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Haiti Hope was to provide 25,000 Haitian farmers with world-class business and industry expertise to help them grow mangos more efficiently and abundantly, and secure access to new markets with the aim of doubling their income and raising their standard of living and, ultimately, contributing to the revitalization of the Haitian economy. The project structure devised by the partners to govern execution consisted of an implementation team and operating and steering committees. The partners with the implementer, TechnoServe, had agreed on a strategy that turned out to be difficult to execute due to local institutions, farmer cooperatives, which acted as gatekeepers and made it difficult to reach the critical mass of farmers to participate in the project. TechnoServe's project manager had to convince the partners to shift strategy to work directly with cooperative members rather than with the leadership. The project manager succeeded - Partners accepted to create a new intermediary channel with and for smallholder farmers, termed Producer Business Groups (PBGs). PBGs eschewed the diverse political goals of most cooperatives, and focused on the production and commercialization of members'mangoes and other agricultural products. By 2013, 18,000 farmers had been organized into PBGs for better access to markets, information and agricultural extension services, and approximately 70% of them had adopted best practices from training. Project trained farmers were earning higher prices for mangoes, which rose by 32% on average.

This case provides an opportunity to examine and discuss how a traditional Chinese private business was launched and developed into a globalizing, multi-industry corporation. It also highlights how second generation entrepreneurs successfully developed an innovative industry model to sustain a green and profitable business, how the company valued, motivated and retained its talent, and how Chinese private enterprise can go global.

Building Hope tells, from the trenches, what it's like to lead and manage a nonprofit agency. Filled with insights, tips, lessons learned, and poignant stories, this book will help nonprofit executives, board members, and volunteers alike leave work at the end of each day knowing they made a difference in the lives of others. With nearly twenty-seven years in the nonprofit sector, John Bateson, executive director of a busy crisis center, has seen it all. Eager to share his knowledge, he explains what it takes to lead employees and volunteers, as well as how to satisfy the other stakeholders: donors, government officials, board members and, of course, service recipients. As Bateson demonstrates so eloquently, the relationship between nonprofit organizations and all these stakeholders is built on trust, need, compassion, and—above all else—hope.Building Hope tells, from the trenches, what it's like to lead and manage a nonprofit agency. Filled with insights, tips, lessons learned, and poignant stories, this book will help nonprofit executives, board members, and volunteers alike leave work at the end of each day knowing they made a difference in the lives of others. With nearly twenty-seven years in the nonprofit sector, John Bateson, executive director of a busy crisis center, has seen it all. Eager to share his knowledge, he explains what it takes to lead employees and volunteers, as well as how to satisfy the other stakeholders: donors, government officials, board members and, of course, service recipients. As Bateson demonstrates so eloquently, the relationship between nonprofit organizations and all these stakeholders is built on trust, need, compassion, and—above all else—hope.But stakeholders expect a lot in return, like competence and evidence that the organization is making a difference in the community and the lives of others. Leading nonprofits competently is what this book is all about. Each chapter focuses on a different facet of nonprofit leadership: how to build a strong and effective governing board, manage and inspire staff, develop efficient and effective programs, raise money, recruit and retain talented volunteers, market the agency, manage finances, and plan for the future. Best of all, each chapter is laced with stories that hammer home a point: What happens (and what to do) when a major gift solicitation goes horribly wrong, why cultural competency is critical, and what unusual interview questions can uncover the most promising potential employees. The workload can be crushing and the stress level high in the nonprofit world. Yet being able to look around a community and see tangible evidence of success makes it all worthwhile. This book will help provide the skills—and the heart—nonprofit managers need to make a difference and build the hope that will sustain others for years to come.

China has the largest population in the world. However, according to the United Nations, India and China are expected to simultaneously reach a population of approximately 1.38 billion by 2030, with India taking a slight lead. China will be all too happy to surrender its position as the country with the largest population. Where does this attitude come from? For China, this situation is symbolic of the solution to the excessive population and a milestone in the “Three-Stage” population development strategy, as well as the people's hope. In order to realize this hope, it firstly depends on the transformation from the previous high birth rate, high death rate, and low growth rate of population, to a high birth rate, low death rate, and high growth rate, and finally to a low birth rate, low death rate, and low growth rate. It also relies on the “post-demographic transition” to a low fertility level since the 1990s, and secondly, is closely related to the population change in the future. Therefore, in-depth studies on population and the development of population, resources, environment, economy, and society should be conducted on the basis of fresh experiences and theories from the international community, in order to move forward with the times to promote the solution to the population problem and realize the dream of rejuvenating the Chinese nation. As a result, population change is linked to this great rejuvenation, as the great rejuvenation requires the population change and, in turn, the population change facilitates the great rejuvenation.

Joe Biden, a name that resonates in American political history, is much more than a simple politician. His career is marked by challenges, achievements and an unwavering commitment to public service. From his childhood in Scranton, Pennsylvania, to the White House, Biden is an example of resilience and hope. This book seeks to explore his life in a positive light, highlighting not only his achievements but also the valuable lessons he offers the world. Born on November 20, 1942, Joe Biden grew up in an environment that profoundly shaped his worldview. Scranton, a working-class town, taught him the importance of community and the fight for social justice. From an early age, Biden was exposed to the economic difficulties that many families faced, developing an empathy that would guide his decisions throughout his life. His childhood was not without challenges, but these challenges cemented his determination to fight for a better future for all. Biden's political career began in 1972, when he was elected to the US Senate at age 29. This journey was not just a quest for power; it was a fight for justice. From his first days in the Senate, Biden championed civil rights and equality, becoming an active voice on crucial issues of the day. His passion for social justice has become a hallmark of his career and a constant motivation throughout his career. One of the most significant partnerships in Biden's lifewashisrelationshipwith Barack Obama. The friendship that developed between the two not only redefined their careers, but also had a profound impact on American politics. Together, they faced enormous challenges, such as the 2008 economic crisis, and worked tirelessly to implement changes that would benefit millions of Americans. This partnership wasn't just about politics; It was a true friendship based on mutual respect and shared goals. Throughout his long career in the Senate, Biden has stood out for his ability to build alliances. He always believed that dialogue and collaboration were essential to legislative success. His ability to work with senators of different parties and political views has resulted in several important pieces of legislation, from criminal justice reforms to public health initiatives. Biden has shown that, even in a polarized political environment, building partnerships is possible and vital. Find Out Much More...

As sustainable development becomes an increasingly important strategic issue for all organizations, there is a growing need for management and executive education to adapt to this new reality. This textbook provides a theoretically sound and highly relevant introduction to the topic of socially and environmentally responsible business. The authors take a “competence-based approach” to responsible management education. The book aims to go beyond the traditional domains of teaching and towards the facilitation of learning across key competences. Each chapter in this book has a section dedicated to exercises that cover five core competences – know, think, do, relate, be – to enable self-directed transformative learning.Drawing from the classic background theories such as corporate sustainability, business ethics, and corporate social responsibility, these concepts are applied to the most up-to-date practices. The book covers an international perspective, featuring cases from countries all around the world, has a strong theoretical basis, and fully integrates the topics of sustainability, responsibility, and ethics. The book includes a wide variety of tools for change at individual, company, and systemic levels resulting in both an essential resource for business students at all levels and a self-study, practical handbook for executives.

Conversation: the heartbeat of our organisations. Right now, we're at risk of losing the art of doing it well. We need to radically change how we talk to each other, to create workplaces where people feel they belong and can thrive. This book will help you understand how to grow your conversational wisdom to create more inclusive and collaborative environments and to make work more meaningful.Conversations carry the greatest potential to impact culture, performance, brand, and engagement. Yet conversation is an under-rated and under-developed skill. Emily Cosgrove and Sara Hope have spent the last 25 years helping people and organisations strengthen human connection through the power of conversation. Drawing on their experience of working with organisations from global jewellers to charities, professional services to B Corporations, they share a wealth of tips, tools, stories, and case studies. Written in a style that is easy to understand, they offer advice on how to get the best out of conversations and get underneath some of the challenges we all face.This is essential reading for learning and development experts, people leaders, coaches and mentors, and HR managers.

Compelling reading, this book both reinforces and elevates the role of art in the exploration and analysis of the concepts of democracy, globalization and capitalism. In the book, the author describes a post-human world, a state we have already entered. But how should we think about it, given we have already been co-opted? Can we articulate the future outside the false discipline that the market often dictates, beyond the clutches of a few social media companies, and maintain our rich diversities while holding on to those things that make life possible and worthwhile: love, hope and art?Running throughout the book is the central theme of uncertainty and divergence. It is uncompromising in asking the question about the need for a new global creation story, which has at its core not the certainties of one defined creation myth but the need to feel comfortable with the uncertainty principle both in physics and the political economy. It is up to artists, scientists and philosophers to articulate this wonder and to help us write a new global creation story based on art (the arts), uncertainty, diversity, risk and wonder – and of course knowledge. This book has the capacity to both clarify and re-shape your thinking.

St. HOPE is faced with a decision concerning whether or not to expand from Sacramento to New York City. While charter schools are its largest area of activity, founder Kevin Johnson believes that all of St. HOPE's other activities--economic development, civic leadership development, and the arts--are interdependent with transforming urban education. Raises questions of growth, including the challenges of replicating a model developed specifically for one community to another neighborhood 3000 miles away.

Get the Summary of John C. Maxwell & Rob Hoskins'Change Your World in 20 minutes. Please note: This is a summary & not the original book. Original book introduction: You can bring about positive, lasting change in the world and you don't have to be rich and famous or lead a big organization to do it. Global leadership and development icons John C. Maxwell and Rob Hoskins provide the inspiring and practical roadmap to get started being the change you want to see – in your community and beyond. For many of us, the world we live in feels broken yet change is easier than we think. Learn from the firsthand experiences shared by the authors from their work helping to transform communities, businesses, and millions of lives around the world.

As sustainable development becomes an increasingly important strategic issue for all organizations, there is a growing need for management and executive education to adapt to this new reality. This textbook provides a theoretically sound and highly relevant introduction to the topic of socially and environmentally responsible business. The authors take a “competence-based approach” to responsible management education. The book aims to go beyond the traditional domains of teaching and towards the facilitation of learning across key competences. Each chapter in this book has a section dedicated to exercises that cover five core competences – know, think, do, relate, be – to enable self-directed transformative learning.Drawing from the classic background theories such as corporate sustainability, business ethics, and corporate social responsibility, these concepts are applied to the most up-to-date practices. The book covers an international perspective, featuring cases from countries all around the world, has a strong theoretical basis, and fully integrates the topics of sustainability, responsibility and ethics.The book includes a wide variety of tools for change at individual, company and systemic levels. Published with the Principles for Responsible Management Education (PRME), a United Nations Global Compact supported initiative, this is both an essential resource for business students at all levels and self-study handbook for executives.

This book is a study of Third World economic development and the factors which have made development so elusive. It discusses the policy reform necessary to spur development as well as the relationship between development theory and policy. The author argues that the key to successful development policy is through reduced state intervention, and that to the extent state intervention is necessary, it should be through rather than against the market mechanism.

Conservative icon Steve Forbes returns with his most powerful and provocative ideas yet The United States has been through one of the most tumultuous decades in recent history. Polls show people on both sides of the ideological divide believe that the country has gone off track. If something isn't done quickly, Americans face a bleak future—continuing decline and disarray in a world that grows ever more dangerous. Steve Forbes, two-time candidate for the GOP presidential nomination and Forbes Media Chairman, explains how today's malaise has been caused by years of Obama's destructive policies, a broken tax system, and the Federal Reserve's Soviet-style controls over credit and money. The problems are challenging. But Forbes tells us that, with the right policies, the country can bounce back faster than people think. In this compelling and much-needed book, he sets forth a three-part plan to revive America. Patient-Driven Healthcare: The problem with healthcare, Forbes says, is that Big Government, health insurance companies, and employers are in control, not you, the patient. The key to getting high-quality, affordable healthcare is increasing competition and choice, and putting patients in charge. Enact a Flat Tax: Today's complex, corrupt tax code must be scrapped. The best answer is a simple Flat Tax. Forbes shows how this very bold reform would free America from the IRS and unleash an unprecedented wave of prosperity. A Sound Dollar as Good as Gold: With its ever-fluctuating “fiat” dollar, the Federal Reserve has blocked a real recovery and is the prime cause of today's stagnant, crisis-ridden economy. The answer? Take the dollar out of the hands of the Washington politicians by returning to a monetary system with the value of the dollar linked to gold. A clear and vital guide, Reviving America shows how the United States can recover the optimism and entrepreneurial dynamism that made it the greatest nation in history. These are 21st century solutions—not the failed ideas of the recent past. Forbes offers specific ideas and plans, not generalities and bromides, and is challenging policy makers to do the same. Steve Forbes is the coauthor of Money, the New York Times bestseller Power Ambition Glory, and the Wall Street Journal bestseller How Capitalism Will Save Us. Forbes is the Chairman and Editor-in-Chief of Forbes Media, which published Forbes magazine, with a circulation of nearly 1 million readers. Combined with Forbes Asia and Forbes Europe, and the company's licensee editions, the magazine reaches close to 6 million global readers. Forbes.com reaches almost 70 million unique monthly visitors. Elizabeth Ames has co-authored three previous books with Steve Forbes: Money: How The Destruction of the Dollar Threatens The Global Economy—And What We Can Do About It; Freedom Manifesto: Why Free Markets Are Moral and Big Government Isn't; and the Wall Street Journal bestseller, How Capitalism Will Save Us: Why Free People and Free Markets Are The Best Answer In Today's Economy.

In 2010, Friend Bank was entering the fifth year of Hope Harris Johnson's ambitious 20-year growth plan to transform her family's one-branch community bank into an institution with a substantial presence in southeastern Alabama. Harris Johnson was pleased, so far, with the results. Strategically they had exceeded expectations in opening a second office and execution of the plan was going well. And while the financial and economic crisis that began in 2008 had affected the financial results, it also presented Friend with competitive opportunities. Nonetheless, realizing her ultimate goals for Friend would not come easily. This is a shorter version of'Friend Bank: The Time for Hope,'HBS No. 310-070.

The untold succession struggle at Walt Disney Productions following the death of its founder, and the generational transformation which led to the birth of the modern multibillion-dollar animation industry.Walt Disney left behind big dreams when he died in 1966. Perhaps none was greater than the hope that his son-in-law, Ron Miller, would someday run his studio. Under Miller's leadership, Disney expanded into new frontiers: global theme parks, computer animation, cable television, home video, and video games. Despite these innovations, Ron struggled to expand the Disney brand beyond its midcentury image of wholesome family entertainment, even as times and tastes evolved. Tensions between Miller and Walt's nephew, Roy E. Disney, threatened to destroy the company, leading Wall Street “Gordon Gekko” types to come after Mickey Mouse. At the same time, the aging Animation Department—once the core of Walt's business—was one memo away from shutting down forever. Rather, thanks to the radical efforts of Walt's veterans to recruit and nurture young talent, it was revived by this sudden influx of artists who would go on to revolutionize the film industry. Additionally, this new generation would prove over time that animation was so much more than just kids'stuff—it was a multibillion dollar industry. This is the upstairs-downstairs story of the executives and animators who clashed and collaborated to keep America's most storied company alive during the most uncertain period in its one hundred year history.

What might the impact be on a grown woman of having a nursery school teacher change and anglicise her name at the age of three? That three-year-old was me. In our world, we face more and more polarisation and so it feels imperative that we understand the concept and lived experience of “Othering”. Othering takes away individuality and reduces whole groups to “they”.This book explores the theory, examining why Othering is so much part of human biology and conditioning. Through a narrative approach, the experiences of women of colour growing up in 1970s and 1980s Britain are explored, sharing individual stories and common themes. Ultimately this book is a celebration of their deep commitment to self-work and development and their success in navigating the additional burden of being different.We hear from other thinkers and activists, and offer active hope and potential ways forward in how we might create more inclusive, sustainable societies. This is a monumental task but arguably we have no choice, and so the work of changing how we choose to live feels like the most important work we can do together.

Set in the Northern English City of Leeds, in the midst of Liz Truss'49 days in office, what we are now calling The Cost of Living Crisis emerges as the most recent incantation of economic decline. Challenging the ease with which this phrase has become commonplace, this monograph provokes questions of when and for whom it became normal to discuss the cost of being alive.The Cost of Living Crisis is both new and not new. With a focus on how economic decline is temporally experienced, Wood explores how consumption habits find solidarity with the past, claim membership in the present and grasp at uncertain futures. With a concern for where agency lies, Wood ultimately asks us: How is it that people deal, engage and reclaim precarious futures in the shop? Drawing from research conducted in a food pantry – a food bank that simulates a shop – Wood takes up a concept of provisioning as embodied knowledge and cultivated competence defined by the normalisation of economic recession. However, amidst hopelessness, the food pantry also materialises everyday acts of hope, care and play, which, in turn, perhaps provoke a reimagination not just of what a food bank is but of what shopping could be.This book is applicable to scholars of temporality, political and economic anthropology, the anthropology of Britain, economic crisis and consumption.

The Fourth Industrial Revolution means the widespread digitization of economic processes using more economical and efficient production technologies. Orientation towards productivity, flexibility and low production costs results in a slow process of dehumanization of industry and focus only on implementing digital technologies of Industry 4.0. A natural consequence of this trend is the concern of workers, governments and societies about new challenges and the role of humans in industry and the economy. The hope is the emergence of a new industry concept proposed by the European Commission that expands the features of the existing Industry 4.0 concept to include human-centric, environmental and resilience aspects in smart organizations. Industry 5.0 is an excellent alternative to the development of today's digital and dehumanized world, and this book presents challenges and priority directions for smart organizations in an environment shaped by the pillars of Industry 5.0. This research volume discusses the development of technologies that support human-oriented work systems, sustainable production and system resilience in intelligent organizations. It presents an educational challenge for universities and vocational schools in preparing employees for intelligent organizations and will be of interest to researchers, academics, policymakers, and students in the fields of organizational studies, knowledge management and the digital economy.

Practical and authentic, this essential career handbook provides every young person with inspiration and practical pathways to overcome socio-economic adversity and achieve their career ambitions. Written by an impressive group of senior professionals who have excelled despite seemingly insurmountable circumstances, including barriers such as racism and economic hardship, this book provides the roadmap to professional career success.With students and graduates from diverse and economically adverse backgrounds specifically in mind, the book breaks from the notion that one has to become a superstar, a Supreme Court Justice, a movie star, or an internationally famous athlete to be successful. It provides a grounded and realistic approach to achieve social, economic, and professional advancement for the majority of college students. High-level professionals and leaders in industry, government, non-profit, education, medicine, military, and the law share their unique stories, each filled with spirit, hope, advice, success strategies, and approaches to dealing with failures along the way. The book offers direction and guidance for self-determination and professional development, while also inspiring excellence in organizational leadership and management, with a focus on leadership, character, and tangible skills.This is essential reading for college students and graduates from all backgrounds, with a focus on underrepresented groups in particular. It will also benefit instructors, professors, and professionals in higher education, as well as leaders in the public, private, and third sectors who are focused on uplifting students and recent graduates of adverse and diverse backgrounds.

As the world faces unprecedented challenges such as climate change and biodiversity loss, the resources needed far outstrip the capabilities of nonprofits and even governments. Yet there are seeds of hope—and much of that hope comes from the efforts of the private sector. Impact investing is rapidly becoming an essential tool, alongside philanthropy and government funding, in tackling these major problems. Valuing Nature presents a new set of nature-based investment areas to help conservationists and investors work together. NatureVest founder William Ginn outlines the emerging private sector investing opportunities in natural assets such as green infrastructure, forests, soils, and fisheries. The first part of Valuing Nature examines the scope of nature-based impact investing while also presenting a practical overview of its limitations and the challenges facing the private sector. The second part of the book offers tools for investors and organizations to consider as they develop their own projects and tips on how nonprofits can successfully navigate this new space. Case studies from around the world demonstrate how we can use private capital to achieve more sustainable uses of our natural resources without the unintended consequences plaguing so many of our current efforts. Valuing Nature provides a roadmap for conservation professionals, nonprofit managers, and impact investors seeking to use market-based strategies to improve the management of natural systems.

The Albert Luthuli Centre for Responsible Leadership invited papers related to responsible leadership from a trans-disciplinary perspective involving the social and natural sciences. Subsequent to a lengthy review process, fifteen authors were invited to present at the the 3rd International Conference on Responsible Leadership; from these, five papers were finally selected to appear in this Special Edition.Management, leadership, and business knowledge by itself cannot ensure a sustainable and equitable future. What is needed is an integration of knowledge about responsible leadership across disciplinary boundaries, ranging from management studies and the physical sciences, to law, the humanities and social science. Only by integrating across current disciplinary boundaries can we find hope for generating what has been termed “earth system governance”, a way for humanity to manage the complexities of the world to create a just, equitable, and sustainable world for all.The five papers included in this special edition provide insight into responsible leadership and the importance of interdisciplinary dialogue in an interconnected and complex world. The perspectives converge to give us focused insights on responsible leadership as an emerging discourse, confirming the importance of bridging science, business and politics, and the role that responsible leadership plays in this.

This original monograph presents a comprehensive theory regarding the economy of the kingdom of God. The theory and associated model will help individuals make better choices. The research integrates fundamentals of the temporal real economy, and the permanent economy of the kingdom of God, to present a unified model of human agency. According to the model, effective agents are salt and light in the real economy, arresting corruption and revealing the truth. Effective agency produces life, peace, and growth. Individual and organizational practices that arrest corruption and reveal truth can resolve longstanding economic grievances. The list of spiritual credence goods is extensive and includes commonly known virtues such as humility, patience, and hope. Spiritual goods are allocated based on the owner-agent relationship. The quantity of goods the owner supplies is in proportion to an individual's sacrificial offering of time and money. Spiritual goods are stored as heart capital. In a process analogous to the real economy, heart labor applied to heart capital produces desirable outputs. The owner relates to his agents through a heart-inscribed behavioral contract. The owner generally intervenes in the real economy by communicating with agents rather than by restricting choice. Prior studies across economics, finance, and sociology prove the efficiency of behavioral contracts and communication over restricted choice. Herein researchers will find new testable propositions, and practitioners will find new ideas and practices to live better, more consequential lives. Examples of practical applications include methods of resolving group-level bias and understanding the purpose of life's difficulties.

'Economics Made Simple: A Modern Guide'is designed to help students master the subject of Economics with ease. We present study material in clear and straightforward language, making conscious efforts to explain fundamental concepts and provide exposure to the economy and statistical tools.Our book is richly illustrated with global examples, ensuring a thorough understanding of economic concepts. We also simplify complex statistics, a core component of economics, to make learning more accessible.It's important to note that while this guide is a valuable resource, active engagement through reading, class participation, and working through the material is essential. Success in learning economics relies on the student's ability, effort, and desire. We hope this guide aids in your educational journey.

Sheryl Sandberg, a revered name in the pantheon of technology titans, transcends the mere definition of an executive. Philanthropist, author and tireless advocate for gender equity, her inspiring journey intertwines professional triumphs with an unwavering commitment to female empowerment. Rise to the Top: An Unparalleled COO In 2008, Sheryl Sandberg joined Facebook as COO, propelling the company to heights never before imagined. His strategic acumen and keen vision for the digital future have shaped the social media giant into a global empire. Under his visionary leadership, Facebook has established itself as an indispensable communication platform, connecting billions of people and revolutionizing the way we interact and consume information. Lean In: A Movement to Boost Women's Empowerment Aware of gender disparities in the corporate world, Sheryl Sandberg has become a powerful voice in the fight for equity. In 2013, she founded LeanIn.Org, a global initiative that aims to boost female empowerment in the professional environment. Through workshops, mentoring and networking programs, LeanIn.Org offers tools and support for women to achieve their goals and break down the barriers that prevent them from thriving. Criticism and Controversy: Facing Challenges with Resilience Sheryl Sandberg's meteoric rise has not been without criticism. His involvement in the Cambridge Analytica scandal, which exposed flaws in Facebook's data protection, tarnished his reputation and called into question his leadership abilities. However, with resilience and transparency, Sandberg took responsibility for the company's mistakes and implemented strict measures to prevent such violations from recurring. The Future of Women's Leadership: An Inspiring Legacy Despite the challenges, SherylSandberg remains an inspiring symbol for women around the world. His trajectory demonstrates that, with determination, intelligence and hard work, it is possible to break barriers and achieve success in any area. Conclusion Sheryl Sandberg is more than a successful executive. She is a beacon of hope for women who aspire to achieve their dreams and build a more just and equitable future. Her story serves as a constant reminder that the power of female leadership can transform the world. Find Out Much More...

This is an open access book.The International Conference on Accounting, Management, and Economics (ICAME) is an annual agenda organized by the Faculty of Economics and Business, Hasanuddin University. In 2023, we would like to introduce to you the 8th ICAME with the current theme entitled “Establishing Inclusive Economy and Business”.SUB THEMEDevelopment EconomicsPublic EconomicsFinancial AccountingManagement AccountingFinance and InvestmentSustainability BusinessCorporate GovernanceHuman CapitalIslamic EconomicsOther Related; Accounting, Management, Economics IssuesWe hope that our conference can add discussions and information from various research towards the discourse of new economic policy in the post-pandemic era. This activity also became an important agenda in publishing scientific papers by academics and became a positive contribution to mapping Indonesia's future development. Therefore, we would like to invite academics, practitioners, researchers to contribute to the development of economic and business management research through participating in the 8th of ICAME. Thank you for your participation and we look forward to meeting you at the conference.

Harry Hill is one of the few foreigners to have created an enormous impact that reached nearly every household in Japan through his marketing prowess, business leadership as well as through his personal philosophy to living life. Under Harry's leadership, Shop Japan – today, one of Japan's biggest retail channels - experienced explosive growth with numerous hit products that completely changed the Japanese consumer retail market. This book is a compelling tale of hope, resilience and success, inspiring readers to embrace optimism and turn life's challenges into opportunities for personal growth and triumph. Based on Harry's personal and unique business journey, it serves as a testament that, with the right mindset and determination, one can conquer any obstacle and create an extraordinary life.

Discover the untold truth of leadership in this compelling journey that unveils the hidden struggles of business leaders who wear a daily mask. In the bustling world of business, many find themselves living a double life, facing sleepless nights, constant anxiety, and the exhausting weight of expectation. I've been there, my friend, and I've learned firsthand the toll it takes. Drawing from my three-decade experience in the video game industry, including 20 years at Electronic Arts, I unravel the challenges of traditional leadership and present a groundbreaking alternative: Liberated Leadership. In these pages, I share my personal transformation, introducing you to the seven pillars that form the essence of Liberated Leadership. Each pillar harbours a key practice, empowering you to lead authentically and find fulfilment. The narrative isn't all doom and gloom; it's a beacon of hope, offering practical insights that pave the way for a liberating change cycle. If you're ready to shed the mask, release the burdens, and embark on a journey of liberation, this book is your guide. Join me on a path that breaks free from chains, transforming not only your approach to leadership but also your entire life. It's time to embrace authenticity and lead with purpose. Walk this transformative path with me – let's set ourselves free.

In the last decades, machine learning techniques – especially techniques of deep learning – led to numerous successes in many application areas, including economics. The use of machine learning in economics is the main focus of this book; however, the book also describes the use of more traditional econometric techniques. Applications include practically all major sectors of economics: agriculture, health (including the impact of Covid-19), manufacturing, trade, transportation, etc. Several papers analyze the effect of age, education, and gender on economy – and, more generally, issues of fairness and discrimination.We hope that this volume will:help practitioners to become better knowledgeable of the state-of-the-art econometric techniques, especially techniques of machine learning,and help researchers to further develop these important research directions. We want to thank all the authors for their contributions and all anonymous referees for their thorough analysis and helpful comments.

The 2020s present a decade of unprecedented disruption. We have now reached a point where people are overwhelmed and numb to the ever-present news of threat after threat, and challenge after challenge. It's time for leaders to tell a different story of six powerful aspirations – connection, vitality, peace, abundance, opportunity and wisdom. This is a vision'beyond sustainability', to inspire organisations and people to bring the best of who they are into service of the brighter future that is already emerging.Alongside the obvious disruptive challenges of climate change, wars and the pandemic, technology has evolved at a blistering pace. Through technological advances in five sectors – energy, transport, materials, food and manufacturing – we are already transforming the world as we know it. The book seeks to give readers the confidence that there is real hope for a brighter future for our world using these developments and other innovations.The text is supported by inspiring case studies of people and organisations who are already doing amazing things. Crucially, the book highlights the many ways that leaders and organisations can contribute to a better world and encourages dialogue between organisations and people who might not naturally connect. It describes 12 archetypes in organisations that must collaborate in teams to deliver solutions. It also emphasises the need for wise leadership and conscious alignment of everyone to our'brighter future'.A manifesto for positive change, this is the perfect book to help turn the UN Sustainable Development Goals into action and to envisage a positive future for leaders at every level in organisations.

For many countries, primarily in the Global South, extractivism – the exploiting and exporting of natural resources – is big business. For those exporting countries, natural resource rents create hope and promise for development which can be a seductive force. This book explores the depth of extractivism in economies around the world. The contributions to this book investigate the connection between the political economy of extractivism and its impact on the sociopolitical fabric of natural resource exporting societies in Asia, Africa, Latin America, and Eastern Europe.The book engages with a comparative perspective on the persistence of extractivism in these four different world regions. The book focuses on the formative power of rents and argues that rents are seductive. The individual contributions flesh out this seductive force of rents on different political scales and how this seduction affects a variety of actors. The book investigates how these actors react to the prevalence of rent, how they align or break with specific political and economic strategies, and how myths of resource-driven development play out on the ground. The book, therefore, underlines that rent theory bridges current debates in different area communities and offers fresh insights into extractivist societies'social, economic, and political dynamics. This book will be of significant interest to readers in political economy, political science, development studies, and area studies.

Leaders of healthcare organizations and students aspiring to become one, should be asking themselves one thing in these financially challenging times: how can they maintain a strategic and competitive advantage over other players in their market? Some healthcare organizations have faced extremely poor financial performance in recent years, with data suggesting that up to 10% of hospitals will go bankrupt or face closure within the next 10 years. Yet, little pragmatic evidence exists to offer insights into how to create better strategies to improve performance, build resiliency and align stakeholders.Essentials of Healthcare Strategy and Performance Management explores the most critical components of business strategy and performance management for modern, complex healthcare organizations. Using pragmatic and real-world evidence, this book provides essential briefings on key topics that every current or aspiring leader needs to know in order to better manage strategy and achieve improved performance in their hospital or health system. We will also specifically focus on implementation of strategy, and best practices for some of the most important quality management techniques. We hope this book helps inspire leaders to be creative in formulating more effective competitive strategy.

'a must-read'- Daniel Storey'Superb, from the first page to the last'– Daniel Taylor Football journalist Nick Miller lifts the lid on football club ownership: the defining issue shaping the modern game.Football club owners can take teams to the heights of the Champions League or send them out of existence entirely. They have to tread a precarious tightrope, navigating the issues presented by super leagues, rapidly escalating wages, transfer fees and financial fair play. Who Owns Football? uncovers the jeopardy, strategies, transformative successes and horror stories, steering you through the complex world in which the people who control our game live and operate. There's the owner who was a safe-breaker, the man who tried to burn down his own stadium and even one who was accused of war crimes.This insightful guide is full of fascinating characters, high finance and shady deals. Miller examines the forces at play and discusses how today's football club ownership models face up to an impending crisis. But among the potential doom, there are some bright lights, people who are doing things differently and might make you think there is some hope after all.

This is an open access book.- Background：Financial globalization plays a huge role in promoting the development of the world economy and the optimal allocation of world resources, stimulates the accelerated development of the international division of labor, and increases the international flow of production factors such as industrial transfer, capital transfer, and technology transfer. It enables developing countries to make up for the lack of their own capital and technology, and obtain industrial evolution, technological progress, and institutional innovation, thereby accelerating the speed of economic development; it also enables developed countries to open up cheap labor, raw material markets and broad consumer markets, prolonging product value. More profits, ease the economy, the contradiction of stagflation, and restore economic growth.- Present situation：At the current stage, the overall environment of the international financial market is relatively stable, and the market environment has been improved to some extent.However, due to the complexity and diversity of the world economy, coupled with the national characteristics of some countries, There is great uncertainty in international policies, which has greatly affected the stability of the international financial market.In addition, the current international environment is changing. The conflict between Russia and Ukraine, the epidemic, and the Taiwan issue have all had an impact on the international economic situation. This is also the difference between this conference and previous conferences. we hope to have a deeper discussion on the current situation.- Objectives of this conference：The 9th International Conference on Financial Innovation and Economic Development (ICFIED 2024) aims to accommodate this need, as well as to:1. provide a platform for experts and scholars, engineers and technicians in the field of financial Innovation and economic development to share scientific research achievements and cutting-edge technologies2. Understand academic development trends, broaden research ideas, strengthen academic research and discussion, and promote the industrialization cooperation of academic achievements3. Promote the institutionalization and standardization of Financial Innovation and Economic Development through modern research4. Increasing the number of scientific publications for financial Innovation and economic development- Conference information：As an annual conference held successfully in the past 8 years, the 9th International Conference on Financial Innovation and Economic Development (ICFIED 2024) will be held in Ningbo on January 12–14, 2024. The conference sincerely invites experts, scholars, business people and other relevant personnel from domestic and foreign universities, research institutions to participate in the exchange.We warmly invite you to participate in ICFIED 2024 and look forward to seeing you in Ningbo, China.

Since the 2021, the financial industry evolved to include ESG criteria in its products and processes. Thanks to regulatory pressures and public opinion, Sustainable Finance is becoming THE new standard for financial centres across Europe. However, a lack of knowledge and common definitions are still present to define its key concepts. Since 2021, EFPA Luxembourg launched an original initiative to democratise best practices in Sustainable Finance and establish clear and common definitions for its key concepts. Today, the EFPA ESG Handbook is joined by more than fifty entities and seventy co-authors sharing the same ambitions. Over the EFPA ESG Advisor certification, launched in 2021 and owned by more than 8'000 financial advisors across Europe, the European Financial Planning Association (EFPA) wants to help to close the gap between the current level of information and the level necessary due to increasing regulatory requirements around the integration of ESG criterion. This is why, the EFPA ESG Handbook is becoming digital, with the addition of a dedicated website to enrich its content, improve its update, and avoid its obsolescence. On this site and on top of their handbook, owners of the EFPA ESG Handbook will find enriched content, a regularly updated information base and practical tools for filtering the various headings on the site. History, regulation, investment products, investment process, risk management… this handbook offers a 360° point of view over the landscape of the Green Finance. We hope this journey will help the reader to have a better understanding of what Sustainable Finance means, looking at its framework, its aims, and its challenges. I wish you a pleasant reading.

This book is an outcome of the interdisciplinary conference held at OP Jindal Global University (Quantum Decision-making and Complexity modeling, and their possible applications in social sciences－ economics, finance and public policy). The volume builds upon the emerging fields of Econophysics, Complexity theory and Quantum like modelling in cognition and social sciences, and their plausible applications in economics and public policy. There can be deep linkages between the micro, meso and macro scales at which these paradigms operate. In this data-driven age, greater amounts of information, along with the facility to harvest, sort and process said information, have permitted an expansion of the capability to study a society's various factors to a degree of detail and inclusiveness that has never before been available to researchers. As a result, an increasing number of throughlines is being discovered, revealing heretofore unknown connections between various disciplines and enhancing the study of such societal tropes as finance, language, shared behavior, and many others. As the reader will see, with clearer understanding of the interconnectedness of society's assorted parts comes a clearer understanding of the society as a whole. We have received critical thoughts from noted experts in social and natural sciences to explore possible interconnections. The editors of this book earnestly hope that the critical reviews presented in this volume will stimulate further scholarly interest, but also interest among policy practitioners for the purpose of exploring possibilities for creating a new paradigm for comprehending pressing issues of deep uncertainty and emergence in social dynamics.

Making a Difference: Careers in Health Informatics addresses everyday questions from people interested in working in health informatics. Typically, this includes people who work in health care, computer and technology fields, information science, finance / insurance and related areas. The book aims to tell students about various jobs that exist in the health informatics field, what credentials they need to qualify for those jobs, and a brief description about what people in those roles tend to do every day. As faculty members teaching in a Master of Science in Health Informatics program, the authors say that they are fortunate to have eager, bright, and talented graduate students who are invested in related health informatics areas. This could be their experiences in medicine, nursing, clinical care, software engineering, finance, business, library science, data science, or caregiving. Common questions we hear from our students that may be similar to questions among readers include: ‘what jobs are out there?', ‘what can I do with this degree?'or ‘what does a health informatics specialist do?'This book aims to answer some of these questions with a look into a day in the life of people working in this field. The book examines career options, roles, and skill sets important in health informatics across 6 related industries. We want readers to realize that their skills and interests can apply in many areas of the field, not exclusively hospitals. This book highlights 6 unique work segments (hospital systems, long term care, health IT / consumer health organizations, government, consulting, and payer / insurance companies) into which readers may look to expand their career opportunities. The hope is that this book will provide insight into career opportunities students and professionals may be qualified for, and interested in, but simply not aware of. Hiring managers and human resource professionals across the stakeholder groups across the stakeholder groups may also find the book helpful in learning about other roles that may benefit their organizations.

This booklet was written by Darren Gillen, research analyst at GillenMarkets, and is aimed at the reader who is interested in learning about the various ways to invest in property. Buying a property is a common way for retail investors to invest their savings, and this is particularly the case in Ireland. Bricks and mortar are tangible and easily understood, while the stock market appears to many to be mystifying and volatile. As is often the case in investing, misconceptions abound. Direct property investing is riskier than many assume, and property investing through the stock market is less risky than popular perceptions would have you believe. This booklet aims to give you a more nuanced understanding of property investing, the key drivers of returns and how to invest in property through the stock market. A sound plan for investing in property that mitigates the key risks is the ticket to attractive returns. We hope that this booklet serves as a reliable guide in that regard.

The monographs ‘European Integration: Conditions, Essence and Consequences'and its follow-up ‘The Future of the European Union'were compiled in the course of the project ‘Quo vadis Unio? a racja stanu Polski'under the DIALOG research programme between 2019 and 2023. They are the result of contributions by Europeanists, political scientists, lawyers, economists, cultural scholars and historians who study the issues of European integration. The content presented in both publications reflects the research outcomes and views of the individual authors. The first monograph was designed as an attempt to summarise the integration process within the European Union to date and its legal and institutional dimension. The monograph consists of four parts: ‘The State of European Integration', ‘Selected Problems of European Integration', ‘EU and National Concepts of Reforms of the European Union'and ‘Theoretical Problems of Research on European Integration'. We hope that the issues discussed in the monograph will attract the interest of potential readers, especially academics and students involved in European studies, political science, economics, sociology, history, law and cultural studies. Insight into these issues may also be useful to government officials and NGO activists, as well as to a wide audience interested in European issues.

The monograph `The Future of the European Union'as well as the publication that precedes it `European Integration: Conditions, Essence and Consequences'have been compiled as part of the project `Quo vadis Unio? a racja stanu Polski'under the DIALOG research programme between 2019 and 2023. It is the result of contributions by Europeanists, political scientists, lawyers, economists, cultural scholars and historians who study the issues of European integration. The content presented in both publications reflects the research outcomes and views of the individual authors. The first of these publications was designed as an attempt to summarise the integration process to date and its legal and institutional dimension, which is the contemporary European Union. The publication ‘The Future of the European Union'consists of five parts: `The Concepts of Reforms of the European Union', `The Future Modernisation of the Institutional System of the European Union', `Selected EU Policies – Future Prospects', `The European Union – the External Determinants of Further Development', `The Perspectives on the Theoretical Dimension of European Studies'. We hope that the issues raised in this monograph will be of interest to potential readers, especially academics and students interested in European integration issues. Insight into these issues may also be useful to government officials and NGO activists, as well as to a wide audience interested in European issues. These objectives may be more achievable after reading both of these monographs dedicated to European integration issues.

The term “human economics” is sometimes used within economic theory with the hope of repositioning economic discipline as a human and social science, but with scarce success. Indeed, although great economists have always carefully considered human nature, it has been largely neglected in modern economics. This book explores the potentials of a human economics, arguing that the complexity and peculiarities of human nature should be central to the study of economics. Complex economic phenomena are subject to laws and limits that reveal their internal order in spite of the apparent randomness and unpredictability. The book embraces the contributions of thinkers and economists who have tried to fully consider human nature and society within their biological environment. From these solid foundations, the book introduces a different Weltanschauung, offers an analysis of socio-economic paradigms, and develops an alternative theoretical framework. On the basis of a transdisciplinary methodology, the book investigates human nature, interactions, and systems up to the macroeconomic cyclical development of the capitalist system. Future perspectives and issues facing modern economies are also discussed from environmental sustainability to globalization and socio-political challenges. This book marks an original contribution to the literature on retooling economic discipline and presents useful food for thought for scholarly readers while remaining accessible to graduates who are studying mainstream economics.

Organizing Christmas is an exploration of the organizational character of Christmas. Taking as its starting point the view that Christmas initially achieved popularity due to its potential to promote social cohesion and political stability, this book both charts and scrutinizes its global emergence as the year's preeminent economic and organizational event.Combining historical narrative, original interviews, and social scientific research and theories, it tells the story of how Christmas has come to dominate the festival landscape and how it emerged as an integral component of the global evolution of contemporary social and economic relations. From the pre-Christian celebrations and politics of the turning of the calendar year, through the power games of Elizabethan England and the wily reinvention of the season by industrious Victorians, to today's huge economic and logistical exercise that relies on everything from global supply chains to the domestic division of labour, Organizing Christmas demonstrates how the season exemplifies the spirit and practices of industrial, and now post-industrial, modernity.As well as documenting this fact, however, Organizing Christmas also critically interrogates what has become a vast festive-industrial complex. From low-paid factory workers in Yiwu to Santa Claus performers in Kingston, readers are given a chance to consider what the cost of this global festival might be and whether it is a price worth paying. Drawing on intellectual resources ranging from Adorno and Horkheimer's classic critique of the culture industry, thorough Böhme's analysis of the sociomaterial production of atmospheres, to Bloch's ‘principle of hope', it paints a picture of Christmas as a profoundly important, if deeply contested historical, cultural and, most significantly, organizational phenomenon.Aimed at students and academics in Organization Studies, Cultural Studies, and the Sociology of Work and Employment, as well as the general reader interested in the festive season, Organizing Christmas offers a differing perspective on a subject so familiar and yet so often overlooked.

The argument of this book is addressed to those who desire to order their daily lives, in the homme, in the shop, in the factory, or on the farm, in conformity with the highest ethical standards, or in more familiar words, to live according to the will of God; and to them only. They constitute, I hope, a large proportion of mankind but be that as it ma, I know that there are at present among them many who are sorely perplexed in mind, and gravely disturbed in conscience, by the apparent contradiction between the precepts of ethics and the laws of economics. It is my earnest hope that in this book they mind some help towards the solution of their difficulties

In 2010, Friend Bank was entering the fifth year of Hope Harris Johnson's ambitious 20-year growth plan to transform her family's one branch community bank into an institution with a substantial presence in southeastern Alabama. Harris Johnson was pleased, so far, with the results. Strategically they had exceeded expectations in opening a second office and execution of the plan was going well. And while the financial and economic crisis that began in 2008 had affected the financial results, it also presented Friend with competitive opportunities. Nonetheless, realizing her ultimate goals for Friend would not come easily.

Time is relative, situation-dependent, location- and culturally-dependent, and very much subjective. Yet we treat it as if it were objective. We share standardized time, and we are dependent on it for almost everything we do. When it comes to waking up, business meetings, transportation, finding your way via GPS, seeing friends, watching a show, we are all dependent on a standardized notion of time and time measurement. The future gives us hope and deadlines drive innovation and productivity. Time drives us forward and we talk about time – all the time! The word “time” is the most used noun in English, followed by “year” in third place and “day” in fifth. We are obsessed with it, for a lot of very good and practical reasons. The book looks at time through different perspectives (ranging from physics, history, philosophy, anthropology to art, business & politics, biology and psychology). The author's aim is to bring us closer to the nature and our experience of time by looking at it from different lenses to improve our understanding of what time is and what it is not – and to use that knowledge to improve how we organize ourselves around time. It's by better understanding time's nature and experience that we can keep the positive and productive elements of time and get rid of the unhealthy time practices in our lives.

Please note: This is a companion version & not the original book. Book Preview: #1 Viktor Frankl was a psychiatrist who was extremely curious about the human condition. He was drawn to helping people, and he wanted to be a psychiatrist before age ten. He developed a theory called logotherapy, based on the Greek word logos for meaning, which believed that a person's development and quality of their mental health stemmed from having meanings to fulfill in their own future. #2 The most fundamental threat to a person's Future Self is not the loss of freedom, but the absence of purpose and meaning. Frankl's story provides a startling illustration of how serious these threats can be. #3 The core tenet of logotherapy is that human beings are driven by their views of their own future. Having purpose can prolong and sustain life far beyond what seems like natural life expectancy. #4 Hope is the will and the way. It is the belief that you can achieve a specific end, which is worthwhile and important to you. It is the powerpack that sustains you through the ups and downs of whatever you're pursuing.

Leading organisations in our contemporary world means grappling with unpredictability, painful pressures and continual conflict, all in the context of an acceleration in the pace of change. We expect the impossible from heroic leaders and they rarely live up to expectations. With countless recommendations, self-help books and new concepts, scholars and management consultants often simplify and dream unrealistically. This book challenges the more orthodox discourse on leadership and presents a way of thinking about leadership that pays closer attention to experience.The contributors in this book, all senior managers or facilitators of leadership development, resist easy solutions, new typologies or unrealistic prescriptions. Writing about their experiences in Denmark, the UK, Israel, Ethiopia, South Africa and beyond, they are less concerned with traits that people can possess and learn, or magical promises of recipes for success, and more with the socio-political process of the interaction between people from which leadership emerges as a theme. We focus on understanding leadership as a practice within which communication, research, imagination and ethical judgements are continuously improvised. So rather than idealising leadership, or reducing it to soothing tools and techniques, we suggest how leaders might become more politically, emotionally and socially savvy. This book is written for academics and practitioners with an interest in the everyday challenges of both individual and group practices of formal and informal leaders in different types of organisations, and is an ideal resource for executives and students on leadership development programmes. We hope this volume will help readers to expand the wisdom found in their own experience and discover for themselves and for others, a greater sense of freedom.

Please note: This is a companion version & not the original book. #1 DecisionTech was a technology start-up that was located in Half Moon Bay, a foggy, coastal farming town just over the hills from the San Francisco Bay. It had the most experienced and expensive executive team imaginable, and more top-tier investors than any young company could hope for. #2 Kathryn had no experience in high-tech, but she was a great leader, and the board believed she would succeed. The Chairman insisted that there weren't many capable executives willing to take on such a messy job, but he hired Kathryn anyway. #3 The Chairman offered Kathryn the job, and she was surprised. She had always thought of him as a social acquaintance, not a professional admirer. She had an amazing ability to build teams, and he thought she could help fix the problems at DecisionTech. #4 After her first two weeks on the job, Kathryn did almost nothing. She walked the halls, talked to employees, and silently observed as many meetings as she could. She asked Jeff Shanley to continue leading the weekly executive staff meetings, where she just listened and took notes.

The overarching principle that once integrated India's institutions is often described by the word ‘dharma'. The notion of dharma goes well beyond what is known as ‘rule of law'. Rule of law is about publicly disclosed legal codes and processes. Dharma, on the other hand, is the holding principle that encompasses the whole of nature, including human nature. Dharma is much more nuanced and yet, paradoxically, more unambiguous than rule of law. The research presented in Globalizing Indian Thought tells us that India will do well to hark back to its ‘sanatana dharma'. The book decodes and deliberates on a few big ideas with the hope to shape India's story on the world stage. It would be of interest to anyone who wishes to know how we can bring in ideas that are inherently Indian to broaden the discourse on matters of national and international importance.

Axed charts the dramatic decline of the magazine industry in Australia from the million-selling highs of the 1990s to the recent round of mergers, closures and mass-redundancies. What went wrong?Australian magazines once boasted the highest circulation per capita in the world. Former magazine editor Phil Barker follows the story from this golden age to today, showing how mismanagement, unchecked spending and the challenge presented by the rise of the internet all combined to undermine the previously unassailable position magazines held in the Australian consciousness.Prominent magazine executives and editors who witnessed the industry's decline and failure to capitalise on digital opportunities have gone on the record for the first time. Featuring in-depth analysis of archival reporting and brand-new interviews with key players, Axed lifts the lid on the scandals behind the industry's swan dive.But Phil also talks to the people who have managed to pivot in a fast-moving media landscape and believe magazines are a part of Australia's future. Are magazines really dead, or is there still some hope for survival?

The world we live in presents plenty of tricky, impactful, and hard-tomake decisions to be taken. Sometimes the available options are ample, at other times they are apparently binary, either way, they often confront us with dilemmas, paradoxes, and even denial of values.In the dawn of the age of intelligence, when robots are gradually taking over most decision-making from humans, this book sheds a bit of light on decision rationale. It delves into the limits of these decision processes (for both humans and machines), and it does so by providing a new perspective that is somehow opposed to orthodox economics. All Economics reflections in this book are underlined and linked to Artificial Intelligence.The authors hope that this comprehensive and modern analysis, firmly grounded in the opinions of various groundbreaking Nobel laureate economists, may be helpful to a broad audience interested in how decisions may lead us all to flourishing societies. That is, societies in which economic blunders (caused by over simplification of problems and super estimation of tools) are reduced substantially.