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Intelligent applications are highly susceptible to uncertainty and inconsistency due to the intense and intricate interactions among their autonomous components (or agents), making their verification theoretically and practically challenging. This paper presents the design and implementation of a new open-source and scalable software tool for modeling and verifying intelligent applications with commitment and trust protocols under both uncertainty and inconsistency settings, using reduction-based multi-valued model checking techniques. The proposed tool is equipped with original and novel algorithms that transform our logics of multi-valued commitment (mv-CTLC) and multi-value trust (mv-TCTL) that we recently introduced to their classical two-valued commitment (CTLC) and trust (TCTL) logic versions as well as to Computational Tree Logic (CTL). Moreover, the tool transforms the mv-CTL to CTL, and it is applicable for the classical model checking by transforming the classical logics of trust and commitment to CTL. To demonstrate the practicality and applicability of the proposed tool in real settings, we present and report experimental results over two blockchain-based applications in the healthcare domain. Finally, we provide discussions and comparisons between the proposed approaches regarding scalability and efficiency. Moreover, we provide packages of more than 11 experiments, including the ones we conduct in this paper and enhanced experiments from previous works. Our findings ensure that the proposed approaches and the software tool that implements them are highly efficient and scalable, giving accurate results under varying conditions. • Design and implementation of an open-source scalable tool for systems model checking. • System modeling with multi-valued logic capturing uncertainty and inconsistency. • Practical demonstration using blockchain-based applications in healthcare domain. • Extensive experiments showing scalability, efficiency and reliability of the tool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Post-hoc explaining approaches for deep learning (DL) models has attracted much attention in safety–critical applications such as rotating machinery intelligent fault diagnosis (IFD). However, with the help of the explanation techniques, the models are still fragile to domain shifts caused by varying speeds and loads without help for improving their cross-domain performance. Since humans in the decision-making loop are essential for a reliable diagnostic system to determine the reliability of diagnosis, this paper proposes a causal explaining guided domain generalization (CXDG) method to realize trust worthy IFD with human in the decision loop. Specifically, an explaining model is trained with the conditional mutual information, which is a causal strength metric, and utilized to tell the causal features in the input data as the attributions of the diagnostic model. A translation process of the attributions is proposed to make the explaining process understandable. Furthermore, the aim of this paper is not only explaining but also beyond that the diagnostic model is guided to focus on the causal features to improve its generalization ability in unseen domains. The effectiveness of the method is validated on two experiment datasets. The results show that the proposed method can both explain the attributions of the diagnosis model and be beneficial to the generalization ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human–robot cooperative tasks have gained importance with the emergence of robotics and artificial intelligence technology. In interactive reinforcement learning techniques, robots learn target tasks by receiving feedback from an experienced human trainer. However, most interactive reinforcement learning studies require a separate process to integrate the trainer's feedback into the training dataset, making it challenging for robots to learn new tasks from humans in real-time. Furthermore, the types of feedback sentences that trainers can use are limited in previous research. To address these limitations, this paper proposes a robot teaching strategy that uses deep RL via human–robot interaction to learn table balancing tasks interactively. The proposed system employs Deep Q-Network with real-time sentiment feedback delivered through the trainer's speech to learn cooperative tasks. We designed a novel reward function that incorporates sentiment feedback from human speech in real-time during the learning process. The paper presents an improved reward shaping technique based on subdivided feedback levels and shrinking feedback. This function serves as a guide for the robot to engage in natural interactions with humans and enables it to learn the tasks effectively. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed interactive deep reinforcement learning model achieved a high success rate of up to 99.06%, outperforming the model without sentiment feedback. • A robot teaching strategy for cooperative tasks via human–robot interaction is proposed. • Deep Q-Network is employed with real-time feedback delivered by the trainer's speech. • A novel reward function is designed to guide the robot in natural interactions. • The function incorporates the feedback with improved reward-shaping techniques. • Experiments on a robot proved the effectiveness of the proposed approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Adopting PRISMA methodology to investigate cybersecurity threats in FinTech. • Identifying the most effective defense strategies to negate the threats by examining 74 published papers. • Comparing the threats and defenses from different perspectives, including their impacts and technical details. • Proposing a novel and refined taxonomy of security threats and defense strategies in FinTech. • Recommending future research directions to address existing security gaps in current FinTech systems. The rapid evolution of the Smart-everything movement and Artificial Intelligence (AI) advancements have given rise to sophisticated cyber threats that traditional methods cannot counteract. Cyber threats are extremely critical in financial technology (FinTech) as a data-centric sector expected to provide 24/7 services. This paper introduces a novel and refined taxonomy of security threats in FinTech and conducts a comprehensive systematic review of defensive strategies. Through PRISMA methodology applied to 74 selected studies and topic modeling, we identified 11 central cyber threats, with 43 papers detailing them, and pinpointed 9 corresponding defense strategies, as covered in 31 papers. This in-depth analysis offers invaluable insights for stakeholders ranging from banks and enterprises to global governmental bodies, highlighting both the current challenges in FinTech and effective countermeasures, as well as directions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become pervasive, enabling transformative advancements in various industries including smart city, smart healthcare, smart manufacturing, smart virtual world and the Metaverse. However, concerns related to risk, trust, and security are emerging with the increasing reliance on AI systems. One of the most beneficial and original solutions for ensuring the reliability and trustworthiness of AI systems is AI Trust, Risk and Security Management (AI TRiSM) framework. Despite being comparatively new to the market, the framework has demonstrated already its effectiveness in various products and AI models. It has successfully contributed to fostering innovation, building trust, and creating value for businesses and society. Due to the lack of systematic investigations in AI TRiSM, we carried out a comprehensive and detailed review to bridge the existing knowledge gaps and provide a better understanding of the framework from both theoretical and technical standpoints. This paper explores various applications of the AI TRiSM framework across different domains, including finance, healthcare, and the Metaverse. Futhermore, the paper discusses the obstacles related to implementing AI TRiSM framework, including adversarial attacks, the constantly changing landscape of threats, ensuring regulatory compliance, addressing skill gaps, and acquiring expertise in the field. Finally, it explores the future directions of AI TRiSM, emphasizing the importance of continual adaptation and collaboration among stakeholders to address emerging risks and promote ethical and enhanced overall security bearing for AI systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this constantly evolving landscape of urbanization, the relationship between technology and automation, in regards to sustainability, holds immense significance. The intricate strands of human intelligence are seamlessly interwoven with the fabric of technological progress, giving rise to exquisite patterns of synergy and collaborative innovation. Automation is just another step in this process which started with the industrial revolution and now has paved way towards urbanization. Smart homes or home automation is a subset of Internet of Things (IoT) based automation that has added into the comfort, ease, and quality of our living standards and is now being integrated to form the concept of Smart Cities. In the past decade, various techniques and processes of smart home automation have been proposed and implemented. To extend and translate the existing methods into new one, the understanding of the former is imperative to the research procedure. This review stands as a comprehensive exploration, diving into the pivotal role of intelligent systems and expert knowledge in driving the transformation of smart homes into sustainable smart cities. By meticulously analyzing and aggregating an array of contemporary techniques used in smart homes, this paper offers profound contributions to the intersection of urban evolution and technological innovation. The review's holistic approach not only facilitates a deep understanding of smart homes' contributions but also charts a course for innovative strategies in city planning, infrastructure, and technological integration. In bridging the gap between technology and sustainable urban development, this exploration underscores the transformative power of leveraging smart home techniques to lay the foundation for harmonious and forward-thinking smart cities. The technologies cover a wide range of methodologies and intelligent systems used for communication, security and management in an urban infrastructure. The paper focuses on analysis of the technology to provide an outlook into achieving the goal of sustainable smart cities and deal with challenges like scalability and big data computation. Our comprehensive analysis yields a holistic set of technology comparisons and illuminates the promising future prospects within this domain. The information is highly insightful in creating a bigger picture for adopting state of the art technologies like Federated Learning (FL), Digital Twin and Embedded Edge computing in better planning and infrastructure management in smart cities. These findings offer reliable and potent methods to chart not only the course of research but also to enhance these technologies for the betterment of mankind's convenience and advancement. • Technical advancement needed for transformation of home automation to a next level. • Smart cities that build from the foundation of homes automations have been discussed. • Comparison with the existing papers to unlock new research directions in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the rapidly evolving domain of artificial intelligence, chatbots have emerged as a potent tool for various applications ranging from e-commerce to healthcare. This research delves into the intricacies of chatbot technology, from its foundational concepts to advanced generative models like ChatGPT. We present a comprehensive taxonomy of existing chatbot approaches, distinguishing between rule-based, retrieval-based, generative, and hybrid models. A specific emphasis is placed on ChatGPT, elucidating its merits for frequently asked questions (FAQs)-based chatbots, coupled with an exploration of associated Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques such as named entity recognition, intent classification, and sentiment analysis. The paper further delves into the customization and fine-tuning of ChatGPT, its integration with knowledge bases, and the consequent challenges and ethical considerations that arise. Through real-world applications in domains such as online shopping, healthcare, and education, we underscore the transformative potential of chatbots. However, we also spotlight open challenges and suggest future research directions, emphasizing the need for optimizing conversational flow, advancing dialogue mechanics, improving domain adaptability, and enhancing ethical considerations. The research culminates in a call for further exploration in ensuring transparent, ethical, and user-centric chatbot systems. • Explore chatbot technologies, including ChatGPT and applications in domains. • Investigate the pros and cons of rule-based, retrieval, generative, and hybrid chatbots. • Emphasize ChatGPT in FAQs chatbots and NLP integration. • Discuss ChatGPT customization, knowledge base, and ethics. • Highlight real-world use of generative chatbots and emphasize research on flow and ethics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conventional standardized theoretical models (such as Webster, Alcelik, Indo-HCM) used for the delay estimation revolve around the mathematical hypothesis and assumptions, making them static with limitations in accommodating the dynamic traffic behaviors. Recent advances in artificial intelligence make machine learning techniques suitable for estimating vehicle control delay compared to conventional methods. This paper demonstrates the application of several machine learning models developed by focusing on the fluctuations of traffic observed at an intersection having heterogeneous traffic conditions in Ahmedabad city for delay estimation. Several parameters are extracted from on-field and video surveys. However, not all parameters are relevant for accurately estimating vehicle control delay. Hence, a feature selection process consisting of several feature-scoring techniques from filter, wrapper, and embedded methods is applied to all the parameters. This process gave insights into the most statistically relevant independent parameters, and out of all the parameters, cycle time was found to be insignificant, with a feature score of 0 from almost all techniques. Hence, it was removed, and then the prominent parameters were then used to build a vehicle control delay model using support vector regression (SVR), K-nearest neighbor (KNN), artificial neural network (ANN), random forest regression (RF), and decision tree regression (DT). Error distribution, standard deviation of errors, coefficient of Determination (R2), and Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) are the parameters used for evaluating the performance of the machine learning models. RF outperformed them all with a standard deviation of errors, R2, and RMSE of 11.065, 0.926, and 11.081 on testing data. But ANN, KNN, and DT also performed satisfactorily. Compared with conventional standardized theoretical models, all the machine learning models except SVR performed better. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We propose a novel hybrid model namely MEEMD-Mix-KELM to forecast crude oil price. • The emerging MEEMD, with mode-splitting prevention, is used to decompose oil price. • We create a new mix-kernel for ELM by absorbing merits of local and global kernels. • Empirical results show that the proposed hybrid model achieves significant effects. It is of vital importance for governments, enterprises, and investors to forecast crude oil prices accurately, while this task is beset with difficulties and challenges due to the complex patterns in oil prices. This paper aims to propose a novel hybrid method to model and forecast the crude oil price by integrating median ensemble empirical mode decomposition (MEEMD) and mix-kernel extreme learning machine (Mix-KELM). Firstly, the emerging MEEMD is employed to decompose the crude oil price into several simple subseries. Secondly, a novel mix-kernel is developed for extreme learning machine (ELM) by combining the advantage of the local kernel (i.e., Radial Basis Function in learning ability) and global kernel (i.e., Sigmoid in generalization ability), with weights of the kernels optimized through genetic algorithm. Thirdly, the proposed Mix-KELM is applied to forecast the subseries of crude oil price, and the sub-forecasting results are integrated to generate the final results. The empirical results show that our proposed MEEMD-Mix-KELM model with different forecasting horizons significantly outperforms the benchmarks in terms of forecasting accuracy and robustness test. Taking one-step-ahead forecasting as an example, the proposed model exhibits the lowest prediction errors in terms of mean absolute error, symmetric mean absolute percentage error, and root mean squared error with values of 1.1767, 0.0135, and 1.5717, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to propose a novel hybrid framework for evaluating and benchmarking trustworthy artificial intelligence (AI) applications in healthcare by using multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) techniques under a new fuzzy environment. To develop such a framework, a new decision matrix has been built, and then integrated with q-ROF2TL-FWZIC (q‐Rung Orthopair Fuzzy 2‐Tuple Linguistic Fuzzy-Weighted Zero-Inconsistency) and q-ROF2TL-CODAS (q‐Rung Orthopair Fuzzy 2‐Tuple Linguistic Combinative Distance-Based Assessment). In this integration, q-ROF2TL-FWZIC is utilized for assigning the weights of evaluation attributes of trustworthy AI, while q-ROF2TL-CODAS is employed for benchmarking trustworthy AI applications. Findings show that the q-ROF2TL-FWZIC method effectively weights the evaluation attributes. The transparency attribute receives the highest importance weight (0.173566825), whereas the human agency and oversight criterion has the lowest weight (0.105741901). The remaining attributes are distributed in between. Moreover, alternative_4 receives the highest rank order (score of 7.370410417), while alternative_13 receives the lowest rank order (score of −4.759794397). To evaluate the validity of the proposed framework, systematic ranking and sensitivity analysis assessments were employed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• To design an automatic multi-disease detection in CXR images by ensemble model. • To adopt ODeepLabv3 to perform segmentation process for multi-disease detection. • To adopt a new ensemble model named Optimized Ensemble Transfer Learning (OETL). • To design a Mutation Rate-based Lion Algorithm (MR-LA) to obtain high accuracy. • To optimize the epochs in ensemble classifier with the help of MR-LA algorithm. Chest radiography is a comparatively low-cost, most probably applied in a medical process that brings crucial information to discover diagnostic conclusions. Chest X-rays (CXR) are used in the prognosis of chest diseases that includes asthma, lung cancer, pneumonia, and COVID-19. Artificial intelligence detects the multi-disease automatically to enhance its proficiency and performance by solving image detection complications with various machine learning and deep learning approaches. Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) has been designed for the advancement of computerized recognition systems. For the classification of medical images, texture, shape, size, and tissue constitution are essential features for detecting diseases. Hence, huge input features are merged with deep CNN validated to increase the effectiveness of CXR analysis. In addition, multi-scale features are visualized in CNN for the detection of variable sizes of thoracic diseases. This paper has implemented a novel multi-disease diagnosis model using chest X-ray images through deep learning approaches, and thus, it helps to minimize the computational cost. The standard CXR images are gathered from the standard datasets. After, the pre-processing is performed for cleaning and contrast the images. Further, the image segmentation is carried out using Optimized DeepLabv3 (ODeepLabv3), where the optimization of parameters in DeepLabv3 is done by a new Mutation Rate-based Lion Algorithm (MR-LA). Then, multi-disease classification is carried out through Optimized Ensemble Transfer Learning (OETL), where the OETL is carried out through VGG16, ResNet, ImageNet, MobileNet, GoogleNet, Inception, and Xception. Here, the parameter optimization of all models is done by the same MR-LA. The proposed model improved the effectiveness and performance in expressions of sensitivity, precision, and specificity factors and get higher classification and detection accuracy. The outcome of the recommended method over other models is identified by the relative analysis conducted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes an end-to-end optical camera communications (OCC) system using an autoencoder neural network trained to recover the transmitted symbols. Although OCC techniques have been extensively studied in the literature, using an autoencoder that learns the transmitter and receiver functions jointly is a novel concept with significant prospects. Furthermore, we investigate the performance impact caused by the overlooked optical-to-electrical (O2E) conversion process of real-world OCC receivers. The autoencoder learning model captures these typically undesired changes in image sensors for the design of constellation symbols and reception schemes. For the simulation, we constructed an end-to-end autoencoder for a color space-based OCC system and measured the O2E performance effect. The proposed autoencoder communication system is analyzed and compared using the symbol error rate (SER) across various OCC detection systems. Despite the subtle spectral responsivity variations in image sensors, our numerical results indicate that the autoencoder model can learn to recover the transmitted data while minimizing SER and meeting the lighting requirements. These findings may interest a broad range of applications, particularly in IoT sensor networks. Among all the image sensors we studied, the OCC system with Bayer CFA-based signal detection showed superior performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tremendous growth the pharmaceutical field witnessed especially concerning drug-development, caused drug-related experiments such as those concerned with estimating their interactions with targets harder to conduct. This issue led researchers to transition from vivo and vitro to selico experimenting methods, which deploy artificial intelligence (AI) techniques such as recommender systems (RS) to solve problems at hand. However, most RSs depend on global features such as indices, which render them incapable of fully understanding the behaviors of individuals. In this paper, we introduce our Convolutional Recurrent Deep Learning model-based RS approach, or 'RSCRDL', which tackles the interaction prediction problem from a natural language processing approach's (NLP) point of view. RSCDRL processes the textual representations of both protein sequences and drugs in order to learn the implicit features of the tokens forming them, rendering it able to process unseen and non-reactive individuals indirectly. We also present a greedier variant of RSCRDL that can exploit additional drugs explicit features for better predictive abilities. Experiments performed on two real-world datasets show significant outperformance achieved by our models over two general-purpose state-of-the-art RSs, while other experiments conducted on orphan protein sequences helped deduce drug candidates that are assumed to be capable of inhibiting their activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Predictive maintenance advocates the use of artificial intelligence to analyze big data and provides support for monitoring health conditions and planning maintenance activities in smart manufacturing systems. However, deep networks with massive parameters incur high computational costs, hindering its practical applications. Knowledge distillation (KD) transfers knowledge from a deep network to a lightweight network at the cost of an evident decline in diagnostic accuracy. Instead of an accuracy-size trade-off, a framework for creating a lightweight residual network with higher diagnostic accuracy is proposed in this paper. First, the generalization ability of the teacher network is enhanced based on a domain-adversarial neural network (DANN) with normalization attention mechanism (NAM) and ResNet18. Then, a small student network, ResNet6, efficiently learns the knowledge from its well-learned teacher network through the improved probability KD (IPKD) and uniform quantization. The IPKD is designed to obtain the utmost knowledge, represented as probability distributions of labels and feature space, and narrow the gap between teacher and student networks. Meanwhile, the uniform quantization is incorporated into the distillation process for quantization and distillation co-optimization, further compressing the student network. Experiments on two open-source and one wheelset bearing sets are conducted for performance verification and comparison. The results demonstrate that the obtained lightweight student network has a similar accuracy to the deep network for cross-domain fault diagnosis of bearings with various damages and speeds, even bearing sources, and its quantized network has a much smaller size while retaining a comparatively similar accuracy, which makes it more practical for actual industrial equipment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A novel Iaah system is proposed in this paper. • A combined forecasting model (BWCE) is constructed in the Iaah system. • The Iaah system relaxes the assumptions of traditional Black-Litterman models. • The Iaah system expands the objective function of industry asset allocation. The B-L (Black-Litterman) model combines the subjective views of investors with the market's historical equilibrium return through the Bayesian theorem. This approach somewhat compensates for the limitations of the Mean-Variance model, making the asset allocation model attract significant attention. However, due to many investors lacking ample investment experience, they might struggle to provide appropriate subjective views. To address this issue, an Iaah (Industry Asset Allocation Hybrid) system based on the B-L model is proposed. First, a combined model is constructed, which simulates view return vectors and solves the problem of inaccurate view quantification. Then, the Iaah system introduces a dynamic condition correlation algorithm to optimize inherent parameters and explores asset allocation results in the time-varying effects. Next, it expands the types of objective functions and improves the deficiency of only considering the return and variance while ignoring the downside risk. Finally, based on a variety of performance metrics, the Iaah system is evaluated from multiple perspectives to test its practical value. The experiment results with the daily data of 10 SSE (Shanghai Stock Exchange) industry indexes show that the proposed system not only realizes the diversified allocation of industry assets and enhances the investment performance, but also exhibits strong robustness against changes in subjective parameters. It is conducive to managing personal wealth and achieving preservation and appreciation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seamless positioning ability has become an essential requirement in large-scale smart city scenes with the development of Artificial Intelligence of Things technology. The performance of seamless positioning is limited by the inaccurate crowdsourced navigation database, cumulative error of built-in sensors, and changeable measurement errors of different location sources. In order to solve these problems, this paper presents the CrowdLOC-S framework, which provides a concrete and accurate indoor/outdoor localization performance using the combination of crowdsourced Wi-Fi fingerprinting, Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), and low-cost sensors. A data and model dual-driven based trajectory estimator is developed for improving the long-term positioning performance of built-in sensors, and a hybrid one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D-CNN), Bi-directional Long Short-Term Memory (Bi-LSTM), and Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) enhanced quality indicator is proposed for quality evaluation of crowdsourced trajectories and further Wi-Fi fingerprinting database construction. Besides, the transfer learning approach is applied in the quality indicator for autonomously predicting the location errors towards different indoor and outdoor location sources and realizing seamless scenes switching. Finally, a unified extended Kalman filter is developed to realize multi-source integration-based seamless localization using the positioning information provided by indoor and outdoor location sources and corresponding quality indicator results. Comprehensive experiments demonstrate that the presented CrowdLOC-S system is proven to realize precise and efficient indoor and outdoor positioning performance in complex and large-scale urban environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Managing stress is a crucial soft skill that affects cognitive performance and health. Stress detection through biometrics can be used to improve and evaluate stress management. However, measuring the effects of stress on biometrics and executive functions is difficult and dependent on the individual. Despite these challenges, this paper presents a case study that collects a comprehensive multimodal dataset with two stress metrics, four biometric signals, and twenty-two executive function metrics from Game-based Assessment (GBA) trace data specifically designed for this purpose. The experiments suggest that biometrics, especially the heart rate and skin temperature, are effective predictors of stress. Additionally, noteworthy correlations were observed between heart rate and certain executive function variables. The levels of GBA that measured shifting and processing speed showed a higher heart rate than the response inhibition levels. This case study, together with the developed stress detectors, enables the detection of persons who struggle to manage stress and measure their executive function performance under stressful situations. • We present a novel multimodal study on key topics for the 21st century society. • We introduce an innovative Game-based Assessment to measure executive functions. • For the first time, stress, biometrics, and executive functions are analyzed together. • The model allows the detection of users who cannot manage stress correctly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intelligent computing is an independent algorithm system that imitates the laws and principles of nature's biological chain to design and solve practical problems in modern society, it can help people better handle some big data problems through artificial intelligence technology and different cognitive characteristics. Especially, when dealing with group decision problems, it is often considered as human behavior based on cognitive computing. The q-rung orthopair fuzzy set (q-ROFS) is not only a generalization of Pythagorean fuzzy set (PFS), but also can deal with the decision problem of multi-source information in a wider area. In this paper, we first give the detailed explanations of the relationship between the q-ROFS and q-rung orthopair fuzzy number (q-ROFN)by an example, and itis pointed out that there are some defects in the existing two ranking methods for the Pythagorean fuzzy numbers (PFNs) and intuitionistic fuzzy numbers (IFNs) through counterexamples, and then all q-ROFNs are mapped into the unit triangle of the first quadrant through q-compression mapping, and the concept of distance factor for q-ROFNs is proposed by Euclidean distance between each q-ROFN and the maximum element (1,0).Secondly, a novel inverse score function for q-ROFNs are put forward by the distance factor and hesitancy degree, and the monotonicity of the inverse score function are discussed. Finally, a new ranking criterion of q-ROFNs is given by the new score formula, and then the rationality of the ranking criterion is proved, and through the method of solving the conditional extreme value of multivariate function (Lagrange multiplier method), there is indeed an extreme value point (corresponding to the maximum q-ROFN) on υ = μ. Besides, a q-rung orthopair fuzzy decision-making method for multi-source information is given by the new ranking criterion and aggregation operations, and the comparison of examples shows that the inverse score function and decision-making method do have many advantages in the q-ROFN environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entities and relations extraction are the key tasks in the construction of biomedical knowledge graph, which play an important role in the biomedical artificial intelligence. However, extraction of entities and relations from biomedical texts is challenging because of the overlapping triples problem. The previous approaches typically divided the task into two separate sub-tasks. However, these methods failed to address the error propagation problem. Recent methods have been proposed to perform both sub-tasks simultaneously. Nonetheless, most current methods still encounter issues related to imbalanced interactions and independent features. In this paper, we propose a novel method based on feature partition encoding and relative positional embedding to joint extract biomedical entity and relation triples simultaneously. Compared to previous work, our method shows exceptional accurate in extracting entities and relations, while efficiently tackling the challenge of overlapping triples in biomedical texts. Our work has two contributions. Firstly, our method divides the features into task-specific and shared parts through entity, relation and sharing partitions at the encoding stage. And the encoded features will be aggregated according to the subsequent tasks. Secondly, we introduce a relative positional embedding method to capture the relative distance information between token pairs. In this way, our method can effectively deal with the sub-tasks interactions problem and improve entities and relations extraction. The experimental results show that our method improves the F1 scores of relations extraction by 3.2%, 2.1%, 3.4%, and 2.8% on four biomedical datasets, respectively. • Joint extraction is to recognize biomedical entities and relations simultaneously. • Feature partition encoding divides neurons into entity, relation, shared partition. • Relative positional embedding benefits both entities and relations extraction. • FPE is effective in addressing the issue of overlapping triples in biomedicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the enormous development of Machine Learning, especially Deep Learning, has led to the widespread adoption of Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems in a large variety of contexts. Many of these systems provide excellent results but act as black-boxes. This can be accepted in various contexts, but there are others (e.g., medical ones) where a result returned by a system cannot be accepted without an explanation on how it was obtained. Explainable AI (XAI) is an area of AI well suited to explain the behavior of AI systems that act as black-boxes. In this paper, we propose a model-agnostic XAI framework to explain the behavior of classifiers. Our framework is based on network theory; thus, it is able to make use of the enormous amount of results that researchers in this area have discovered over time. Being network-based, our framework is completely different from the other model-agnostic XAI approaches. Furthermore, it is parameter-free and is able to handle heterogeneous features that may not even be independent of each other. Finally, it introduces the notion of dyscrasia that allows us to detect not only which features are important in a particular task but also how they interact with each other. • Performing model-agnostic Explainable AI on classifiers. • Introducing the concept of dyscrasia of feature occurrences. • Assessing the relevance of a feature during classification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things and next generation mobile communication, the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) as a typical application has attracted increasing attention as a typical application thereof owing to its convenience and practicality. To address certain privacy preservation issues concerning accessing patients records from past case databases as well as diagnosed patients' sensitive information on the Internet of Medical Things, an IoMT-secure privacy-preserving medical record search scheme (PMRSS) based on ELGamal blind signatures is proposed. In this paper, we first show that certain security flaws exists in the PMRSS. To address these flaws, we propose an improved privacy protection medical record searching scheme (iPMRSS) in IoMT for intelligent diagnoses based on the elliptical curve discrete logarithm problem (ECDLP). Security analysis demonstrates that our iPMRSS provides correctness, identity privacy is ensured based on the hard problem assumption of Elliptical curve discrete logarithm problem. Data security is satisfied based on the security of the Blind ECDSA Signature. Performance evaluations demonstrate that our theoretical results are consistent with simulations, thereby a comparative analysis with related state of art techniques show that our proposed iPMRSS scheme in about 1.5 ms has shorter time cost under some security level. • A privacy-preserving medical record searching scheme proposed by Sun et al. is not secure by a linear algebra attack. • A secure improved PMRSS scheme is proposed. • Security of the improved scheme achieves privacy and data security. • Performance of the improved scheme is reasonable for real applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial intelligence (AI) technology has significant potential in Earth sciences, particularly in mineral identification for industrial exploration, geological mapping, and archaeological research. However, traditional methods are time-consuming, expensive, and complex. And existing mineral identification methods based on mineral photos face several critical challenges, including lack of consideration for natural image features captured in real environments, limitations of single-label classification which does not align with multi-mineral occurrences in nature, and growing computational complexity as the number of identifiable mineral labels increases. Therefore, this paper proposes an efficient mineral identification model based on multi-label image classification, focusing on natural environmental features. First, realistic feature datasets are created by simulating mineral photos in real environments. Then, the model uses the query-label (Query2Label) framework, with MaxViT-T (Multi-Axis Vision Transformer-Tiny) as the feature extraction network and the asymmetric loss function. Knowledge distillation is employed to improve identification accuracy while reducing computational complexity. The proposed model achieves an impressive average identification accuracy of 84.74% on a dataset of 495,756 mineral photos, surpassing existing models like ResNet-101, ML-GCN (Multi-Label Graph Convolutional Network), and SRN (Spatial Regularization Net). It maintains a lower parameter count and computational complexity. In the end, ablation experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of each optimization scheme. • Selecting image noise and color shift methods for realistic mineral data simulation. • Proposing an enhanced two-stage image multi-Label identification model framework. • Applying knowledge distillation for multi-label classification subtask decomposition. • Being with low computational complexity and high mineral identification accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the increasing use of Machine Learning models in high stakes decision making settings, it has become increasingly important to have tools to understand how models arrive at decisions. Assuming an already trained Supervised Classification model, post-hoc explanations can be obtained via so-called counterfactual analysis: a counterfactual explanation of an instance indicates how this instance should be minimally modified so that the perturbed instance is classified in the desired class by the given Machine Learning classification model. Most of the Counterfactual Analysis literature focuses on the single-instance single-counterfactual setting, in which the analysis is done for one single instance to provide one single counterfactual explanation. Taking a stakeholder's perspective, in this paper we introduce the so-called collective counterfactual explanations. By means of novel Mathematical Optimization models, we provide a counterfactual explanation for each instance in a group of interest, so that the total cost of the perturbations is minimized under some linking constraints. Making the process of constructing counterfactuals collective instead of individual enables us to detect the features that are critical to the entire dataset to have the individuals classified in the desired class. Our methodology allows for some instances to be treated individually, as in the single-instance single-counterfactual case, performing the collective counterfactual analysis for a fraction of records of the group of interest. This way, outliers are identified and handled appropriately. Under some assumptions on the classifier and the space in which counterfactuals are sought, finding collective counterfactual explanations is reduced to solving a convex quadratic linearly constrained mixed integer optimization problem, which, for datasets of moderate size, can be solved to optimality using existing solvers. The performance of our approach is illustrated on real-world datasets, demonstrating its usefulness. • A new model for Explainable Artificial Intelligence is proposed. • Counterfactual Explanations for a full group of individuals are sought. • Sparsity both at individual and group level is achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optimal path planning is a fundamental problem in artificial intelligence (AI) and has wide applications in areas such as robotics, transportation, and logistics. In this paper, we propose a novel approach for ordering algorithms in pathfinding problems using the concept of shell layers. Our approach aims to improve the computational efficiency and distance cost of ordering algorithms. To evaluate the effectiveness of our approach, we compare it with five state-of-the-art techniques commonly used in the field of ordering algorithms on eight different scenarios with varying configurations. Our results show that our proposed approach outperformed the state-of-the-art techniques in terms of time-computational complexity and distance cost in most of the scenarios, demonstrating its potential as a new state-of-the-art technique for ordering algorithms. Specifically, our approach outperformed the nearest neighbor, A*, branch and bound, Christofides, and genetics ordering algorithms. However, we also identified two specific situations where our approach was outperformed by two state-of-the-art algorithms due to the specific distribution of the goal nodes. These findings highlight the importance of evaluating and comparing ordering algorithms in various scenarios. Our approach has significant implications for AI research and development, as it has the potential to improve the performance of pathfinding algorithms in various applications. We also discuss the limitations of our approach and potential areas for further research, such as investigating the effectiveness of our approach in different types of graphs and exploring the potential use of machine learning techniques to optimize the shell layer construction. The code for this study is available at https://github.com/abdullah1aloush1/MuGONA. • Equally-spaced nodes formed over workspace with obstacles, optimizing search process. • Efficient neighboring graph built for equally-spaced nodes, reducing complexity. • Path optimization for navigation by ordering goal nodes, reducing time and distance. • Path smoothing for navigation via interpolation to yield a trajectory on path nodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Developing an effective quantum self-supervised learning framework for time series data analysis. • Improving the learning capability of LSTM using quantum methods. • Identifying specific and effective time series data augmentation techniques for improved pretext learning. • Devising suitable quantum encoding technique specific for time series data in hand. • Improving the predictive learning ability for the downstream task in hand using transfer learning. Technologies such as Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and Internet of Things has made unobtrusive mental health monitoring a reality. Since, obtaining a large-scale labelled dataset for mental health conditions is a big challenge; the self-supervised contrastive learning frameworks are more suitable for developing such systems. This paper presents a novel Quantum Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) based Contrastive Learning framework for continuous mental health monitoring by leveraging LSTM's strengths in time series data analytics aiding it with the benefits of quantum computation, contrastive learning, and transfer learning. In the pretext task of the contrastive learning framework, a quantum guided LSTM base-encoder is developed for effective representational learning. The learnt model is then fine-tuned by training it with a small labelled dataset to further enhance its prediction capability. Experiments were carried out on seven benchmark datasets related to mental health conditions. With the enhanced representational and prediction abilities, the proposed model has shown superior performance over traditional ones. On heart rate variability dataset collected from (Schmidt et al., 2018), it achieves the greatest F1-score of 0.99. The paired t -test at 95% confidence level demonstrates that the proposed model outperforms the other related models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Knowledge Discovery from Data (KDD) process is widely used across various domains to get valuable insights from data. Many platforms, like KNIME or RapidMiner, offer effective tools for KDD analysts, allowing them to perform data analytics tasks in a visual fashion, without writing code. In recent years, the increasing availability of mobility data has led to a surge in KDD-based initiatives from both industry and academia in the Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) domain. Still, KDD platforms lack comprehensive support for some typical mobility data manipulation tasks. As a result, mobility data analysis still requires a significant coding phase, with reduced productivity and hindered replicability of results. To address this gap, this paper presents a novel solution aimed at supporting ITS data analysts in defining KDD processes more efficiently. More in detail, we extended the KNIME platform by introducing a collection of new components explicitly tailored to facilitate some peculiar KDD tasks from mobility data. These components encompass critical functionalities such as map coverage analysis, trajectory partitioning and map-matching. To showcase the effectiveness of the proposed solution, we used it to replicate a study published in the ITS data analytics domain. Thanks to our proposal, such replication can be accomplished in a few minutes and with just a few clicks, without any manual coding, resulting in a pipeline that is easier to understand, distribute and re-execute, also for domain experts with no programming experience. Our solution is open-source and freely downloadable from the Knime Hub. In this way, we aim to foster data-driven research and practice in the ITS field, by providing researchers and practitioners with more effective analytics tools to handle mobility data. • Visual analytics platforms lack support for handling mobility data in ITS scenarios. • We present a visual-based toolkit to support mobility data analytics for ITS. • The solution allows practitioners to perform complex analyses without writing code. • The solution is open-source and integrated within the KNIME Analytics Platform. • The effectiveness of the solution is assessed in a real-world ITS analytics scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial intelligence (AI) is the latest designing and interacting technology used to support organizations in the competitive electronic commerce (E-commerce) context. The studies on AI in E-commerce remain fragmentary since few papers review the evolutionary process of knowledge infrastructure. To bridge this gap, we constructed a conceptual framework from the resource orchestration perspective, and retrieved 2252 documents from the Web of Science (WoS) database dating from 1998 to 2022 to synthesize the extant research on AI in E-commerce. Specifically, we integrated main path analysis with science mapping analysis covering the strategic diagram and evolution map. Through qualitative analysis of critical nodes in main paths, this article found that knowledge disseminated around recommender systems (RSs). This article also examined the performance traits and inter-relationships of significant themes over three consecutive time zones, as well as identified four main AI-enabled outcomes (thematic areas): Optimization and decision support , Trust and personalized recommendation , Sentiment analysis, and AI theories with allied technologies. Potential research prospects and implications are proposed based on these findings. Overall, this article provides state-of-the-art information on how AI can facilitate the implementation of E-commerce operations and could serve as a stepping stone to newcomers in the scientific community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the emergence of artificial intelligence, deep learning techniques have been widely deployed in forecasting stock markets. However, existing deep-learning-based models for news-based forecasts of stock trends are mostly black-box and difficult to explain. The procedure by which how final predictions are made within models keeps unknown, making it hard to interpret why one prediction should be better than the other. To provide explanations on predictions, this paper proposes to inject causal inference into model procedures and causally interpret predictions. We first generate a causal graph from financial news, and then integrate the information in the causal graph into a neural network model for stock trend prediction. Moreover, in order to better extract keywords from financial news we introduce a novel keyword extraction method named Distinguishable Word Filtering by Kolmogorov–Smirnov Test (DWF-KST). The experiment results on five financial datasets demonstrate that not only our proposed model explicitly provides an interpretation of prediction results, but also outperforms the state-of-art methods. the achieved results boost predictions of S&P 500 2-category from 89.7% to 97.4%, 3-category from 77.4% to 82.5%, and 5-category from 61.5% to 71.6%. For the other two indexes, the performances of Dow index improve from 86.2% to 90.2% and Nasdaq index improve from 76.4% to 78.9%. • We propose a method for stock trend prediction. • We use causal inference based on unstructured data. • Improve the interpretability of DL-based stock prediction models. • We propose DWF-KST for keyword selection in financial news. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since there have been more and more incidents of women being harassed in the recent past, girls need to think twice before going out of their houses. Sometimes, they are not even safe in their house or workplace. These circumstance does not change for children of all genders who stay alone because of their working parents or for other reasons. Also, there is no such organized procedure to ensure safety and take women and children out of such violence and harassment. To address this problem, the authors of this paper developed an Android-based automated system to detect danger for women and children using audio from the surroundings. As the Android phone is available to everyone nowadays, they focused on using this device rather than developing a system on some external hardware. Different signal processing methods with deep learning techniques are used for this work. This work also addresses noise from the environment for any chaos and nullifies them using different noise reduction techniques such as Reduce Energy Noise, Reduce Mel Frequency Cepstrum Coefficient (MFCC) up Noise, Reduce Median Noise, Reduce Centroid Noise, Audio DeNoise, Noisereduce by Sainburf et al. & Butterworth high pass filter. The Noisereduce by Sainburg et al. along with the InceptionV3 model architecture turns out to be the best to classify audio with 95.51% accuracy. A new model called AudioViT is introduced. It uses a Visual Transformer and Residual Network to identify the audio signal. The Android application also takes necessary action when any unfavorable situation is detected. Android device users can use this application without any cost, which will pave the way to ensure the safety of women and children. • Taking help from technology to ensure our family member's security. • A self-sufficient application to detect danger from audio signals. • Uses Android and Python to collect, process, and analyze audio and take action. • Tried several deep learning and noise reduction models to reach the best combination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AI-powered analysis of histopathology data has become an invaluable assistant for pathologists due to its efficiency and accuracy. However, existing deep learning methods still face some challenges in specifying cancer subtypes. For example, the ultra-high resolution of histopathological slides generally contains numerous redundant features, which are not useful for cancer subtype classification and thus lead to considerable computational costs. Moreover, the lack of manual annotations of disease-specific regions (i.e., patch-level annotations) from experts makes it more difficult to learn such histological features with only slide-level labels. In this paper, we propose an end-to-end weakly supervised learning framework called EWSLF to address these issues. First, we employ a cluster-based sampling strategy to refine the histological features for further training, which can improve classification accuracy and reduce computational cost. Second, we employ a multi-branch attention mechanism to produce patch-level pseudo-labels and aggregate the patch features into slide-level features, which can complement the missing patch-level labels from experts. Experimental results on both public and in-house datasets demonstrate the superiority and credible results of our model compared with the state-of-the-art methods for cancer subtype classification. Code: https://github.com/hongren21/ewslf. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations at different fidelity levels are a common tool for predicting the aerodynamic performance in many engineering applications such as; automotive and aerospace to cite a few. However, the associated computational costs with these simulations are not trivial, and using the CFD simulations might easily become unpractical specially at the early design stages. The number of the required CFD simulations could be reduced immensely by using Artificial Intelligence (AI) methods which can predict, for example, the aerodynamic coefficients based on previous and limited CFD simulations. Having discussed the AI potential to minimize the CFD usage, the objective of this work is to investigate and compare the ability of different AI methods to predict the aerodynamic coefficients using the same CFD database from the literature. In this study, three different AI methods, namely; machine learning (e.g. Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGB), CatBoost, Bagging, Light Gradient Boosting Machine (Light-GBM), Random Forest (RFR), Gradient Boosting), deep learning (e.g. One Dimensional Convolutional Neural Network (Conv1D)) and surrogate models (e.g. Gaussian Process Regression (GPR)) have been utilized to estimate a sample CFD database (e.g. NACA0012, RAE2822) from the existing literature, and the prediction performance of these methods have been compared. The results show that, the aerodynamic coefficients predicted using CatBoost, XGB and Bagging are in good agreement with the reference CFD results. Furthermore, the proposed Conv1D method with LeakyReLU activation function showed a promising results in the development of aerodynamic models which can be used in the early stages of the air vehicles design. The obtained results from this work indicate that the CatBoost and the XGB models required much smaller training time compared to the Conv1D method, moreover, the proposed regression trees; CatBoost, Bagging and XGB can reduce the required number of CFD simulations significantly. • Various artificial intelligence methods were studied to predict aerodynamic data. • Regression tree models such as XGB, Catboost and LightGBM were used. • Surrogate models and deep learning models (i.e. Conv1D) also were used. • Detailed comparison were presented between the aforementioned models. • The paper suggests the suitability of XGB and Catboost for aerodynamics cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an emerging digital product, artificial intelligence models face the risk of being modified. Malicious tampering will severely damage model functions, which is different from normal modifications. In addition, tampering localization for targeted repair can effectively reduce the cost. Therefore, it is crucial to achieve model content authentication and locate the tampering location. We proposed a novel semi-fragile neural network watermarking method in this paper to address these issues. Specifically, with the precondition of maintaining model performance, we proposed a method that generates a set of semi-fragile samples for a model to achieve the content authentication and tampering localization. The experiment results show that the content authentication of the model can be achieved by analyzing the output results of the model for the semi-fragile samples. When the model is processed normally, the output results are consistent with the expected label, while when the model is maliciously tampered with, the model produces unstable output. Furthermore, the tamper localization of the model can be further achieved through the information hidden in the semi-fragile samples, resulting in an average accuracy of more than 99.42%. In addition, our method is also effective for other deep neural networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic's profound impact on global health and the economy underscores the need for new computational strategies to rapidly identify potential antiviral drugs against emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. AI-based drug repurposing methods have the potential to significantly shorten the drug discovery process, rendering them a crucial and efficacious approach for screening anti-SARS-CoV-2 compounds. In this paper, we proposed GINCM-DTA, an AI-based graph isomorphism network with protein contact map representation for drug–target affinity (DTA) prediction, and presented the COVID-DTA dataset for SARS-CoV-2-specific drug repurposing. Pre-training GINCM-DTA on large-scale Davis and KIBA datasets achieved state-of-the-art performance, while fine-tuning on the COVID-DTA dataset using transfer learning resulted in a mean square error of 0.026 and concordance index of 0.967. Utilizing the fine-tuned GINCM-DTA model, we predicted DTAs for drugs against SARS-CoV-2 main targets, focusing on key conserved proteins and unmutated spike proteins for virtual screening. We integrated GINCM-DTA predictions with molecular docking simulations to identify five candidates. In vitro assays revealed Hydralazine (5.737 nM) as a potential inhibitor of ACE2 and TMPRSS2, effectively blocking SARS-CoV-2 infection. Moreover, the results highlight the potential of Hydralazine as a broad-spectrum drug candidate, demonstrating its efficacy in obstructing the binding between ACE2 and spike proteins of multiple Omicron variants, including the currently dominant strains BQ.1, BQ.1.1, XBB.1.5, and XBB.1.16. Our method offers a novel computational strategy for COVID-19 antiviral screening and prepares for potential future epidemics incited by emerging viruses. • Proposed GINCM-DTA: a novel GIN model for DTA prediction with SOTA performance. • The fine-tuned GINCM-DTA achieved excellent performance: MSE=0.026, CI=0.967. • Identified Hydralazine as a potential inhibitor to block SARS-CoV-2 infection. • Potential effective against Omicron subvariants: BQ.1, BQ.1.1, XBB.1.5, XBB.1.16. • New computational strategy for COVID-19 antiviral screening & future virus epidemics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-dose single exposures of long-wavelength ultraviolet-A (UV-A) radiation may trigger severe biological and skin tissue damage in humans and animals, as well as photosynthetic damage in plants. In humans, the highly abundant UV-A is also linked to an increased risk of skin cancer. This paper develops a new forecasting framework tailored for very short-term UV-A predictions using a Bayesian optimized ensemble Neural Basis Expansion Analysis for Interpretable Time Series (B-E-NBEATS) method, integrated with cloud cover predictors and the solar zenith angle. The design phase of the proposed model entails feature selection using an efficient neighborhood component analysis algorithm and hyperparameter tuning with a Bayesian optimizer. To further enhance the predictive performance and reliability, the B-E-NBEATS model is calibrated via uncertainty quantification by adopting an ensemble approach with single-point models trained on three key loss functions. The prescribed model generates interpretable forecasts of 20-minute ahead UV-A by empowering the ensemble members to learn seasonal and trend components in UV-A datasets. With respect to the four benchmark models, the statistical metrics and visual infographics of predicted and observed UV-A reveal a superior forecasting capability of the proposed B-E-NBEATS model. The model yields a comparatively high correlation coefficient of 0.910, 0.869, 0.933, and 0.900 for the spring, summer, autumn, and winter testing phases, respectively. The superior performance by the newly designed hybrid ensemble model ascertains its potential utility in UV-A monitoring and mitigating subsequent harmful exposure risk for the general public, and animal and plant life. [Display omitted] • An interpretable AI method is designed to predict solar ultraviolet-A radiation. • Deep learning ensemble approach is adopted to enhance forecasting performance. • The model is optimized with neighborhood component analysis and Bayesian optimizer. • Model calibration by quantifying uncertainty offers reliable ultraviolet-A forecasts. • The proposed model predicts cloud-affected solar ultraviolet-A with high accuracies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Finding a more efficient trading strategy has always been one of the main concerns in financial market trading. In order to create trading strategies that lead to higher profits, historical data must be used. Due to a large amount of financial data and various factors affecting them, algorithmic trading and, more recently, artificial intelligence are employed to overcome the decision-making complexity. This paper aims to introduce a new approach using Twin-Delayed DDPG (TD3) and the daily close price to create a trading strategy. As a continuous action space deep reinforcement learning algorithm, in contrast to the discrete ones, the TD3 provides us with both the number of trading shares and the trading positions. In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm, the comparison results of our approach and other commonly-used algorithms such as technical analysis, reinforcement learning, supervised learning, stochastic strategies, and deterministic strategies are reported. By employing both position and the number of trading shares, we show that the performance of a trading strategy can be improved in terms of Return and Sharpe ratio. • Proposing an autonomous trading algorithm. • Providing smart trading capability in stock markets. • Employing a continuous action space DRL model. • Facilitating Money management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]