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Branding has emerged as a cornerstone of marketing practice and corporate strategy, as well as a central cultural practice. In this book, Jonathan Schroeder brings together a curated selection of the most influential and thought-provoking papers on brands and branding from Consumption Markets and Culture, accompanied by new contributions from leading brand scholars Giana Eckhardt, John F. Sherry, Jr., Sidney Levy and Morris Holbrook.Organised into four perspectives – cultural, corporate, consumer, critical - these papers are chosen to highlight the complexities of contemporary branding through leading consumer brands such as Disney, eBay, Guinness, McDonalds, Nike, and Starbucks. They address key topics such as celebrity branding, corporate branding, place branding, and retail branding and critique the complexities of contemporary brands to provide a rich trove of interdisciplinary research insights into the function of brands as ethical, ideological and political objects.This thought-provoking collection will be of interest to all scholars of marketing, consumer behaviour, anthropology and sociology, and anyone interested in the powerful roles brands play in consumer's lives and cultural discourse.

Large Systems Change (LSC) is a field of study and action that is characterized by its focus on transformational pathways towards a participative, flourishing future through inter- and trans-disciplinary approaches that value engagement with practitioners and those aspiring for such futures. Its emergence holds great promise for addressing critical issues. Advancing its development requires aggressiveness to cross the many disciplinary, institutional and other boundaries and build the necessary scale of effort; however, humbleness is also required to recognize that although we have substantial knowledge and methodologies for approaching LSC, we are still at early stages of their development. The papers in this Special Issue of The Journal of Corporate Citizenship focus on the question of how to scale to the field of LSC. We can see the contributors and editors reflect on this at the three levels: broadening by increasing the numbers of people and organizations identified with it; going up and out with a more receptive environment arising with failures of traditional management approaches; and deepening of knowledge and methods for supporting LSC. This Special Issue will be essential reading for those researching in this emerging field, and practitioners looking for the latest thinking on how LSC may be a solution to global challenges.

This book offers an up-to-date and comprehensive picture of the Vietnamese economy, which is the fast-growing economy in Southeast Asia. The country has invested heavily in education, health, and development infrastructure across the country. Progress in recent decades has been strong and Vietnam has attracted significant relocation and outsourcing of production from The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries. In the recent years, much of the foreign direct investment from China has been channeled to Vietnam. The state's development policy has created optimal conditions for further expansion of production, supply chain, education and finances. Investment in education, health, infrastructure, administration and regulations is facilitating investment inflows, technology transfer and spillover to the growing national companies. The educated young population and disciplined labor force have provided a strong basis for the growth of the economy. The high level of productivity, improved quality of products, low and competitive cost of production, and over 100 million people provide a strong base for a continuous economic growth. This edited volume, brings together selected papers presented at The 5th International Conference on Business (ICB 2023), providing good insights into the features of the economy and its development potential. They provide an up-to-date overview and an empirical research-based picture of the recent trends in Vietnam's economic development. The book would be a useful read for educators, undergraduate and graduate students, domestic and foreign investors, government agencies, provincial and industrial sector decision-makers, trade partners, libraries, individual researchers, and professional and practitioners. It helps to fill the gap in knowledge and inform development planners and investors about different sectors of the Vietnamese economy and its development potential.

Climate change represents one of humanity's paramount global challenges and stands as a pivotal issue in sustainable development. This book delves into critical strategies for mitigating climate change and adapting to its impacts, emphasizing the integration of circular economy principles and the promotion of sustainability as imperative, especially through trans-sectoral approaches. The entire set of papers brings up research results and findings answering several of the Sustainable Development Goals, with a sense of complementarity integrating elements that lead to synergies when coupled and approached jointly.

This is an open access book. With the successful experience of the past 8 years, we believe that the 2024 9th International Conference on Social Sciences and Economic Development (ICSSED 2024) will be an even greater success in 2024, and welcome all scholars and experts to submit their papers for the conference! 2024 9th International Conference on Social Sciences and Economic Development (ICSSED 2024) will be held on March 22-24, 2024 in Beijing, China. ICSSED 2024 is to bring together innovative academics and industrial experts in the field of Social Sciences and Economic Development research to a common forum. The primary goal of the conference is to promote research and developmental activities in Social Sciences and Economic Development research and another goal is to promote scientific information interchange between researchers, developers, engineers, students, and practitioners working all around the world. The conference will be held every year to make it an ideal platform for people to share views and experiences in humanities and social science research and related areas. We warmly invite you to participate in ICSSED 2024 and look forward to seeing you in Beijing, China!

This is an open access book.The International Conference on Accounting, Management, and Economics (ICAME) is an annual agenda organized by the Faculty of Economics and Business, Hasanuddin University. In 2023, we would like to introduce to you the 8th ICAME with the current theme entitled “Establishing Inclusive Economy and Business”.SUB THEMEDevelopment EconomicsPublic EconomicsFinancial AccountingManagement AccountingFinance and InvestmentSustainability BusinessCorporate GovernanceHuman CapitalIslamic EconomicsOther Related; Accounting, Management, Economics IssuesWe hope that our conference can add discussions and information from various research towards the discourse of new economic policy in the post-pandemic era. This activity also became an important agenda in publishing scientific papers by academics and became a positive contribution to mapping Indonesia's future development. Therefore, we would like to invite academics, practitioners, researchers to contribute to the development of economic and business management research through participating in the 8th of ICAME. Thank you for your participation and we look forward to meeting you at the conference.

A timely investigation of the potential economic effects, both realized and unrealized, of artificial intelligence within the United States healthcare system. In sweeping conversations about the impact of artificial intelligence on many sectors of the economy, healthcare has received relatively little attention. Yet it seems unlikely that an industry that represents nearly one-fifth of the economy could escape the efficiency and cost-driven disruptions of AI. The Economics of Artificial Intelligence: Health Care Challenges brings together contributions from health economists, physicians, philosophers, and scholars in law, public health, and machine learning to identify the primary barriers to entry of AI in the healthcare sector. Across original papers and in wide-ranging responses, the contributors analyze barriers of four types: incentives, management, data availability, and regulation. They also suggest that AI has the potential to improve outcomes and lower costs. Understanding both the benefits of and barriers to AI adoption is essential for designing policies that will affect the evolution of the healthcare system.

With the Brexit referendum more than 50% of the British population voted in favour of the UK leaving the EU. Since that event, much speculation has been about Brexit impact on the global economy, also affecting the insurance market. Existing papers and literature indicate potential significant Brexit implications on the structure of the European insurance market due to the loss of the European Passport, the European Solvency II supervisory regime, as well as on stock prices of insurance companies based in the EU and UK, but so far there is no holistic view on this topic. The dissertation aims to bring together the fragmentary information on Brexit implications for the European insurance market, develop methodological approaches further, conduct new analyses, and reflect a holistic picture of the impact of Brexit on the European insurance market, focusing on the structure of the European insurance market, stock market reactions and the Solvency II supervisory regime.

This is not a definitive history of corporate citizenship but for anyone interested in the who, what, why and how of this subject there are some very significant papers which may become definitive for scholars and reflective practitioners. Just as many people cannot imagine a world without mobile telephony and the Internet, and seem not to care or wonder how we got here, so too it is forgotten that much that is now taken for granted in terms of corporate reporting and accountability has been, and still is, the result of a hard struggle.

In the last decades, machine learning techniques – especially techniques of deep learning – led to numerous successes in many application areas, including economics. The use of machine learning in economics is the main focus of this book; however, the book also describes the use of more traditional econometric techniques. Applications include practically all major sectors of economics: agriculture, health (including the impact of Covid-19), manufacturing, trade, transportation, etc. Several papers analyze the effect of age, education, and gender on economy – and, more generally, issues of fairness and discrimination.We hope that this volume will:help practitioners to become better knowledgeable of the state-of-the-art econometric techniques, especially techniques of machine learning,and help researchers to further develop these important research directions. We want to thank all the authors for their contributions and all anonymous referees for their thorough analysis and helpful comments.

Makes Japanese sources accessible in EnglishAlthough much of the work on Japanese economic history is inaccessible to Westerners, many of Japan's leading economic historians have published widely in English. Combined with the work of Western economists who can utilize Japanese-language sources, this series assembles a wide range of English-language articles on the key issues in Japanese economic development. Individual volumes cover the interwar period, postwar reconstruction and growth, the textile industry, demographics, agriculture, trade, and the rise of commerce and'protoindustry'in the Tokugawa era. Aninformation-packed classroom and research resource An introductory essay in each volume discusses the significance of the articles, compares various economic development in Japan with those in other countries, and puts studies in the context of similar studies in Europe. A versatile research resource, this 7-volume set is a veritable gold mine of hard-to-find information and data from diverse sources and a godsend to everyone interested in comparative economic and social history. Professors will appreciate the collection because it gives them instant access to less familiar English-language sources and is an easy way to introduce students to doing their own research. Students will appreciate the many articles as a mother lode of information for reports and papers. Researchers will be pleased by the coverage of more than three centuries of Japanese history and life.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Group Decision and Negotiation, GDN 2024, which took place in Porto, Portugal, during June 2–5, 2024. The field of Group Decision and Negotiation focuses on decision processes with at least two participants and a common goal but conflicting individual goals. Research areas of Group Decision and Negotiation include electronic negotiations, experiments, the role of emotions in group decision and negotiations, preference elicitation and decision support for group decisions and negotiations, and conflict resolution principles. The 13 full papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 100 submissions. They were organized in the following topical sections: Conflict Resolution; Preference Modeling for Group Decision and Negotiation; Collaborative and Responsible Negotiation Support Systems and Studies.

How inflation and deflation fears shape American democracy. Many foundational moments in American economic history—the establishment of paper money, wartime price controls, the rise of the modern Federal Reserve—occurred during financial panics as prices either inflated or deflated sharply. The government's decisions in these moments, intended to control price fluctuations, have produced both lasting effects and some of the most contentious debates in the nation's history. A sweeping history of the United States'economy and politics, Shock Values reveals how the American state has been shaped by a massive, ever-evolving effort to insulate its economy from the real and perceived dangers of price fluctuations. Carola Binder narrates how the pains of rising and falling prices have brought lasting changes for every generation of Americans. And with each brush with price instability, the United States has been reinvented—not as a more perfect union, but as a reflection of its most recent failures. Shock Values tells the untold story of prices and price stabilization in the United States. Expansive and enlightening, Binder recounts the interest-group politics, legal battles, and economic ideas that have shaped a nation from the dawn of the republic to the present.

In recent times, physicists have come to appreciate information's central role in the universe's grand plan. That and the fact that an explicit understanding of the informational relationships involved may well be key to unlocking many of the universe's deepest secrets. That makes the birth of both Computer and Information Science not only essential to the explosion of modern technological success, but also to our understanding of reality itself. In recognizing that, what unfolds is a story not only about Alan Turing and his pioneering colleagues, but also great thinkers like Albert Einstein, Michael Faraday, Ludwig Wittgenstein and others. It therefore pulls in much of modern history and touches on seminal events like the birth of the atomic bomb. It also hints at the reasons behind the various social and political divides we see in the world today. So, in many ways, the story of how we became more informed about information is also the story of the modern age. What you will read of here is the role that information plays in that ongoing saga and many of the twists and turns that have brought us to where we are with information today. In it you will learn that, unbeknown to Turing and others, their work would not only help overthrow the Nazis and thaw the chilling atmosphere of the Cold War to come, but also echo down the ages to remain relevant in a conflict still raging today. That sees the Computer and Information Scientists at loggerheads as they fight to find a right and justifiable place for meaning in information's definition. About The Open Group Press The Open Group Press is an imprint of The Open Group for advancing knowledge of information technology by publishing works from individual authors within The Open Group membership that are relevant to advancing The Open Group mission of Boundaryless Information Flow™. The key focus of The Open Group Press is to publish high-quality monographs, as well as introductory technology books intended for the general public, and act as a complement to The Open Group standards, guides, and white papers. The views and opinions expressed in this book are those of the authors, and do not necessarily reflect the consensus position of The Open Group members or staff.

The TOGAF® Standard, a standard of The Open Group, is a proven Enterprise Architecture methodology and framework used by the world's leading organizations to improve business efficiency. The TOGAF Certification Program has enabled more than 100,000 Enterprise Architects and trainers around the globe to demonstrate their proven knowledge of the framework and method. This is the book you need to prepare for the TOGAF Business Architecture Foundation qualification. This edition is aligned to the TOGAF Standard, 10th Edition. It includes an overview of every learning outcome included in the TOGAF Business Architecture Syllabus and in-depth coverage on preparing and taking the TOGAF Business Architecture Foundation examination. It includes Key Learning Points, exercises and challenging Test Yourself questions for each part of the syllabus, together with a Test Yourself examination paper that you can use to test your readiness to take the official TOGAF Business Architecture Foundation examination. The audience for this Study Guide is: Individuals, such as those responsible for business planning, who wish to apply the TOGAF Business Architecture approach in their working environment Individuals needing to gain competencies in TOGAF Business Architecture techniques Individuals who wish to become qualified as part of their own professional development A prior knowledge of Enterprise Architecture is advantageous but not required. Topics covered include: An introduction to TOGAF certification and the TOGAF Business Architecture Foundation qualification, including the TOGAF Business Architecture Foundation examination The concepts of Enterprise Architecture and the TOGAF Standard; this includes the TOGAF Architecture Development Method (ADM), the contents of the TOGAF framework, and the TOGAF Library The key terminology of TOGAF Business Architecture An introduction to the TOGAF ADM, including the objectives of the ADM phases, and how to adapt and scope the ADM for use How business modeling relates to the TOGAF Standard, the impact and benefits of business models, and examples of different representations of business models How to define business capabilities, how they can be modeled, and how to map them to other business perspectives Value streams and value stream mapping; the benefits, the different approaches to value stream analysis, the relationship to other Business Architecture concepts, and how to apply value streams How to apply information mapping when developing a Business Architecture How to apply organization mapping when developing a Business Architecture How to apply the TOGAF Business Scenario method How a Business Architecture is developed with the TOGAF ADM

The TOGAF® Standard, a standard of The Open Group, is a proven Enterprise Architecture methodology and framework used by the world's leading organizations to improve business efficiency. The TOGAF Certification Program has enabled more than 100,000 Enterprise Architects and trainers around the globe to demonstrate their proven knowledge of the framework and method. This is the book you need to prepare for the TOGAF Enterprise Architecture Foundation qualification. This edition is aligned to the TOGAF Standard, 10th Edition. It includes an overview of every learning outcome included in the TOGAF Enterprise Architecture Level 1 Syllabus and in-depth coverage on preparing and taking the TOGAF Enterprise Architecture Part 1 examination. It includes Key Learning Points, and challenging Test Yourself questions for each part of the syllabus, together with a Test Yourself examination paper that you can use to test your readiness to take the official TOGAF Enterprise Architecture Part 1 examination. The audience for this Study Guide is: Individuals who need a basic understanding of a proven Enterprise Architecture methodology Professionals who work for or join an organization applying the TOGAF Standard Individuals who need to start to learn the TOGAF method Individuals who want to achieve the TOGAF® Enterprise Architecture Practitioner qualification in a stepwise manner, or other certifications and certification credentials from The Open Group where this certification is a prerequisite A prior knowledge of Enterprise Architecture is advantageous but not required. Topics covered include: An introduction to TOGAF certification and the TOGAF Enterprise Architecture Foundation qualification, including the TOGAF Enterprise Architecture Part 1 examination The concepts of Enterprise Architecture and the TOGAF Standard The key terminology of the TOGAF Standard The Architecture Development Method (ADM) cycle and the objectives of each phase, and how to adapt and scope the ADM for use The techniques available to support the ADM Applying the ADM, including iteration, partitioning, and application in a digital enterprise How Architecture Governance contributes to architecture development Architecture content – the outputs produced while executing the ADM

The TOGAF® Standard, a standard of The Open Group, is a proven Enterprise Architecture methodology and framework used by the world's leading organizations to improve business efficiency. The TOGAF Certification Program has enabled more than 100,000 Enterprise Architects and trainers around the globe to demonstrate their proven knowledge of the framework and method. This is the book you need to prepare for the TOGAF Business Architecture Foundation qualification. This edition is aligned to the TOGAF Standard, 10th Edition. It includes an overview of every learning outcome included in the TOGAF Business Architecture Syllabus and in-depth coverage on preparing and taking the TOGAF Business Architecture Foundation examination. It includes Key Learning Points, exercises and challenging Test Yourself questions for each part of the syllabus, together with a Test Yourself examination paper that you can use to test your readiness to take the official TOGAF Business Architecture Foundation examination. The audience for this Study Guide is: Individuals, such as those responsible for business planning, who wish to apply the TOGAF Business Architecture approach in their working environment Individuals needing to gain competencies in TOGAF Business Architecture techniques Individuals who wish to become qualified as part of their own professional development A prior knowledge of Enterprise Architecture is advantageous but not required. Topics covered include: An introduction to TOGAF certification and the TOGAF Business Architecture Foundation qualification, including the TOGAF Business Architecture Foundation examination The concepts of Enterprise Architecture and the TOGAF Standard; this includes the TOGAF Architecture Development Method (ADM), the contents of the TOGAF framework, and the TOGAF Library The key terminology of TOGAF Business Architecture An introduction to the TOGAF ADM, including the objectives of the ADM phases, and how to adapt and scope the ADM for use How business modeling relates to the TOGAF Standard, the impact and benefits of business models, and examples of different representations of business models How to define business capabilities, how they can be modeled, and how to map them to other business perspectives Value streams and value stream mapping; the benefits, the different approaches to value stream analysis, the relationship to other Business Architecture concepts, and how to apply value streams How to apply information mapping when developing a Business Architecture How to apply organization mapping when developing a Business Architecture How to apply the TOGAF Business Scenario method How a Business Architecture is developed with the TOGAF ADM

This book consists of selected papers from the International Conference on Economics, Business and Sustainability (ICEBS) 2023 which brings together academics to exchange their research results and share experiences on all aspects of economics, business and sustainability The conference delivered a specific focus and significant breakthroughs in the rapid global economic rebound. The event appealed to scholars, academics, researchers, experts, development actors, practitioners and university students to join a part and share outlooks, experiences, research findings and the recent research trends in the milieu of social sciences. The ICEBS 2023 is expected to gain mutual understanding and insights, offering solutions and policy recommendations.

Bachelor Thesis from the year 2023 in the subject Economics - Other, grade: 2,3, Humboldt-University of Berlin, language: English, abstract: Introduced in 2015 by the Council of the European Union (EU) and the European Parliament and put into effect in 2019, the Market Stability Reserve (MSR) was introduced as a central tool to regulate the flaws of the cap-and-trade Emission Trading System (ETS) of the EU. The EU set the goal to reach the climate targets from the Kyoto protocol decided upon in 1997 as well as the Paris agreement adopted in 2015 regarding the reduction of their greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs). Purpose was not only to lower emissions but to achieve this in the most cost-effective and coordinated way. As the largest emission trading system in the world, the EU ETS covers 30 countries and around 10,000 facilities. In total, 40% of the emissions of these countries are covered by the ETS. Recent efforts of the EU's Green Deal intend to increase the environmental ambitions of the EU even more and reform the MSR along its “Fit for 55 program”. The MSR plays a significant role in this reform and has been used as the central regulating tool in order to improve structural supply-demand imbalances since its implementation. The goal of this thesis is to outline in what regard the Market Stability Reserve is helpful within the EU ETS to get closer to the EU's most recent environmental goals and what changes could be made to make it more efficient. In the second chapter, the EU's sustainability intentions as well as the EU ETS in general will be outlined. The third chapter, will describe the function and mechanisms of the MSR composition in detail as well as what the intentions behind its implementation and changes were as it has considerably changed its structure since its creation. Chapter 3 will also describe and illustrate the market mechanisms of the MSR graphically from a micro economic aspect. Chapter 4 will present four different phenomena of the ETS and highlight how they impact and influence the MSR and how conversely the MSR influences them along with a specific example. The 5th chapter will discuss proposed changes that could help it become more efficient as the system is constantly changing and new reforms are already expected. Chapter 6 will look at future possibilities of the ETS complementing or replacing the MSR. In chapter 7, the core findings of this paper are discussed before concluding the most relevant findings in chapter 8.

A revealing collection from the intellectual titan whose work shaped the modern world. As an economist and public intellectual, Gary S. Becker was a giant. The recipient of a Nobel Prize, a John Bates Clark Medal, and a Presidential Medal of Freedom, Becker is widely regarded as the greatest microeconomist in history. After forty years at the University of Chicago, Becker left a slew of unpublished writings that used an economic approach to human behavior, analyzing such topics as preference formation, rational indoctrination, income inequality, drugs and addiction, and the economics of family. These papers unveil the process and personality—direct, critical, curious—that made him a beloved figure in his field and beyond. The Economic Approach examines these extant works as a capstone to the Becker oeuvre—not because the works are perfect, but because they offer an illuminating, instructive glimpse into the machinations of an economist who wasn't motivated by publications. Here, and throughout his works, an inquisitive spirit remains remarkable and forever resonant.

QUICK WIN BUSINESS COMMUNICATION is written for business people who recognise how vital effective communication is to their own success and to the success of their organisations. While you are reading through the answers to your questions, other business people may be discussing missions, goals, losses, profits, overheads, policies, budgets, loans, promotions, strategic plans, product development, training, hiring, technology, downsizing, take-overs, global competitiveness, office parties, desk arrangements, coffee breaks, or office supplies. Imagine the implications if you can't understand what is being discussed online, in webinars, boardrooms, offices, or at lunch. Imagine the implications if your colleagues don't understand your views or are unable to articulate their own. Whether you are ordering paper for the copier or making long-range hiring plans, if communication fails, the outcome is confusion. Therefore, let's examine ways of ensuring a happier outcome. There are six sections to this book: Business Communication Essentials covers some of the fundamental questions that business people have about what makes an effective communicator and why it matters. It also explains the communication process in theory and what may prevent you from being clear; Business Communication Techniques answers questions ranging from unblocking communication to the importance of valuing people and includes topics like the importance of word choices, organising your thoughts and the role and use of visuals; Meetings & Interviews looks at aspects of well-run meetings; Writing – Offline & Online answers your questions about how to achieve greater clarity with the written word; Speaking & Presenting addresses your basic questions about formal and informal talks; Achieving Business Communication Excellence considers your ongoing development as an effective communicator. Updated in a new 2nd edition, QUICK WIN BUSINESS COMMUNICATION is designed so that you can dip in and out seeking answers to your top business communication questions as they arise. Answers to your queries can be located not only from the contents list but also by using the subject grid at the start of the book and by following the thread of cross-references provided at the end of each Q&A.

Authoritative takes on the most current and pressing issues in macroeconomics today. The NBER Macroeconomics Annual provides a forum for leading economists to participate in important debates in macroeconomics and to report on major developments in macroeconomic analysis and policy. The NBER Macroeconomics Annual brings together leading scholars to discuss five research papers on central issues in contemporary macroeconomics. First, Andrea Eisfeldt, Antonio Falato, and Mindy Xiaolan document the rise of a new class of worker that receives part of its labor income as equity-based compensation, its role in the recent decline in the labor share of income, and implications for the returns to skilled labor and the implied capital-skill complementarity. Next, Michael Bauer and Eric Swanson focus on monetary policy shocks and argue the correlation between estimated monetary surprises and previously available information can be explained by uncertainty about the parameters of the monetary policy rule. Using new data and methods they find effects of monetary policy on macroeconomic variables that are much larger than previously estimated. Job Boerma and Loukas Karabarbounis provide a framework for quantitatively exploring the gap in wealth between White and Black Americans over the past 150 years and examine the effectiveness of reparations as a tool for closing this gap. Guido Menzio considers workers who do not have rational expectations, and whose “stubborn” beliefs change the response of wages to technology shocks, resulting in sticky wages. He finds that the larger the fraction of workers with stubborn beliefs, the more volatile unemployment is. Finally, Rishabh Aggarwal, Adrien Auclert, Matthew Rognlie, and Ludwig Straub investigate the growth—particularly in the United States—of private savings, current account deficits, and fiscal deficits after 2020. They argue that fiscal deficits lead to large and persistent increases in private savings and current account deficits.

Law of one price continues to be a central tenet of Financial Economics. This book is devoted towards examining law of one price in the context of dually-listed shares of Indian companies. Put simply, this book delves on the relationship between the prices of domestic shares issued by Indian companies and the prices of foreign shares issued by the same companies. It also examines the evolving uncertainty in relationships between such dually-listed shares issued by Indian companies. It draws upon the insights that we garnered over the years while working on technical papers in this area. The book, thus, undertakes concerted efforts to present facts in a manner that sensitise and meaningfully inform readers of the prevalent breadth and depth of dual-listing (cross-listing) landscape globally and more so, locally (India).

Today, modern business is adrift in a sea of connectivity and potential. Where once an organization's IT needs could be met from within its four walls, we now see many mission-critical systems reaching out beyond an enterprise's traditional boundaries. This is pushing solutions design well beyond the comfort zone of Enterprise Architecture and out into a world of hyper-enterprise systems. This is a world of complexity and scale, where the changing status quo demands that organizations keep up or die. To survive, their IT systems must also evolve as the context of their environment(s) ebbs and flows. The result is a dynamic, interconnected web of critical business advantage, balanced against uncertainty and risk, and infused with AI. This is the world of Ecosystems Architecture. This book will introduce you to the challenges of designing hyper-enterprise IT systems and the tools you will need as the era of Ecosystems Architecture dawns. It explains the proximity of new thinking to long-held architectural tenets and outlines how and why thinking has moved on. It also reviews existing frameworks and explains how and why they fit into the broader landscape of architectural thinking. About The Open Group Press The Open Group Press is an imprint of The Open Group for advancing knowledge of information technology by publishing works from individual authors within The Open Group membership that are relevant to advancing The Open Group mission of Boundaryless Information Flow™. The key focus of The Open Group Press is to publish high-quality monographs, as well as introductory technology books intended for the general public, and act as a complement to The Open Group Standards, Guides, and White Papers. The views and opinions expressed in this book are those of the authors, and do not necessarily reflect the consensus position of The Open Group members or staff.

Bachelor Thesis from the year 2012 in the subject Business economics - Miscellaneous, grade: 1.3, European Business School - International University Schloß Reichartshausen Oestrich-Winkel (Aviation Management), language: English, abstract: The introduction of an emission trading system within the European Union from 2012 on represents a major financial barrier for all airlines, especially those operating their hubs inside the EU. While the plan is to request all airlines flying in the EU to buy emission certificates, most non-European carriers could still benefit from the international disputes going on at the moment. European-based airlines in turn fear a disadvantage against their non-european competitors, as the need for emission certificates will burden their already high cost structures even further. The paper should first explain the concept of emission trading schemes as well as the current plan of introducing emission trading in the European Union. The second part will then elaborate on the airline's perspective on emission trading and the included risks/ disadvantages originating from an introduction of such a system. A third part will then analyze the correlation between announcements concerning the emission trading system and the performance of airline stock prices. The analysis shall be based on the stock performance of major European airlines, as they will be the ones facing major discrimination if the system gets introduced. Finally, the usefulness of an emission trading system is going to be discussed and alternatives to solve the climate change issue will be presented.

Timely and authoritative research on the latest issues in tax policy. Tax Policy and the Economy publishes current academic research on taxation and government spending with both immediate bearing on policy debates and longer-term interest. This volume of Tax Policy and the Economy presents new research on important issues concerning US taxation and transfers. First, Edward L. Glaeser, Caitlin S. Gorback, and James M. Poterba examine the distribution of burdens associated with taxes on transportation. Replacing the gasoline tax with a vehicle-miles-traveled (VMT) tax would increase the burden on higher-income households, who drive more fuel-efficient cars and are more likely to own electric vehicles. User charges for airports, subways, and commuter rail are progressive, while the burden of bus fees is larger for lower-income households than for their higher-income counterparts. Next, Katarzyna Bilicka, Michael Devereux, and Irem Güçeri investigate tax shifting by multinational companies (MNCs) and the implications of a potential Global Minimum Tax (GMT). They find that MNCs shift intellectual property to tax havens, and that a large share of patenting activity takes place in tax havens where little or no R&D occurs. Tax havens are particularly important for MNCs with large subsidiary networks; such firms would likely be subject to a GMT. Mark Duggan, Audrey Guo, and Andrew C. Johnston study the role of experience rating in the Unemployment Insurance (UI) system and find that the current structure stabilizes the labor market because it penalizes firms with high rates of UI-eligible layoffs. In the fourth paper, David Altig, Laurence J. Kotlikoff, and Victor Yifan Ye calculate how retiring at different ages will affect Social Security benefit amounts, taking into account taxation and other benefits. They find that virtually all individuals aged 45 to 62 should wait until age 65 or later to maximize their Social Security benefits. Indeed, 90 percent would benefit from waiting until age 70, but only 10 percent do so. Finally, Jonathan Meer and Joshua Witter examine the potential impact of the Earned Income Tax Credit on the labor force decisions of childless adults who are eligible for a small credit after they reach age 25. Comparing labor force attachment changes just before and after this age suggests that the EITC has little impact on the labor force participation of this group.

This book provides a collection of key papers about migration, focusing on multiple aspects of international and internal migration in various times and places. Because migration has been such an important part of global peopling, the book contains synopses of major geographic movements from ancient and early history as well as the present. It includes material from anthropology, archaeology, criminology, demography, economics, ethnic studies, geography, health sciences, history, law, public policy, political science, psychology, and sociology. By providing a treatment of migration that is multifaceted, comparative, and multi-disciplinary, it offers not only a basis for conceptualizing broad features of migration and their changes, but also one for discerning the formal and informal policy auspices that have influenced migration. The book thus constitutes a significant resource for students, teachers, practitioners, scholars, and researchers interested in or working on aspectsof migration in any field. It should be particularly useful for people seeking information and knowledge about migration from fields other than their own.

The proceeding from Third Resilience Engineering Symposium collects the papers presented on October 28-30, 2008, in Antibes-Juan-les-Pins, France. The Symposium provided a much appreciated forum for people working within the area of Resilience Engineering to become updated with the latest scientific achievements as well as more practical oriented applications, and exchange views and idea within the area. Resilience Engineering represents a new way of thinking about safety that has already given rise to several practical applications. In contrast to established risk management approaches that are based on hindsight and emphasise error tabulation and calculation of failure probabilities, Resilience Engineering looks for ways to enhance the ability of organisations to create processes that are robust yet flexible, to monitor and revise risk models, and to use resources proactively in the face of disruptions or ongoing production and economic pressures. In Resilience Engineering failures do not stand for a breakdown or malfunctioning of normal system functions, but rather represent the converse of the adaptations necessary to cope with the real world complexity. Individuals and organisations must always adjust their performance to the current conditions; and because resources and time are finite it is inevitable that such adjustments are approximate. Success has been ascribed to the ability of groups, individuals, and organisations to anticipate the changing shape of risk before damage occurs; failure is simply the temporary or permanent absence of that. The First Resilience Engineering Symposium was held in Söderköping, Sweden, on October 25-29 2004. The Second Resilience Engineering Symposium was held in Juan-les-Pins, France, on November 8-10 2006. The current and future developments in Resilience Engineering will be covered by the Ashgate Studies in Resilience Engineering.

First published in 1978. The tax system is one of the instruments said to be available to translate development policy objectives into practice. The wide-ranging papers collected together in this volume, first published in 1978, explore different aspects of the link between national development objectives and the tax system. Attention is particularly focused on traditional aims such as growth, fair distribution and economic stabilisation and development. Articles written by distinguished experts in the fields of public finance and economic development clarify the concepts of taxable capacity and tax effort, and examine the connections between growth and changes within the tax system.

Most journal articles and research proposals are rejected. That represents a waste of everyone's time, energy, and spirit, especially now when, more than ever, academic careers are precarious. In this practical book, Professor Abby Day addresses these two inter-related and most challenging areas for academics and researchers in their professional careers: how to secure research funding and how to get research published.Reviewers, unpaid and often unappreciated, are over-stretched with their regular academic jobs, and increasingly reluctant to spend time reading poorly constructed papers or proposals. As fewer reviewers are available, the waiting time for a decision increases. Everyone loses. It doesn't have to be like that. Professor Day's ground-breaking strategy covers both publishing and funding challenges in similar, yet distinct ways. Lack of time? Conflicting priorities? No idea where to start or what matters most? This book explains how to overcome these and other common obstacles to successful publication and funding. For the first time, one book covers both activities, with practical guidance for setting your strategy and purpose, identifying the right publisher or funder, and understanding your audience and the key criteria for success, as well as helpful advice for writing and managing the challenges of an academic career. This book draws on the first and second editions of two international bestsellers, How to Get Research Published in Journals and Winning Research Funding. Based on original research with editors, funders, and successful academics, plus two decades of running international workshops on publishing and funding, Professor Day has now updated and merged these two critically acclaimed texts.This book is essential reading for graduate students and early career faculty members, who will gain new and effective insights and strategies to secure funding and publication opportunities to help develop their academic careers.

This volume is a collection of empirical and theoretical research papers regarding Economics, Public Finance and Business written by researchers from several different universities. The studies include a wide range of topics from issues in Economics, Public Finance and Business. The book is aimed at educators, researchers, and students interested in Public Finance, Business and Economics.

The BIAN Data Architecture & Design Specialist exam leads to the official BIAN Data Architecture & Design Specialist Certification by the Banking Industry Architecture Network. It is carried out by Van Haren Learning Solutions. The BIAN Data Architecture & Design Specialist Certification exam tests the training participant's knowledge of the approach used to create and manage the BIAN Reference Data Architecture for the Financial Industry. t tests their ability to describe the added value this model can provide for the Financial Industry and its service providers. By successfully passing the BIAN Data Architecture & Design Specialist Exam, participants will achieve the BIAN Data Architecture & Design Specialist level certification which assures they have been audited and have successfully mastered the required BIAN Data Architecture & Design Specialist level. The BIAN Data Architecture & Design Specialist Certification level includes the knowledge and understanding of the general design principles and elements of BIAN's Reference Architecture for the Financial Industry. But the main objective is to understand and be able to apply BIAN's approach to creating and managing its Business Object Model. This includes an understanding of the documentation conventions in the ArchiMate and UML languages, used to represent and manage the BIAN Business Object Model as a Reference Data Architecture for the Financial Industry. It includes an understanding of, and the ability to apply, the Business Object Modeling approach and its Patterns. The BIAN Data Architecture & Design Specialist Certification level includes the ability to describe the added value the BIAN Object Model, as an enterprise data model, can provide to the financial industry and its service providers. The BIAN certification exam is intended for professionals in the financial services industry such as: data architects and data modelers at both enterprise and solution level as well as consultants and service providers that operate in the financial services industry. Key Benefits of the BIAN Data Architecture & Design Specialist Certification It enables data professionals to leverage the benefits of BIAN and the BIAN BOM It increases the knowledge and general skills of professionals regarding data modeling, the BIAN BOM and Control Records and enables the creation of a more effective and transparent data architecture. It provides professionals and their organizations with a competitive advantage. It is a hallmark for the professionalism of banking professionals and banking architects active with data. Number of questions: 60 Duration(minute) of exam: 60 min. Pass Mark –: 70% Open/Closed book: closed Language: English Paper based & online availability: online availability

This volume is a collection of empirical and theoretical research papers regardingEconomics, Public Finance and Business written by researchers from several differentuniversities. The studies include a wide range of topics from issues in Economicsand Business. The book is aimed at educators, researchers, and students interestedin Business and Economics.

This volume is a collection of empirical and theoretical research papers regardingEconomics, Public Finance and Business written by researchers from several differentuniversities. The studies include a wide range of topics from issues in Economics,Public Finance and Business. The book is aimed at educators, researchers, andstudents interested in Public Finance, Business and Economics.

Please note: This is a companion version & not the original book. Book Preview: #1 I had a startup that was worth $100 million. I had a $10 million net worth and a $10 million lifestyle. I was paying over $100K per year to a cofounder who was also my business partner. I was completely broke. #2 I had built up a significant amount of important and valuable experience, but I had nothing to show for it. I had burned through over $40,000 in debt while believing that I was worth $10 million. I realized that paper net worth is not net worth.

This book illustrates the challenges that regulators and policy makers have faced in the transition from the ‘old'network industries to the new digital ecosystem. It succinctly describes the evolution of digital economy, its main actors, notably global digital platforms, as well as its interactions, interdependences, and trade-offs. Eventually, it proposes insights about why public rules are needed, what kind of rules could be more effective, fair, and efficient, and who should pose and enforce them. The book is opened by an introduction, dealing with Digital Transformation, Big Techs, and Public Policies, which provides a general conceptual and thematic framework to the following analysis but could be also read as a stand-alone paper. The following chapters are grouped in two parts: I. The Evolution of Digital Markets and Digital Rights, and II. Regulating Big Tech's Impact on Market and Society. The secondary title - the European approach – has a twofold meaning. It highlights the fact that this work has a clear focus on EU law and policy - although the economic and institutional issues addressed are global phenomena, common to all world's economies. In addition, it also underlines that European digital policy is not yet complete and effective. This book intends to provide a small contribution to the ongoing policy making process, as well as to the wider academic and policy debate.

Please note: This is a companion version & not the original book. Book Preview: #1 I began to experience a small pain in the back of my throat one spring day during my junior year of college. It gradually got worse over the next few months, and I began to visit other doctors. They all concluded there was nothing wrong with me. Yet my pain continued getting worse and worse, with no remedy in sight. #2 I realized that I was at a crossroads. I could take responsibility for my own health and treatment, or I would spend the rest of my life shuttleing back and forth between doctors without ever finding resolution. I took out my journal and began to write out my health history. #3 I began to realize that the simple act of taking notes on a computer was the tip of an iceberg. Because notes were digital, they could be shaped and directed to any purpose. I began using digital notetaking in other parts of my life. #4 I began taking notes on everything I was learning using a notetaking app on my computer. I took notes during meetings, on phone calls, and while doing research online. I wrote down facts gleaned from research papers that could be used in the slides we presented to clients.

Please note: This is a companion version & not the original book. Book Preview: #1 The Snowball System is a self-reinforcing, integrated system of strategies, tools, and tactics that work together to grow your business. It isn't just a collection of tips for dealing with clients; it's a machine for growing your business. #2 Take out a blank sheet of paper and, in a few words, write down why you want to get better at business development. Your reason should be personal and specific. Be clear, be honest, and be honest about why you're developing this skill. #3 Make each outreach action specific, something you can accomplish in a short time and that is 100 percent under your control. If it feels more like a long-term project than a task, break it down into the next specific action. #4 You can be more effective at execution by putting your MITs on your calendar right now. Set aside an adequate amount of time to accomplish each one, or batch them into one BD-focused session.

Please note: This is a companion version & not the original book. Book Preview: #1 The brain has two ways of perceiving and processing reality: the left side of the brain is verbal and analytical, while the right side is visual and perceptual. The notion of the brain's two divided ways of thinking was first popularized by American artist Betty Edwards in her book Drawing on the Right Side of the Brain. #2 A good Mind Map has three essential characteristics: a central image that captures the main subject under consideration, thick branches radiating out from the central image, and second- and third-level branches that relate to further associated themes. #3 To get ideas, you need to place a sheet of paper in landscape format in front of you. Then, use at least three different colors to draw an image in the center that represents the subject you would like to consider. If you don't want to draw the artist's head, you could sketch a quill pen or some other simple symbol instead. #4 Mind Mapping is a technique that can be used to memorize information. It involves the workings of both sides of the brain, and it is multifunctional, meaning it can be applied to all cognitive functions.

Please note: This is a companion version & not the original book. Book Preview: #1 After graduating from college or military training, you have no idea what you want to do with your life. You're excited to start your career, but you have no idea where to start. We're going to help you figure out the first step in your career journey. #2 The modern approach to career planning is to consider your career in six to eight modules of five years each. These modules could potentially be at five or six different companies. For example, you may choose to do two five-year modules with Company A in one type of role, leave to complete your third module at Company B, and then return to Company A in a more senior role. #3 There is no need to rush into choosing a career. It is common to begin your career search after college, and even more common to want to make a change in your career several years down the road. #4 The first step in figuring out what you want to do with your life is to identify the content of your career. This involves thinking about what you like to do in life, and writing down those things on a sheet of paper. Then, figure out what skills you need to have to be eligible for those positions.

This volume includes eight chapters, each of which detail recent developments in economics research. Chapter One presents the results of a large-scale study on the governance, efficiency, and development of Agricultural Knowledge and Innovation System in Bulgaria. Chapter Two assesses how efficiently educational resources or inputs are being used by Spanish public universities to maximize their teaching outputs. Chapter Three contextualizes, summarizes and integrates research on novice stock investors'risk management. Chapter Four analyzes the economic impact of the Russia-Ukraine conflict on inflation in Trinidad and Tobago. Chapter Five looks at the spatial distribution and determinants of segregation of the Moroccan labor market. Chapter Six draws on the results of an empirical study to critically evaluate the strategic implications, challenges and opportunities of adopting a sharing economy-based framework for developing remote rural communities in Indonesia into international tourism destinations. Chapter Seven analyzes ten years of Data Envelopment Analysis models published in journals, books and papers. Lastly, Chapter Eight introduces preferences a la Greenwood, Hercowitz and Huffman into a real-business-cycle setup augmented with government.

Business tycoon Patrice Motsepe is never shy to shake up the status quo. He has always followed his instincts to stay ahead of the curve. An icon of corporate South Africa, he is as much known for his leadership in the world of football as for his philanthropy. He was a top lawyer when he pursued his dream of being an entrepreneur, making a deal with Anglo American in the late 1990s that marked the beginning of a series of unique relationships which today define his African Rainbow Minerals empire. As the owner of Mamelodi Sundowns, he led it to becoming one of the most accomplished clubs in Africa. Then came the powerful seats of president at the Confederation of African Football and vice-president of FIFA, football's global governing body, in 2021. Yet questions linger about his political ambitions because of his close links to the ANC and particularly his brothers-in-law, Cyril Ramaphosa and Jeff Radebe. In this unauthorised biography, best-selling author and journalist Janet Smith mines public archives, academic papers and international media to find what lies behind this hugely successful, intensely private man, and what may lie ahead.

About the book:The book Decoding Indian Economy covers various aspects of the Indian Economy including its problems along with suggested solutions. This book is a compilation of research done by students who were sensitized by news articles related to the contemporary Indian Economy. We present this book as a guide to help the researchers and graduate students in the commerce writing research papers. The ideas presented, intended to facilitate further research in the relevant field. The book is written by GOENKANS Edited by Dr. Priyanka Raheja, Co-edited by Ms. Manjari Arora, Student Editor is Ms. Vanshika Bansal & Illustrator done by Ms.Ramya Arora. The book published by ISL PublicationsAbout the author:The book was written by Goenkans (Students ofG.D.Goenka Public School Rohini, Sector 22, Delhi, India), All Authors names are below :Mr. Jai Aneja,Ms.Nisha Aneja, Ms.Priyanshi Gupta, Ms.Vanshika Bansal, Mr.Ayan Jain, Mr.Samarth Sarthak Shandilya, Ms. Saniya Gupta, Ms. Ishanvie Bansal, Ms. Mehak Malhotra, Ms. Tanisha Poddar, Mr. Raghav M Garg, Ms. Uditi Gupta, Ms. Mehak Gupta, Ms.Anya Jain, Ms.Pihu Goel. The book has been Editor is Dr.Priyanka Raheja, Co-Editor is Ms. Manjari Arora, Student Editor is Ms. Vanshika Bansal and Illustrator is Ms.Ramya Arora.

Please note: This is a companion version & not the original book. Book Preview: #1 The fundamental task of marketers is to spread the word about their products and services in order to get people to buy them. They do this by using outbound techniques, including e-mail blasts, telemarketing, direct mail, TV, radio, and print advertising. However, these techniques have become less effective at spreading the word as people get better at blocking out these interruptions. #2 The way people shop and learn has changed. They now use the Internet to shop and gather information, and they do so primarily through search engines, blogs, and social media. To be successful, you must market your products according to how your prospects learn about them. #3 Inbound marketing, if done right, is a very effective way to reach your prospective customers. It helps you connect with them directly instead of just talking at them. #4 The history of the company website began with the paper brochure that was handed out at trade shows and stuffed into envelopes for mailing to unsuspecting victims (prospects). When the Internet came into play, this same brochure was handed to a web designer who turned it into a beautiful website.

This volume presents six new papers on environmental and energy economics and policy in the United States. Rebecca Davis, J. Scott Holladay, and Charles Sims analyze recent trends in and forecasts of coal-fired power plant retirements with and without new climate policy. Severin Borenstein and James Bushnell examine the efficiency of pricing for electricity, natural gas, and gasoline. James Archsmith, Erich Muehlegger, and David Rapson provide a prospective analysis of future pathways for electric vehicle adoption. Kenneth Gillingham considers the consequences of such pathways for the design of fuel vehicle economy standards. Frank Wolak investigates the long-term resource adequacy in wholesale electricity markets with significant intermittent renewables. Finally, Barbara Annicchiarico, Stefano Carattini, Carolyn Fischer, and Garth Heutel review the state of research on the interactions between business cycles and environmental policy.

The IPMA Research Evaluation Baseline® helps the various users in the field of Project, Portfolio and Program Management to guide the possibilities and results in research and is a systematic and transparent basis for the IPMA Research Awards, Best Paper Prizes and the IPMA Research conferences. The main purpose of the IPMA Research Evaluation Model (REM) is to guide diff erent user groups to evaluate the capability and achievements of their research conducted in the domain of PPP management. The IPMA REB® can be used by these organizations and/or individuals for developing their internal research evaluation system, such as research funding agencies, research performing organizations, research customers, researchers (scientists), research evaluators, research managers, students/supervisors, and so on. Foreword Executive summary Contents List of figures List of tables Abbreviations and acronyms Terms and definitions 1. Introduction 2. Purposes and intended users of IPMA Research Evaluation Baseline (IPMA REB) 2.1. Purpose of IPMA REB 2.2. Main user groups of IPMA REB 3. Introduction to the IPMA Research Evaluation Model (IPMA REM) 3.1. Principles behind the model design 3.2. Structure of the model 3.3. Interactions between the model areas 4. IPMA REM and the research evaluation criteria A. Criteria for the area Research Problem B. Criteria for the area Research Processes C. Criteria for the area Research Results D. Criteria for the area Research People 5. Research evaluation 5.1. Approaches to the research evaluation 5.2. Evaluation during different research phases 5.3. Research evaluator: role and competences 5.4. Research evaluation process 5.5. Scoring in the research evaluation Annex A Introduction to IPMA Global Research Awards A.1. IPMA Global Research Awards Categories A.2. The benefits of applying for the IPMA Global Research Awards A.3. The IPMA Global Research Awards Application and Evaluation Process A4. The IPMA Research Achievement Awards Nomination and Decision Process References

The papers in this volume analyze the deployment of Big Data to solve both existing and novel challenges in economic measurement. The existing infrastructure for the production of key economic statistics relies heavily on data collected through sample surveys and periodic censuses, together with administrative records generated in connection with tax administration. The increasing difficulty of obtaining survey and census responses threatens the viability of existing data collection approaches. The growing availability of new sources of Big Data—such as scanner data on purchases, credit card transaction records, payroll information, and prices of various goods scraped from the websites of online sellers—has changed the data landscape. These new sources of data hold the promise of allowing the statistical agencies to produce more accurate, more disaggregated, and more timely economic data to meet the needs of policymakers and other data users. This volume documents progress made toward that goal and the challenges to be overcome to realize the full potential of Big Data in the production of economic statistics. It describes the deployment of Big Data to solve both existing and novel challenges in economic measurement, and it will be of interest to statistical agency staff, academic researchers, and serious users of economic statistics.

A deft selection of unpublished and little-known works by F. A. Hayek that will serve to enlighten and enliven debates around the ever-changing face of Western liberalism Across seventeen volumes to date, the University of Chicago Press's Collected Works of F. A. Hayek series has anthologized the diverse and prolific writings of the Austrian economist synonymous with classical liberalism. Essays on Liberalism and the Economy traces the author's long and evolving writings on the cluster of beliefs he championed most: liberalism, its core tenets, and how its tradition represents the best hope for Western civilization. This volume contains material from almost the entire span of Hayek's career, the earliest from 1931 and the last from 1984. The works were written for a variety of purposes and audiences, and they include—along with conventional academic papers—encyclopedia entries, after-dinner addresses, a lecture for graduate students, a book review, newspaper articles, and letters to the editors of national newspapers. While many are available elsewhere, two have never appeared in print, and two others have not been published in English. The varied formats collected here are enriched by Hayek's changing voice at different stages of his life. Some of the pieces resonate as high-minded and noble; some are meant as cuts to “intellectuals” (a pejorative term when used by Hayek) like Keynes and Galbraith. All serve to distill important threads of his worldview.

Please note: This is a companion version & not the original book. Book Preview: #1 The 1960 paper by Theodore Levitt, a Harvard Business School professor, argued that companies were too focused on products and not enough on customer needs. He asked, What business are you really in. More than five decades later, this fundamental question has become even more important as companies are moving from products to platforms and industry boundaries are becoming blurred. #2 The introduction of iTunes, in 2001, dramatically changed consumers'behavior as they started downloading digital music instead of buying CDs in a store. Amazon launched its video-on-demand service, Amazon Instant Video, almost a year before Netflix introduced video streaming. #3 In 2011, Amazon launched Amazon Studios to produce original motion-picture content. The content helps convert viewers into shoppers, and Prime members spend twice as much money than non-members do. #4 While many experts questioned Bezos's decision to enter the cloud-computing market with the launch of Amazon Web Services, his decision was undeniable: since its inception, Amazon has grown at a staggering pace, with almost a 60,000 percent increase in its stock price.

The NBER Macroeconomics Annual 2021 presents research-central issues in contemporary macroeconomics. Robert Hall and Marianna Kudlyak examine unemployment dynamics during economic recoveries. They present new empirical findings and explore models in which the labor market gradually draws down the stock of unemployed workers in the aftermath of a downturn. Titan Alon, Sena Coskun, Matthias Doepke, David Koll, and Michèle Tertilt analyze the relative decline in employment of women during the COVID-19 pandemic and the associated global recession. They show that increased childcare needs, which fell more heavily on women, and differences in occupations both contributed. In the case of the US, however, each of these factors account for less than 20% of the gender gap in hours worked during the pandemic. Richard Rogerson and Johanna Wallenius study the employment rates of older workers in OECD countries over the last forty years. An expansion of institutions incentivizing retirement, concurrent with negative aggregate shocks between 1970 and 1995, led to falling employment rates. This trend started to reverse in the mid-1990s when many of these institutions, such as public pension programs, were cut back. Michael Barnett, William Brock, and Lars Peter Hansen explore the consequences of risk, ambiguity, and model misspecification in climate policy design. They consider carbon emissions pricing and the effects of different sources of uncertainty—such as future information about environmental damage, uncertainties in carbon and temperature dynamics and damage functions, and the role of future green technologies—on policy design. Michael Kremer, Jack Willis, and Yang You present new evidence suggesting a steady trend toward income convergence across countries since the late 1980s. They find convergence in various determinants of economic growth across countries and a flattening of the relationship between growth and these determinants. The paper challenges theories of growth arising after earlier rejections of the neoclassical growth model.