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This is the hidden history of an invention that we use every day but seldom dare to speak of. In medieval China it was cutting-edge technology. For 19th-century Americans it was a newfangled alternative to dried corncobs and the Sears & Roebuck catalogue. Wits in Georgian London preferred pages of bad poetry. The sages of ancient Athens were content to wield the xylospongion instead. It's the tale of toilet paper; the biography of bumfodder. From its origins at the Imperial court of Emperor Hongwu to its reinvention as a quack remedy for haemorrhoids in 1870s New York city; from the Dutch and their mussel-shells to Henry VIII and his Groom of the Stool; from Madame de Prie's pioneering bidet to the space-age Washlet; from leaf-wielding chimpanzees to Mr Thirsty Fiber and the world's first three-adjective loo-roll - it's a story of necessity and invention, luxury and squalor, experiment and tradition. What does a submarine crew do when it runs out of toilet paper? Who stole the Pope's loo-roll? Does printer's ink cause piles? How do you fold a sheet of toilet paper in half more than seven times? What did'bumphleteers'do, and why? Richard Smyth answers the questions you never thought to ask about the product we can't live without.

The Design Dialogue anthology is a remarkable exploration of the decisive role of Jewish patrons, professionals, architects, designers and authors in shaping modern Viennese architecture, design, and material culture. Leading cultural historians, museum curators, art historians, and architects present cutting edge research examining how famous and less known protagonists created new cultural languages, identifications and networks, engaged in social debates, and contributed to the cultural renewal of Vienna, a major capital in Central Europe, between 1800 and 1938.

Julian Munby has gained a reputation over half a century in many branches of archaeological and historical knowledge, from his meticulous publication of the medieval timber structure of 126 High Street and his later elucidation of Tackley's Inn from J. Buckler's nineteenth century records when he was an undergraduate, to more recent work on the Historic Towns Atlas for Oxford. He has taken in the publication of the medieval castle at Portchester, the roofs of Chichester and many other cathedrals, the landscape history of Levens Park, Westmorland, the Round Table at Windsor Castle and the Field of the Cloth of Gold. He is an enthusiast for the history of Antiquity, topographical art, and for reading historical sources in the original. His lively and warm character and sense of fun has made him many friends who also in some sense feel they are his pupils, and this collection of papers has been assembled as a tribute. The first part comprises a preface by the editors, his daughter and son share accounts of being brought up in a household where it was normal for parents to be archaeologists, Jane Woodcock remembers ten years when Julian spent his day in an office arranging exams and cooking gourmet meals, and Deirdre Forde and others reveal his pioneering work teaching building archaeology. The second part consists of papers by friends who share his enthusiasm and in each case write on a facet of his interests, from his brother's paper on the superbly engineered tunnel at Box, a reminder that railways and railway architecture has always been one of Julian's loves, to Oxford topography in a number of papers and the later decor of Windsor Castle.

The fourteen essays in this collection were drawn from papers presented at the annual conference of the American Culture Association in April of 2006. The widely ranging topics and diverse points of view are typical of papers showcased by this organization of educators, writers, cultural critics and graduate students. These essays each consider the pedagogical parameters by which the art of the United States is defined and, as we are a nation of many voices, they further represent the multicultural identities of America and its citizens. From traditional art historical analysis to post-modernist deconstruction, the authors represented herein explore paintings, prints, sculpture, and architectural objects, in the context of history, philosophy, aesthetics, and political points of view. The writers themselves represent multidisciplinary viewpoints, from art history to literature to architecture and social work. Their papers reflect current scholarship, speaking from the most up to date of pedagogies, and in voices which are both critical and analytical. They further speak for the American Culture Association whose mission it is to explore'all manifestations of the cultures of the Americas.'

This book presents a selection of papers from the International Conference Geometrias'17, which was hosted by the Department of Architecture at the University of Coimbra from 16 to 18 June 2017. The Geometrias conferences, organized by Aproged (the Portuguese Geometry and Drawing Teachers'Association), foster debate and exchange on practical and theoretical research in mathematics, architecture, the arts, engineering, and related fields.Geometrias'17, with the leitmotif “Thinking, Drawing, Modelling”, brought together a group of recognized experts to discuss the importance of geometric literacy and the science of representation for the development of scientific and technological research and professional practices. The 12 peer-reviewed papers gathered here show how geometry, drawing, stereotomy, and the science of representation are still at the core of every act leading to the conception and materialization of form, and highlight their continuing relevance for scholars andprofessionals in the fields of architecture, engineering, and applied mathematics.

Islamic architecture has enriched design with a wide variety of structural shapes, including among others, unique arches, a wide variety of vaults and domes which allow for new forms to be developed. The influence that these structural forms have in non-Islamic countries was one of the themes of the 3rd International Conference on Islamic Heritage Architecture and Art, at which the included papers were presented. There is much to learn from past experiences to arrive at solutions which are environmentally sound and sustainable in the long term. As conventional energy resources become scarce, the Islamic design heritage can offer invaluable lessons on how to deal in an efficient manner with cases of hard and extreme environments. Traditional architecture and urban environments in most Islamic countries are now being eroded by overemphasis on a global type of architecture and city planning. As a consequence, many regions are losing their identity. It will become increasingly important for new developments to take light of what the classical Islamic urban designs and architectures have to offer modern society. An equally important aspect covered is the analysis of the materials employed and the types of structural elements, particularly those unique to Islamic architecture. Preserving this heritage requires the development of appropriate conservation techniques in response to the different materials used and the ways structural forms work, including under extreme conditions, such as earthquakes. These papers deal with the design of many types of buildings in Islamic countries, including not only the better known public buildings like mosques, mausolea, citadels and forts, but also houses and gardens, engineering works such as bridges and dams, irrigation systems and many others which have also had a profound impact on society.

Wallpaper's spread across trades, class and gender is charted in this first full-length study of the material's use in Britain during the long eighteenth century. It examines the types of wallpaper that were designed and produced and the interior spaces it occupied, from the country house to the homes of prosperous townsfolk and gentry, showing that wallpaper was hung by Earls and merchants as well as by aristocratic women. Drawing on a wide range of little known examples of interior schemes and surviving wallpapers, together with unpublished evidence from archives including letters and bills, it charts wallpaper's evolution across the century from cheap textile imitation to innovative new decorative material. Wallpaper's growth is considered not in terms of chronology, but rather alongside the categories used by eighteenth-century tradesmen and consumers, from plains to flocks, from China papers to papier mâché and from stucco papers to materials for creating print rooms. It ends by assessing the ways in which eighteenth-century wallpaper was used to create historicist interiors in the twentieth century. Including a wide range of illustrations, many in colour, the book will be of interest to historians of material culture and design, scholars of art and architectural history as well as practicing designers and those interested in the historic interior.

The fourteen essays in this collection demonstrate a wide variety of approaches to the study of Byzantine architecture and its decoration, a reflection of both newer trends and traditional scholarship in the field. The variety is also a reflection of Professor Curcic's wide interests, which he shares with his students. These include the analysis of recent archaeological discoveries; recovery of lost monuments through archival research and onsite examination of material remains; reconsidering traditional typological approaches often ignored in current scholarship; fresh interpretations of architectural features and designs; contextualization of monuments within the landscape; tracing historiographic trends; and mining neglected written sources for motives of patronage. The papers also range broadly in terms of chronology and geography, from the Early Christian through the post-Byzantine period and from Italy to Armenia. Three papers examine Early Christian monuments, and of these two expand the inquiry into their architectural afterlives. Others discuss later monuments in Byzantine territory and monuments in territories related to Byzantium such as Serbia, Armenia, and Norman Italy. No Orthodox church being complete without interior decoration, two papers discuss issues connected to frescoes in late medieval Balkan churches. Finally, one study investigates the continued influence of Byzantine palace architecture long after the fall of Constantinople.

This volume contains a selection of papers whose content have been presented at the International conferences CIPHI on Cultural Heritage and History of Engineering at University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria in the Canary Islands, Spain, in recent years. The conference series is aimed at bringing together researchers, scholars and students from a broad range of disciplines referring to the History of Engineering and Cultural Heritage, in a unique multidisciplinary forum to stimulate collaboration among historians, architects, restaurateurs, and engineers. These papers illustrate, by treating specific emblematic topics and problems, technical developments in the historical evolution of engineering concerning cultural heritage. Thus, emphasis is given to a discussion of matters of cultural heritage with engineering history by reporting authors'experiences and views. Topics treated include: reutilization of industrial heritage: the unique example of the Royal Segovia Mint in Spain; the image of factories; Pedro Juan De Lastanosa and “the twenty-one books of devices and machines of Juanelo”; the historical development of paper-mills and their machines in South Latium during 19th century; a virtual reconstruction of a wave-powered flour mill from 1801; 3D modelling and animation study of the industrial heritage wonders; a new model of the hydraulic machine known as “el artificio de Juanelo”; and the mystery of one Havana portrait, on the first steam machine in Cuba. This work has been made possible thanks to the invited authors who have enthusiastically shared this initiative and who have spent time and effort in preparing the papers in much more detail that in the conference presentations.

This volume presents the proceedings of the second Athenian Potters and Painters conference, which was held at the American School of Classical Studies, Athens 2007. Together with the 1994 conference (Volume I, Oxbow 1997), these are the first of their kind - focusing purely on Athenian pottery and addressing key aspects of its study. The thirty-two papers contained here are the result not only of a large amount of new material but also the dynamic appearance of a younger generation of scholars dealing with the subject. Subject areas range from the study of the potters and painters themselves, to shape, subject matter, chronology, export, excavation pottery, context, and the influence of Athenian vases on pottery from other regions of the Mediterranean and vice versa. Three papers in Greek.

This book focuses on understanding how a megacity like Seoul can be read as a formal architectural composition and not an endless urban sprawl.In a broader sense, the book discusses the dichotomy between city and urbanization: “city” being an architectural problem of bounded forms, while “urbanism” is an infrastructural project of expansion. It is an uncontested reality that urbanization is a continuous global process that has produced nebulous conurbations labeled as megacities. These expand beyond the virtual administrative boundary of any said “city,” producing a discrepancy between an area of administrative control and the real physical condition of human settlement. If there were a better formal understanding of megacities through their typological architectural conditions, then there could be a better assessment of the qualitative state of urbanization. Avant-garde groups from the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s such as Team X, the Situationist, the Structuralist, and the Metabolist worked with ideas of megaforms and megastructures to address this issue. Although most of these proposals remained as paper architecture, this book reevaluates some of these ideas for the 21st-century megacity, using Seoul as a case study due to its clear typological formations produced over its diff erent periods of governance. The aim is to present the concept for an infra-architectural hybrid model of typological islands and subterranean megastructure that organizes Seoul as a flexible multi-linear city.This book will be of interest to academics and students of architecture, urban geography and Asian studies.

The fracture and failure of natural building stones has been for many years the concern of the engineering community and particularly the c- munity of scientists working for the restoration and conservation of stone monuments. The need to protect the authentic stone and the requirement for reversibility of the interventions rendered the in-depth knowledge of the mechanical behaviour of both the authentic material and its substitutes - dispensable. This book contains 36 papers presented at the Symposium on “Fracture and Failure of Natural Building Stones” which was organized in the frame of the “16th European Conference on Fracture (ECF16)”. The Conference took place in Alexandroupolis, Hellas on July 3-7, 2006. To my best kn- ledge this is the first time that a special Symposium of a European C- ference on Fracture is devoted exclusively to the study of the fracture and failure of building stones. The book consists of invited papers written by leading experts in the field. It contains original contributions concerning the latest developments in the fracture and failure of the natural building stones and their application in the restoration of ancient monuments. It covers a wide range of subjects - cluding purely mechanical aspects, physico-chemical approaches, appli- tions and case studies. The papers are arranged in two parts with a total of nine chapters. Part I is devoted to purely mechanical and structural aspects and applications, while Part II is devoted to the physico-chemical and environmental aspects including thermal effects.

This anthology brings together the best and most interesting papers from the first ten years of The Journal of Architecture, published together for the first time in a single volume. Covering a wide range of topics of central importance to architecture today, the papers also address the related topics to which architecture and architectural studies are inextricably linked. The invited authors draw on sociology, philosophy, cultural studies and the sciences to round out the collection and highlight the breadth and vitality of modern architectural studies, offering perspectives from different disciplines as well as different corners of the globe.

The book discusses how division affect the fabric of cities, and people's sense of identity and agency, and are reflected in physical features, architecture, and urban planning. The question of divided cities represents a complex and multistranded urban Ecology—at once both social and spatial; it cannot be limited to a single science or discipline, such as social or spatial fields. This suggests integrated and cross- disciplinary understandings, as well as integrated or parallel approaches and solutions. Urban ecologies of division manifest in multiple forms. One of their most palpable expressions is conflict, with parallels around the world, and often with correlations in the spatial fabric. Violence in such contexts is often a surface expression of deeper socio-economic or ideological differences. Whether as a result of intervention by authority or by dissent between groups, a divided city inevitably becomes a place of conflict in various forms andintensity, eroding the joy of living and sense of collective belonging to the detriment of all. In effect, it erodes the collective advantage of being part of a more unified society. A city exists in collections of social structures which mutually form a society. A divided city implies divided social structures and, in consequence, a divided society. The papers compiled in this book present many case studies of divided cities, discussing the different causes of divisions and their effects on societies. Some of the causes can be linked to conflicts, wars, colonialism, or legislative political systems. In response to the serious challenges resulting from these divisions, the book aims to provide opportunities for new approaches and possibilities for new interventions and solutions, making it significant to urban planners, architects, and policymakers.

This book proposes and systematically discusses four trends of thoughts in contemporary Chinese urban design. As the first book to systematically introduce contemporary Chinese urban design thoughts, this book objectively displays the macroscopic picture of contemporary urban design development of China from the time dimension, sorting out seven historical stages and three disputes. This book is mainly divided into two parts. The first part focuses on the vertical description, taking the major events in the seven historical stages as the context, combing the macro picture of the development of contemporary urban design in China in the last 100 years, and describing the three controversies in this process: contention, subject, and legalization. The second part focuses on horizontal observations, puts forward and systematically discusses the four trends of thought formed in the development of contemporary urban design in China, including “Design of Form,” “Synthesis of Design,” “Control of Design,” and “Design of Rule”. This part discusses their development background, theoretical support, and key concepts in detail and finally conducts critical thinking. The whole book is based on historical events, archives, and papers published in Chinese academic journals. While sorting out, summarizing, and objectively discussing, it also makes a critique of urban design activities and academic thinking in China, which will greatly benefit scholars and readers who are interested in urban design history of contemporary China.

This book examines reconstruction and resilience of historic cities and societies from multiple disciplinary and complementary perspectives and, by doing so, it helps researchers and practitioners alike, among them reconstruction managers, urban governance and professionals. The book builds on carefully selected and updated papers accepted for the 2019 Silk Cities international conference on ‘reconstruction, recovery and resilience of historic cities and societies', the third Silk Cities conference held in L'Aquila, Italy, 10-12 July 2019, working with University of L'Aquila and UCL.This multi-scale, and multidisciplinary book offers cross-sectoral and complimentary voices from multiple stakeholders, including academia, urban governance, NGOs and local populations. It examines post-disaster reconstruction strategies and case studies from Europe, Asia and Latin America that provide a valuable collection for anyone who would like to get a global overview on the subject matter. It thereby enables a deeper understanding of challenges, opportunities and approaches in dealing with historic cities facing disasters at various geographical scales. Additionally, it brings together historical approaches to the reconstruction of historical cities and those of more recent times. Thus, it can be used as a reference book for global understanding of the subject matter.

The Great Builders surveys the careers of forty great architects whose engineering skills were crucial to their success. Sixteen nationalities and seven centuries of architectural innovation make for a survey of spectacular scope and depth: from churches and fortresses to bridges and high-tech skyscrapers, it includes masterpieces from all over the world and covers 700 years of architectural history. Here is Brunelleschi, who built the unbuildable dome of Florence Cathedral; Sinan, a Christian engineer who became chief architect to the Ottoman court; Joseph Paxton, scribbling down a design for the Crystal Palace, London, on a piece of blotting paper; and James Bogardus, an early American evangelist of the opportunities offered by cast-iron architecture. Rapid advances in industrial production inspired experiments with new materials and techniques, gradually allowing a whole new architecture to emerge: reinforced concrete, plate glass and steel were central to the creations of Le Corbusier, Auguste Perret and Mies van der Rohe, for instance; and, in the High-Tech architecture of the present day represented by Norman Foster, Frank Gehry and Santiago Calatrava, among others computer-aided design has seemingly tested the boundaries of the possible.

London's Global Office Economy: From Clerical Factory to Digital Hub is a timely and comprehensive study of the office from the very beginnings of the workplace to its post-pandemic future. The book takes the reader on a journey through five ages of the office, encompassing sixteenth-century coffee houses and markets, eighteenth-century clerical factories, the corporate offices emerging in the nineteenth, to the digital and network offices of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries.While offices might appear ubiquitous, their evolution and role in the modern economy are among the least explained aspects of city development. One-third of the workforce uses an office; and yet the buildings themselves – their history, design, construction, management and occupation – have received only piecemeal explanation, mainly in specialist texts. This book examines everything from paper clips and typewriters, to design and construction, to workstyles and urban planning to explain the evolution of the ‘office economy'.Using London as a backdrop, Rob Harris provides built environment practitioners, academics, students and the general reader with a fascinating, illuminating and comprehensive perspective on the office. Readers will find rich material linking fields that are normally treated in isolation, in a story that weaves together the pressures exerting change on the businesses that occupy office space with the motives and activities of those who plan, supply and manage it. Our unfolding understanding of offices, the changes through which they have passed, the nature of office work itself and its continuing evolution is a fascinating story and should appeal to anyone with an interest in contemporary society and its relationship with work.

Floating architecture is not only an issue for luxurious tourism but with the climatic change the building of floating structures becomes relevant for many areas in the world. In regions with rising sea levels, frequent flooding, or thawing permafrost, floating structures can be a solution to adapt existing settlement areas to these new conditions.The self-sufficient energy and supply systems required for floating settlements can also be used in rural areas with a lot of migration.The collection presents papers of conferences organized by the Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning at Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg (BTU).Horst Stopp is Professor the Institute of Floating Buildings at the Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg (BTU).Peter Strangfeld is Director of the Institute of Floating Buildings at the Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg (BTU).

If postmodernism is indeed'the cultural logic of late capitalism', why did typical postmodernist themes like ornament, colour, history and identity find their application in the architecture of the socialist Second World? How do we explain the retreat into paper architecture and theoretical discussion in societies still nominally devoted to socialist modernization?Exploring the intersection of two areas of growing scholarly interest - postmodernism and the architecture of the former socialist world - this edited collection stakes out new ground in charting architecture's various transformations in the 1970s and 80s. Fourteen essays together explore the question of whether or not architectural postmodernism had a specific Second World variant.The collection demonstrates both the unique nature of Second World architectural phenomena and also assesses connections with western postmodernism. The case studies cover the vast geographical scope from Eastern Europe to China and Cuba. They address a wealth of aesthetic, discursive and practical phenomena, interpreting them in the broader socio-political context of the last decades of the Cold War. The result provides a greatly expanded map of recent architectural history, which redefines postmodernist architecture in a more theoretically comprehensive and global way.

Temples are the most prestigious buildings in the urban landscape of ancient Italy, emerging within a network of centres of the then-known Mediterranean world. Notwithstanding the fragmentary condition of the buildings'remains, these monuments – and especially their richly decorated roofs – are crucial sources of information on the constitution of political, social and craft identities, acting as agents in displaying the meaning of images.The subject of this volume is thematic and includes material from the Eastern Mediterranean (including Greece and Turkey). Contributors discuss the network between patron elites and specialized craft communities that were responsible for the sophisticated terracotta decoration of temples in Italy between 600 and 100 BC, focusing on the mobility of craft people and craft traditions and techniques, asking how images, iconographies, practices and materials can be used to explain the organization of ancient production, distribution and consumption. Special attention has been given to relations with the Eastern Mediterranean (Greece and Anatolia). Investigating craft communities, workshop organizations and networks has never been thoroughly undertaken for this period and region, nor for this exceptionally rich category of materials, or for the craftspeople producing the architectural terracottas. Papers in this volume aim to improve our understanding of roof production and construction in this period, to reveal relationships between main production centres, and to study the possible influences of immigrant craftspeople.

Il paper propone i risultati delle ricerche effettuate presso l'Archivio progetti IUAV di Venezia per quanto riguarda il castello di Miglianico progettato da Francesco Bonfanti tra il 1947 e il 1959. L'edificio è un interessante esempio di ricostruzione proposto in Italia dopo i danni durante il secondo mondo Guerra. Il castello appartiene al periodo medievale, si trasforma in una forma di residenza nel XX secolo di proprietà dei Valignani, nobile famiglia del sud Italia. Tuttavia, la città di Miglianico perde almeno il 50% del suo patrimonio architettonico durante la seconda guerra mondiale. La ricostruzione successiva è spesso basata su alterazioni e adattamenti impropri degli edifici preesistenti, gestiti con tecniche e materiali non collegati alla tradizione edilizia locale. La capacità di Bonfanti di dialogare con il passato è evidente nell'accurata costruzione / ricostruzione di parti dell'intero preesistente e nell'uso di materiali tradizionali. Il progetto è in grado di restituire opportunamente il profilo originale e le relazioni morfologiche e volumetriche appropriate, giocando su diverse scale di percezione. L'attuale costruzione della nuova città nell'area prospiciente il castello rischia di compromettere l'equilibrio che Francesco Bonfanti aveva saputo intrecciare tra il contesto moderno e quello antico; questo, ancora una volta, porta l'attenzione sulla questione della protezione di un patrimonio costruito tra le richieste di conservazione e la necessità di trasformare aree urbane consolidate che sono difficili da inquadrare attraverso i soliti strumenti di salvaguardia.

Commissioned by the University of Leuven (Belgium) and mainly carried on between 1962 and 1972, the renovation of the Great Beguinage(fig.1) under the exclusive supervision of Raymond M. Lemaire (1921-1997) has long been seen as an implementation laboratory of the contemporary Venice Charter, of which Lemaire was one of the writers. Nevertheless, an in-depth study of the operation, based on extensive archival and photographic material, reveals that rather than a mere illustration of the charter's principles, the project, considered a pilot operation by the Council of Europe, has been an early challenge for the new document, contributing to Lemaire and Gazzola's will to get it reviewed as soon as in the early 1970's. After a short introduction situating the project in Raymond M. Lemaire's career, this paper will highlight the complex relations of the project with the charter, resulting from the sometimes competing demands of architectural restoration and urban renovation, at the moment when Lemaire took part in the first reflections that would lead to the concept of integrated conservation.

Peer-Reviewed - ANVUR Classe A Direttore/ Editor: Giuseppe Strappa, Univ. di Roma Sapienza The publication of this issue of U+D marks an important milestone in its history. From now on, a print edition will be produced as well as the usual online version, printed by the prestigious publishing house LErma di Bretschneider. Our goals, style and timing will not change, however the print edition provides an opportunity to reflect on the focus of our interests, as we open up to a new audience, and creates the right circumstances for an update. We still believe that studying historic cities is still a matter of relevance to todays world (as ever), a topic to which we have dedicated, either directly or indirectly, many articles and papers. Moreover, we have gained a great deal of experience in how to do this, experience that has matured over time. We need to cultivate these interests given the ethical and didactic value that we recognize in the built environment we have inherited: a place of human unity and mutual support, the repository of organic characteristics where we learn and teach our language. Luscita di questo numero di U+D costituisce un nodo importante nella vita della rivista che ora verrà pubblicata, oltre alla versione online edita fin qui, da un editore di prestigio come lErma di Bretschneider. Non cambiano obiettivi, carattere, periodicità, ma la pubblicazione a stampa, con lapertura ad un pubblico nuovo, costituisce loccasione per una riflessione sul centro dei nostri interessi e, anche, di una proposta di aggiornamento. Lo studio della città storica è per noi, ancora oggi, un tema attuale (quando non lo è stato) al quale sono dedicati, direttamente o meno, molti articoli e saggi. Sul metodo per condurlo si è ormai accumulata, peraltro, una lunga esperienza, raffinata nel tempo. Occorre coltivare questi interessi per il valore etico e didattico che riconosciamo al costruito ereditato: il luogo dellunità solidale, deposito dei caratteri di organicità dove si trasmette e impara la lingua.

A place of astonishing contrasts, India is home to some of the world's most ancient architectures as well as some of its most modern. It was the focus of some of the most important works created by Le Corbusier and Louis Kahn, among other lesser-known masters, and it is regarded by many as one of the key sites of mid-twentieth century architectural design. As Peter Scriver and Amit Srivastava show in this book, however, India's history of modern architecture began long before the nation's independence as a modern state in 1947. Going back to the nineteenth century, Scriver and Srivastava look at the beginnings of modernism in colonial India and the ways that public works and patronage fostered new design practices that directly challenged the social order and values invested in the building traditions of the past. They then trace how India's architecture embodies the dramatic shifts in Indian society and culture during the last century. Making sense of a broad range of sources, from private papers and photographic collections to the extensive records of the Indian Public Works Department, they provide the most rounded account of modern architecture in India that has yet been available.

This book assembles, identifies and highlights the most recent developments in Rehabilitation and retrofitting of historical and heritage structures. This is an issue of paramount importance in countries with great built cultural heritage that also suffer from high seismicity, such as the countries of the eastern Mediterranean basin. Heritage structures range from traditional residential constructions to monumental structures, ancient temples, towers, castles, etc. It is generally recognized that these structures present particular difficulties in seismic response calculation through computer simulation due to the complexity of the structural system which is, generally, inhomogeneous, with several contact problems, gaps/joints, nonlinearities and brittleness in material constituents. This book contains selected papers from the ECCOMAS Thematic Conferences on Computational Methods in Structural Dynamics & Earthquake Engineering (COMPDYN) that were held in Corfu, Greece in 2011 and Kos, Greece in 2013. The Conferences brought together the scientific communities of Computational Mechanics, Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering in an effort to facilitate the exchange of ideas in topics of mutual interest and to serve as a platform for establishing links between research groups with complementary activities.

This book presents a selection of the best papers from the HEaRT 2013 conference, held in Cosenza, Italy, which provided a valuable forum for engineers and architects, researchers and educators to exchange views and findings concerning the technological history, construction features and seismic behavior of historical timber-framed walls in the Mediterranean countries. The topics covered are wide ranging and include historical aspects and examples of the use of timber-framed construction systems in response to earthquakes, such as the gaiola system in Portugal and the Bourbon system in southern Italy; interpretation of the response of timber-framed walls to seismic actions based on calculations and experimental tests; assessment of the effectiveness of repair and strengthening techniques, e.g., using aramid fiber wires or sheets; and modelling analyses. In addition, on the basis of case studies, a methodology is presented that is applicable to diagnosis, strengthening and improvement of seismic performance and is compatible with modern theoretical principles and conservation criteria. It is hoped that, by contributing to the knowledge of this construction technique, the book will help to promote conservation of this important component of Europe's architectural heritage.

The Shefton Collection in Newcastle upon Tyne contains a fine array of Greek and Etruscan objects and takes its name from its founder Professor Brian Shefton (1919 – 2012). In spite of the importance of this collection it has not been widely published and remains something of a hidden gem. Brian Shefton was an insightful collector, as well as a distinguished scholar of Greek and Etruscan archaeology, and the 14 papers presented here reflect the broad scope of the collection; ranging across pottery, jewelery, terracottas and metalwork. The contributions, written by leading experts in the field, focus on specific objects or groups of objects in the Collection, providing new interpretations and bringing previously unpublished items to light. The history of the Shefton Collection is explored. Together these contributions provide a tribute to a remarkable individual who made a substantial and notable contribution to his discipline.

Fifteen papers focus on the active and dynamic uses of images during the first millennium AD. They bring together an international group of scholars who situate the period's visual practices within their political, religious, and social contexts. The contributors present a diverse range of evidence, including mosaics, sculpture, and architecture from all parts of the Mediterranean, from Spain in the west to Jordan in the east. Contributions span from the depiction of individuals on funerary monuments through monumental epigraphy, Constantine's expropriation and symbolic re-use of earlier monuments, late antique collections of Classical statuary, and city personifications in mosaics to the topic of civic prosperity during the Theodosian period and dynastic representation during the Umayyad dynasty. Together they provide new insights into the central role of visual culture in the constitution of late antique societies.

The first full-scale biography of Robert Willis, the'founding father'of architectural history.WINNER of the Cambridge Association for Local History book award 2016 Robert Willis was the archetypal nineteenth-century polymath. Officially, as Jacksonian Professor of Natural and Experimental Philosophy at the University of Cambridge, he specialized in the study of mechanism, which he also taught at the Royal School of Mines in London. In the field of science he was an experimentalist, inventor and educational innovator. Meanwhile, in his spare time, he pursued his passion, pioneering the serious study of architectural history. Initially his work was aimed at architects - his role in providing an intellectual underpinning to the contemporary Gothic Revival was acknowledged by the award of the gold medal of the Royal Institute of British Architects in 1862. However his main contribution was more historical. Starting with Canterbury, in 1844, over the course of his career, he investigated almost every English cathedral and developed an approach, combining documentary and archaeological research, which remains in use today. His studies culminated in the monumental Architectural History of the University of Cambridge, still the definitive account of its subject. In this fascinating and lavishly illustrated intellectual biography, drawn from extensive archival and architectural research, the author sheds new light on the interconnections between Willis's varied fields of interest and his fundamental role in the creation of a discipline. ALEXANDRINA BUCHANAN is both an architectural historian and an archivist; her introduction to archives came throughcataloguing the papers of Robert Willis at the Cambridge University Library. She is now Lecturer in Archive Studies at the University of Liverpool.

The sheer computing power of modern information technology is changing the face of research not just in science, technology and mathematics, but in humanities and cultural studies too. Recent decades have seen a major shift both in attitudes and deployment of computers, which are now vital and highly effective tools in disciplines where they were once viewed as elaborate typewriters. This revealing volume details the vast array of computing applications that researchers in the humanities now have recourse to, including the dissemination of scholarly information through virtual ‘co-laboratories', data retrieval, and the modeling of complex processes that contribute to our natural and cultural heritage. One key area covered in this book is the versatility of computers in presenting images and graphics, which is transforming the analysis of data sets and archaeological reconstructions alike. The papers published here are grouped into three broad categories that cover mathematical and computational methods, research developments in information systems, and a detailed portrayal of ongoing work on documenting, restoring and presenting cultural monuments including the temples in Pompeii and the Banteay Chhmar temples of the Angkorian period in present-day Cambodia. Originally presented at a research workshop in Heidelberg, Germany, they reflect the rapidly developing identity of computational humanities as an interdisciplinary field in its own right, as well as demonstrating the breadth of perspectives in this young and vibrant research area.

The great Gothic cathedrals of Europe are among the most astonishing achievements of Western culture. Evoking feelings of awe and humility, they make us want to understand what inspired the people who had the audacity to build them. This engrossing book surveys an era that has fired the historical imagination for centuries. In it Robert A. Scott explores why medieval people built Gothic cathedrals, how they built them, what conception of the divine lay behind their creation, and how religious and secular leaders used cathedrals for social and political purposes. As a traveler's companion or a rich source of knowledge for the armchair enthusiast, The Gothic Enterprise helps us understand how ordinary people managed such tremendous feats of physical and creative energy at a time when technology was rudimentary, famine and disease were rampant, the climate was often harsh, and communal life was unstable and incessantly violent.While most books about Gothic cathedrals focus on a particular building or on the cathedrals of a specific region, The Gothic Enterprise considers the idea of the cathedral as a humanly created space. Scott discusses why an impoverished people would commit so many social and personal resources to building something so physically stupendous and what this says about their ideas of the sacred, especially the vital role they ascribed to the divine as a protector against the dangers of everyday life.Scott's narrative offers a wealth of fascinating details concerning daily life during medieval times. The author describes the difficulties master-builders faced in scheduling construction that wouldn't be completed during their own lifetimes, how they managed without adequate numeric systems or paper on which to make detailed drawings, and how climate, natural disasters, wars, variations in the hours of daylight throughout the year, and the celebration of holy days affected the pace and timing of work. Scott also explains such things as the role of relics, the quarrying and transporting of stone, and the incessant conflict cathedral-building projects caused within their communities. Finally, by drawing comparisons between Gothic cathedrals and other monumental building projects, such as Stonehenge, Scott expands our understanding of the human impulses that shape our landscape.

Baroque architect and mathematician Guarino Guarini is the subject of this issue of the Nexus Network Journal. A group of international scholars were invited to contribute papers that shed light on the unanswered questions in several areas: Baroque architecture in general and Guarini's architecture in particular; philosophy; history of structural mechanics; mathematics and history of mathematics, cosmology. As always, the NNJ takes an interdisciplinary approach to the broad range of subjects that Guarini concerned himself with, thus the final results will add significantly to our understanding of how Guarini's actual practical and technical processes were informed by knowledge of his multifaceted scientific and philosophical interests.

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The title of this issue of the Nexus Network Journal,'Architecture, Mathematics and Structure,'is deliberately ambiguous. At first glance, it might seem to indicate the relationship between what buildings look like and how they stand up. This is indeed one aspect of what we are concerned with here. But on a deeper level, the fundamental concept of structure is what connects architecture to mathematics. Both architecture and mathematics are highly structured formal systems expressed through a symbolic language. For architecture, the generating structure might be geometrical, musical, modular, or fractal. Once we understand the nature of the structure underlying the design, we are able to'read'the meaning inherent in the architectural forms. The papers in this issue all explore themes of structure in different ways.

In celebration of the 2009 International Year of Astronomy, this issue of the Nexus Network Journal is devoted to relationships between astronomy, mathematics and architecture. Ancient cultures looked to the heavens in order to identify timeless principles for their own creations. Knowledge gained in astronomy was transformed into culture through architecture and design. Papers in this issue look at how astronomy influenced architecture and urban design.

With the rise of the global economy and the increasing interconnectedness of all fields, architects find themselves confronted with new tasks and fields of activity – the profession is in flux. Renowned international experts from Europe and the United States discuss this development in twenty-five technical papers: What competences do architects have that can help them to meet the challenges of new tasks? What additional skills and knowledge will they need? What concrete strategies are architects already using today to hold their own in new fields of activity? What can be learned from this? The book begins with a brief introduction by the editor, who frames these problems and issues and embeds the essays within the larger context of contemporary architectural discourse. Short biographies of the authors at the end of the book round off the publication. Mit fortschreitender globaler Ökonomisierung und Vernetzung entstehen für Architekten neue Betätigungsfelder und das Berufsbild befindet sich im Wandel. International renommierte Experten aus Europa und den USA setzen sich in 25 Fachbeiträgen mit dieser Entwicklung auseinander: Welche Kompetenzen bringen Architekten mit, um sich neuen Aufgabenbereichen zu stellen? Welche Fähigkeiten und Kenntnisse müssen zusätzlich erworben werden? Mit welchen konkreten Strategien behaupten sich Architekten bereits heute in neu erschlossenen Betätigungsfeldern? Welche Einsichten können daraus gewonnen werden? Am Anfang des Buches steht eine kurze Einführung des Herausgebers, der diese Fragestellungen verklammert und die Beiträge in den aktuellen Architekturdiskurs einbettet. Kurzbiografien der Autoren im Anhang des Buches runden die Publikation ab.

The study of vernacular architecture explores the characteristics of domestic buildings in particular regions or localities, and the many social and cultural factors that have contributed to their evolution. In this book, vernacular architecture specialist Paul Oliver brings together a wealth of information that spans over two decades, and the whole globe. Some previously unpublished papers, as well as those only available in hard to find conference proceedings, are brought together in one volume to form a fascinating reference for students and professional architects, as well as all those involved with planning housing schemes in their home countries and overseas.

This book has a rather long-winding history. It is not like anything else the present author ever wrote, as all the rest is theoretical economics in a d- tinctively mathematical dress. For the emergence of the following pages, there are several people, - cept the author, who are to have the credit, or perhaps the blame. Around 1985, the department of economics at Umeå University in the North of S- den was visited by Professor William Hendon, Editor of the Journal of C- tural Economics. In my capacity of chairman of the department I invited him to a social lunch. We soon realized that we did not have much in terms of common research interests to talk about. However, somebody at the - partment later informed him that I also used to make copies of historical musical instruments during my free hours, so, once back in the US, he asked me to write an article for his journal, comparing the making of mathematical models to the making musical instruments. I thought the idea was absolutely crazy, but could not help start thinking about it now and then, so five years later I actually contributed a paper called'On the unity of the arts, crafts, and sciences'.

Peter Murray's compelling and highly readable biography of the building presents both sides of the story. Using previously unpublished files and papers, Murray has managed to unravel one of the most intriguing architectural controversies of recent times - what really happened when they built Sydney Opera House...

The great Gothic cathedrals of Europe are among the most astonishing achievements of Western culture. Evoking feelings of awe and humility, they make us want to understand what inspired the people who had the audacity to build them. This engrossing book surveys an era that has fired the historical imagination for centuries. In it Robert A. Scott explores why medieval people built Gothic cathedrals, how they built them, what conception of the divine lay behind their creation, and how religious and secular leaders used cathedrals for social and political purposes. As a traveler's companion or a rich source of knowledge for the armchair enthusiast, The Gothic Enterprise helps us understand how ordinary people managed such tremendous feats of physical and creative energy at a time when technology was rudimentary, famine and disease were rampant, the climate was often harsh, and communal life was unstable and incessantly violent.While most books about Gothic cathedrals focus on a particular building or on the cathedrals of a specific region, The Gothic Enterprise considers the idea of the cathedral as a humanly created space. Scott discusses why an impoverished people would commit so many social and personal resources to building something so physically stupendous and what this says about their ideas of the sacred, especially the vital role they ascribed to the divine as a protector against the dangers of everyday life.Scott's narrative offers a wealth of fascinating details concerning daily life during medieval times. The author describes the difficulties master-builders faced in scheduling construction that wouldn't be completed during their own lifetimes, how they managed without adequate numeric systems or paper on which to make detailed drawings, and how climate, natural disasters, wars, variations in the hours of daylight throughout the year, and the celebration of holy days affected the pace and timing of work. Scott also explains such things as the role of relics, the quarrying and transporting of stone, and the incessant conflict cathedral-building projects caused within their communities. Finally, by drawing comparisons between Gothic cathedrals and other monumental building projects, such as Stonehenge, Scott expands our understanding of the human impulses that shape our landscape.

Die Wiener Moderne gilt als kulturelle Hochblüte Europas: Das Wien dieser Zeit ist Hauptstadt der k. u. k. Monarchie und ein zwei Millionen Einwohner:innen zählender Schmelztegel europäischer Kulturen. Etwa 1850 wird mit der Neuplanung der Ringstraße ein fundamentaler Schub zur Stadterneuerung eingeleitet. In der Folge entstehen Palais und neue Bautypen in ganz Wien, die den gesellschaftlichen Wandel und den technischen Fortschritt abbilden. 306 zeitgenössische Texte konstruieren ein Bild von Wien in der Zeit zwischen 1850 und 1945. Die Autor:innen sind Akteur:innen, die mit ihren Polemiken, Kritiken und Beschreibungen ein lebendiges Zeugnis von diesem bis heute nachwirkenden Stadtumbau geben. Zusammengefasst in Kapiteln, spiegeln sie die maßgeblichen Tendenzen der Zeit wider. Ein unverzichtbares Kompendium. Die wichtigsten zeitgenössischen Texte zu Wien 1850–1945 Chronologisch aufgebaut und nach Themen geordnet Texte von zeitgenössischen Architekt:innen, Soziolog:innen, politischen Theoretiker:innen, Kritiker:innen, Romanciers und Journalist:innen

This book tells the story of communal living forms from about 1850 until the present day. The projects featured in this book are divided according to the motivations of their creators and users –economic, political, and social. The book also contains historical analysis and the identification of nine discrete development phases. The author investigates and compares different forms of housing and the way they developed until today. She illustrates how shared living, including the assurance of privacy, is practiced in Europe. Owing to its comprehensive documentation, the analysis of typologies, layout plans, and user and expert interviews, the book can also be seen as a handbook on communal living, offering a unique and detailed overview of this form of residential architecture. The out-of-print first edition has now been republished in a new edition complete with a fresh design and layout. Illustration of European communal housing concepts since 1850 Over 30 case examples on how and why people live together New edition of the standard work on collective living Also available in German: Eine Geschichte des gemeinschaftlichen Wohnens

Though sometimes overlooked and underestimated, rural space has played a substantial role in social, cultural, economic, and ideological change. This role can be studied by looking at the re/production of spatial agents that were caused by direct or indirect political interventions in rural communities. In this book, scholars looking at case studies from Greece, Turkey, Italy, Portugal, and Austria discuss the making of identity in and through rural areas, which have dramatically changed under different political, social, and economic conditions from the turn of the 20th century up until today. By focusing on potential contestations of such changes, the authors provide a better in-depth understanding of spatial dynamics related to cultural and social spheres of 20th-century rurality. Includes contributions of national and international experts Deals with 20th-century rural environment and identity-making policies Findings of an international symposium of DFG Research Training Group'Cultural and Technological Significance of Historic Buildings', Brandenburg University of Technology (BTU) Cottbus-Senftenberg

This book explores the core concept of Chinese ancient architecture from a multidisciplinary perspective. It aims to contribute to the development, inheritance, and protection of Chinese ancient architectural culture, while also benefiting the sustainable development of modern architecture. This book follows a main line of inquiry, exploring the rich and harmonious ideas present in Chinese ancient architecture. It combines the traditional Chinese culture and architectural ideas, and examines the original thought that forms the foundation of the traditional Chinese architectural culture of “harmony” from various aspects. Firstly, the book describes the Taoist theory of the harmony between man and nature, as expressed through different architectural elements. Secondly, it discuses the system of harmony among people influenced by Confucianism. Lastly, it explores the significance of Buddhism in Buddhist architecture. Finally, it also examines the difference in the emodiment of harmonious ideas between Chinese and Western architectures. This book studies and analyzes the type and characteristics of Chinese ancient architecture, the architectural objects, and the simple ecological environment views contained within the architectural concept. It not only analyzes the historical development context, but also provides physical examples of architectural types, and explores the influence of regional environmental factors. The target audience for this book includes scholars in universities and scientific research departments, particularly those studying architectural aesthetics, history and philosophy, it is also suitable for the ordinary readers who have interest in Chinese traditional architectural culture.

Inner Empire explores the impact of imperial cultures on the landscapes and urban environments of the British Isles from the sixteenth century through to the twentieth century. It asserts that Britain's four-hundred year entanglement with global empire left its mark upon the British Isles as much as it did the wider world. Buildings stood as one of the most conspicuous manifestations of the myriad relationships that Britain maintained with the theory and practice of colonialism in its modern history. Divided into two main sections, the volume's content considers ‘internal'colonisation and its infrastructures of control, order, and suppression, alongside wider relationships between architecture, the imperial economy, and cultural identity. Taken together, the essays in this volume present for the first time a coherent analysis of the British Isles as an imperial setting understood through its buildings, spaces, and infrastructure.

¿Es posible que la necesidad de mantener nuestro cuerpo a 37 ºC sea la razón del nacimiento de la arquitectura? En esta brillante historia de la arquitectura, Philippe Rahm analiza las causas naturales de la evolución arquitectónica, esto es, los factores físicos, biológicos y climáticos que, a lo largo de la historia, y en estrecha relación con los avances científicos y tecnológicos, han influido en su desarrollo y conformado sus fundamentos, desde la prehistoria hasta la actualidad. De la mano del arquitecto suizo, releer la evolución de la arquitectura y el urbanismo desde sus causas materiales nos permite no solo comprender de qué modo se han ido adaptando a las necesidades y acontecimientos de cada momento, también afrontar los retos medioambientales presentes y futuros.

Nachhaltige Urbanität dank smarter Technik – Chance oder Risko? Wie sieht die Stadt der Zukunft aus? Unser Leben ist bereits jetzt stark von der digitalen Transformation geprägt. Um die Herausforderungen in den Bereichen Verkehr, Wohnen, Klima- und Umweltschutz meistern zu können, ist der Einsatz smarter Technologien ein wichtiger Bestandteil moderner Stadtentwicklung. Doch machen eine intelligente Verkehrssteuerung, die auf künstlicher Intelligenz basiert, eine öffentliche Verwaltung, die ihre Dienstleistungen komplett online abwickelt, und Zugangskontrollsysteme eine Stadt wirklich lebenswert? Peter Schaar, langjähriger Bundesbeauftragter für Datenschutz und Informationsfreiheit, blickt in seinem Buch hinter die Kulissen der digitalen Stadt und beleuchtet Trends in der Stadtplanung. Am Beispiel von Songdo, Toronto oder Barcelona beschreibt er die Chancen und Risiken, die in der Entwicklung einer Smart City stecken. - Stadt der Zukunft: Digitale Technologien für mehr Lebensqualität in den Metropolen der Welt? - Smart City: Beispiele bestehender Modell-Projekte zeigen Vor- und Nachteile auf - Nachhaltige Stadtplanung: Schon heute an die Herausforderungen von morgen denken - Big Data vs. Privatsphäre: Mit intelligenter Infrastruktur Datensicherheit gewährleisten - Der Traum von der idealen Stadt: Packendes politisches Sachbuch zu Chancen und Risiken Smart Citys für alle? Nur, wenn die Bedürfnisse der Stadtgesellschaft im Mittelpunkt stehen! Welche Auswirkungen hat die Digitalisierung auf die Einwohner:innen in einer modernen Stadt? Wie werden Flugtaxis, KI-gestützte Videoüberwachung im öffentlichen Raum oder eine datengestützte Verwaltungsstruktur unser Leben verändern? Gibt es in Zukunft noch das Grundrecht auf Privatsphäre oder das Persönlichkeitsrecht am eigenen Bild? Peter Schaar geht in seinem Buch der Frage nach, wie Datensicherheit und die Freiheit von staatlicher Überwachung in einer modernen Stadt trotz – oder besser: dank – digitaler Technologien gelingen kann. Ein packendes Buch für alle, die sich für unser Leben von morgen interessieren!

Throughout the twentieth century architectural models served as the miniature playgrounds in which the future of Britain's built environment was imagined, and in drawing from the evidence provided by those models today, this book considers how architects, planners, and civil engineers thought about that future by presenting a history of yesterday's dreams of tomorrow, told through architectural models.Focused not on the making of architectural models but rather the optimistic and utopian visions they were made to communicate, this book examines the possible futures put forward by 120 models made by Thorp, the oldest and most prolific firm of architectural modelmakers in Britain, in order to reveal a century of evolving ideas about how we might live, work, relax, and move. From depictions of unbuilt city masterplans to those of seemingly ordinary shopping centres and motorways, the models featured trace a progression of the architectural, social, political, technological, and economic influences that shaped the design of Britain's buildings, transport infrastructure, and its towns and cities during a century of relentless change.Illustrated with over 130 photographs, this book will appeal to academics and historians, as well as anyone with an interest in architectural models and the history of Britain's twentieth century built environment.

Step inside The House of the Future, the iconic Disneyland attraction that captured the imagination of countless visitors during its ten-year run from 1957 to 1967. In this meticulously researched and beautifully illustrated book, readers will take a journey through the conception, construction, opening, lasting impact, and ultimate closure of this groundbreaking exhibit. The House of the Future was a pioneering experiment in living that showcased cutting-edge construction techniques and futuristic household appliances, including the now-ubiquitous microwave oven. It was a glimpse into a world of endless possibility and unbridled optimism, brought to life through the vision of Walt Disney, his Imagineering team, MIT, and Monsanto. With stunning, never-before-seen photographs and illustrations, this book offers a deep dive into the world of The House of the Future and the lasting impact it had on generations of visitors. The House of the Futureis more than a historical artifact; it's a testament to the power of imagination, innovation, and the relentless pursuit of progress.