to north: from the southern valleys of Catamarca Province in Argentina to Lipez in the southern part of the Bolivian Altiplano, passing through the Calchaqui valleys of Catamarca, the puna and Quebrada de Humahuaca of Jujuy in northwest Argentina and the Antofagasta region in northern Chile.The book provides valuable new theoretical and methodological perspectives on the study of political landscapes of the Late Intermediate Period in the Southern Andes.

The quantity, diversity and availability of transport data is increasing rapidly, requiring new skills in the management and interrogation of data and databases. Recent years have seen a new wave of'big data','Data Science', and'smart cities'changing the world, with the Harvard Business Review describing Data Science as the'sexiest job of the 21st century'. Transportation professionals and researchers need to be able to use data and databases in order to establish quantitative, empirical facts, and to validate and challenge their mathematical models, whose axioms have traditionally often been assumed rather than rigorously tested against data. This book takes a highly practical approach to learning about Data Science tools and their application to investigating transport issues. The focus is principally on practical, professional work with real data and tools, including business and ethical issues.'Transport modeling practice was developed in a data poor world, and many of our current techniques and skills are building on that sparsity. In a new data rich world, the required tools are different and the ethical questions around data and privacy are definitely different. I am not sure whether current professionals have these skills; and I am certainly not convinced that our current transport modeling tools will survive in a data rich environment. This is an exciting time to be a data scientist in the transport field. We are trying to get to grips with the opportunities that big data sources offer; but at the same time such data skills need to be fused with an understanding of transport, and of transport modeling. Those with these combined skills can be instrumental at providing better, faster, cheaper data for transport decision- making; and ultimately contribute to innovative, efficient, data driven modeling techniques of the future. It is not surprising that this course, this book, has been authored by the Institute for Transport Studies. To do this well, you need a blend of academic rigor and practical pragmatism. There are few educational or research establishments better equipped to do that than ITS Leeds'. - Tom van Vuren, Divisional Director, Mott MacDonald'WSP is proud to be a thought leader in the world of transport modelling, planning and economics, and has a wide range of opportunities for people with skills in these areas. The evidence base and forecasts we deliver to effectively implement strategies and schemes are ever more data and technology focused a trend we have helped shape since the 1970's, but with particular disruption and opportunity in recent years. As a result of these trends, and to suitably skill the next generation of transport modellers, we asked the world-leading Institute for Transport Studies, to boost skills in these areas, and they have responded with a new MSc programme which you toocan now study via this book.'- Leighton Cardwell, Technical Director, WSP.'From processing and analysing large datasets, to automation of modelling tasks sometimes requiring different software packages to'talk'to each other, to data visualization, SYSTRA employs a range of techniques and tools to provide our clients with deeper insights and effective solutions. This book does an excellent job in giving you the skills to manage, interrogate and analyse databases, and develop powerful presentations. Another important publication from ITS Leeds.'- Fitsum Teklu, Associate Director (Modelling & Appraisal) SYSTRA Ltd'Urban planning has relied for decades on statistical and computational practices that have little to do with mainstream data science. Information is still often used as evidence on the impact of new infrastructure even w

The book deals with the role of social capital regarding its potential to increase small islands'adaptive capacity to climate change. The case study of the Isles of Scilly, UK, shows how social structures can play a very important role for climate change adaptation. It is argued that social features have to be understood in a non-deterministic and potentially ambivalent manner, according to their place-specific geographical, cultural and historical context. Only then, risk management and adaptation strategies can succeed and function in a sustainable way. The findings have relevance for the further refinement of social capital theory and social emergence. Combined with the perspective of resilience, this approach is also relevant from a policy standpoint, given that small islands have been identified as hotspots not only due to their vulnerability, but also because they serve as examples for media and politics to advance the agenda of environmental protection. >

This book presents a series of studies on the socio-economic impacts of tourism, with a special focus on the determinants of tourism competitiveness at the destination level. The authors offer a systematic overview of this important issue, presenting relevant empirical studies from different parts of the world, based on modern theoretical approaches and adequate analysis tools, in the context of their policy or managerial implications.The first part of the book discusses the analysis and assessment of quantitative tourism impacts on local economies, while the second part focuses on non-material aspects of tourism development, in particular those related to the role of innovation and human resources. The final section highlights the different dynamics often observed in tourism destinations arising from the interaction between tourists and local communities.

Conscious that trust deficit is a principal concern in East Asia, the book attempts to suggest ways to enhance confidence in certain key areas such as disputes in East and South China Seas, maritime CBMs, impact of economic interdependence on security, and issues concerning identity and values in Asian thinking.

Country on the Move presents original research and a comprehensive multidisciplinary analysis of the spatial aspects of migration. It considers the spatial results of two diametrically opposed policies: planning from above to settle the North African and Asian newcomers in the 1950s, and planning by market forces for immigrants from the former Soviet Union in the 1990s. Unlike other books on immigration, Country on the Move also analyzes internal migration within Israel, which is an outcome of the regional disparities produced by immigration. Moreover, it compares the empirical findings in Israel with international trends, and its analysis can serve as a foundation for setting spatial immigration policy. Audience: Researchers specializing in population geography, migration, and regional development; university students on all levels who are taking courses in these subjects; and top officials in government ministries that deal with immigration.

Graham Clarke and Moss Madden 1. 1 Background In the mid 1990s there were a number of papers in regional science that questioned the relevance and purpose of the entire sub-discipline. Bailly and Coffey (1994) for example, talked of'regional science in crisis'. They argued that there were two fundamental problems. First, regional science was too theoretical in the sense that many of its products were models that could neither be calibrated (too complex) or operationalised (too abstract) in the real world. They suggested that regional science had not sufficiently demonstrated that it can address real-world problems and subsequently lacked a focus on relevant policy issues. Second, they argued that regional science had become too narrow in focus and had moved away too far from real people and their daily concerns or struggles in life. This was not the first time we had witnessed these sorts of arguments, both from outside the discipline and from within. Sayer (1976) was perhaps the first to argue for a shift from a model-based focus in regional science to one based on political economy. Breheny (1984) criticised the'deep ignorance among regional scientists of the nature of practical policy making and implementation'(see also Rodwin (1987) for similar views in the mid 1980s). Such self-reflection is a feature of many disciplines as they reach maturity. There have been many similar reflections in geography (Johnston 1996, Barnes 1996) and economics (see the collection in the January edition of the Economic Journal 1991).

This book explores how new communication and information technologies combine with transportation to modify human spatial and temporal relationships in everyday life. It targets the need to differentiate accessibility levels among a broad range of social groupings, the need to study disparities in electronic accessibility, and the need to investigate new measures and means of representing the geography of opportunity in the information age. It explores how models based on physical notions of distance and connectivity are insufficient for understanding the new structures and behaviors that characterize current regional realities, with examples drawn from Europe, New Zealand, and North America. While traditional notions of accessibility and spatial interaction remain important, information technologies are dramatically modifying and expanding the scope of these core geographical concepts.

This book is an attempt to explain Japanese regional structure and associated dynamism in terms of urban systems. It is extremely effective to use the urban systems approach to explain the regional changes in today's Japan, which is undergoing changes wrought by economic globalization and the information revolution. This is because the transformation into a service economy has become the key component of the economic activities of cities, linkages are being mutually strengthened, and regional development is being determined by the interdependency of cities. Readers hoping to gain an understanding of the regional geography of Japan may feel that the structure and content of this book are lacking something. However, it is not the intention of this book to systematically paint a total geographical image of Japan within the context of East Asia. Instead, by focusing on urban systems theory, it might be possible to theorize about the factors related to the changing geography of Japan, suchas the growth and decline processes of Japanese urban systems, the strengthening of ties among cities and associated factors, and the expansion of socioeconomic exchanges with cities overseas, from a perspective that is different from the conventional approach.

Our world is continuously changing as new technologies are developed, demographic patterns evolve and new social and political configurations emerge. However, most people would agree that, not unlike the time of the Industrial Revolution, the rate of change has accelerated over the last few decades. It is certainly the case of many economic activities, where the trend towards globalization, supported by a faster diffusion of knowledge and information, economies of scale, the opening of borders and improved transport networks, has induced a spatial redistribution of production and ownership. Until recently, the concomitant economic growth eased the way towards the necessary reorganization, but, at the same time, created additional environmental and transport problems. This phenomenon is pervasive all around the globe, but it particularly affects the European continent, which is still fragmented by administrative, cultural and linguistic differences, national boundaries and rivalries. In this context, the slow, but persistent drive towards market integration and deregulation makes Europe an extraordinary laboratory for politicians, economic researchers and especially for transport analysts.

Es bedarf einer Rechtfertigung, wenn der Vertreter einer empirischen Wissenschaft, dessen Aufgabe es ist, das Wesen und den Wert der Länder im irdischen Wirkungs gefüge zu erforschen und darzustellen, sich an­ schickt, über einen Gegenstand zu sprechen, den es noch nicht gibt und von dem im Augenblick nicht mit Sicherheit zu sagen ist, ob es ihn in einem überschaubaren Zeitraum geben wird, und ob die Parlamente von Frank­ reich und dem Vereinigten Königreich den Vorlagen ihrer Regierungen zustimmen werden, die sie zur positiven Entscheidung vorbereitet haben: einen Tunnel zwischen Dover und Calais zu bauen. Doch ist es verständlich, wenn der Geograph aus dem Studium der Ab­ sichten und Vorstellungen der Vergangenheit, aus seiner ihm in der wissen­ schaftlichen Arbeitsteilung anheimgefallenen Aufgabe, am Gestaltplan der Gegenwart mitzuarbeiten, auch in die nahe Zukunft blickt. Die Gegenwart drängt in die Zukunft. Schon stehen Hüttenwerke und Raffinerien, petro­ chemische Werke, Kernkraftwerke zwischen langen Badestränden und Fremdenverkehrsorten längs der Kanalküsten und an der Nordseeküste, durch dichte Verkehrsnetze verbunden. Die Auseinandersetzungen zwischen den Funktionen werden nicht ausbleiben, es wird mit Bedacht auf räum­ liche Ordnung der nicht immer untereinander verträglichen Daseins­ funktionen zu achten sein. Schon der Überblick über die Gegenwart läßt die möglichen Konzeptionen für die Zukunft erkennen, ohne in prognosti­ sche Unwirklichkeiten verfallen zu müssen.

The Unique Nature of Frontier Cities and their Development Challenge Harvey Lithwick and Yehuda Grad us The advent of government downsizing, and globalization has led to enormous com­ petitive pressures as well as the opening of new opportunities. How cities in remote frontier areas might cope with what for them might appear to be a devastating challenge is the subject of this book. Our concern is with frontier cities in particular. In our earlier study, Frontiers in Regional Development (Rowman and Littlefield, 1996), we examined the distinction between frontiers and peripheries. The terms are often used interchangeably, but we believe that in fact, both in scholarly works and in popular usage, very different connotations are conveyed by these concepts. Frontiers evoke a strong positive image, of sparsely settled territories, offering challenges, adventure, unspoiled natural land­ scapes, and a different, and for many an attractive life style. Frontiers are lands of opportunity. Peripheries conjure up negative images, of inaccessibility, inadequate services and political and economic marginality. They are places to escape from, rather than frontiers, which is were people escape to. Peripheries are places of and for losers.

Experiencing the world of daily life means to observe and perceive the natural, the man-made, the socio-spatial, and the politico-economic elements of the en­ vironment we live in. But, have you ever tried to explain the phenomena of daily life such as a traffic jam or mass transit to a child? It will take you quite a while to find suitable images to make invisible forces perceivable and con­ cepts like timetables, bus routes, or capacity constraints comprehensible. This exercise alone will convince you that we need imagery or virtual worlds to cope with the complexity of the real world. The task of spatial planning is to design, implement and manage alternative futures for a complex, dynamic socio-spatial environment that emerges from a wide range of intertwined social, political, economic and environmental processes. In order to learn about these processes and gain knowledge that en­ ables spatial planners to better understand and manage socio-spatial reality, they need to think in and work with virtual worlds.

Jeder Wirtschaftsraum steht in einem Stoffaustausch mit der Umwelt. Auf der Input-Seite werden Rohmaterialien entnommen und auf der Output-Seite werden Emissionen und Abfälle abgegeben. Die Ressourcennutzung macht dabei nicht an politischen Grenzen halt. Hier wird erstmals ausführlich beschrieben, wie der globale Materialaufwand industrialisierter Regionen bestimmt werden kann. Der Autor stellt die Möglichkeiten vor, wie die physische Basis von Wirtschaftsräumen aggregiert und detailiert ermittelt und bewertet werden kann. Erläutert wird dies anhand von Beispielen für Deutschland und anderen Industrieländern sowie Ergebnissen sektoraler und regionaler Analysen (z.B. Baubereich bzw. Ruhrgebiet). Auch werden Analysen für die Planung von Infrastrukturanlagen (Energie/Wasser/Verkehr) vorgestellt, mit deren Hilfe eine nachhaltigere stofflich-energetische Versorgung lokal umgesetzt werden kann.

The 1990s have seen some remarkable changes in geographical information (GI) provision and computer technology that have impacted on many of the activities that constitute planning in all its different forms. However, relatively few texts in the field of geographical information systems (GIS) and planning have been published since Henk Scholten and John Stillwell edited Geographical Information Systems for Urban and Regional Planning in 1990. This volume seeks to redress the balance by showing how GI of various types is being used in urban, physical, environmental, socio-economic and business planning contexts at local, regional and national scales with the assistance of GIS and modelling methods, and how the uses of GI and GI technologies have evolved over the last decade. During this period, a number of meetings took place in Europe in different locations organised initially by European Geographical Information Systems (EGIS, 1990- 94) and more recently by the Joint European Conference and Exhibition (JEC) on Geographical Information (1995-97). These meetings brought together members of the GI community from across the world to discuss GI research and GIS applications. One of the Special Interest Groups associated with the JEC gatherings was that on'Geographical Information and Planning'and several of the contributions in this book have their origins in papers presented to the group's meetings.

Seit Ende der 80er Jahre befassen sich verschiedene Städte mit Stadtmarketing, das den Bereichen Öffentlichkeitsarbeit, Stadtentwicklung, Wirtschaftsförderung und Standortwerbung neue Impulse geben sollte. Marketingkonzepte wurden dabei mit Modifikationen von der Betriebswirtschaft auf die kommunale Ebene übertragen. Hinter den ursprünglichen Konzeptionen standen Schlagworte wie'Unternehmen Stadt'oder'Dienstleistungsorientierung'. Heute wird unter dem Begriff eher ein umfassendes Konzept verstanden, das weniger die Werbung für die Stadt in den Mittelpunkt rückt, als vielmehr versucht, auf der Grundlage einer zukunftsfähigen und zugleich umweltschonenden Stadtentwicklung die Stadt und ihre Leistungen für Bürger und Wirtschaft attraktiver zu machen.

Dieser Buchtitel ist Teil des Digitalisierungsprojekts Springer Book Archives mit Publikationen, die seit den Anfängen des Verlags von 1842 erschienen sind. Der Verlag stellt mit diesem Archiv Quellen für die historische wie auch die disziplingeschichtliche Forschung zur Verfügung, die jeweils im historischen Kontext betrachtet werden müssen. Dieser Titel erschien in der Zeit vor 1945 und wird daher in seiner zeittypischen politisch-ideologischen Ausrichtung vom Verlag nicht beworben.

Die zunehmende Einsicht in die Komplexität kommunaler Ent­ wicklungsprozesse führt zur Suche nach angemessenen Formen planerischer Bewältigung. In den letzten Jahren konzentrierten sich die Bemühungen vor allem auf die bessere Gestaltung von Planungsverfahren mit dem vorherrschenden Ziel, eine bessere Legitimation zu erreichen. Die ständige Verbreiterung der Informationsgrundlage zwingt aber auch zur Entwicklung neuer Methoden der Informationsver­ arbeitung. Hier standen bisher rein analytische Methoden im Vordergrund, während die Entwicklung zielorientierter Konzepte weitgehend der Intuition anheimgegeben war. Durch Einsatz von Planungsmethoden könnten hier Verbesserungen erreicht werden. Die Erarbeitung und Implementierung solcher Methoden erweist sich als sehr aufwendig. Der Einführung in die Verwaltung stel­ len sich erhebliche Widerstände entgegen. Es ist zu vermuten, daß in der Vergangenheit bei der Methodenentwicklung den An­ wendungsbedingu~gen zuwenig Beachtung geschenkt wurde. Die vorliegende Arbeit knüpft einerseits· an diese allgemeine Feststellung an und bezieht ihre spezielle Fragestellung aus den am Fachgebiet Stadt- und Regionalplanung der Abteilung Raumplanung der Universität Dortmund durchgeführten Arbeiten zur Entwicklung rechner-gestützter Methoden zur Standortbe­ stimmung. Die vorliegende Untersuchung stellt sich in diesem Zusammen­ hang zwei Fragen, die empirisch überprüft werden sollten: - Welchen Stand hat die Anwendung von Methoden zur Standort­ bestimmung? - Welche Bestimmungsgründe bestehen für die Anwendung unter­ schiedlich anspruchsvoller Methoden? - IV - Aufgrund des gegenwärtigen Standes der Methodenanwendung ergaben sich erhebliche Schwierigkeiten für eine empirische Analyse, die sich teilweise bewältigenließen auf der Aus­ kunftsbereitschaft einer großen Zahl von Interviewpartnern, denen wir sehr zu Dank verpflichtet sind.

National and European transport models become increasingly important. The broadening of national transport policy from strategic infrastructure investments to infrastructure management strengthens the need for advanced and more policy sensitive tools of analysis. The increase of interregional and international mobility requires forecasting tools that go beyond the urban or regional level. The competition for national infrastructure investments among regions and for Trans-European investments among nations has to be resolved by decisions and decision support systems at the appropriate spatial level. Environmental impacts transcend regional and national boundaries and transport policies affecting these environmental impacts involve all spatial levels. This volume presents the state of the art and prospects of a sample of the most advanced national and European transport models within a comparative framework.

This book presents the fmdings of a comparative study of three European metropolitan regions: Vienna, Barcelona and Stockholm. The heart of the work consists of empirical studies carefully designed and developed in order to identify the main actors and mechanisms supporting technological innovation in each of the metropolitan regions. The authors have also highlighted the similarities and differences across regions and countries, investigating how these came to be, and discussing the possible implications. The introductory as well as the concluding Chapter was written by Manfred M. Fischer who, assisted by Attila Varga, was also responsible for Chapter 2 on the Metropolitan Region of Vienna. Javier Revilla Diez contributed Chapter 3 on the Barcelona Metropolitan Region. Folke Snickars has provided Chapter 4 which examines the Metropolitan Region of Stockholm and. All authors have reviewed and commented on the whole contents so that the volume represents a collective endeavour which has been rendered as homogeneous as possible. A particular effort has been made to ensure that the study is based on a common conceptual framework.

Looking into the future and trying to visualize long-run regional disparities is difficult. There is no agreed single theory to guide our model building, although some insight can be gained from analysisofthe past and by looking at the differ­ ent theoretical positions to see if there is any agreement at least in terms of out­ come ifnot in terms of mechanism. This is what is attempted in this book, which brings together specialists with a common interest in European regional growth and in applying quantitative analytical and simulation techniques in order to pro­ vide different perspectives on the topic. Manyofthe Chapters in the book employ the methods of spatial econometrics. Spatial econometrics is a suite of statistical and econometric tools dedicated to the analysisofspatial data, in other words data that is set within the context of socio-econornic theories and which can be repre­ sented most informatively in mapped form. These methods have emerged over the last half-century from aseries of influential papers and books in the fields of re­ gional science, spatial statistics and quantitative geography, and are ripe for seri­ ous application in the context of the EU's development. In particular they provide the means by which to analyze spatially indexed data where the time dimension is essentially suppressed because, for instance the variables of interest are not avail­ able or are of questionable accuracy, which is often the case when one is inter­ ested in regional, rather than national, variations across a numberofcountries.

Recent developments in the field of urban analysis and management are investigated in this book. It is a wide-ranging collection of essays on the subject drawn from a long-term project and seminar, held in Italy, to review the state of the art and speculate on the future influence on the'sciences of the city'of the complexity concept. Of particular interest is the variety of points of view, often contrasting, and the attempt to go beyond the conventional approaches to the analysis, and the planning of the city. While focussing mainly on the European (and in particular Italian) context, the discussion is of general relevance and valuable to anyone concerned with the prospects for the city in the new millenium.

Planning Support Systems: Technologies that are Driving Planning Michael Batty Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis (CASA), University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London WC 1 E 6BT, United Kingdom I had always thought the term'Planning Support Systems', abbreviated to PSS, had been coined by the father of land use modelling, Britton Harris, in his article'Beyond Geographic Information Systems: computers and the planning professional'published in the Journal of the American Planning Association in 1989 (Harris 1989). Until I asked hirn, that iso In a response to a paper he gave to the Urban and Regional Information Systems Association (URISA) in the summer of 1987, he told me that someone in the audience who he cannot quite remember, actually coined the term, referring to'planning support systems'as that constellation of digital techniques (such as GIS) which were emerging to support the planning process. In fact, the predecessor term'decision support systems'(DSS) from which this unknown originator obviously defined PSS by analogy, was coined as far back as the late 1970s in the management literature for a loose assemblage of techniques, usually computer-based, which aided management decisions. The term slowly entered the geographicallexicon as'spatial decision support systems'(SDSS) and this is probably first attributable to Lew Hopkins and Mark Armstrong who used it in a paper published in AutoCarto 7 in 1985 (Hopkins and Armstrong 1985).

The complex interactions between human and physical systems confronting social scientists and policymakers pose unique conceptual, methodological, and practical complications when ‘doing research'. Graduate students in a broad range of related fields need to learn how to tackle the discipline-specific issues of space, place, and scale as they propose and perform research in the spatial sciences. This practical textbook and overview blends plenty of concrete examples of spatial research and case studies to familiarize readers with the research process as it demystifies and exemplifies how to really do it. The appendix contains both completed and in-progress proposals for MA and PhD theses and dissertations. Emphasizing research as a learning and experiential process while providing students with the encouragement and skills needed for success in proposal writing,'Research Design and Proposal Writing in Spatial Science'can serve as a textbook for graduate-level research-design courses, as well as for undergraduate-level project-based spatial science courses.Keywords: proposal writing, grant writing, research, geography, spatial science

The aim of this book is to highlight the great potential of decentralized (i.e. local or urban) energy policies in achieving environmentally-benign developments for modern cities. Urban sustainability is placed in the context of the debate on global sustainable development. A wide array of policy initiatives is discussed and evaluated, ranging from market-based energy policies to technological innovation policies for the energy sector. A theoretical framework for technology adoption processes is developed and empirically tested. The main question addressed is: which are the critical success factors for successful urban energy policies? This question is also dealt with in a meta-analytic context by assessing and comparing the performance of energy policies in various European cities, with a particular view to renewable energy.

In recent years more emphasis has been placed in transport research on using existing roads as efficiently as possible in order to diminish the impact of traffic congestion. This book describes new theoretical, empirical and simulation models to analyse the impact of information provision to drivers and road pricing on congestion levels. It is the first publication presenting a wide variety of economic models to study information and road pricing effects jointly.

It is difficult, if not impossible, to establish the point of time at which a new field of study starts to emerge. While the date of formal organization of a society asso­ ciated with the field can be precisely stated, such timing says little about when and where the seeds for a field's development were planted. Also, such timing says little about the essential'why'for the development of a field and provides little understanding of the path that it traced. It is clear that the emergence of the field of regional science, like many other fields, was dependent on a particular setting as well as the pattern of events and interaction of diverse personalities who became involved. As best I can, I shall attempt in this Part I of the History to unravel the where, when and why questions in the development of Regional Science and the Regional Science Association International. Further, in the last section of this essay, I shall briefly point up some potentialities for analytical advances in the field of regional science. Also, I shall note the opportunity for leadership by regional scientists in attacking global and regional development problems, thereby to help formulate relevant policy. In this way, I hope to expose the potential for fruitful research by young scholars interested in entering the field.

Since 1962 the Desert Institute of the former Academy of Science of the USSR has been conducting research work in the arid and semi-arid zones of central Asia. This outstanding experience in desert and desertification problems, and the possibilities of sustainable land use under difficult environmental conditions is summarized here. The book also gives an overview of the Institute's consulting work within the framework of international projects. This is the first publication allowing readers outside the Russian-speaking world to obtain concise information about the specific constraints and development possibilities of central Asian drylands.

In the past decade there has been growing recognition that economic development is not mainly exogenously determined but, to a large extent, is a transformation process induced and governed by economic actors who respond to competitive, institutional and political challenge. This'challenge and response'model is increasingly accepted as a valid analytical framework in modem growth theory and also explains the popularity of endogenous growth approaches to technological innovation issues. However, a major and as yet largely under-researched topic is the question of the diffusion and adoption of new technological changes in the context of space-time dynamics. This diffusion and adoption pattern has obviously clear spatial and temporal variations connected with behavioural responses which may vary over time and different locations. This means that a closer analysis of spatio-temporal opportunities and impediments is necessary in order to fully map the complex interactions of technology and economy in space and time. This volume sets out to bring together a collection of original contributions commissioned by the editors to highlight the spatio-temporal patterns and backgrounds of the diffusion and adoption of new technologies. Some are in the nature of a survey, others.have a modelling background and again others are case studies. The contributions originate from different countries and different disciplines. This book is complementary to a previously published volume on technological innovation, Technological Change, Economic Development and Space, edited by C.S. Bertuglia, M.M. Fischer and G. Preto, and also published by Springer-Verlag (1995).

When in 1989 the authors started research on infrastructure, they did not foresee that this would lead to a long-term involvement in this area. Our beginning happened to coincide with the publication of David Aschauer's article on public capital and productivity, which induced a large flow of publications in this field. Infrastructure has indeed been a hot topic in policy and research during the past decade. It is surprising, however, that the number of monographs on spatial and economic impacts of infrastructure has remained very limited. The aim of this book is to contribute to the literature in a consolidated way. A distinguishing feature of our book is that we analyze infrastructure impacts using various methods (both modelling and non-modelling) at a variety of spatial levels (from local to international). Other special features are that we make ample use of'accessibility'as a bridge concept between the areas of infrastructure and the economy. Finally, we not only treat transport infrastructure projects as given, as is the usual approach in infrastructure impact research, but we also analyze the factors influencing infrastructure supply. We have adopted a mainly non-technical approach throughout most of the book. This means that it can also be used by readers without a strong back­ ground in statistics, modelling or micro-economics.

This book is the result of several years of research into the modeling and algorithm of problems in dynamic travel choice and related areas. Three types of discrete­ time dynamic travel choice models, along with numerical examples, are presented, i.e., deterministic, stochastic and fuzzy models. The notable features pertaining to these models are as follows: 1. The asymmetric property of the dynamic link travel time function is clearly verified, which leads to a variational inequality formulation. 2. The flow propagation constraint is implicitly defined in our model through the incidence relationship between the link inflow and route flow. 3. The inflow, exit flow, and number of vehicles on a link are identified as the three different states over time for the same vehicles under the flow propagation process. Therefore, only one link variable needs to be used in our dynamic travel choice models. This treatment can largely simplify the models'complexity, and possibly reduce the computation time. 4. The developed time-space network is consistent with scaling units both in temporal and spatial dimensions. 5. The proposed nested diagonalization method takes care of two types of link interactions, i.e., actual link travel times, and inflows other than that on the subject time-space link. 6. The equivalence analysis between a dynamic travel choice model and its corresponding equilibrium condition is performed by proving both the necessary and sufficient conditions under the presumption of equilibrated actual travel times.

During the last two decades a new growth theory has emerged - often labelled'endogenous economic growth'. The contributions in the book develop these advances into a theoretical framework for endogenous regional economic growth and explain the implications for regional economic policies in the perspective of the new century. Endogenous growth models can reflect increasing returns and hence refer more adequately to empirical observations than earlier models, and the models become policy relevant, because in endogenous growth models policy matters. Such policies comprise efforts to stimulate the growth of knowledge intensity of the labour supply and knowledge production in the form of R&D.

Inevitably, at a panel discussion not too long ago comparing planning cultures the discussion turned on the issue of globalisation. As a member of the panel, this author asked those in the audience who lived and/or worked in a country different from their country of origin to raise their hands. About half of the audience of well over one hundred academic teachers and researchers from all comers of the world, the present author included did so. Next he asked who had a spouse or partner from a country different from their country of origin to also raise their hands. About half of the audience, the present author included, raised their hands. This is the soft side of globalisation. The soft side of globalisation is important. Exchanges, personal mobility, international romances, multi-culturalism and multi-lingualism (inevitably meaning non-native speakers struggling to keep up with native English speakers) are part of the academic scene, so much so that we can hardly imagine it to be otherwise. These are not entirely new phenomena, but they have become ever more prominent, relying on an ever more elaborate institutional infrastructure of exchange programmes, international journals, associations and the global conference industry. It was at the AESOP (Association of European Schools of Planning) congress at Bmo in the Czech Republic in July 2000 that the plan for this book was hatched.

Employing state-of-the art quantitative models and case studies, Location Theory and Decision Analysis provides the methodologies behind the siting of such facilities as transportation terminals, warehouses, housing, landfills, state parks and industrial plants. Through its extensive methodological review, the book serves as a primer for more advanced texts on spatial analysis, including the monograph on Location, Transport and Land-Use by the same author. Given the rapid changes over the last decade, the Second Edition includes new analytic contributions as well as software survey of analytics and spatial information technology. While the First Edition served the professional community well, the Second Edition has substantially expanded its emphasis for classroom use of the volume. Extensive pedagogic materials have been added, going from the fundamental principles to open-ended exercises, including solutions to selected problems. The text is of value to engineering and business programs that offer courses in Decision and Risk Analysis, Muticriteria Decision-Making, and Facility Location and Layout. It should also be of interest to public policy programs that use geographic Information Systems and satellite imagery to support their analyses.

Preface–Introduction 1 Dietmar Scholich The various regions within the European Union are marked by a high degree of disparity with regard to economic performance and productivity, and with respect to their labour markets. The intention underlying the EU's concept of ‘territorial cohesion'is to reduce these differences and imbalances and, at the same time, to ensure more balanced spatial development throughout the EU. Territorial cohesion – for which the German language uses two slightly different terms, “territoriale Kohäsion” and “territorialer Zusammenhalt” – has to be seen as a general term encompassing a number of different components. In addition to redressing disparities and spatial imbalances, this concept aims to improve territorial integration and to promote co-operation among EU regions. In striving to bring about territorial cohesion, due account must be taken of the diversity of the European continent, and consideration should be given to the advantages and disadvantages each area exhibits. Among the special challenges to be faced are the concentration of population and economic activity in what has come to be known as the Pentagon, the process of EU enlargement, and the severe imbalances which exist between the major centres of population and other parts of the EU territory. Against this background, it was only right and proper that territorial cohesion should be included in the draft of the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe (Article I-3), which lists economic, social, and territorial cohesion as being among the Union's objectives.

Environmental and Human Security: Then and Now 1 2 ALAN D. HECHT AND P. H. LIOTTA • 1 U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development 2 Pell Center for International Relations and Public Policy Salve Regina University 1. Nontraditional Threats to Security The events of September 11, 2001 have sharpened the debate over the meaning of being secure. Before 9/11 there were warnings in all parts of the world that social and environmental changes were occurring. While there was prosperity in North America and Western Europe, there was also increasing recognition that local and global effects of ecosystem degradation posed a serious threat. Trekking from Cairo to Cape Town thirty years after living in Africa as a young teacher, for example, travel writer Paul Theroux concluded that development in sub-Saharan Africa had failed to improve the quality of life for 300 million people: “Africa is materially more decrepit than it was when I first knew it—hungrier, poorer, less educated, more pessimistic, more corrupt, and you can't tell the politicians from the witch-doctors” (2002). While scholars and historians will debate the causes of 9/11 for some time, one message is clear: An often dizzying array of nontraditional threats and complex vulnerabilities define security today. We must understand them, and deal with them, or suffer the consequences. Environmental security has always required att- tion to nontraditional threats linked closely with social and economic well-being.