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The Brookings Papers on Economic Activity (BPEA) is a semi-annual academic conference and journal that pairs rigorous research with real-time policy analysis to address the most urgent economic challenges of the day. Working drafts of the papers are presented at the conference typically held twice each year. The final papers and discussant remarks from each conference are subsequently published in the journal several months later.POPP, VONA, MARIN and CHEN on The Employment Impact of a Green Fiscal Push: Evidence from the American Recovery and Reinvestment ActBUCKMAN, CHOI, DALY and SEITELMAN on The Economic Gains from EquityCHERRY, JIANG, MATVOS, PISKORSKI and SERU on Government and Private Household Debt Relief during COVID-19RENNERT, PREST, PIZER, NEWELL, ANTHOFF, KINGDON, RENNELS, COOKE, RAFTERY, ŠEVČÍKOVÁ and ERRICKSON on The Social Cost of Carbon:Advances in Long-Term Probabilistic Projections of Population, GDP, Emissions, and Discount RatesREIS on Losing the Inflation AnchorAUTOR, DORN and HANSON on On the Persistence of the China Shock

The Bellagio Group was founded at a time of global economic crisis. This collection brings together the private correspondence and published papers of the Group's founders, creating a picture of the personalities, issues, debates and compromises leading to the adoption of flexible exchange rates and a modified Triffin plan.

The Bellagio Group was founded at a time of global economic crisis. This collection brings together the private correspondence and published papers of the Group's founders, creating a picture of the personalities, issues, debates and compromises leading to the adoption of flexible exchange rates and a modified Triffin plan.

The Bellagio Group was founded at a time of global economic crisis. This collection brings together the private correspondence and published papers of the Group's founders, creating a picture of the personalities, issues, debates and compromises leading to the adoption of flexible exchange rates and a modified Triffin plan.

The Bellagio Group was founded at a time of global economic crisis. This collection brings together the private correspondence and published papers of the Group's founders, creating a picture of the personalities, issues, debates and compromises leading to the adoption of flexible exchange rates and a modified Triffin plan.

An illuminating history of America's original credit market. The Continental Dollar is a revelatory history of how the fledgling United States paid for its first war. Farley Grubb upends the common telling of this story, in which the United States printed cross-colony money, called Continentals, to serve as an early fiat currency—a currency that is not tied to a commodity like gold, but rather to a legal authority. As Grubb details, the Continental was not a fiat currency, but a “zero-coupon bond”—a wholly different species of money. As bond payoffs were pushed into the future, the money's value declined, killing the Continentals'viability years before the Revolutionary War would officially end. Drawing on decades of exhaustive mining of eighteenth-century records, The Continental Dollar is an essential origin story of the early American monetary system, promising to serve as the benchmark for critical work for decades to come.

Carta e natura, riciclo e circolarità. Il filosofo Massimo Donà si pro- pone di riflettere intorno alla materia di cui questo stesso libro è fatto: la carta. Lo fa ripercorrendone anzitutto le origini: la carta nasce in Oriente, proprio in virtù di un'ibridazione. La natura è per essenza circolare; i suoi dinamismi mostrano che andare avanti è per essa sempre un tornare indietro. Da cui un ricominciare perpetuo. In natura i processi circolari rendono palese che tutto, tornando ogni volta all'inizio, si fa nuovo. Che nulla è mai rigidamente ancorato a quel che sembra esser diventato. Tutto è in perenne metamorfosi. Tutto diviene. Dunque, far riferimento alla metamorfosi significa alludere a ciò che, della natura, ci mostra costantemente l'insostenibilità di qualsivoglia pensiero dell'immutabile, dell'eterno e del permanente. Comprendere che invece le cose sono sempre nuove, ossia che indicano sempre diverse possibili significazioni, vuol dire capire che alla base delle cose naturali v'è la «fantasia», e non l'astratta razionalità fatta propria da un certo tipo di scientificità. Buona parte dei disastri ecologici che rendono sempre più fragile il nostro pianeta, e sempre più a rischio la nostra permanenza sulla sua superficie, sono stati prodotti da una forma di pensiero lineare, produttivistico e fondato sul mito della «crescita». Su un'idea rigida di razionalità che, delle cose del mondo, ha visto solo l'essenziale sfruttabilità, utile a rendere sempre più potente il dominio dell'essere umano. Ma la natura ci insegna che in principio era il due, e non l'uno. Che tutto funge da risultato di un'originaria ibridazione; e che è folle credere che le cose siano «pure», univocamente significanti, e soprattutto che talune cose siano buone e altre cattive, alcune belle e altre brutte. Ed è così che possiamo tornare a riflettere sul fatto che la carta nasce in virtù di un'operazione di riciclo; e che solo in virtù di tale operazione può rivendicare una fortissima valenza simbolica. Ogni unità naturale è infatti in se stessa molteplice. Anche la cellulosa è una complexio; è un polimero, un aggregato. Solo se comprendiamo la strutturale complessità di ogni forma d'esistenza, possiamo capire in che senso ogni fenomeno naturale parli di una complessità strutturale che deve renderci particolarmente attenti a intervenire rompendo relazioni, e ferendo l'unità che tutto tiene insieme. Solo comprendendo questa verità, possiamo capire che in natura tutto è ibrido, complesso, e dunque correlato a ogni altra cosa; che nulla può vivere isolato, illudendosi di potersi confinare in una zona protetta e dunque non costretta a lasciarsi contaminare dall'altro, dal diverso, da quello che, in realtà, più propriamente ci riguarda.

This is an open access book. As an interdisciplinary academic conference, SSEME showcases high quality keynote speeches, oral and poster presentations of refereed papers. It highlights in hot research fields in social sciences, economics, management, and education, and aims to foster the exchange of research advances addressing emerging challenges in the frontlines of scientific researches and practices. SSEME warmly welcomes new insights from both industry and academia, on both basic and applied researches. 2024 the 2nd International Conference on Social Sciences, Economics, Management and Education (SSEME 2024) will be held during July 15-17, 2024 in Qingdao, Chinaonline during July 15-16, 2024.. On behalf of the organizing committee, we would like to cordially invite experts and participants from academia and industry to participate in SSEME 2024! SSEME 2024 is soliciting original and high-quality submissions in terms of research novelty, technical excellence, or unique applications in the real world, in social sciences, economics, management, and education. All paper submissions will be peer reviewed by at least 2-3 independent reviewers.

This is an open access book. 2023 International Conference on Economic Management, Financial Innovation and Public Service (EMFIPS 2023) was held on December 29–30 2023. The idea of the conference is for the scientists, scholars, engineers, and students from Universities all around the world and the industry to present ongoing research activities, and hence to foster research relations between the Universities and the industry. This conference provides opportunities for the delegates to exchange new ideas and application experiences face to face, establish business or research relations, and find global partners for future collaboration. EMFIPS 2023 also aims to provide a platform for experts, scholars, engineers, technicians and technology R&D personnel to share scientific research results and cutting-edge technologies, understand academic development trends, expand research ideas, strengthen academic research and discussion, and promote cooperation in the industrialization of academic achievements. All full paper submissions to the EMFIPS 2023 should be written in English. They will be sent to the committee and reviewed by at least two editors. All papers will be evaluated based on originality, technicality, research depth, accuracy, relevance to conference, academic contributions, and readability.

The Albert Luthuli Centre for Responsible Leadership invited papers related to responsible leadership from a trans-disciplinary perspective involving the social and natural sciences. Subsequent to a lengthy review process, fifteen authors were invited to present at the the 3rd International Conference on Responsible Leadership; from these, five papers were finally selected to appear in this Special Edition.Management, leadership, and business knowledge by itself cannot ensure a sustainable and equitable future. What is needed is an integration of knowledge about responsible leadership across disciplinary boundaries, ranging from management studies and the physical sciences, to law, the humanities and social science. Only by integrating across current disciplinary boundaries can we find hope for generating what has been termed “earth system governance”, a way for humanity to manage the complexities of the world to create a just, equitable, and sustainable world for all.The five papers included in this special edition provide insight into responsible leadership and the importance of interdisciplinary dialogue in an interconnected and complex world. The perspectives converge to give us focused insights on responsible leadership as an emerging discourse, confirming the importance of bridging science, business and politics, and the role that responsible leadership plays in this.

Volume 27 of Advances in Industrial and Labor Relations (AILR) contains five peer-reviewed papers highlighting key aspects of employment relations across a variety of disciplinary perspectives. These papers feature historical and legal analyses of work regulation, intra-organizational analysis of employee development and entry-level hiring decisions, prospects for unionization and other forms of collective association in gig economy companies, and analysis of on-line versus in-person mediation of employment disputes involving allegations of discrimination. As with prior AILR volumes, the papers in Volume 27 display a variety of quantitative and qualitative research methods. These range from primary research methods such as case studies, survey, interviews, and historiography to longitudinal and cross-sectional empirical studies and theory building.

Rigorous, careful, and nonpartisan research with a high policy impact on environmental and energy economics. Environmental and Energy Policy and the Economy focuses on the effective and efficient management of environmental and energy challenges. Research papers offer new evidence on the intended and unintended consequences, the market and nonmarket effects, and the incentive and distributional impacts of policy initiatives and market developments. This volume presents six new papers on environmental and energy economics and policy. Gilbert Metcalf examines the distributional impacts of substituting a vehicle miles-traveled tax for the existing federal excise tax in the United States. David Weisbach, Samuel Kortum, Michael Wang, and Yujia Yao consider solutions to the leakage problem of climate policy with differential tax policies on the supply and demand for fossil fuels and on domestic production and consumption. Danae Hernandez-Cortes, Kyle Meng, and Paige Weber quantify and decompose recent trends in air pollution disparities in the US electricity sector. Severin Borenstein and Ryan Kellogg provide a comparative analysis of different incentive-based mechanisms to reduce emissions in the electricity sector on a path to zero emissions. Sarah Anderson, Andrew Plantinga, and Matthew Wibbenmeyer document distributional differences in the allocation of US wildfire prevention projects. Finally, Mark Curtis and Ioana Marinescu provide new evidence on the quality and quantity of emerging “green” jobs in the United States.

The privatisation of the British railway industry was a unique political and economic event. An integrated industry was broken-up into numerous component parts and sold off to private sector interests. The result was a highly fragmented industry that was structurally unsound and operationally dysfunctional. This authoritative volume presents an enlightening portrait of an industry that is less efficient, more costly and still more dependent on state subsidy today than its nationalised predecessor.The nine chapters in this work present a comprehensive and rigorous evaluation of how and why the industry has become so dysfunctional and costly, supported by detailed financial analysis and industry examples.Seven chapters comprise a series of peer-reviewed academic papers by Professor McCartney and Dr Stittle and published in leading international journals over the period 2004–2017 which analyse selected key segments of the privatised industry: where appropriate, updates are provided at the end of these chapters outlining developments since initial publication relevant to the analysis therein. Two chapters are published here for the first time: Chapter 7 reviews the performance of the freight sector, while Chapter 1 ‘bookends'the volume by providing first, an account of how rail privatisation was conceived and implemented in the 1980s/90s, and then reviews the impact of the pandemic and the proposals of the Williams-Shapps White Paper of 2021 which, if enacted, will effectively end the Major government's experiment.Going far beyond the usual superficial analysis of the topic, this volume will be of significant interest to researchers and advanced students of accounting, economics, business history, transport studies, as well as industry and specialised business interests in transport and privatisation.

Bachelor Thesis from the year 2022 in the subject Business economics - Miscellaneous, grade: 1,7, Wiesbaden University of Applied Sciences (Hochschule RheinMain), course: Digital Business Management, language: English, abstract: The primary purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the implementation of blockchain technology in the food supply chain by showing its potential to build trust among the stakeholders and to make the food supply chain efficient and cost-effective. A comprehensive literature review covering books, articles, journals, news, and expert opinions has been conducted to address the research questions. The findings in the thesis lead to the conclusion that blockchain is a promising technology that has the potential to transform the food supply chain. Blockchain is capable of building consumer trust, providing information about the food we consume, and making the food traceability easier. Furthermore, it builds transparency among the stakeholders. Last but not least, it makes the food chain cost-effective by automating most of the transactions and eliminating paperwork and intermediaries. This paper ends with a discussion of some challenges in implementing blockchain due to its early phases of development.

Please note: This is a companion version & not the original book. Book Preview: #1 The mystery of Whipple's success is why his commercials sold so much toilet paper. The answer is that they were extremely irritating, and people used the fast-forward button to avoid them. #2 The idea of Mr. Whipple, the advertiser, is not good. It is repetitive, schmaltzy, and cornball. But it is effective advertising, and it sells billions of rolls of toilet paper. #3 The public is cynical about advertising, and we send out every year the Gallup poll of most and least trusted professions. advertising practitioners trade last or second-to-last place with used car salesmen and members of Congress. #4 The 1950s saw the birth of modern advertising, with the concept of the unique selling proposition. This meant that advertisers would claim their products offered a specific benefit that no other product did.

Please note: This is a companion version & not the original book. Book Preview: #1 Abe was a student who was having a difficult time in school and in his life. He was having tests coming up and a big paper due, and his parents were fighting a lot. He spent a lot of time on social media and watching videos, but that didn't help. #2 The most powerful lesson you will ever learn is that life is like a pot of very hot water. You will find yourself in environments and facing conditions that test who you truly are, and can change, weaken, or harden you if you let them. #3 Abe's attitude changed, and his state of mind was elevated. He was no longer stressed about his paper or school, and he had transformed the culture of his school with his coffee bean club. #4 The Academy created a curriculum and a schedule designed to cause the cadets to fail. The cadets couldn't humanly do all that they had to do, so they would fail at something. The Academy found that through failure, most cadets would become stronger, wiser, and better.

Bachelor Thesis from the year 2022 in the subject Business economics - Miscellaneous, grade: 1,0, University of Mannheim, language: English, abstract: The key topic of this paper is the traditional German apprenticeship system and how different stakeholders participate in it. Vocational training provides value to several stakeholders, which I illustrate in this essay. In the first half of the paper, I cover the fundamental features of the German apprenticeship system, its history and current criticism. Then, after giving a brief overview of how vocational training is approached in other European countries and the United States ('US'), two major theoretical frameworks are presented. These frameworks are the 1962 specific and general knowledge framework developed by Becker, as well as the 1998 extension of his model by Acemoglu and Pischke. In the following part of the paper, I apply Becker's model to the German apprenticeship system, finding a contradiction stemming from the empirical data. Next, the firm perspective on the apprenticeship system is covered. This includes displaying and analyzing reasons companies give for or against offering apprenticeship positions. In addition, there is an assessment of several advantages training firms can benefit from. The penultimate part of the paper features current social problems and their implications for political dynamics while also showing how vocational training can provide value for society. Finally, in the final subsection, I conclude and state possible solutions to current problems of the German apprenticeship system while also giving an outlook on the future of vocational training.

The Law and Economics of Privacy, Personal Data, Artificial Intelligence, and Incomplete Monitoring presents new findings and perspectives from leading international scholars on several emerging areas issues in legal and economic research. The collection contains new theoretical papers on privacy, the protection of personal data, the use of regulatory monitoring under legal standards versus rules, a study of the properties of market efficiency in securities fraud litigation, as well as an analysis of non-exclusionary price floors. It also contains an empirical paper on the relationship between uncertainty of patent approval of artificial intelligence applications and the Supreme Court's decision in Alice Corp. v. CLS Bank International. Finally, the volume features a law-and-economics assessment of the Chinese financial system within the context of the trade-off between centralized control and rapid growth. This 30th volume of Research in Law and Economics showcases the cutting edge theoretical and empirical findings for researchers and professionals considering these complex issues intersecting law, technology, and economics.

Without a doubt, business schools have been a success story in higher education over the last 50 years (the period of EFMD's existence). Even so, they have come under scrutiny, and attack, over their academic legitimacy and value proposition for business and society. In this book, drawn from a special issue of Global Focus, the EFMD has selected around 25 of the best, most thoughtful short papers published in Global Focus to examine the role and purpose of EFMD in the evolution of management education.Each of the chapters interpret current strategic debates about the evolution of business schools and their paradigms and also identify possible strategic options for handling uncertain, volatile futures. These papers can be broadly categorized into four consistent themes: the first theme is concerned with the purpose and value proposition of management education; the second theme focuses on a perceived need for new business models and how to design and build them; the third theme addresses the question of the impact of the business school on business and society given the increasingly academic pursuits of business schools and their often weak links to the business community – the so-called rigour/relevance dilemma; and the fourth theme concerns how to ‘map'and design business school futures in an increasingly volatile, uncertain, complex and ambiguous crisis-oriented environment.This impressive collection of insights from business management leaders from across the globe is inspiring reading for higher education leaders, policy makers and business leaders seeking insight into the future of management education.The Open Access version of this book, available at http://www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license.

Please note: This is a companion version & not the original book. Book Preview: #1 There is a hidden curriculum when it comes to doing economics. Most graduate programs do not systematically train their students in what it means to work as a research economist, even when they teach them some of the interstitial knowledge. #2 The primary means by which a researcher communicates her findings is by writing them up in the form of papers. I cover how to write papers in chapter 2. Once a researcher has written a paper, she will often seek to improve it by incorporating other researchers'comments on her work. #3 The economics profession is full of opportunities for professional service. However, in order to figure out how to get to do a specific kind of service, the average early-career researcher would be at a loss.

Large Systems Change (LSC) is a field of study and action that is characterized by its focus on transformational pathways towards a participative, flourishing future through inter- and trans-disciplinary approaches that value engagement with practitioners and those aspiring for such futures. Its emergence holds great promise for addressing critical issues. Advancing its development requires aggressiveness to cross the many disciplinary, institutional and other boundaries and build the necessary scale of effort; however, humbleness is also required to recognize that although we have substantial knowledge and methodologies for approaching LSC, we are still at early stages of their development. The papers in this Special Issue of The Journal of Corporate Citizenship focus on the question of how to scale to the field of LSC. We can see the contributors and editors reflect on this at the three levels: broadening by increasing the numbers of people and organizations identified with it; going up and out with a more receptive environment arising with failures of traditional management approaches; and deepening of knowledge and methods for supporting LSC. This Special Issue will be essential reading for those researching in this emerging field, and practitioners looking for the latest thinking on how LSC may be a solution to global challenges.

This book offers an up-to-date and comprehensive picture of the Vietnamese economy, which is the fast-growing economy in Southeast Asia. The country has invested heavily in education, health, and development infrastructure across the country. Progress in recent decades has been strong and Vietnam has attracted significant relocation and outsourcing of production from The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries. In the recent years, much of the foreign direct investment from China has been channeled to Vietnam. The state's development policy has created optimal conditions for further expansion of production, supply chain, education and finances. Investment in education, health, infrastructure, administration and regulations is facilitating investment inflows, technology transfer and spillover to the growing national companies. The educated young population and disciplined labor force have provided a strong basis for the growth of the economy. The high level of productivity, improved quality of products, low and competitive cost of production, and over 100 million people provide a strong base for a continuous economic growth. This edited volume, brings together selected papers presented at The 5th International Conference on Business (ICB 2023), providing good insights into the features of the economy and its development potential. They provide an up-to-date overview and an empirical research-based picture of the recent trends in Vietnam's economic development. The book would be a useful read for educators, undergraduate and graduate students, domestic and foreign investors, government agencies, provincial and industrial sector decision-makers, trade partners, libraries, individual researchers, and professional and practitioners. It helps to fill the gap in knowledge and inform development planners and investors about different sectors of the Vietnamese economy and its development potential.

Climate change represents one of humanity's paramount global challenges and stands as a pivotal issue in sustainable development. This book delves into critical strategies for mitigating climate change and adapting to its impacts, emphasizing the integration of circular economy principles and the promotion of sustainability as imperative, especially through trans-sectoral approaches. The entire set of papers brings up research results and findings answering several of the Sustainable Development Goals, with a sense of complementarity integrating elements that lead to synergies when coupled and approached jointly.

This is an open access book. With the successful experience of the past 8 years, we believe that the 2024 9th International Conference on Social Sciences and Economic Development (ICSSED 2024) will be an even greater success in 2024, and welcome all scholars and experts to submit their papers for the conference! 2024 9th International Conference on Social Sciences and Economic Development (ICSSED 2024) will be held on March 22-24, 2024 in Beijing, China. ICSSED 2024 is to bring together innovative academics and industrial experts in the field of Social Sciences and Economic Development research to a common forum. The primary goal of the conference is to promote research and developmental activities in Social Sciences and Economic Development research and another goal is to promote scientific information interchange between researchers, developers, engineers, students, and practitioners working all around the world. The conference will be held every year to make it an ideal platform for people to share views and experiences in humanities and social science research and related areas. We warmly invite you to participate in ICSSED 2024 and look forward to seeing you in Beijing, China!

This is an open access book.The International Conference on Accounting, Management, and Economics (ICAME) is an annual agenda organized by the Faculty of Economics and Business, Hasanuddin University. In 2023, we would like to introduce to you the 8th ICAME with the current theme entitled “Establishing Inclusive Economy and Business”.SUB THEMEDevelopment EconomicsPublic EconomicsFinancial AccountingManagement AccountingFinance and InvestmentSustainability BusinessCorporate GovernanceHuman CapitalIslamic EconomicsOther Related; Accounting, Management, Economics IssuesWe hope that our conference can add discussions and information from various research towards the discourse of new economic policy in the post-pandemic era. This activity also became an important agenda in publishing scientific papers by academics and became a positive contribution to mapping Indonesia's future development. Therefore, we would like to invite academics, practitioners, researchers to contribute to the development of economic and business management research through participating in the 8th of ICAME. Thank you for your participation and we look forward to meeting you at the conference.

A timely investigation of the potential economic effects, both realized and unrealized, of artificial intelligence within the United States healthcare system. In sweeping conversations about the impact of artificial intelligence on many sectors of the economy, healthcare has received relatively little attention. Yet it seems unlikely that an industry that represents nearly one-fifth of the economy could escape the efficiency and cost-driven disruptions of AI. The Economics of Artificial Intelligence: Health Care Challenges brings together contributions from health economists, physicians, philosophers, and scholars in law, public health, and machine learning to identify the primary barriers to entry of AI in the healthcare sector. Across original papers and in wide-ranging responses, the contributors analyze barriers of four types: incentives, management, data availability, and regulation. They also suggest that AI has the potential to improve outcomes and lower costs. Understanding both the benefits of and barriers to AI adoption is essential for designing policies that will affect the evolution of the healthcare system.

With the Brexit referendum more than 50% of the British population voted in favour of the UK leaving the EU. Since that event, much speculation has been about Brexit impact on the global economy, also affecting the insurance market. Existing papers and literature indicate potential significant Brexit implications on the structure of the European insurance market due to the loss of the European Passport, the European Solvency II supervisory regime, as well as on stock prices of insurance companies based in the EU and UK, but so far there is no holistic view on this topic. The dissertation aims to bring together the fragmentary information on Brexit implications for the European insurance market, develop methodological approaches further, conduct new analyses, and reflect a holistic picture of the impact of Brexit on the European insurance market, focusing on the structure of the European insurance market, stock market reactions and the Solvency II supervisory regime.

This is not a definitive history of corporate citizenship but for anyone interested in the who, what, why and how of this subject there are some very significant papers which may become definitive for scholars and reflective practitioners. Just as many people cannot imagine a world without mobile telephony and the Internet, and seem not to care or wonder how we got here, so too it is forgotten that much that is now taken for granted in terms of corporate reporting and accountability has been, and still is, the result of a hard struggle.

In the last decades, machine learning techniques – especially techniques of deep learning – led to numerous successes in many application areas, including economics. The use of machine learning in economics is the main focus of this book; however, the book also describes the use of more traditional econometric techniques. Applications include practically all major sectors of economics: agriculture, health (including the impact of Covid-19), manufacturing, trade, transportation, etc. Several papers analyze the effect of age, education, and gender on economy – and, more generally, issues of fairness and discrimination.We hope that this volume will:help practitioners to become better knowledgeable of the state-of-the-art econometric techniques, especially techniques of machine learning,and help researchers to further develop these important research directions. We want to thank all the authors for their contributions and all anonymous referees for their thorough analysis and helpful comments.

Makes Japanese sources accessible in EnglishAlthough much of the work on Japanese economic history is inaccessible to Westerners, many of Japan's leading economic historians have published widely in English. Combined with the work of Western economists who can utilize Japanese-language sources, this series assembles a wide range of English-language articles on the key issues in Japanese economic development. Individual volumes cover the interwar period, postwar reconstruction and growth, the textile industry, demographics, agriculture, trade, and the rise of commerce and'protoindustry'in the Tokugawa era. Aninformation-packed classroom and research resource An introductory essay in each volume discusses the significance of the articles, compares various economic development in Japan with those in other countries, and puts studies in the context of similar studies in Europe. A versatile research resource, this 7-volume set is a veritable gold mine of hard-to-find information and data from diverse sources and a godsend to everyone interested in comparative economic and social history. Professors will appreciate the collection because it gives them instant access to less familiar English-language sources and is an easy way to introduce students to doing their own research. Students will appreciate the many articles as a mother lode of information for reports and papers. Researchers will be pleased by the coverage of more than three centuries of Japanese history and life.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Group Decision and Negotiation, GDN 2024, which took place in Porto, Portugal, during June 2–5, 2024. The field of Group Decision and Negotiation focuses on decision processes with at least two participants and a common goal but conflicting individual goals. Research areas of Group Decision and Negotiation include electronic negotiations, experiments, the role of emotions in group decision and negotiations, preference elicitation and decision support for group decisions and negotiations, and conflict resolution principles. The 13 full papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 100 submissions. They were organized in the following topical sections: Conflict Resolution; Preference Modeling for Group Decision and Negotiation; Collaborative and Responsible Negotiation Support Systems and Studies.

How inflation and deflation fears shape American democracy. Many foundational moments in American economic history—the establishment of paper money, wartime price controls, the rise of the modern Federal Reserve—occurred during financial panics as prices either inflated or deflated sharply. The government's decisions in these moments, intended to control price fluctuations, have produced both lasting effects and some of the most contentious debates in the nation's history. A sweeping history of the United States'economy and politics, Shock Values reveals how the American state has been shaped by a massive, ever-evolving effort to insulate its economy from the real and perceived dangers of price fluctuations. Carola Binder narrates how the pains of rising and falling prices have brought lasting changes for every generation of Americans. And with each brush with price instability, the United States has been reinvented—not as a more perfect union, but as a reflection of its most recent failures. Shock Values tells the untold story of prices and price stabilization in the United States. Expansive and enlightening, Binder recounts the interest-group politics, legal battles, and economic ideas that have shaped a nation from the dawn of the republic to the present.

In recent times, physicists have come to appreciate information's central role in the universe's grand plan. That and the fact that an explicit understanding of the informational relationships involved may well be key to unlocking many of the universe's deepest secrets. That makes the birth of both Computer and Information Science not only essential to the explosion of modern technological success, but also to our understanding of reality itself. In recognizing that, what unfolds is a story not only about Alan Turing and his pioneering colleagues, but also great thinkers like Albert Einstein, Michael Faraday, Ludwig Wittgenstein and others. It therefore pulls in much of modern history and touches on seminal events like the birth of the atomic bomb. It also hints at the reasons behind the various social and political divides we see in the world today. So, in many ways, the story of how we became more informed about information is also the story of the modern age. What you will read of here is the role that information plays in that ongoing saga and many of the twists and turns that have brought us to where we are with information today. In it you will learn that, unbeknown to Turing and others, their work would not only help overthrow the Nazis and thaw the chilling atmosphere of the Cold War to come, but also echo down the ages to remain relevant in a conflict still raging today. That sees the Computer and Information Scientists at loggerheads as they fight to find a right and justifiable place for meaning in information's definition. About The Open Group Press The Open Group Press is an imprint of The Open Group for advancing knowledge of information technology by publishing works from individual authors within The Open Group membership that are relevant to advancing The Open Group mission of Boundaryless Information Flow™. The key focus of The Open Group Press is to publish high-quality monographs, as well as introductory technology books intended for the general public, and act as a complement to The Open Group standards, guides, and white papers. The views and opinions expressed in this book are those of the authors, and do not necessarily reflect the consensus position of The Open Group members or staff.

The TOGAF® Standard, a standard of The Open Group, is a proven Enterprise Architecture methodology and framework used by the world's leading organizations to improve business efficiency. The TOGAF Certification Program has enabled more than 100,000 Enterprise Architects and trainers around the globe to demonstrate their proven knowledge of the framework and method. This is the book you need to prepare for the TOGAF Business Architecture Foundation qualification. This edition is aligned to the TOGAF Standard, 10th Edition. It includes an overview of every learning outcome included in the TOGAF Business Architecture Syllabus and in-depth coverage on preparing and taking the TOGAF Business Architecture Foundation examination. It includes Key Learning Points, exercises and challenging Test Yourself questions for each part of the syllabus, together with a Test Yourself examination paper that you can use to test your readiness to take the official TOGAF Business Architecture Foundation examination. The audience for this Study Guide is: Individuals, such as those responsible for business planning, who wish to apply the TOGAF Business Architecture approach in their working environment Individuals needing to gain competencies in TOGAF Business Architecture techniques Individuals who wish to become qualified as part of their own professional development A prior knowledge of Enterprise Architecture is advantageous but not required. Topics covered include: An introduction to TOGAF certification and the TOGAF Business Architecture Foundation qualification, including the TOGAF Business Architecture Foundation examination The concepts of Enterprise Architecture and the TOGAF Standard; this includes the TOGAF Architecture Development Method (ADM), the contents of the TOGAF framework, and the TOGAF Library The key terminology of TOGAF Business Architecture An introduction to the TOGAF ADM, including the objectives of the ADM phases, and how to adapt and scope the ADM for use How business modeling relates to the TOGAF Standard, the impact and benefits of business models, and examples of different representations of business models How to define business capabilities, how they can be modeled, and how to map them to other business perspectives Value streams and value stream mapping; the benefits, the different approaches to value stream analysis, the relationship to other Business Architecture concepts, and how to apply value streams How to apply information mapping when developing a Business Architecture How to apply organization mapping when developing a Business Architecture How to apply the TOGAF Business Scenario method How a Business Architecture is developed with the TOGAF ADM

The TOGAF® Standard, a standard of The Open Group, is a proven Enterprise Architecture methodology and framework used by the world's leading organizations to improve business efficiency. The TOGAF Certification Program has enabled more than 100,000 Enterprise Architects and trainers around the globe to demonstrate their proven knowledge of the framework and method. This is the book you need to prepare for the TOGAF Enterprise Architecture Foundation qualification. This edition is aligned to the TOGAF Standard, 10th Edition. It includes an overview of every learning outcome included in the TOGAF Enterprise Architecture Level 1 Syllabus and in-depth coverage on preparing and taking the TOGAF Enterprise Architecture Part 1 examination. It includes Key Learning Points, and challenging Test Yourself questions for each part of the syllabus, together with a Test Yourself examination paper that you can use to test your readiness to take the official TOGAF Enterprise Architecture Part 1 examination. The audience for this Study Guide is: Individuals who need a basic understanding of a proven Enterprise Architecture methodology Professionals who work for or join an organization applying the TOGAF Standard Individuals who need to start to learn the TOGAF method Individuals who want to achieve the TOGAF® Enterprise Architecture Practitioner qualification in a stepwise manner, or other certifications and certification credentials from The Open Group where this certification is a prerequisite A prior knowledge of Enterprise Architecture is advantageous but not required. Topics covered include: An introduction to TOGAF certification and the TOGAF Enterprise Architecture Foundation qualification, including the TOGAF Enterprise Architecture Part 1 examination The concepts of Enterprise Architecture and the TOGAF Standard The key terminology of the TOGAF Standard The Architecture Development Method (ADM) cycle and the objectives of each phase, and how to adapt and scope the ADM for use The techniques available to support the ADM Applying the ADM, including iteration, partitioning, and application in a digital enterprise How Architecture Governance contributes to architecture development Architecture content – the outputs produced while executing the ADM

The TOGAF® Standard, a standard of The Open Group, is a proven Enterprise Architecture methodology and framework used by the world's leading organizations to improve business efficiency. The TOGAF Certification Program has enabled more than 100,000 Enterprise Architects and trainers around the globe to demonstrate their proven knowledge of the framework and method. This is the book you need to prepare for the TOGAF Business Architecture Foundation qualification. This edition is aligned to the TOGAF Standard, 10th Edition. It includes an overview of every learning outcome included in the TOGAF Business Architecture Syllabus and in-depth coverage on preparing and taking the TOGAF Business Architecture Foundation examination. It includes Key Learning Points, exercises and challenging Test Yourself questions for each part of the syllabus, together with a Test Yourself examination paper that you can use to test your readiness to take the official TOGAF Business Architecture Foundation examination. The audience for this Study Guide is: Individuals, such as those responsible for business planning, who wish to apply the TOGAF Business Architecture approach in their working environment Individuals needing to gain competencies in TOGAF Business Architecture techniques Individuals who wish to become qualified as part of their own professional development A prior knowledge of Enterprise Architecture is advantageous but not required. Topics covered include: An introduction to TOGAF certification and the TOGAF Business Architecture Foundation qualification, including the TOGAF Business Architecture Foundation examination The concepts of Enterprise Architecture and the TOGAF Standard; this includes the TOGAF Architecture Development Method (ADM), the contents of the TOGAF framework, and the TOGAF Library The key terminology of TOGAF Business Architecture An introduction to the TOGAF ADM, including the objectives of the ADM phases, and how to adapt and scope the ADM for use How business modeling relates to the TOGAF Standard, the impact and benefits of business models, and examples of different representations of business models How to define business capabilities, how they can be modeled, and how to map them to other business perspectives Value streams and value stream mapping; the benefits, the different approaches to value stream analysis, the relationship to other Business Architecture concepts, and how to apply value streams How to apply information mapping when developing a Business Architecture How to apply organization mapping when developing a Business Architecture How to apply the TOGAF Business Scenario method How a Business Architecture is developed with the TOGAF ADM

This book consists of selected papers from the International Conference on Economics, Business and Sustainability (ICEBS) 2023 which brings together academics to exchange their research results and share experiences on all aspects of economics, business and sustainability The conference delivered a specific focus and significant breakthroughs in the rapid global economic rebound. The event appealed to scholars, academics, researchers, experts, development actors, practitioners and university students to join a part and share outlooks, experiences, research findings and the recent research trends in the milieu of social sciences. The ICEBS 2023 is expected to gain mutual understanding and insights, offering solutions and policy recommendations.

Bachelor Thesis from the year 2023 in the subject Economics - Other, grade: 2,3, Humboldt-University of Berlin, language: English, abstract: Introduced in 2015 by the Council of the European Union (EU) and the European Parliament and put into effect in 2019, the Market Stability Reserve (MSR) was introduced as a central tool to regulate the flaws of the cap-and-trade Emission Trading System (ETS) of the EU. The EU set the goal to reach the climate targets from the Kyoto protocol decided upon in 1997 as well as the Paris agreement adopted in 2015 regarding the reduction of their greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs). Purpose was not only to lower emissions but to achieve this in the most cost-effective and coordinated way. As the largest emission trading system in the world, the EU ETS covers 30 countries and around 10,000 facilities. In total, 40% of the emissions of these countries are covered by the ETS. Recent efforts of the EU's Green Deal intend to increase the environmental ambitions of the EU even more and reform the MSR along its “Fit for 55 program”. The MSR plays a significant role in this reform and has been used as the central regulating tool in order to improve structural supply-demand imbalances since its implementation. The goal of this thesis is to outline in what regard the Market Stability Reserve is helpful within the EU ETS to get closer to the EU's most recent environmental goals and what changes could be made to make it more efficient. In the second chapter, the EU's sustainability intentions as well as the EU ETS in general will be outlined. The third chapter, will describe the function and mechanisms of the MSR composition in detail as well as what the intentions behind its implementation and changes were as it has considerably changed its structure since its creation. Chapter 3 will also describe and illustrate the market mechanisms of the MSR graphically from a micro economic aspect. Chapter 4 will present four different phenomena of the ETS and highlight how they impact and influence the MSR and how conversely the MSR influences them along with a specific example. The 5th chapter will discuss proposed changes that could help it become more efficient as the system is constantly changing and new reforms are already expected. Chapter 6 will look at future possibilities of the ETS complementing or replacing the MSR. In chapter 7, the core findings of this paper are discussed before concluding the most relevant findings in chapter 8.

A revealing collection from the intellectual titan whose work shaped the modern world. As an economist and public intellectual, Gary S. Becker was a giant. The recipient of a Nobel Prize, a John Bates Clark Medal, and a Presidential Medal of Freedom, Becker is widely regarded as the greatest microeconomist in history. After forty years at the University of Chicago, Becker left a slew of unpublished writings that used an economic approach to human behavior, analyzing such topics as preference formation, rational indoctrination, income inequality, drugs and addiction, and the economics of family. These papers unveil the process and personality—direct, critical, curious—that made him a beloved figure in his field and beyond. The Economic Approach examines these extant works as a capstone to the Becker oeuvre—not because the works are perfect, but because they offer an illuminating, instructive glimpse into the machinations of an economist who wasn't motivated by publications. Here, and throughout his works, an inquisitive spirit remains remarkable and forever resonant.

QUICK WIN BUSINESS COMMUNICATION is written for business people who recognise how vital effective communication is to their own success and to the success of their organisations. While you are reading through the answers to your questions, other business people may be discussing missions, goals, losses, profits, overheads, policies, budgets, loans, promotions, strategic plans, product development, training, hiring, technology, downsizing, take-overs, global competitiveness, office parties, desk arrangements, coffee breaks, or office supplies. Imagine the implications if you can't understand what is being discussed online, in webinars, boardrooms, offices, or at lunch. Imagine the implications if your colleagues don't understand your views or are unable to articulate their own. Whether you are ordering paper for the copier or making long-range hiring plans, if communication fails, the outcome is confusion. Therefore, let's examine ways of ensuring a happier outcome. There are six sections to this book: Business Communication Essentials covers some of the fundamental questions that business people have about what makes an effective communicator and why it matters. It also explains the communication process in theory and what may prevent you from being clear; Business Communication Techniques answers questions ranging from unblocking communication to the importance of valuing people and includes topics like the importance of word choices, organising your thoughts and the role and use of visuals; Meetings & Interviews looks at aspects of well-run meetings; Writing – Offline & Online answers your questions about how to achieve greater clarity with the written word; Speaking & Presenting addresses your basic questions about formal and informal talks; Achieving Business Communication Excellence considers your ongoing development as an effective communicator. Updated in a new 2nd edition, QUICK WIN BUSINESS COMMUNICATION is designed so that you can dip in and out seeking answers to your top business communication questions as they arise. Answers to your queries can be located not only from the contents list but also by using the subject grid at the start of the book and by following the thread of cross-references provided at the end of each Q&A.

Authoritative takes on the most current and pressing issues in macroeconomics today. The NBER Macroeconomics Annual provides a forum for leading economists to participate in important debates in macroeconomics and to report on major developments in macroeconomic analysis and policy. The NBER Macroeconomics Annual brings together leading scholars to discuss five research papers on central issues in contemporary macroeconomics. First, Andrea Eisfeldt, Antonio Falato, and Mindy Xiaolan document the rise of a new class of worker that receives part of its labor income as equity-based compensation, its role in the recent decline in the labor share of income, and implications for the returns to skilled labor and the implied capital-skill complementarity. Next, Michael Bauer and Eric Swanson focus on monetary policy shocks and argue the correlation between estimated monetary surprises and previously available information can be explained by uncertainty about the parameters of the monetary policy rule. Using new data and methods they find effects of monetary policy on macroeconomic variables that are much larger than previously estimated. Job Boerma and Loukas Karabarbounis provide a framework for quantitatively exploring the gap in wealth between White and Black Americans over the past 150 years and examine the effectiveness of reparations as a tool for closing this gap. Guido Menzio considers workers who do not have rational expectations, and whose “stubborn” beliefs change the response of wages to technology shocks, resulting in sticky wages. He finds that the larger the fraction of workers with stubborn beliefs, the more volatile unemployment is. Finally, Rishabh Aggarwal, Adrien Auclert, Matthew Rognlie, and Ludwig Straub investigate the growth—particularly in the United States—of private savings, current account deficits, and fiscal deficits after 2020. They argue that fiscal deficits lead to large and persistent increases in private savings and current account deficits.

Law of one price continues to be a central tenet of Financial Economics. This book is devoted towards examining law of one price in the context of dually-listed shares of Indian companies. Put simply, this book delves on the relationship between the prices of domestic shares issued by Indian companies and the prices of foreign shares issued by the same companies. It also examines the evolving uncertainty in relationships between such dually-listed shares issued by Indian companies. It draws upon the insights that we garnered over the years while working on technical papers in this area. The book, thus, undertakes concerted efforts to present facts in a manner that sensitise and meaningfully inform readers of the prevalent breadth and depth of dual-listing (cross-listing) landscape globally and more so, locally (India).

Today, modern business is adrift in a sea of connectivity and potential. Where once an organization's IT needs could be met from within its four walls, we now see many mission-critical systems reaching out beyond an enterprise's traditional boundaries. This is pushing solutions design well beyond the comfort zone of Enterprise Architecture and out into a world of hyper-enterprise systems. This is a world of complexity and scale, where the changing status quo demands that organizations keep up or die. To survive, their IT systems must also evolve as the context of their environment(s) ebbs and flows. The result is a dynamic, interconnected web of critical business advantage, balanced against uncertainty and risk, and infused with AI. This is the world of Ecosystems Architecture. This book will introduce you to the challenges of designing hyper-enterprise IT systems and the tools you will need as the era of Ecosystems Architecture dawns. It explains the proximity of new thinking to long-held architectural tenets and outlines how and why thinking has moved on. It also reviews existing frameworks and explains how and why they fit into the broader landscape of architectural thinking. About The Open Group Press The Open Group Press is an imprint of The Open Group for advancing knowledge of information technology by publishing works from individual authors within The Open Group membership that are relevant to advancing The Open Group mission of Boundaryless Information Flow™. The key focus of The Open Group Press is to publish high-quality monographs, as well as introductory technology books intended for the general public, and act as a complement to The Open Group Standards, Guides, and White Papers. The views and opinions expressed in this book are those of the authors, and do not necessarily reflect the consensus position of The Open Group members or staff.

Bachelor Thesis from the year 2012 in the subject Business economics - Miscellaneous, grade: 1.3, European Business School - International University Schloß Reichartshausen Oestrich-Winkel (Aviation Management), language: English, abstract: The introduction of an emission trading system within the European Union from 2012 on represents a major financial barrier for all airlines, especially those operating their hubs inside the EU. While the plan is to request all airlines flying in the EU to buy emission certificates, most non-European carriers could still benefit from the international disputes going on at the moment. European-based airlines in turn fear a disadvantage against their non-european competitors, as the need for emission certificates will burden their already high cost structures even further. The paper should first explain the concept of emission trading schemes as well as the current plan of introducing emission trading in the European Union. The second part will then elaborate on the airline's perspective on emission trading and the included risks/ disadvantages originating from an introduction of such a system. A third part will then analyze the correlation between announcements concerning the emission trading system and the performance of airline stock prices. The analysis shall be based on the stock performance of major European airlines, as they will be the ones facing major discrimination if the system gets introduced. Finally, the usefulness of an emission trading system is going to be discussed and alternatives to solve the climate change issue will be presented.

Timely and authoritative research on the latest issues in tax policy. Tax Policy and the Economy publishes current academic research on taxation and government spending with both immediate bearing on policy debates and longer-term interest. This volume of Tax Policy and the Economy presents new research on important issues concerning US taxation and transfers. First, Edward L. Glaeser, Caitlin S. Gorback, and James M. Poterba examine the distribution of burdens associated with taxes on transportation. Replacing the gasoline tax with a vehicle-miles-traveled (VMT) tax would increase the burden on higher-income households, who drive more fuel-efficient cars and are more likely to own electric vehicles. User charges for airports, subways, and commuter rail are progressive, while the burden of bus fees is larger for lower-income households than for their higher-income counterparts. Next, Katarzyna Bilicka, Michael Devereux, and Irem Güçeri investigate tax shifting by multinational companies (MNCs) and the implications of a potential Global Minimum Tax (GMT). They find that MNCs shift intellectual property to tax havens, and that a large share of patenting activity takes place in tax havens where little or no R&D occurs. Tax havens are particularly important for MNCs with large subsidiary networks; such firms would likely be subject to a GMT. Mark Duggan, Audrey Guo, and Andrew C. Johnston study the role of experience rating in the Unemployment Insurance (UI) system and find that the current structure stabilizes the labor market because it penalizes firms with high rates of UI-eligible layoffs. In the fourth paper, David Altig, Laurence J. Kotlikoff, and Victor Yifan Ye calculate how retiring at different ages will affect Social Security benefit amounts, taking into account taxation and other benefits. They find that virtually all individuals aged 45 to 62 should wait until age 65 or later to maximize their Social Security benefits. Indeed, 90 percent would benefit from waiting until age 70, but only 10 percent do so. Finally, Jonathan Meer and Joshua Witter examine the potential impact of the Earned Income Tax Credit on the labor force decisions of childless adults who are eligible for a small credit after they reach age 25. Comparing labor force attachment changes just before and after this age suggests that the EITC has little impact on the labor force participation of this group.

This book provides a collection of key papers about migration, focusing on multiple aspects of international and internal migration in various times and places. Because migration has been such an important part of global peopling, the book contains synopses of major geographic movements from ancient and early history as well as the present. It includes material from anthropology, archaeology, criminology, demography, economics, ethnic studies, geography, health sciences, history, law, public policy, political science, psychology, and sociology. By providing a treatment of migration that is multifaceted, comparative, and multi-disciplinary, it offers not only a basis for conceptualizing broad features of migration and their changes, but also one for discerning the formal and informal policy auspices that have influenced migration. The book thus constitutes a significant resource for students, teachers, practitioners, scholars, and researchers interested in or working on aspectsof migration in any field. It should be particularly useful for people seeking information and knowledge about migration from fields other than their own.

The proceeding from Third Resilience Engineering Symposium collects the papers presented on October 28-30, 2008, in Antibes-Juan-les-Pins, France. The Symposium provided a much appreciated forum for people working within the area of Resilience Engineering to become updated with the latest scientific achievements as well as more practical oriented applications, and exchange views and idea within the area. Resilience Engineering represents a new way of thinking about safety that has already given rise to several practical applications. In contrast to established risk management approaches that are based on hindsight and emphasise error tabulation and calculation of failure probabilities, Resilience Engineering looks for ways to enhance the ability of organisations to create processes that are robust yet flexible, to monitor and revise risk models, and to use resources proactively in the face of disruptions or ongoing production and economic pressures. In Resilience Engineering failures do not stand for a breakdown or malfunctioning of normal system functions, but rather represent the converse of the adaptations necessary to cope with the real world complexity. Individuals and organisations must always adjust their performance to the current conditions; and because resources and time are finite it is inevitable that such adjustments are approximate. Success has been ascribed to the ability of groups, individuals, and organisations to anticipate the changing shape of risk before damage occurs; failure is simply the temporary or permanent absence of that. The First Resilience Engineering Symposium was held in Söderköping, Sweden, on October 25-29 2004. The Second Resilience Engineering Symposium was held in Juan-les-Pins, France, on November 8-10 2006. The current and future developments in Resilience Engineering will be covered by the Ashgate Studies in Resilience Engineering.

First published in 1978. The tax system is one of the instruments said to be available to translate development policy objectives into practice. The wide-ranging papers collected together in this volume, first published in 1978, explore different aspects of the link between national development objectives and the tax system. Attention is particularly focused on traditional aims such as growth, fair distribution and economic stabilisation and development. Articles written by distinguished experts in the fields of public finance and economic development clarify the concepts of taxable capacity and tax effort, and examine the connections between growth and changes within the tax system.

Most journal articles and research proposals are rejected. That represents a waste of everyone's time, energy, and spirit, especially now when, more than ever, academic careers are precarious. In this practical book, Professor Abby Day addresses these two inter-related and most challenging areas for academics and researchers in their professional careers: how to secure research funding and how to get research published.Reviewers, unpaid and often unappreciated, are over-stretched with their regular academic jobs, and increasingly reluctant to spend time reading poorly constructed papers or proposals. As fewer reviewers are available, the waiting time for a decision increases. Everyone loses. It doesn't have to be like that. Professor Day's ground-breaking strategy covers both publishing and funding challenges in similar, yet distinct ways. Lack of time? Conflicting priorities? No idea where to start or what matters most? This book explains how to overcome these and other common obstacles to successful publication and funding. For the first time, one book covers both activities, with practical guidance for setting your strategy and purpose, identifying the right publisher or funder, and understanding your audience and the key criteria for success, as well as helpful advice for writing and managing the challenges of an academic career. This book draws on the first and second editions of two international bestsellers, How to Get Research Published in Journals and Winning Research Funding. Based on original research with editors, funders, and successful academics, plus two decades of running international workshops on publishing and funding, Professor Day has now updated and merged these two critically acclaimed texts.This book is essential reading for graduate students and early career faculty members, who will gain new and effective insights and strategies to secure funding and publication opportunities to help develop their academic careers.

This volume is a collection of empirical and theoretical research papers regarding Economics, Public Finance and Business written by researchers from several different universities. The studies include a wide range of topics from issues in Economics, Public Finance and Business. The book is aimed at educators, researchers, and students interested in Public Finance, Business and Economics.