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This paper analyzes how the formation of Global Value Chains (GVCs) has affected the exchange rate elasticity of exports. Using a panel framework covering 46 countries over the period 1996-2012, we first find some suggestive evidence that the elasticity of real manufacturing exports to the Real Effective Exchange Rate (REER) has decreased over time. We then examine whether the formation of supply chains has affected this elasticity using different measures of GVC integration. Intuitively, as countries are more integrated in global production processes, a currency depreciation only improves competitiveness of a fraction of the value of final good exports. In line with this intuition, we find evidence that GVC participation reduces the REER elasticity of manufacturing exports by 22 percent, on average.

This paper sets out the key concepts necessary to calculate trade in value added using input-output tables. We explain the basic structure of an input-output table and the matrix algebra behind the computation of trade in value added statistics. Specifically, we compute measures of domestic value-added, foreign value added, and forward and backward linkages, as well as measures of both a country's participation and position in global value chains. We work in detail with an example of a global input-output table for 3 countries each with 4 sectors, provided by the Eora Multi-Region Input-Output (MRIO) database. The aim is to provide an introduction to the analysis of global value chains for use in policy work. An accompanying suite of Matlab codes are provided that can be used with the full set of Eora MRIO tables.

International Trade, Distribution and Development brings together a collection of papers that have sought to assess empirically the impacts of policy measures affecting trade. The carefully selected papers analyze the impact of trade barriers and their removal, with a focus on distributional consequences and economic development.Grounded in rigorous empirical analysis, this book covers a range of policy issues such as impacts of trade on wages, non-tariff barriers, trade preferences, export survival and carbon labelling. An invaluable reference for readers seeking to understand the impact of trade policies, the book also seeks to shed light on future research, especially for research on developing countries.

In The Floating World, Emeritus Professor of Economics Wilfred Ethier collates 22 papers that delve deep into the study on International Trade Theory. These papers are grouped into six distinct sections. Each covers an overarching research program in trade theory — Factor-Endowments Theory, Economies of Scale, International Factor Markets, Regional Integration, the Political Economy of Trade Policy, and Administered Protection. An additional section for important papers outside of those programs is also included. With papers originally written in the 1970s all the way up to recent times, Ethier provides contemporary commentary for each section, referring to further sources, candid accounts on the state of international trade theory at the time and how each paper contributed to further improvements of their respective research program.

Alan Deardorff was 65 years old on June 6, 2009. To celebrate this occasion, a Festschrift in his honor was held on October 2-3, 2009, in the Rackham Amphitheater at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor. The Festschrift was entitled “Comparative Advantage, Economic Growth, and the Gains from Trade and Globalization: A Festschrift in Honor of Alan V Deardorff.” It was co-organized by two of Professor Deardorff's former students, Drusilla Brown of Tufts University and Robert Staiger of Stanford University, together with Robert Stern representing the University of Michigan. The first day of the Festschrift involved a series of panels in which invited participants reflected on Professor Deardorff's contributions, including his writings on: comparative advantage; trade and growth; the gains from trade and globalization; and computational modeling and trade policy analysis. The panel participants prepared written comments, setting out their evaluation of Professor Deardorff's contributions combined with their own thoughts on the current state of knowledge and analysis of the particular topic. At the end of the first day, Paul Krugman of Princeton University and The New York Times delivered a Citigroup Foundation Special Lecture entitled “Reflections on Globalization: Yesteryear and Today.” All of these papers and Krugman's lecture are contained in the volume.In order to provide further perspective on the foregoing topics, each section of the volume includes reprints of a number of Professor Deardorff's most important papers that underlie the reflections on his work by the following Festschrift panelists whose original works are presented in this volume:

This book brings together a collection of papers that Robert M Stern and his co-authors have written in recent years. The collection addresses a variety of issues pertinent to the global trading system. One group of papers deals with globalization in terms of what the public needs to know about this phenomenon and the role of the World Trade Organization (WTO), whether some countries may be hurt by globalization, how global market integration relates to national sovereignty, and how and whether considerations of fairness are and should be dealt with in the global trading system and WTO negotiations. A second group of papers consists of analytical and computational modeling studies of multilateral, regional, and bilateral trading arrangements and negotiations from a global and national perspective for the United States and other major trading countries. The remaining papers include an empirical analysis of barriers to international services transactions and the consequences of liberalization, and issues of international trade and labor standards.

We present and discuss a set of indicators to help assess countries'trade policies. The indicators relate to three policy areas – trade in goods, trade in services, and FDI. Given concerns about the direction of global trade policy, we also consider a set of more granular measures that reflect the evolution of countries'policies since the 2008 financial crisis. We propose a simple approach to present the multidimensional aspects of trade policy that, by shedding light on relative openness across areas, can facilitate policy discussions. In the cross-section of countries, we find a diversity in the type of measures adopted, both between and (since the 2008 financial crisis) within policy areas, lending support to the approach based on multiple indicators. The indicators'time series suggest that advanced and, especially, emerging economies are moving toward more open regimes over time, although recently progress has, with some exceptions, slowed across the board. Lastly, our findings also call for stronger efforts to objectively quantify the different aspects of countries'trade regimes. More data, both across countries and in terms of policy areas that significantly affect trade, are needed for better-informed policy discussions.

We analyze the impact on productivity in advanced economies of fast-growing trade with China between the mid-1990s and late-2000s, separately identifying the export and import channels. We use country-sector-level data for 18 advanced economies and, similar to Autor, Dorn, and Hanson (2013), exploit exogenous variation in trade with China in a given country-sector by instrumenting imports from (exports to) China in a given country-sector with the average imports from (exports to) China in the same sector in other advanced economies. Our estimates point to large productivity gains from trading with China—the (exogenous) rise of China in global trade may have increased the level of total factor productivity by about 1.9 percent, or 12.3 percent of the overall increase over the sample period, in the median country-sector. By contrast, using a similar empirical strategy, we find adverse employment effects of Chinese imports in exposed country-industries, consistent with previous studies. Taken together, these findings point to large gains from free trade, while underscoring the scope for a more active policy role in redistributing them, particularly by easing workers'transition between jobs and industries.

International trade and finance are becoming increasingly complicated, which poses many challenges for policymakers, business professionals, and academics. Understanding the intricacies of this global economic landscape is vital to navigating modern business and policy-making complexities. However, the overwhelming amount of information makes comprehending the underlying theories and practices that drive these fields challenging. Global Economic Interconnectedness: International Trade and Finance provides a comprehensive analysis of the mechanisms of international trade and finance. By unraveling the complexities of these relationships, the book helps readers understand how economic policies are formulated, how global markets are influenced, and how individuals and nations are affected. The book provides a solid foundation for engaging with these critical issues, focusing on these fields'historical evolution and current state. The book is a valuable resource for a diverse audience, including academic researchers, policymakers, business executives, and students, bridging the gap between theory and practice. It offers insights that can be applied in real-world scenarios by addressing key topics such as the impact of digital technologies, the role of international organizations, and the implications of geopolitical tensions. By equipping readers with the knowledge and understanding needed to navigate the complexities of the global economy, Global Economic Interconnectedness: International Trade and Finance provides a path for successful engagement with these critical issues.

This book aims to help readers understand the status of the division of labour in global value chains, its impact on traditional research topics and to familiarise readers with the application of input-output methods in Global Value Chain (GVC) research.The book features a combination of practices in China and offers international comparisons. Chapters 1 to 4 discuss the measurement of global value chains, specifically the measurement of the location of production, the status of the division of labour and the risk of the GVC, as well as the GVC and the Domestic Value Chain (DVC). Chapters 5 to 8 focus on the applications of GVCs in the study of traditional topics such as the structure of international trade, the factor content of foreign trade, the real effective exchange rate and environmental pollution.This book will be a great read to students and scholars of statistics, economics, international trade and those interested in China's economy in general.

From the 2008 global financial crisis and the Covid-19 pandemic, to Brexit and the ongoing Russia-Ukraine war, the past two decades have been a turbulent period for the global economy. Recognising that we are currently at a tipping point, Contemporary Issues in International Trade: Challenges and Opportunities provides a comprehensive overview of the changes in trade and capital flows currently in play across the globe. Topics of discussion include: Vertical specialization Impact of crises on trade Macroeconomic vulnerability in developing countries India's automotive and technological exports The influence of liberalization on India's manufacturing sector International insurance markets Protectionism Labour market impact of trade reforms Blockchain technology The influence of ‘fake news'on trading preferences Challenges in the globalisation of agriculture Correlations between trade and human development Reaching beyond the usual terrain of economic engagement, this edited collection confronts critical issues to demand urgent analytical attention and a harnessing of the economic potential at stake.

This book is for use in IMBA, MIB, LLM and other graduate programs; in university-based executive development programs; and in in-company seminars — and for use as a handbook and reference book by managers, executives, board members, consultants, and legal counsel who are engaged in the practice of international trade and/or foreign direct investment (FDI).The authors provide an advanced introduction to international trade and FDI terms, concepts, principles, and practices — and to the governmental, intergovernmental, and nongovernmental factors that regulate or facilitate the conduct of international trade and FDI. These factors include:tariff barriers, non-tariff barriers, and other barriers to trade;entry and post-entry barriers to FDI;provisions contained in the GATT and other trade instruments;the functionalities of the WTO, other global mechanisms, and regional trade blocks; andinternational standards, the harmonization of laws, and the settlement of disputes.The material in the book is drawn from multiple disciplines, which include international relations, international trade, international law, and economic and diplomatic history; relies primarily on original source materials; makes extensive use of examples; and is formatted to facilitate its use as a textbook, handbook, and reference book.

This book bridges the existing gap between the theory and practices related to international finance. It discusses banking theories and operational procedures relating to the methods of payment with special reference to Letters of credit (LCs), like revolving LCs, back-to-back LCs, transferable LCs, and standby LCs, with specific applications of documentary discrepancies. Moreover, this book discusses merchanting trade, buyers'credit and supplier's credit, and bank guarantees with many practical caselets, linked to the applications of the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) and other regulatory rules. It also examines the various roles of banks in financing international trade which are extensively discussed through several cases.This volume: Explains in-depth the intricacies and discrepancies relating to the documentation involved in international trade Presents in detail the various steps of executing an export or import deal, right from signing of the contract, managing pre-shipment credit, and booking a forward contract to hedge the exchange rate risk till the closing of the deal Gives a comprehensive account of all trade finance products with processes and procedures, rules, and regulations, and risks and mitigates Discusses the application of ICC rules through detailed case-lets, which helps an exporter take necessary actions when the payment is denied by a party overseas, or how an importer can simply deny the payment if there is documentary noncompliance Scrutinises different types of forex transactions, the regulatory framework within which they take place, and the associated risks and solutions Attempts to resolve the existing disparity in the understanding and interpretation of regulatory guidelines and the practices adopted by banks and corporate houses in implementing them. Accessibly written, this book will be useful to students, researchers, and teachers from the fields of management, business studies, international trade and treasury operations, finance, international banking, trade and commerce, and economics. This will also be an invaluable companion to the professionals working in export–import businesses, foreign exchange businesses, treasury front-office and back-office operations, bureaucrats, and public policymakers.

Relying on economic theory where necessary, this book emphasizes translating that theory into practical applications that will help students appreciate the clear importance of understanding how countries, businesses, workers, and governments interact with each other. It offers in-depth analysis, empirical evidence, and practical examples arising from all the forms of international exchange: international trade, or the exchange of goods and services across borders; international finance, or the roles that currencies, exchange rates, prices, and monetary systems play in facilitating global investment and trade; global migration, through which workers move from lower-wage countries to higherwage countries; the international flows of capital and knowledge through multinational enterprises and global supply chains; and the global policy architecture underlying these flows. The book pays particular attention to how globalization and technological change affect economic inequality, a primary policy issue today.

This book presents a comprehensive analysis of contemporary issues in international trade and economic development. Emphasising the significance of economic development within policymaking, the book covers important issues like the provisioning of public goods, its implication in a liberalised regime, crime and corruption, skilled–unskilled wage inequality, income distribution and unemployment, environmental regulation and role of educational capital and informal sector. The volume deals with the impact that different aspects of international trade and investment are likely to have on the above-mentioned areas. The essays, written to honour the memory of Professor Sarbajit Chaudhuri, also examine topics that focus on public policy related to immigration of skilled workforce, political resistance and political compulsions that a democratic government might face in keeping with its commitment to tariff reforms, gender wage gap and issues related to globalisation, income distribution and unemployment. The book will be of invaluable interest to postgraduate students, scholars and researchers of development economics, international economics and labour economics and to those working on theoretical research on applications of general equilibrium trade models in developing countries.

Live music events are synonymous with fun but seldom associated with international trade. This book serves to transform this mindset, through describing the economic value of live music and analysing the factors affecting international trade in Caribbean live music services.Race and ethnicity, unachieved regionalism within the Caribbean, and perceived biases in international trade agreements are assessed in relation to their impact on this trade. Several topics presented in this book are based on empirical findings from a previous microeconomic study, dedicated entirely to international trade in live music. Moreover, this book is unique because it compares the Caribbean and South Korea to assess the effectiveness of strategies aimed at developing international trade in live music services. This comparison should inspire robust policy initiatives for advancing international trade in Caribbean live music, given that South Korea is presently a heavyweight in the export of its entertainment services, despite language barriers.Given the interdisciplinary nature of this book, it will appeal to a wide range of readers such as postgraduate students or researchers of microeconomics, intraregional trade, international trade, international business, international relations, public policy, and cultural studies, as well as IP legal professionals, live music stakeholders, cultural practitioners, and policymakers.

This book explores the catching-up process of a group of large emerging markets: the New Economic Powers. This process is extremely robust and should be considered as the defining trend of our age, resulting in a pivotal change in world economics and politics. The outcome is that the West cannot dominate the world as it did in the previous 200 years. Today's world is pluralistic, and the larger emerging markets are becoming increasingly influential. That is the new reality, which at times caused, and will cause, further discomfort and uncertainty in the West. In the eight chapters, the viewpoints on globalization of nine New Economic Powers are discussed. Each chapter is an essential element in understanding the process of globalization and the role the New Economic Powers play in it. Essentially, their views are guided by a fundamental different look about the role of the market and the government in society, compared to what we see in the West. The New Economic Powers understand the power of the market to create prosperity, but at the same time emphasize the need for government interference. This delicate balance is particularly visible with respect to their international trade and investment policies, which bring them in conflict with Western countries and multilateral institutions such as the WTO and the IMF. The book helps the reader to understand the fundamental choices made by policymakers in the New Economic Powers.

The COVID-19 pandemic has adversely affected global trade. While factories have stopped production worldwide due to COVID-19, global trade has also been adversely affected by the pandemic. The international trade of the world's top exporting countries has begun to decline. Although it is too early to judge the impact of the pandemic on world trade, as the virus has not yet been eradicated, research into the cause-effect relationship between these two phenomena is necessary to understand the magnitude of its impact as well as possible solutions to the problem. The Transformation of Global Trade in a New World provides relevant theoretical frameworks and the latest findings in the field of international business and internationalization. It addresses the asymmetric impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on international trade and the methods of entry into foreign markets together with the future prospects of global trade in an era of globalization. Covering topics such as economic crisis, green finance, and labor force sustainability, this premier reference source is an excellent resource for business leaders and executives, economists, logistics professionals, sociologists, students and faculty of higher education, librarians, researchers, and academicians.

Professor Czinkota shares with us his practical insights into the modern world trading system and the complexities that exist within. It provides an invaluable framework for future global leaders in their endeavors to solve global trade crises and find opportunities for furthering the free flow of goods and services across borders.It is rare to find such practical insights into the rationale of why the world is what it is today and makes for some interesting guidance for the future. Anyone who reads this book will be better equipped to tackles the challenges of operating in the world economy and working their way out of conflicts.The book also addresses the weaknesses present in current world structures, such as the World Trade Organization and its inability to suppress China, guiding the reader on how to achieve business success in a world of instability and diplomatic tensions. The concept of Curative International Marketing is a unique framework fathered by Professor Czinkota and is deeply explored in this book.

Cross-border business transactions have become increasingly important due to new norms of conducting business. Cross-border business has led to the emergence of multiple business opportunities and challenges to various stakeholders. Such global reality cannot simply be ignored; thus, business entities that operate across national borders need to fully employ global business strategies to compete and survive in the dynamic global environment. Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Cross-Border Trade and Business captures a multi-faceted outlook on international business phenomena, particularly when cross-border businesses are severely affected by global crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic. This book discusses the perspectives of stakeholders from both developed and developing countries as they handled international crises including the COVID-19 pandemic. Covering topics such as knowledge acquisition, internationalization, and small and medium enterprises, this book is an essential resource for business executives, practitioners, policymakers, graduate and post-graduate students of government or business administration, professors, researchers, and academicians.

Understanding the New Global Economy: A European Perspective argues that globalisation is facing economic and political headwinds. A new global economic geography is emerging, cross-border relationships are changing, and global governance structures must come to terms with a new multipolar world. This book clarifies the fundamental questions and trade-offs in this new global economy, and gives readers the tools to understand contemporary debates. It presents a range of possible policy options, without being prescriptive.Following a modular structure, each chapter takes a similar approach but can also be read as a stand-alone piece. State-of-the-art academic research and historical experiences are weaved throughout the book, and readers are pointed towards relevant sources of information.This text is an accessible guide to the contemporary world economy, suited to students of international economics, political economy, globalisation, and European studies. It will also be valuable reading for researchers, professionals, and general readers interested in economics, politics, and civil society.

Contrary to the claims made by neoliberal governments and mainstream academics, this book argues that the huge increase in trade in recent decades has not made the world a fairer place: instead, the age of globalization has become a time of mass migration caused by increasing global inequality.The theory of unequal exchange challenges the free trade doctrine, claiming that transfers of value from poorer to richer countries are hidden behind apparently equivalent market transactions. Following a critical review of the existing approaches, the book proposes a general theory of unequal exchange in the light of an innovative reconstruction of Marx's international law of value, in which money and exchange rates play a crucial role in decoupling value captured from value produced by different countries, even in perfectly competitive world markets. On this theoretical basis, the book provides an empirical analysis of the international transfers of value in both traditional trade and Global Value Chains. The resulting world mapping of unequal exchange shows the geographical hierarchy of capital global exploitation by revealing a world divided into two quite separate camps of donor and receiving countries, the former being the poorer countries and the latter the richer countries.This book is addressed to scholars and students of economics and social sciences, as well as activists of the North and the South, interested in a better understanding of the asymmetric power relations implied in global trade. It makes a significant contribution to the literature on political economy, trade, Marxism, international relations, and economic geography.

International Economics uses real-life applications to cover both the macro and micro components of international economics. The text illuminates economic institutions and policies, as well as recent developments in the global economy, without requiring the use of higher-­level math. The 8th Edition includes a number of enhancements, including updated tables and graphs, new case studies, and revised discussion of relevant topics to keep you up-to-speed on the economic world around you.

Lecture Notes in International Trade Theory covers classical international trade models (including the Ricardian, Ricardo Viner, and Heckscher-Ohlin-Samuelson models). The course is designed for M.Sc. and first year PhD students. It relies on both graphical and analytic methods, requiring only intermediate microeconomics and a solid grounding in calculus. The material emphasizes'second-best'settings, where markets are imperfect. The goal is to equip students with a good enough understanding of open-economy general equilibrium relations that they understand how distortions ripple across different markets, e.g. commodity and factor markets. The Author applies these ideas to environmental and natural resource problems, including pollution'leakage'(where pollution reductions in one country are offset by trading partners'increased pollution) and imperfect property rights. Other applications include the general equilibrium effects of commodity and trade taxes, international transfers (the'transfer problem'), minimum wage constraints, and immiserizing growth. The Author assumes that students have some experience in formulating and answering comparative statics questions in an optimization setting. Building on these skills, and developing the idea of stability in an equilibrium setting (the Marshall Lerner condition), students learn how to formulate and answer comparative static questions in trade models.

Gain an understanding of the international business markets like a professional using this bestselling text. International Business: Environments and Operations, 17th Edition, Global Edition, by John D. Daniels, Daniel Sullivan, and Lee H. Radebaugh remains one of the most authoritative texts available on the subject. Striking a balance between integrated theory and meaningful practice, the authors help deepen your understanding using modern scenarios, examples and cases. Chapters develop your critical thinking skills by encouraging you to apply what you have learned. Ideal for courses in international business, this edition includes the latest information on relevant political, economic, social, and institutional changes. With a range of features to benefit your learning, this practical text will enhance your understanding of international business and help you succeed in your course. Also available with MyLab® Management MyLab is the teaching and learning platform that empowers you to reach every student, personalising the learning experience and improving results for each student. If you would like to purchase the physical text and MyLab® Management, search for; 9781292403496 International Business, Global Edition, 17th Edition plus MyLab Management with Pearson eText. Package consists of: 9781292403274 International Business, Global Edition, 17th Edition 9781292403427 International Business, Global Edition, 17th Edition MyLab® Management 9781292419961 International Business, Global Edition, 17th Edition Pearson eText MyLab® Management is not included. Students, if MyLab is a recommended component of the course, ask your instructor for the correct ISBN. MyLab should only be purchased when required by an instructor. Instructors, contact your Pearson representative for more information. This title is a Pearson Global Edition. The Editorial team at Pearson has worked closely with educators around the world to include content especially relevant to students outside the United States.

For courses in International Trade. A balanced approach to theory and policy applications International Trade: Theory and Policy provides engaging, balanced coverage of the key concepts and practical applications of the discipline. An intuitive introduction to trade theory is followed by detailed coverage of policy applications. With this new 12th Edition, the author team of Nobel Prize-winning economist Paul Krugman, renowned researcher Maurice Obstfeld, and Marc Melitz of Harvard University continues to set the standard for International Economics courses. Also available with MyLab Economics: MyLab™ Economics is an online homework, tutorial, and assessment program designed to work with this text to engage students and improve results. Within its structured environment, students practice what they learn, test their understanding, and pursue a personalized study plan that helps them better absorb course material and understand difficult concepts. Students, if interested in purchasing this title with MyLab Economics, ask your instructor for the correct package ISBN and Course ID. Instructors, contact your Pearson representative for more information.

China's rise to prosperity in recent decades coincided with the surge in global trade and falling protectionism. But as we are entering the third decade of the 21st century, the economic structure that prevailed in the West during the previous decades is now beginning to look very different. Global economic relationships are being redefined in the wake of the global financial crises, the recent US-China trade tensions, Brexit and the Covid-19 pandemic. However, when global trade suffers, so do local economies. In today's economy, international cooperation and open trade are not an option, but a necessity.Trading with China is a concise and useful handbook to Western businesses, entrepreneurs and investors doing business with or in China. It is also a practical guide of use to anyone considering to export goods, services and technology to the Chinese market.The book contains industry information, updated data, key models, practical advice, and strategy options for different types of companies and industry sectors. It details all relevant procedures, opportunities and challenges by industry sector and geographical region. It discusses major issues such as market barriers, import requirements, distribution channels, labelling, and operational challenges. Topics covered in Trading with China also include: relevant rules, regulations, documentation and management issues related to the export of different types of goods, services and technology to China.

This book provides a set of proposals for how best to guarantee effective enforcement of labour rights worldwide.The linkage between labour standards and global trade has been recurrent for some 200 years. At a time when the world is struggling to find a way out of crisis and is striving for economic growth, more than ever there is a need for up-to-date research on how to protect and promote labour rights in the global economy. This book explores the history of the field and also provides an overview of emerging trends and opportunities. It discusses the most recent problems including: the effectiveness and the role of the International Labour Organization (ILO) in the second century of its existence, the World Trade Organization (WTO) and its potential relevance in the protection of labour rights, the effectiveness of the US and the EU Generalised System of Preferences, the impact of corporate social responsibility (CSR) instruments on labour rights, and labour provisions in the international trade agreements concluded by the US and the EU. The book argues, inter alia, that trade agreements seem to be a useful tool to help pave the way out of the crisis and that the United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement (USMCA) can be perceived as a model agreement and a symbol of a shift in perspective from long global supply chains to a focus on regional ones, local production, jobs and a rise in wages.The book will be essential reading for academics and students in the fields of human rights law, international labour law, industrial relations law, international sustainable development law, international economic law and international trade law. It will also be of interest to practitioners, non-government organisations (NGOs) and policy makers.

This book examines driving factors and the effects of globalisation on economic development through firm and product-level data.The book is organised into four themes, i.e., productivity, innovation, wage and income gap, and within-firm reallocation of resources. The comprehensiveness and richness of firm and product-level data shed light upon the channels through which trade and investment affect firms'competitiveness and unveil factors shaping firms'heterogeneous responses towards globalisation. The book looks at Asian economies as well as Australia and how they have experienced substantial structural change and become more integrated into the global economy and will be a useful reference for those who are interested in learning more about the relationship between globalisation and firm performance.This book will appeal to policy makers and researchers interested in the impact of globalisation on firm performance.

International trade is vital in today's world; international trade can be affected by a number of issues such as terrorism, economic crises, and pandemics such as COVID-19. It is crucial to understand the impact these global issues have on international trade and what happens to trade when global issues arise. A comprehensive guide of these issues is needed to provide background and understanding about international trade and its relationship with global issues. Global issues occasionally dominate a continuing theme of the international globalized world: global crises, war, security issues, global pandemics such as COVID-19, and trade wars. Global cooperation is required to solve such problems. Economically intellectual thinking will enable the development of guiding policies in solving these global problems. In this book, the effects of global issues on international trade will be evaluated, and policy recommendations will be made for the solution of the global issues. Impact of Global Issues on International Trade is a critical reference source that uses analytic research to analyze the effects of global economic and financial crises as well as global health crises and their impact on international trade. Pandemics such as the COVID-19 pandemic, the global economic crisis, and trade wars are discussed, and political suggestions are made to mitigate negative impacts. Covering a wide range of topics such as financial fragility and trade fairs, it is ideal for trade specialists, policymakers, government officials, managers, executives, economists, academicians, researchers, students, and industry professionals.

The Routledge Companion to the Makers of Global Business draws together a wide array of state-of-the-art research on multinational enterprises. The volume aims to deepen our historical understanding of how firms and entrepreneurs contributed to transformative processes of globalization.This book explores how global business facilitated the mechanisms of cross-border interactions that affected individuals, organizations, industries, national economies and international relations. The 37 chapters span the Middle Ages to the present day, analyzing the emergence of institutions and actors alongside key contextual factors for global business development. Contributors examine business as a central actor in globalization, covering myriad entrepreneurs, organizational forms and key industrial sectors. Taking a historical view, the chapters highlight the intertwined and evolving nature of economic, political, social, technological and environmental patterns and relationships. They explore dynamic change as well as lasting continuities, both of which often only become visible – and can only be fully understood – when analyzed in the long run.With dedicated chapters on challenges such as political risk, sustainability and economic growth, this prestigious collection provides a one-stop shop for a key business discipline.Chapter 31 of this book is freely available as a downloadable Open Access PDF at http://www.taylorfrancis.com under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives (CC-BY-NC-ND) 4.0 license.

In this new global era, the rising degree of interconnectedness between countries is giving rise to higher levels of trade. Trade Among Nations: Dimensions; Proportions; Directions presents an empirical study of several salient attributes of the size and patterns of trade among nations. It addresses the importance of trade in a nation's economic activity and its change over time, structural attributes of trade flows, and the directions of these flows. By exploring historical data and employing alternative and novel methods of analysis, Trade Among Nations uncovers new insights in the areas of global and intra-industry trade that go beyond conventional wisdom, and answers the age-old question since the dawn of globalization — should the world become more or less'global'in trade?

The most disruptive change to the world economy over the past half century has been the rise of so-called emerging economies, particularly the large developing markets of China and India. While initially appealing to Western business as lower cost production locations, these economies are now amongst the world's leading markets for the sale of goods and services, as well as a growing competitive challenge to established businesses.This book examines the competitive challenge presented by China and India as they increasingly influence international business activities. It considers their rise, distinctive characteristics, and role in the contemporary world economy. The attractions and challenges of doing business in emerging economies are fully discussed and the future position of the large emerging economies critically evaluated here. A key feature of the book is a discussion of the competitive threat presented by the rapid growth of emerging market multinationals as they aspire to catch-up with, and even surpass, developed market multinationals.Theory and practice are combined in this text with insightful illustrations and examples from a range of industries and firms, as well as current debates including the utility of the BRIC concept, the growing power of Asia, the future of globalisation, and trade wars. As such, the book offers an insightful perspective for students of international business, international economics, development studies and globalisation.

This book willenable the reader to develop global strategies based on trade information and trade flows analysis.Developing global business strategies in today's competitive and disruptive environment calls for greater interaction between the business sector and government. Among the instruments available today are various market analytic tools. These tools, coupled with new business models, not only provide a competitive edge but also becomes a necessity to survive in the global ever changing trade environment.This book concerns everyone dealing with market selection, market strategies, and trade policy. The reader will be able to develop global strategies based on trade information and trade flows analysis. An analysis of the most competitive countries in world trade shows the importance of pro-business policies, access to modern infrastructures, investment in research, and increased productivity. The authors explain how to design practical strategies in a global context, greater competition and uncertainty due to the introduction of new business models.

Economic Transition and International Business brings together academic experts in International Business and sheds new light on the international phenomenon of transitions in the worldwide economy. It includes both academic investigations as well as in-depth empirical studies. The purpose of the book is to investigate how international transitions reshape the environment, as they reallocate and renew activities, and create new strategies for actors and stakeholders. It provides essential insights into a number of contextual changes that organisations are facing internationally, and is structured around three complementary themes. In the first part, recent economic and financial crises are analysed and presented as revealing transitions for the business world. In the second part, the impact of these transitions is assessed at the level of various key economic players in today's societies (states, business networks, companies, associations, etc.). In the third part, certain decision-making and managerial transitions are retained to illustrate the new deal linked to international transitions.This book is recommended reading for scholars and students in management and economics, as well as international business managers. They will find insightful information, either theoretical or practical, including various countries impacted by socio-economic transitions.

The GLOBAL BUSINESS: An Economic, Social, and Environmental Perspective is the 2nd edition of the book titled “Foundations of International Business” published by Information Age Publishing, Inc. in 2015. We have approached the 2nd edition from a forward looking perspective by incorporating economic, social, and environmental issues, which have strong links to stakeholders and are guided by the Triple Bottom-Line (TBL) concept. A TBL approach emphasizes the importance of Profit, People, and Planet, or PPP. The Triple Bottom Line concept is highlighted throughout each chapter. Successful Multinational Enterprises (MNEs) are increasingly linking the company's profit maximization goal (the economic or Profit maximization components) to the social well-being of the community and corporate social responsibility initiatives of the firm (the social or People components), as well as the environmental consideration of scarce resources, climate change and sustainability (the environmental or Planet component). This approach enables readers to assess global business opportunities and risks in a comprehensive and integral manner. We also have made important modifications in terms of content organization of this book, as described below.

The book Policy Externalities and International Trade Agreements is a selection of published articles examining how policy externalities motivate and can be addressed by international trading institutions. The studies provide groundbreaking evidence of the role of international market power and policy uncertainty as motives for trade agreements and on the potential clash between preferential trade liberalization (e.g. European Union, NAFTA) and multilateral agreements (WTO). The studies presented in this book not only identify and estimate how different policies interact with each other and across agreements, but also examine how international trading institutions can be used to limit redistribution towards special interest groups and enforce better cooperation across issues, such as labor and the environment, and between developing and developed countries.

Providing critical insight into the globalization of product conception, production, marketing and distribution, this Handbook comprehensively explores the functioning of global value chains (GVCs) and how they shape the global economy. It provides theoretical, analytical and empirically based policy-relevant tools to understand international production and trade in the modern global economy. Written by a multidisciplinary group of leading scholars, this Handbook offers expert guidance on GVC analysis and the relationship between GVCs and governance, power relations, gender, upgrading and international development. The contributors also provide insight into strategy, innovation and learning, highlighting the dynamism and resilience of GVCs, and critically reflect on how GVCs affect inequality and the nature of work and production. Comprising empirically rich and innovative research, this Handbook will be critical reading for advanced undergraduate and master's level students interested in international business, global industries, sustainable development and the governance of global production systems. Academics researching and teaching in these fields will also benefit from this book's broad and comprehensive approach to GVC analysis.

Thoroughly updated and substantially extended, this internationally successful text explores transnational corporations (TNCs), their activities and effects, as well as the theories developed to explain them. Invaluable for courses as well as researchers in international business, international economics, globalization, international relations, economic geography and history of economic thought on the TNCs. Key features of this edition: A unique critical analysis of all the theories of TNCs in their historical context and with insightful commentaries at the end of each chapter, now extended to cover network theory and dynamic capabilities theory Clear exposition of concepts on the evolution and the activities of TNCs Analysis of effects of TNCs'activities on: innovation; labour; trade; balance of payments and the fiscal revenue of countries Discussions on new topics such as the digital TNCs and global value chains A contribution to the history of economic thought on the TNC Summary boxes as well as suggestions for further reading within each chapter give opportunities for discussion and extended learning. Ideal for advanced bachelors and masters courses in international business, economics, international relations, globalization and economic geography as well as the history of economic thought, Transnational Corporations and International Production is an essential text for appreciating the evolution, explanations and impact of TNCs in a globalised world.

Originally published in 1988 this book was the culmination of 7 years of research in micro-electronics by the Center for Science and Technology Policy in New York. It includes original comparative study of corporate strategy in American, Japanese, and European firms, as well as an account of the evolution of technical alliances. It provides a detailed examination of the global micro-electronics industry in all its aspects - technological, economic, strategic and institutional and goes beyond organizing and presenting the facts to offer new perspectives, analyses and opinions.

Technology offsets, a nonconventional international trade-financing tool, is used by governments (buyers) to obtain industrial and technological benefits from companies (sellers) as part of international procurement. Offsets deals involve billions of dollars and this practice exists in around 80 countries around the world. Though offsets is a popular practice in defence, it is increasingly gaining popularity in civil sectors. Offsets is often tainted by controversy and receives bad press. What then makes offsets popular? Governments claim that offsets delivers technology and knowledge transfer, skills in high technology sectors and employment, and offsets expands export opportunities through participation in OEM supply chains. For companies, offsets is mainly employed as a tool to obtain a competitive edge and win sales in international business. In the past, there have been mixed results of case studies on the impact of offsets successes and failures.Considering the mismanagement of globalisation, unfair trade agreements and current political and economic discontent, there is a stronger need for governments and companies to use vehicles such as offsets to create a relationship of trust and commitment for sustainable development. This book fills the gap in offsets and focuses on how to manage offsets more effectively by addressing issues of strategy, policy and implementation, technology management, governance and risk.Technology Offsets in International Defence Procurement is designed for those studying international procurement, international trade, international business, technology management, defence policy and industrial policy. This book will also be of interest to practitioners and policy makers in both government and industry.

Introduction to Trade Policy provides a comprehensive overview of the rules and regulations that govern trade flow. It discusses the trade policy formulation process of major international economic players, and analyzes existing trade policy tools that countries may resort to in order to take advantage of the benefits of international trade and to protect themselves against its dangers, as well as their implications for trade policy, law and negotiations. In Section I, the book explores the ways in which interest groups interact with government and legislators to shape trade policies. By developing an analytical view of trade policy formulation systems in the U.S., European Union, the BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa), Canada, Mexico and Australia, the book will help the reader to gain a better understanding of these countries'trade policy developments and also to apply such learning to the analysis of the trade policy formulation of any other countries. Section II goes on to explain how trade policy tools are used by governments to achieve trade and other policy objectives, while Section III analyses trade in services and the multilateral trade rules on Intellectual Property. Finally, Section IV uses hypothetical case studies in simulation exercises to illustrate trade policy decision-making and trade agreement negotiations in a bilateral, plurilateral and multilateral setting. This is the ideal introduction to international trade policy formulation for students and professionals in the areas of law, politics, economics and public policy who are seeking to develop a global view of international trade, gain insights into trade negotiations and understand the motivations behind the policies and actions of governments regarding international trade issues. This book is also the ideal companion to any traditional legal casebook on international trade or on international economic law.

The international fragmentation of economic activities – from research and design to production and marketing – described through the lens of the global value chain (GVC) approach impacts the structure and performance of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) agglomerated in economic clusters. The consolidation of GVCs ruled by global lead firms and the recession of 2008-09 exacerbated the pressures on cluster actors that based their competitive advantage on local systems, spurring an increasing heterogeneity, both across and within clusters, that is still overlooked in the literature. Drawing on detailed studies of different industries and countries, Local Clusters in Global Value Chains shows the co-evolutionary trajectories of clusters and GVCs, and the role of firms and their strategies in organizing manufacturing and innovation activities in the context of ongoing technological shifts. The book explores the tension between place-based variables and global drivers of change, and the possibility for territories containing such clusters to prosper in the new global scenario. By adopting insights from the GVC framework and management studies, the book discusses how the internationalization strategies of firms create opportunities as well as constraints for adaptive upgrading in clusters.This book is of interest to both researchers and policy-makers who are interested in the dynamic sources of competitive advantage in the global economy.

First published in 1986, this book examines international trade, offering different theories and considering contemporary developments. Professor Hazari connects these theories and developments, such as theories of comparative advantage and factor-price differentials, to economic expansion and terms of international trade. Many key economic problems are related to the theory of international trade, problems such as tariffs, the dependency of developing countries and changing patterns of world trade, and the book shows how theory impinges on these other important issues. The theory of international trade is a popular and widely taught specialism within economics. This book surveys the pure theory which forms the core of the topic.

This book provides new insights for policy debates on how to strengthen the gains from trade for innovation through an inclusive trading environment that facilitates access to knowledge for all. Rising economic nationalism, especially in the United States, creates new challenges to an enlightened globalization agenda.The US government has withdrawn from the Transpacific Partnership agreement (TPP) that once was considered to be the gold standard of megaregionalism, suggesting the need to highlight once again the critical role that international trade and investment play in fostering sustainable growth and prosperity. Fostering innovation and facilitating the links between trade and innovation are becoming increasingly important for developed and developing economies alike. But equally important are economic policies to ensure that gains and losses from trade for innovation are shared by all.This book is a must read for trade economists, innovation economists, trade negotiators, trade lawyers, and academicians interested in current transformations in the global economy and their impact on innovation and economic growth.

The fields of Economic Geography and International Business share an interest in the same phenomena, whilst each provides both a differing perspective and different research methods in attempting to understand those phenomena. The Routledge Companion to the Geography of International Business explores the nature and scope of inter-disciplinary work between Economic Geography and International Business in explaining the central issues in the international economy. Contributions written by leading specialists in each field (including some chapters written by inter-disciplinary teams) focus on the nature of multinational firms and their strategies, where they choose to locate their activities, how they create and manage international networks and the key relationships between multinationals and the places where they place their operations. Topics covered include the internationalisation of service industries, the influence of location on the competitiveness of firms and the economic dynamism of regions and where economic activity takes place and how knowledge, goods and services flow between locations. The book examines the areas for fruitful inter-disciplinary work between International Business and Economic Geography and sets out a road map for future joint research, and is an essential resource for students and practitioners of International Business and Economic Development.

For courses in international economics. Introduces international economics through accessible writing and real-life applicationsA principles-­level introduction that's accessible to students of all majors, International Economics uses real-life applications to cover both the macro and micro components of international economics. The text illuminates economic institutions and policies, as well as recent developments in the global economy, without requiring the use of higher-­level math. In addition, the text has a flexible approach, which includes self-­contained chapters and comprehensive coverage, allowing instructors to adapt its concepts to a wide range of syllabi. The 7th Edition includes a number of enhancements, such as updated tables and graphs, new case studies, and revised discussion of relevant topics. MyLabTM Economics not included. Students, if MyLab is a recommended/mandatory component of the course, please ask your instructor for the correct ISBN and course ID. MyLab should only be purchased when required by an instructor. Instructors, contact your Pearson rep for more information.MyLab is an online homework, tutorial, and assessment product designed to personalize learning and improve results. With a wide range of interactive, engaging, and assignable activities, students are encouraged to actively learn and retain tough course concepts.

Focussing on Investment, this book provides an overview of rules applicable to making and protecting foreign investments. It will enable the business community, in-house counsel, and government counsel to better understand the types of protection provided by international investment agreements and investment contracts, as well as the range of issues that arise in the arbitration of investment disputes. With contributions from 25 legal experts, the book addresses: preliminary issues that an organisation contemplating making a foreign investment must consider; sources of investors'rights with respect to their investments; the substance of investors'rights; important jurisdictional issues; the process of investor-state dispute settlement.

Now in its third edition, Hendrik Van den Berg's International Economics: A Heterodox Approach covers all of the standard topics taught in undergraduate international economics courses. Written in a friendly and approachable style, this new edition is unique in that it presents the key orthodox neoclassical models of international trade and investment, while supplementing them with a variety of heterodox approaches. This pluralist approach is intended to give economics students a more realistic understanding of the international economy than standard textbooks can provide.Changes to the new edition include: updates throughout to reflect recent world events, including coverage of trade negotiations and the Greek crisis; expanded discussion of pluralist approaches with more coverage of alternative schools of thought; discussions of the growing financialization of global economic activity; additional real-world examples; increased coverage of environmental issues; transnational corporations and their behavior in the international economy; the difference between international investment and international finance; and monetary history; a consolidated and updated chapter on international banking. This book also maintains a broad perspective that links economic activity to the social and natural spheres of human activity, with emphasis on the distributional and environmental effects of international trade, investment, finance, and migration. Chapter summaries, key terms and concepts, problems and questions, and a glossary are included in the book. A Student Study Guide and an Instructor's Manual are available online.

This publication covers the following subject areas: Introduction to the world trading system, economic and political benefits of trade, structure and functioning of the WTO Fundamental rules governing international trade Customs issues including how customs authorities determine the amount of duties due on imports Non-tariff barriers WTO rules relating to subsidies How industries can obtain relief from imports causing them harm Rules applicable to trade in agricultural goods Government procurement Export Controls and Sanctions Rules applicable to Trade in Services, IP rights How disputes are settled in the WTO and regional trade agreements.