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Written strictly according to the latest syllabus prescribed by the C.B.S.E., New Delhi. Up-to-date study material provided in the book for comprehensive understanding of the concepts. The book has been written in the Question-Answer form. The concepts have been thoroughly explained with the help of diagrams. Problems from the past year's question paper have been incorporated and solved thereof. Sample Question Paper given at the end of the book. Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) with answers have been given at the end of each unit. Each chapter contains NCERT Textbook Questions with Answers.

This proceeding contains peer-reviewed papers from the Tourism Development Centre International Conference (TDCIC), October 1st, 2019, in Bukittinggi, West Sumatra, Indonesia. This conference focused on current issues of sustainable tourism in a disaster prone destination with the focused on marine and coastal tourism to discuss and disseminate research findings, elaborate concepts and methods, share idea and experiences among participants. Papers presented in the conference covered a wide range of topics: Tourism Safety and security, Sustainable and Ecotourism, Tourism and Climate Change, Community Based Tourism, Marine and Coastal Tourism, Tourism Management, Traveller Behavior, Tourist Experience, Sharing Economic in Tourism, Robotic and AI in Tourism, Halal Tourism, Local Wisdom in Tourism and International and Domestic Law in Tourism. This International Academic Conference aims to facilitate discourses and develop innovative and critical thinking around Sustainable Tourism in Disaster Prone Destinations issues. This conference invited experts, practitioners, and stakeholders in tourism from ASIAN countries, Australia and South Korea. The topic of papers for this conference covers all aspects of tourism. The conference has two programs: (1) International Academic Conference where a number of internationally acknowledged experts delivered speeches as keynote and invited speakers in the plenary session. The event then continued with parallel panels discussing specific areas of sustainable tourism, safety, and security tourism with presenters selected from the call for papers. Based on these presentations, participants were further offered post-conference publication opportunities in a range of forms such as international journals, national journals, conference proceeding with Scopus indexed, and edited books. (2) Academic Professional Gathering. This program was aimed at exposing The Tourism Development Center – Universitas Andalas activities, achievements, and expertise. TDC invited its existing and potential partners to look forward to strengthening and developing existing collaborations and partnerships, as well as exploring a new form of cooperation. The event was designed to accommodate intensive discussions in small groups based on collaboration interests. ABSTRACTING & INDEXING Proceedings of Tourism Development Centre International Conference is covered by the following services: Baidu ScholarCNKI Scholar (China National Knowledge Infrastructure)DimensionsExLibrisGoogle BooksGoogle ScholarNavigaReadCubeSemantic ScholarTDOne (TDNet)WorldCat (OCLC)X-MOL Open Access Statement These conference proceedings are Open Access proceedings that allow a free unlimited access to all its contents without any restrictions upon publication to all users. Open Access License These conference proceedings provide immediate open access to its content under the Creative Commons BY-NC-ND 4.0. Authors who publish with these proceedings retain all copyrights and agree to the terms of the above-mentioned CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license.

Master's Thesis from the year 2016 in the subject Business economics - Miscellaneous, grade: 1,7, University of Bamberg, language: English, abstract: This paper introduces the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA), which is a free trade agreement between the European Union and Canada. The agreement is currently undergoing the ratification process in both jurisdictions. The CETA is aimed at the removal of trade and non-trade barriers and regulatory issues among other things. Some of the topics are highly controversial mainly due to differing standards and norms of both partners. After a thorough introduction of the background of CETA as well as its content, the paper discusses possible impacts of the agreement on the market entry of German SMEs (Small and medium-sized enterprises) in Canada. Opportunities are evaluated for German SMEs. By reading this paper, the reader has the opportunity to inform himself/herself about CETA and to additionally form an opinion on the CETA based on the repercussions that affect German SMEs in the automotive industry presented in this paper. The paper finishes with a conclusion of the most important aspects of CETA

Bachelor Thesis from the year 2019 in the subject Business economics - Review of Business Studies, grade: 1,0, University of applied Sciences Regensburg, language: English, abstract: This paper examines value creation by private equity-backed IPOs. It gives detailed insights on a mostly US-based research topic analyzing 134 German IPOs from 2002 to 2018, of which 49 were identified as PE-backed, and contributes empirical evidence on the discussion of private equity value creation. The empirical results provide detailed information on whether private equity financing can be a suitable financing source for companies by comparing and analyzing the performance differences between IPOs of companies with and without private equity sponsors. Furthermore, the paper provides empirical evidence on the IPO phenomena of underpricing and negative long-term performance for Germany, differentiating itself from former studies in terms of a broader time horizon and an extensive return calculation methodology. Since the locust swarms debate initiated by SPD politician Franz Müntefering, private equity investors have had to struggle with an extremely bad reputation in Germany. Unpopular measures such as company divestures or mass redundancies to achieve set turnover and return targets reinforce the negative image of financial investors. Accordingly, investor and business magnate Warren Buffet criticized that businesses under private equity control become a piece of merchandise. Nonetheless, the private equity industry continues to boom, reaching new records in terms of global business volume and transactions. Under these circumstances and new evolving discussions, it is essential to take a close look at the business model of private equity firms and to analyze potential short- and long-term value creation in their portfolio companies.

Master's Thesis from the year 2020 in the subject Economics - Other, grade: 1,0, University of Hagen (Wirtschaftswissenschaft), language: English, abstract: Economic theory suggests that offshoring creates productivity-enhancing effects but literature in this area has been rather limited for service offshoring until recently. Thus, the contribution at hand tries to provide an overview of why firms engage in service offshoring and examine how service offshoring affects productivity. The work is structured as follows: Section 2 first provides a definition of the related terms and narrows down the topic of the paper. Section 3 briefly discusses service offshoring as a new paradigm of trade in the US. It also addresses the types of offshored service jobs, the offshore locations as well as the current volume of service offshoring. Section 4 discusses the various determinants that facilitate service offshoring. Section 5 contains the core analysis of this paper with the goal of analyzing the productivity effects of service offshoring theoretically and empirically. First, a Heckscher-Ohlin model by Feenstra and Hanson (1996, 1997, 1999) will be introduced as one of the earliest models addressing offshoring and productivity. Then the'trade in tasks'model by Grossman and Rossi-Hansberg (2008) is presented to illustrate how service offshoring affects productivity. On an empirical level, the studies from Amiti and Wei (2009) and Schwörer (2013) will be discussed to address how service offshoring affects productivity specifically in the US and Europe. This will be followed by a comparison of the two empirical studies. Section 6 summarizes the work and adds some final remarks.

This volume of Eurasian Studies in Business and Economics includes selected papers from the 25th Business and Economics Society (EBES) Conference, held in Berlin, Germany, in May 2018. While the theoretical and empirical papers presented cover diverse areas of economics and finance from different geographic regions, the main focus is on the latest research in the economics of innovation, investment and risk management together with regional studies. The book also includes studies on law and regulation themes such as economic offences by women, formation of contracts via the internet and public tender for residents of communes.

The International Conferences on Economics and Social Sciences (ICESS)organized by Bucharest University of Economic Studies provides an opportunity for all those interested in Economics and Social Sciences to discuss and exchange research ideas. The papers presented at the Conference are available online in the Conference Proceedings series (ISSN 2704-6524): Volume 2019 Collaborative Research for Excellence in Economics and Social Sciences, ISBN 9788366675322 Volume 2020 Innovative Models to Revive the Global Economy, ISBN 9788395815072 Volume 2021 Resilience and Economic Intelligence Through Digitalization and Big Data Analytics, ISBN 9788366675704 This conference provides an opportunity for all those interested in Economics and Social Sciences to discuss and exchange research ideas. We welcome both empirical and theoretical work that is broadly consistent with the conference'general theme. Especially, researchers, PhD students and practitioners are invited to submit papers on the topics related to new models in entrepreneurship and innovation, sustainability and education, data science and digitalization, marketing and finance, Fintech & Insurtech etc. that will develop innovative instruments for countries, businesses and education. The innovative models for sustainable development aim to ensure simultaneous economic development, social development, and environmental protection, to achieve a higher quality of life for all people and protect all living beings and the planet. The main topics of the conference are focused on but not limited to the following sections: Fintech & Insurtech - towards a sustainable financial environment The role of innovation in public and private organizations Financial perspectives in turbulent times Global Challenges for Agri-Food Systems and Sustainable Development Economic Policies for Non-Cyclical Crises Education for Sustainable Development: impact of universities on society Marketing and Sustainability The role of accounting in Sustainable Development Global world after crisis: towards a new economic model Sustainability for future business Current challenges within demographic data: measurement, collection, retrieval, analysis and reporting Scientific CommitteeACELEANU Mirela, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, RomaniaALBU Lucian, Academia Romana, RomaniaANGHEL Ion, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, RomaniaARROYO GALLARDO Javier, Complutense University of Madrid, SpainAUSLOOS Marcel, Leicester University, United KingdomBEGALLI Diego, University of Verona, ItalyBELLINI Francesco, Sapienza University of Rome, ItalyBRATOSIN Ștefan, Universite Montpellier 3, FranceCABANIS Andre, Universite Toulouse 1 Capitole, FranceCASTERAN Herbert, EM Strasbourg University, FranceCENȚIU Silvian, Retina Communications, San Francisco, USACERQUETI Roy, Sapienza University of Rome, ItalyCHAVEZ Gilbert, Globis University Tokyo, JapanCOSTICÃ Ionela, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, RomaniaCOX Michael, London School of Economics, England, UKD'ASCENZO Fabrizio, Sapienza University of Rome, ItalyDIMA Alina Mihaela, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, RomaniaDÂRDALÃ Marian, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, RomaniaDUMITRESCU Dan Gabriel, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, RomaniaDUMITRU Ovidiu, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, RomaniaFELEAGÃ Liliana, Bucharest Universit

Master's Thesis from the year 2019 in the subject Business economics - Miscellaneous, grade: 2.0, University of Münster, language: English, abstract: The world population gets older as life expectancy increases. The popula-tion of people over the age of 60 is expected to be over two billion in 2050 (cf. United Nations, 2017, pp. 13-14). Older adults (OA) still face decisions, which might be even more significant or complex than decisions of young-er adolescents. For example, the average age of C-suite members in Ameri-can firms is 54 (cf. Korn Ferry, 2007). On a more individual level, the pop-ulation aged 55 and higher has a significantly higher mean net worth than the younger population (cf. Bricker et al., 2017, p. 13). Especially, if one accounts for the fact that research has shown that declines in cognitive functioning are seen before the age of 50 (cf. Salthouse, 2004, p. 141), re-search on aging and decision making (DM) is of high importance. In recent years numerous papers on this topic were published. This thesis helps existing literature by creating a literature overview to summarize current findings. Because of the reasons above, this thesis concentrates on age-related differences between young and OA, but does not analyze re-search about DM in childhood. It adds to current literature by being the first work with an extensive overview of age-related changes in the respective analyzed biases with a short subsequent view on financial DM. The thesis deals with the research question, whether biases of DM literature differ between younger and OA. To answer this question, I examine differ-ences in typical DM biases. The chosen biases are the ones being investi-gated the most thoroughly in existing literature on aging and DM and wherever possible or necessary I will focus on DM in economic contexts. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows: section two gives a short overview about the foundations of DM. After examining age-related effects on processes, which underly DM, in chapter three, the fourth chapter deals with age-related differences in DM. Afterwards, I shine a light on potential implications resulting from respective age differences. Chapter six concludes.

Bachelor Thesis from the year 2020 in the subject Business economics - Miscellaneous, grade: 1,0, University of Passau, course: International Cultural and Business Studies, language: English, abstract: There is a remarkable difference in preferences for redistribution in Europe compared to the USA. Various authors have already attempted to explain this difference and provide empirical data on the matter, indicating that cultural and historical contrasts lead to different preferences. The topic of this paper is the question of how these differences can be explained by cultural imprints. Research shows that redistributive preferences are influenced by views on fairness, the level of altruism and beliefs about income mobility and efficiency. Cultural predispositions can shed light on contrasting fairness views and divergent social beliefs. Therefore, cultural theories and core cultural concepts such as American Exceptionalism will be introduced in order to enable an interpretation of economic research papers on redistribution from a cultural perspective. By combining the findings of cultural, as well as economical literature a new perspective and different understanding of the reasons for contrasting redistributive preferences can be gained.

Written strictly according to the latest syllabus prescribed by the C.B.S.E., New Delhi. Up-to-date study material provided in the book for comprehensive understanding of the concepts. The book has been written in the Question-Answer form. The concepts have been thoroughly explained with the help of diagrams. Problems form the past year's question paper have been incorporated and solved thereof. Sample Question Paper given at the end of the book.

Originally published in 1986, this volume brings together papers on the organisational structure of select public enterprises from nine countries, developed and developing. They are set in different forms, work in different sectors and have diverse experiences, often on similar issues. The papers are written by top executives of the respective enterprises and, therefore, contain an authentic presentation of the problems and processes of organisation.The editor has included, at the beginning, an analytical review on certain fundamental aspects of organisational structure which, for the purpose of this volume, has been conceived in wide terms. Every one of these aspects is not exactly covered by every empirical paper. At the end he has provided a comparative review, trying to keep to a minimum repetition of material from the papers.

Being able to make and receive payments is an essential facet of modern life. It is integral to the banking and finance systems, and it touches all global citizens. In some areas, payment systems are rapidly evolving – moving swiftly from paper payment instruments, to electronic, to real-time – but in others, underdeveloped payment systems hold back economic and social development. This book is intended to assist the reader in navigating the payments landscape. The author explores highly topical areas, such as the role of payment systems in enabling commerce to contribute to the development of emerging economies, the evolution of payment systems from paper instruments to computerization, the role of cryptocurrencies, and the slow decline of plastic credit and debit cards owing to alternative forms of payment being introduced.Altogether, this book provides a comprehensive overview of the evolution of payment and offers projections for the future, encouraging readers to explore their own predictions, using the framework that the book has provided. It is vital reading for technologists, marketers, executives and investors in the FinTech sector, as well as academics teaching business and technology courses.

Originally published in 1984, this book grew out of the papers (and discussions) presented at the Seminar conducted at London Business School during March-June 1983, with a focus on the problems of public enterprise in the context of the developing world. Essentially, three facts of thought emerged: first, on the working of public enterprises in developing countries; second, on joint ventures and consultancies involving public enterprises in the two groups of countries; and third, on the value and relevance of experience of public enterprises in developed countries, particularly in the UK, for the developing countries.Broadly, the Chapter 1 belongs to the first category, Chapters 6 and 7 to the second and Chapters 8 to 13 to the third. The concluding review seeks to highlight some of the major issues that deserve notice in the light of the views expressed in the papers and the discussions that took place on them.

First published in 1982. Unemployment was a major scourge of the advanced capitalist countries in the 1930s, but in the golden age of post-war expansion which lasted until 1973, it had seemingly been vanquished by enlightened economic policy. Since 1973, unemployment has re-emerged as a major problem, along with accelerated inflation and problems of structural adjustment imposed by soaring energy prices. The rise in European unemployment came in two surges as a result of the generalised recessions of 1974-5 and 1980-1. At the beginning of 1982 unemployment in the European Community was running close to 10% of the labour force compared with a ‘norm'of under 2% in the 1960s. These abrupt and serious changes in the labour market have created major new dilemmas for economic policy and have stirred significant and acrimonious theoretical controversy. For this reason it is useful to analyse the policy issues and the academic debate in a comparative perspective. The present volume contains three comparative papers on the employment policy discussions in Germany, the Netherlands and the UK as well as papers examining the theoretical adequacy of Keynesian, monetarist, structuralist and Marxist reactions to the new issues. The papers are all accompanies by a critique from the discussants.

Master's Thesis from the year 2015 in the subject Economics - Other, grade: 8,0, Maastricht University (School of Business and Economics), language: English, abstract: This paper examines the effect of the European public audit oversight reform on audit quality. Accounting scandals at the beginning of the 21th century called the audit profession into question and raised serious concerns on the oversight system in place. In an attempt to regain investors'confidence, the European Commission (hereafter referred to as EC) followed the American example and passed Directive 2006/43/EC, which requires the Member States of the European Union (hereafter referred to as EU) to set up public oversight systems for statutory auditors and audit firms. The paper provides empirical evidence that managers are less likely to commit earnings management in the years following the regulatory reform compared to the years preceding the reform, indicating higher audit quality in the post-reform period. Member States of the EU can choose between two options for national public oversight of auditors; the full-time inspection model and the model which consists of peer reviews with an independent commission monitoring this process. I run several analyses with different models and test whether firms in jurisdictions that implemented the full-time inspection model exhibit lower discretionary accruals compared to firms in jurisdictions that implemented the modified peer review model. The results are contradicting and do not support a conclusion.

This book presents the application of real options approach (ROA) to analyze investment decisions for switching energy sources from fossil fuels to alternative energy. Using the Philippines as a case, the ROA models presented here explore how uncertainties including fossil fuel prices, electricity prices, discount rates, externality, renewable energy (RE) costs, and RE investment growth affect investment decisions that focus on developing countries, particularly to fossil-importing countries. The book is a collection of academic papers published in peer-reviewed journals. The first paper analyzes investments in various RE sources including wind, solar, hydropower, and geothermal over using coal. The second paper compares investments between RE and nuclear energy considering the risk of nuclear accident. The third paper applies the proposed ROA model with the case of Palawan island and analyzes investment in RE over diesel fuel for electricity generation. The fourth paper focuses on investment drivers that make RE sources as a better option than using fossil fuels.

Research on Economic Inequality, volume 26, primarily contains papers presented at the 8th Society for the Study of Economic Inequality (ECINEQ) meeting. The papers cover such topics as the effect of inheritance taxation on the'pre-distribution'of income, and tax progressivity under alternative inequality definitions. Other papers address the evolution of wealth inequality (Piketty's'r-g'), the decomposition of the determinants of wage bi-polarization, a multidimensional analysis of food insecurity in Israel, and the'paradox of progress'(educational) in Latin America. Three papers address the intergenerational transmission of inequality, two of which focus on Europe and one which considers a wide variety of countries. The final two papers explore inequality (mis) perceptions and the influence of the political structure on stated inequality preferences.

The Quality Production Improvement (QPI) conference has been organized since 2006, when it initiated meetings of science and business. Every year, the conference presents issues of new scientific research as well as the companies'needs for creating new organizational solutions. The objective of the conference QPI is to provide a platform for researchers, engineers, academicians as well as industrial professionals from all over the world to present their research results and development activities in production engineering, quality of materials, technology and management. The success and prosperity of the conference is reflected in the high level of the papers received. This year, due to the pandemic, the conference was held in a hybrid mode. Some participants took part in the conference remotely via the MS Teams application, and some participants stationary. This form of conference gives much wider opportunities to reach a wider audience. The scientific committee of the conference, in consultation with the organizers, changes the model of conference organization. Each subsequent conference will be carried out in a hybrid mode. The pandemic situation also affects not only the way the conference is organized, but also the research material presented. Logistic problems related to the interruption of supply chains, a significant increase in electricity carriers, multiple requirements for digital competences and new aspects of occupational safety are a new challenge for scientists and practitioners. This issue was present at the 15 Quality Production Improvement Conference. Subject areas, suitable for publication, include the following fields: quality of construction materials and products, industry 4.0, quality management systems, products quality control, visual control and visual management systems, maintenance management, methods of business management/production/quality (Lean, Six Sigma), organization and management of production, manufacturing system design, improving value streams, cleaner production and sustainable development, integrated product development, impact of the pandemic on the safety and efficiency of production systems human resource management vs quality improvement. 2019 Edition PDF ISBN: 978-3-11-068059-1 In thematic sessions, speakers from various research centers presented 28 papers. Manuscripts were received online and initially evaluated by the Scientific committee to ascertain if they fit within the conference topics. Then all accepted manuscripts were blind-peer-reviewed. At the end, the authors were informed about their papers'acceptance or necessary revisions, (papers could be accepted as they were submitted, accepted with minor or major revisions, rejected). The evaluation process takes into consideration both the scientific content and the topics addressed, which have to fit the Conference framework. Technical editors were supposed to ensure that the accepted papers were accurate and easily readable and that they respected the editorial and publishing standards. All information about the Conference QPI 2021 are available on:　https://conf.qpij.pl. Archiving Sciendo archives the contents of this journal in　Portico　- digital long-term preservation service of scholarly books, journals and collections. Plagiarism Policy The editorial board is participating in a growing community of　

This volume contains six studies on current topics in macroeconomics. The first shows that while assuming rational expectations is unrealistic, a finite-horizon forward planning model can yield results similar to those of a rational expectations equilibrium. The second explores the aggregate risk of the U.S. financial sector, and in particular whether it is safer now than before the 2008 financial crisis. The third analyzes “factorless income,” output that is not measured as capital or labor income. Next, a study argues that the financial crisis increased the perceived risk of a very bad economic and financial outcome, and explores the propagation of large, rare shocks. The next paper documents the substantial recent changes in the manufacturing sector and the decline in employment among prime-aged Americans since 2000. The last paper analyzes the dynamic macroeconomic effects of border adjustment taxes.

This volume of Eurasian Studies in Business and Economics includes selected papers from the 24th Eurasia Business and Economics Society (EBES) Conference, held in Bangkok. The theoretical and empirical papers gathered here cover diverse areas of economics and finance from different geographic regions; yet the main focus is on the latest findings on labor markets and their interactions with competitive environments. The volume also includes meso-economic studies that analyze individual companies, economic and financial environments, particularly with regard to human resource and financial risk management.

Given the large size of aggregate remittance flows (billions of dollars annually), they should be expected to have significant macroeconomic effects on the economies that receive them. This paper directly addresses the two main issues of interest to policymakers with regard to remittances--how to manage their macroeconomic effects, and how to harness their development potential--by reporting the results of the first global study of the comprehensive macroeconomic effects of remittances on recipient economies. In broad terms, the findings of this paper tend to confirm the main benefit cited in the microeconomic literature: remittances improve households'welfare by lifting families out of poverty and insuring them against income shocks. The findings also yield a number of important caveats and policy considerations, however, that have largely been overlooked. The main challenge for policymakers in countries that receive significant flows of remittances is to design policies that promote remittances and increase their benefits while mitigating adverse side effects. Getting these policy prescriptions correct early on is imperative. Globalization and the aging of developed economy populations will ensure that demand for migrant workers remains robust for years to come. Hence, the volume of remittances likely will continue to grow, and with it, the challenge of unlocking the maximum societal benefit from these transfers.

Seminar paper from the year 2017 in the subject Business economics - Miscellaneous, grade: 100.00, Saint Leo University, language: English, abstract: The purpose of this paper is to glimpse into the effect Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on the Host economy. The effect FDI has on the host economy has ranged from technology transfer and know-how, integration in global market formation of human resources, increase in competition between firms and firm's development and reorganization to meet current market trend. There has also been some adverse effect brought about by Foreign Direct Investment. This paper tends to take a look at both the positive and negative impact of FDI on host economy development.

Organization students and scholars are able to trace the rise of aesthetics in management studies through the papers presented in this volume. The papers are arranged for individual review or thematic explorations of aesthetic thinking; including review papers and articles that focus on fashion, narrative, theatre, music and craft. This volume is a major contribution for those seeking alternatives to rational and positivist perspectives on management and who are willing to explore those alternatives beyond the usual disciplinary bases.

This title was first published in 2003. The essays in this collection are written by academics and practitioners who look at some of the key aspects of family law. Papers include one from Lord Justice Ward, who gave the first judgement in the Court of Appeal on the case of the conjoined twins from Malta, another from Judge Pearl who has been responsible for training the judiciary on the impact of the Human Rights Act on family law, while Dr C. Ball contributes a paper on aspects of the 1989 Children Act. Parent and child contact across borders is dealt with in a paper by William Duncan, who is Deputy Director General of the Hague Conference. Other topics include medical evidence in child cases, pre-nuptial agreements and the re-establishing of contact after divorce.

Volume 34 contains articles on the economic history of Europe, North America and South America and brings new analysis, and newly created datasets to address issues of interest. Two of the papers present newly constructed datasets. In'Prices, Wages and the Cost of Living in Old Republic São Paulo: 1891-1930', Ball presents a newly constructed real wage index. São Paulo was the main destination for immigrants to Brazil in this period, but there has never before been sufficient data to analyse why. In'Multiple Core Regions: Regional Inequality in Switzerland, 1860 to 2008', Stohr uses the wealth of available Swiss data on agriculture and employment to create GDP measures for subregions in Switzerland. He uses these data to argue that aggregate inequality in Switzerland was low in the initial push to industrialization because there were multiple, similar centers industrializing simultaneously, thus mitigating inequality across regions. Two of the papers gather together existing data so that it can be analysed for the first time in a consistent manner. In'The forgotten half of finance: working-class saving in late nineteenth-century New Jersey', Bodenhorn uses previously unexplored consumer surveys to characterize the savings behavior of the working class. And in'Heights across the last 2000 years in England', Galofré-Vilà, Hinde, and Guntupalli gather all existing skeletal data for England for 2000 years to create a consistent longitudinal height series. They compare the series to height series of other regions as well as other measures of well being in England. And finally, in'Monetary Policy and the Copper Price Bust: A Reassessment of the Causes of the 1907 Panic', Rogers and Payne dig into the details of copper prices to discover the link between the Bank of England's contractionary monetary policy and changes in real asset prices. Their findings have important implications for understanding the mechanisms of monetary policy.

Enrico Letta introduces Luca Sandonà's original collection of three independent but complementary papers on Nino Andreatta's economic thought. The first paper describes the analysis of the economic contribution of the “young” Andreatta, from his initial academic studies in the 50's through to his election to the Italian Parliament in 1976. Here, the author highlights Andreatta's Keynesianism in economic theory and his support for a quantitative approach to monetary policy making. The second paper refers to the evolution of Andreatta's economic view during his experience as a policy-maker, from 1976 to 1999. The author explains how and why Andreatta experienced a sort of “conversion”, as he himself defined it, from Keynesianism to market-oriented economy. The third paper consists of an extended one-to- one dialogue with Romano Prodi, who collaborated closely with Andreatta in academic and political activity for almost forty years. Prodi provides several new insights into his relationship with Andreatta and hypothesises on what Andreatta would say about a “new young Andreatta”, that is a young person that would like to make career in economics academia and in policy-making. On the occasion of the tenth anniversary of Andreatta's death, this contribution tries to make Andreatta better known by the international scholarly community of the history of economic thought and economic history.

This work addresses new directions in research on the economic theory of conflict, the cost of war, and the benefits of peace. A collection of 17 papers drawing on contributors from all continents, the volume is divided into four sections. The first discusses novel ways to think about the economics of conflict and peace from theory perspectives. These include discussions of conflict from the perspectives of standard neoclassical analysis and economic geography. An especially interesting paper in this section addresses conflict in the context of the emerging theory of international public finance. A second section deals with military expenditures, economic/human development and economic growth in the US and developing nations of Asia and Africa. The volume enters new territory in sections three and four. Section three contains a set of papers on the economic cost of war and war's aftermath, significantly expanding economists'rather modest efforts to date. Section four is concerned with how the concepts of economics might be operationalized and institutionalized to foster security.

Seminar paper from the year 2017 in the subject Business economics - General, grade: 1.0, EBC University Düsseldorf, language: English, abstract: The growing interdependence of countries and internationalization of companies is one of the most extensively discussed topics of the last decades. Not only international trade has risen strongly, but also foreign direct investments (FDI) have been increasingly conducted by expanding companies worldwide. Companies widening their range by seizing opportunities internationally are most likely able to fuel their growth, whereas the position of organizations that only operate nationally is continuously weakened. Therefore, especially big multinational corporations from developed countries, like Nestle or Unilever, strive to steadily expand their global presence in order to thrive in a highly competitive global market. Whereas emerging countries, like China or India, are popular to invest in for MNCs, internationalization is increasingly including companies from those developing nations as well. Additionally, those Emerging Market Multinationals (EMNCs) are not only gaining power on an international level but are also becoming effective local competitors for multinationals in their home markets. Hence, losing their market shares to the local competition, MNCs are forced to rethink their strategy in emerging markets. According to the new challenges, multinationals have to face in developing markets the following paper aims to analyze the competitive environment in emerging countries and thus derive promising approaches for MNCs to successfully stabilize their position. The analysis will be based on a theoretical background, including the description of general reasons for internationalization, foreign direct investments as an entry mode as well as the'Being International Strategies'according to Bartlett/Ghoshal (1989) and broader relevant models. Afterwards, the current situation and competitive environment in emerging markets will be outlined. The analysis itself will be conducted on the example of Nestlé in the Chinese market in order to further assess MNCs'position in developing countries. After giving a short company introduction, the Chinese food processing industry, as well as Nestlé's internationalization strategy, will be examined. In order to further assess the company`s position and performance in China Porter's 5 forces framework will be applied. To conclude, general implications for the competitive situation in emerging markets and MNC's strategies as well as an evaluation of Nestlé's position in China are derived and outlined.

Have you ever asked yourself what gives comfort to someone who demands and accepts a bribe, sells drugs or commits professional crimes for money? The majority of these people are not wealthy, and they accept small amounts of money every day from their victims.Cash, Corruption and Economic Development examines the causes of corruption and crime and highlights what brings comfort to all those who accept bribes and kickbacks, arguing that it is paper currency because it does not leave a signature of its movement from one entity to another. The author proposes that today, with the technology available, we can make the transition to a paper currency-free economy, which will help reduce corruption and crime and give a boost to economic development. The book analyses the causes of corruption and presents a replacement for the current model, to be implemented by a central bank and followed by banks operating within its jurisdiction.This book will be of interest to economists, students of economics and finance, and all those who have suffered as a result of corruption and professional crime and want these practices to end.

First published in 1996, this book seeks to establish Gabriel A.D. Preinreich as an important accounting theorist and redress the neglect that his work has suffered despite its foundational importance to prominent areas of modern research. Two criteria were used to select the papers included in this volume — papers related to dividends, yield, valuation, goodwill and depreciation were selected while those that were primarily concerned with mathematical economics were omitted. The collected articles and other items were written between 1931 and 1944 and grouped into three sections: accounting from the investor's viewpoint; valuation and goodwill; and depreciation.

Despite numerous books on research methodology, many have failed to present a complete, hands-on, practical book to lead college classes or individuals through the research process. We are seeing more and more scientific papers from all research fields that fail to meet the basic criteria in terms of research methods, as well as the structure, writing style and presentation of results. This book aims to address this gap in the market by providing an authoritative, easy to follow guide to research methods and how to apply them. Qualitative Methods in Economics is focused not only on the research methods/techniques but also the methodology. The main objective of this book is to discuss qualitative methods and their use in economics and social science research. Chapters identify several of the research approaches commonly used in social studies, from the importance of the role of science through to the techniques of data collection. Using an example research paper to examine the methods used to present the research, the second half of this book breaks down how to present and format your results successfully. This book will be of use to students and researchers who want to improve their research methods and read up on the new and cutting edge advances in research methods, as well as those who like to study ways to improve the research process.

The papers in Tax Policy and the Economy Volume 31 are all directly related to important and often long-standing issues, often including how transfer programs affect tax rates and behavior. In the first paper, Alan Auerbach, Laurence Kotlikoff, Darryl Koehler, and Manni Yu take a lifetime perspective on the marginal tax rates facing older individuals and families arising from a comprehensive set of sources. In the second, Gizem Kosar and Robert A. Moffitt provide new estimates of the cumulative marginal tax rates facing low-income families over the period 1997-2007. In the third paper, Emmanuel Saez presents evidence on the elasticity of taxable income with respect to tax rates, drawing on data from the 2013 federal income tax reform. In the fourth, Conor Clarke and Wojciech Kopczuk survey the treatment of business income taxation in the United States since the 1950s, providing new data on how business income and its taxation have evolved over time. In the fifth paper, Louis Kaplow argues that the reduction in statutory tax rates from base-broadening may not reduce effective marginal tax rates on households.

Since the economic reform of the 1980s, Chinese economy has boomed and has now become the second largest in the world. Based on the constant and systematic researches of economic periodicity, this book studies Chinese economic growth and fluctuations. As a famous Chinese economist, the author is the first one who demonstrated the investment periodicity in China. His groundbreaking studies on Chinese economic periodic fluctuation have significant impact at home and abroad. The first six papers collected in this book mainly examine issues on Chinese periodic fluctuation and macroeconomic regulation, including the periodic fluctuations from 1953 to 1994, and a comparative analysis of five macroeconomic regulations since the reform and open up in the late 1980s. The last seven papers appear in the author's collected works for the first time. They are focused on the new characteristics of Chinese macroeconomic operation and regulation after the financial crisis of 2007-2008. In addition, this book reviews on China's economic growth from 1949 to 2009 and provides some valuable suggestions on how to maintain the rising trend of the new economic cycle.

The thirty-first edition of the NBER Macroeconomics Annual features theoretical and empirical research on central issues in contemporary macroeconomics. The first two papers are rigorous and data-driven analyses of the European financial crisis. The third paper introduces a new set of facts about economic growth and financial ratios as well as a new macrofinancial database for the study of historical financial booms and busts. The fourth paper studies the historical effects of Federal Reserve efforts to provide guidance about the future path of the funds rate. The fifth paper explores the distinctions between models of price setting and associated nominal frictions using data on price setting behavior. The sixth paper considers the possibility that the economy displays nonlinear dynamics that lead to cycles rather than long-term convergence to a steady state. The volume also includes a short paper on the decline in the rate of global economic growth.

This Chatham House Paper, first published in 1982, examines the problem of extraterritoriality. A wide range of economic activity is subject to the laws of more than one state, yet there is little provision for resolving situations where states impose contradictory requirements. This paper is particularly concerned with four areas of difficulty: extraterritorial anti-trust enforcement; overlapping regulatory claims; economic regulation for political aims; and different approaches to adjudication.

Management Research: European Perspectives brings together experts in the field to take stock of European management research and reflect on its distinctiveness. Building on a successful series of papers published in the European Management Journal, this book contains international contributions providing a range of scholarly perspectives on the reality of European management research.The state of management scholarship has recently been a topic of great interest, focusing on such matters as the role of universities versus businesses in shaping research agendas, the so-called ‘rigour–relevance'debate, the use of measurements in quality assessment of research outputs, the role of journal rankings, and the merits of the journal review system. Missing, however, is any discussion of what, if anything, constitutes a European approach to management research, how does it differ from other styles used in the rest of the world and why is there a need for such distinctiveness? It has been noted that European management scholars have a lower success rate for publishing theoretical papers than their North American counterparts, which is surprising given that Europe has been the cradle of many generative intellectual traditions. European scholars may be the heirs to those traditions, but they are sometimes criticised for failing to channel this legacy into authoritative theoretical contributions in elite US-based management journals. This book provides insightful contributions to the debate and offers critical reflections on what European-based scholars have to offer the study of management.

Writing business letters is one of the few most frequently performed administrative (managerial) duties at our workplaces, as almost every business activity involves letter writings and/or memos. This makes it an important administrative task. Yet, in many English speaking countries, there is not much emphasis on this important subject in business studies curricula. The book is divided into seven sections. Section One considers stationery: the types and sizes of the paper and other stationery items needed to produce various business documents with special emphasis on business letters. This section also considers the appropriate methods of storage, preservation and issues of stationery items. Section Two tackles parts of a letter: the rules regarding their formation and appropriate positioning on paper, while Section Three deals with some writing rules that need to be observed to create professional and effective letters (and other business documents). Section Four takes readers through the formation of the letter, or what goes into the letter to render it effective. It also includes some letter writing habits to avoid. Section Five covers how letters are written with the help of others (subordinates), and considers manuscript writing and dictation management. Sections Six and Seven consider some specimen letters: Section Six deals with specimen letters in the areas of enquiries; orders; complaints; accounts; shipping and forwarding; packaging; and banking. Section Seven considers personnel letters (forming a bulk of the letters), covering job inquiries; advertising jobs; applications; seeking and providing references; making job offers; probation and confirmation; transfers and promotions; grievance and discipline; redundancy management; meetings; separation; request for assistance; reservation and appointment. This section also focuses on some social letters including hospitality, condolences, apology, congratulations, gratitude, and get-well messages. Together, there are 174 specimen letters. The letters come with comments on formation, content, layout, and pitfalls to avoid. The aim of providing the sample letters is for readers to receive some guidance to suit their own purposes, or to use the sample letters as guides to write their own letters.

This book explores peripheral visions on economic development, both in the sense that it deals with specific issues of economic development and underdevelopment in countries at the periphery of the world economy, and in terms of its exploration of the economic thinking developed in those regions, particularly in Latin America. Bringing together an international group of historians of thought, economic historians and development economists from Latin America, Europe and other parts of the world, this volume is highly credited and is an excellent contribution to development economic studies. This book is divided into four parts. Following the introduction, the first set of papers describes the evolution of core-periphery perspectives in key contributions by Raúl Prebisch, Oskar Lange, Albert Hirschman, Celso Furtado and Homero Cuevas. The second set discusses the links between unbalanced productive structures and external trade in peripheral countries. The third set contains papers on critical episodes in the development of monetary and financial systems in Latin America during the 19th and 20th centuries. The fourth set deals with geographical and institutional aspects of path dependence in the governance of external trade and in the development of liberties, property rights and economic education in Europe, Latin America and Africa. Several chapters make use of hitherto unexplored archival material. Other chapters draw attention to important episodes or literatures that have largely gone unnoticed in the English-speaking world. Yet others combine conceptual innovations with work on new historical data and other sources hitherto not utilized in such contexts. This book is ideal for those who study and research development economics, history of economic thought and economic history, especially in Latin America.

The papers in Volume 29 of Tax Policy and the Economy illustrate the depth and breadth of the taxation-related research by NBER research associates, both in terms of methodological approach and in terms of topics. In the first paper, former NBER President Martin Feldstein estimates how much revenue the federal government could raise by limiting tax expenditures in various ways, such as capping deductions and exclusions. The second paper, by George Bulman and Caroline Hoxby, makes use of a substantial expansion in the availability of education tax credits in 2009 to study whether tax credits have a significant causal effect on college attendance and related outcomes. In the third paper, Casey Mulligan discusses how the Affordable Care Act (ACA) introduces or expands taxes on income and on full-time employment. In the fourth paper, Bradley Heim, Ithai Lurie, and Kosali Simon focus on the “young adult” provision of the ACA that allows young adults to be covered by their parents'insurance policies. They find no meaningful effects of this provision on labor market outcomes. The fifth paper, by Louis Kaplow, identifies some of the key conceptual challenges to analyzing social insurance policies, such as Social Security, in a context where shortsighted individuals fail to save adequately for their retirement.

The research papers in Volume 30 of Tax Policy and the Economy make significant contributions to the academic literature in public finance and provide important conceptual and empirical input to policy design. In the first paper, Gerald Carlino and Robert Inman consider whether state-level fiscal policies create spillovers for neighboring states and how federal stimulus can internalize these externalities. The second paper, by Nathan Hendren, presents a new framework for evaluating the welfare consequences of tax policy changes and explains how the key parameters needed to implement this framework can be estimated. The third paper, a collaborative effort by several academic and US Treasury economists, documents the dramatic increase in pass-through businesses, including partnerships and S-corporations, over the last thirty years. It notes that these entities now generate more than half of all US business income. The fourth paper examines property tax compliance using a pseudo-randomized experiment in Philadelphia, in which those who owed taxes received supplemental letters regarding their tax delinquency. The research explores what types of communication lead to higher rates of tax payment. In the fifth paper, Jeffrey Clemens discusses cross-program budgetary spillovers of minimum wage regulations. Severin Borenstein and Lucas Davis, the authors of the sixth paper, study the distributional effects of income tax credits for clean energy.

Aviation Markets: Studies in Competition and Regulatory Reform is a collection of 17 papers selected from David Starkie's extensive writings over the last 25 years. Previously published material has been extensively edited and adapted, and combined with new material, published here for the first time. The book is divided into five sections, each featuring an original overview chapter, to better establish the background and also explain the papers'wider significance including, wherever appropriate, their relevance to current policy issues. These papers have been selected to illustrate a significant theme that has been relatively neglected thus far in both aviation and industrial economics: the role of the market and its interplay with the development of economic policy in the context of a dynamic but partly price regulated industry. The result provides a strong flavour of how market mechanisms, and particularly competition, can operate to successfully resolve policy issues. The book will be of interest to academics and those engaged in the formulation of aviation policy, such as public administrators and consultants, as well as those working in the aviation industry. It is also relevant to economic studies in a more general context, particularly to students and practitioners in industrial organisation economics, including those studying and researching the public utility industries.

This year, the NBER Macroeconomics Annual celebrates its thirtieth volume. The first two papers examine China's macroeconomic development. “Trends and Cycles in China's Macroeconomy” by Chun Chang, Kaiji Chen, Daniel F. Waggoner, and Tao Zha outlines the key characteristics of growth and business cycles in China. “Demystifying the Chinese Housing Boom” by Hanming Fang, Quanlin Gu, Wei Xiong, and Li-An Zhou constructs a new house price index, showing that Chinese house prices have grown by ten percent per year over the past decade. The third paper, “External and Public Debt Crises” by Cristina Arellano, Andrew Atkeson, and Mark Wright, asks why there appear to be large differences across countries and subnational jurisdictions in the effect of rising public debts on economic outcomes. The fourth, “Networks and the Macroeconomy: An Empirical Exploration” by Daron Acemoglu, Ufuk Akcigit, and William Kerr, explains how the network structure of the US economy propagates the effect of gross output productivity shocks across upstream and downstream sectors. The fifth and sixth papers investigate the usefulness of surveys of household's beliefs for understanding economic phenomena. “Expectations and Investment,” by Nicola Gennaioli, Yueran Ma, and Andrei Shleifer, demonstrates that a chief financial officer's expectations of a firm's future earnings growth is related to both the planned and actual future investment of that firm. “Declining Desire to Work and Downward Trends in Unemployment and Participation” by Regis Barnichon and Andrew Figura shows that an increasing number of prime-age Americans who are not in the labor force report no desire to work and that this decline accelerated during the second half of the 1990s.

The papers in the sixteenth volume of the National Bureau of Economic Research's Innovation Policy and the Economy offer insights into the changing landscape of innovation by highlighting recent developments in the financing of innovation and entrepreneurship and in the economics of innovation and intellectual property. The first chapter, by Ramana Nanda and Matthew Rhodes-Kropf, explores the process of experimentation in the context of financing of technology start-ups by venture capitalists. The second, by Yael Hochberg, also analyzes the role of entrepreneurial experimentation by systematically examining the rise of start-up accelerators. The third chapter, by Heidi Williams, studies the relationship between the strength of intellectual property rights and innovation. The fourth paper, by Fiona Scott Morton and Carl Shapiro discusses recent changes to the patent system and whether they align the rewards from intellectual property with the marginal contributions made by innovators and other stakeholders. The final chapter, by Karim Lakhani and Kevin Boudreau, focuses on the potential use of field innovation experiments and contests to inform innovation policy and management. Together, these essays continue to highlight the importance of economic theory and empirical analysis in innovation policy research.

The 15 papers collected in this book encompass important macroeconomic theories and policies espoused by 1996 Nobel laureate economist William S. Vickrey and his associates. Vickrey wrote a number of papers in the last few years of his life elucidating his'commitment to full employment'as a prerequisite for a decent standard of living for all. Drawing on the foundation of Vickrey's work, the contributors expand and elaborate on issues relative to full employment theory and policy, and on related macro-policy issues.

Economists increasingly recognise that engagement with social ontology – the study of the basic subject matter and constitution of social reality - can facilitate more relevant analysis. This growing recognition amongst economists of the importance of social ontology is due very considerably to the work of members of the Cambridge Social Ontology Group. This volume brings together important papers by members of this group, some previously unpublished, in a collection that reveals the breadth and vitality of this Cambridge project. It provides a brilliant introduction to the central themes explored, perspectives sustained, insights achieved and how the project is moving forward.An initial set of papers examine how ontology is understood and justified within this Cambridge project and consider how it compares with prominent historical and contemporary alternatives. The majority of the included papers involve social ontological analysis being put to work directly in underlabouring for specific types of development in economics. The papers are grouped according to their contribution to clarifying and developing (i) various competing traditions and projects of modern economics, (ii) history of thought contributions, (iii) methodological concerns, (iv) ethics and (v) conceptions of particular aspects of social reality, including money, gender, technology and institutions. Background to and a brief history of the Cambridge group is provided in the Introduction. Social Ontology and Modern Economics will be of interest not only to economists but also philosophers of social science, social theorists and those eager to explore the nature of gender, social institutions and technology.

This work is organized in seven sections around major themes of socio-economics. The first section outlines socio-economics in an historical perspective, drawing on the'Methodenstreit'in the German school of economics at the turn of the century. Four additional essays view economic behaviour from the perspective of psychology, sociology and values outside the realm of economics. The second section of the book explores the process of choice and goals made by the variety of economic factors, among them factors that influence choices, values and motivations outside economics. The next two sections, each containing three papers, examine executive leadership and entrepreneurship from the broader socio-economic perspective. Section five includes papers that deal with the role of institutions in the modern political economy. It develops an institutional theory of markets, firms, human values in economic behaviour and investment in ethnic goals and morality. Section six focuses on the modern corporate culture considering collective human capital. The final three papers examine the boundaries that embrace the processes and activities of firms. They consider the bonds and relationships that develop between firms and organizations in the modern political economy.

The papers in this collection were selected from nearly 200 that were presented at the 50 sessions of the second annual International Conference on Socio-Economics held at The George Washington University in Washington, D.C. March 1990. They reflect the great interest that socio-economics has inspired in the few years since the Society for the Advancement of Socio-Economics was founded in 1989. The papers represent the stimulating dialogue among psychologists, sociologists, political scientists, philosophers, economists, and students of finance and business administration. The authors are communicating across the frontiers of established disciplines to address enduring questions on economic theory and policy, and they aim to liberate the study of economics from the straitjacket of the neoclassical approach.

Since the emergence of urban systems, cities have developed in a mutually inter-dependent process of socio-economic dynamics and transportation linkages. In recent years, Airports worldwide have stepped beyond the stage of being pure infrastructure facilities while the complex dynamics that are taking place at and around international airports represent a crucial element in the post-industrial reorganisation of urban and regional systems. Airports are increasingly recognized as general urban activity centres; that is, key assets for cities and regions as economic generators and catalysts of investment in addition to being critical components of efficient city infrastructure.This book brings together contributions from renowned academic scholars and world leading practitioners to discuss insights gained from theory and practice. The first collection of papers reflects upon the general role and future of airports as well as their specific contribution to competitive advantages within a fast changing business and economic landscape. The second group of contributions ask about the role airports play within the innovation process that is inherently centred on generating and sharing knowledge. The third section of papers investigates the drivers of real estate developments on airport land and in the close vicinity of airports.

This book brings together some 15 papers drawn from the 330 papers presented at the Third Annual Conference of the Society for the Advancement of Socio-Economics in Stockholm, Sweden in June 1991. Part 1 outlines a basic theory of institutional change; Parts 2 and 3 examine case studies in international experience with institutional change. The authors of the original papers include Douglas North, Amitai Etzioni, Oliver Williamson, as well as eminent scholars from Eastern and Western Europe, representing views and analyses from ten different countries.

The twenty-ninth edition of the NBER Macroeconomics Annual continues its tradition of featuring theoretical and empirical research on central issues in contemporary macroeconomics. Two papers in this year's issue deal with recent economic performance: one analyzes the evolution of aggregate productivity before, during, and after the Great Recession, and the other characterizes the factors that have contributed to slow economic growth following the Great Recession. Another pair of papers tackles the role of information in business cycles. Other contributions address how assumptions about sluggish nominal price adjustment affect the consequences of different monetary policy rules and the role of business cycles in the long-run decline in the share of employment in middle-wage jobs. The final chapter discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the elimination of physical currency.